Coordination Challenges in Wind Energy Development: Lessons from Cross-Case Positive Planning Approaches to Avoid Multi-Level Governance ‘Free-Riding’
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Background and Challenges in Spatial and Land-Use Planning
1.2. Motivation and Research Questions
- How is wind energy planning approached in the cases of German offshore and onshore wind energy, as well as Swedish onshore wind energy?
- Which strategies of positive planning are available?
- Which lessons learned and constraints may be identified: i.e., can area-wide positive planning approaches allow for a target orientation in developing wind energy?
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Qualitative Case Study Design
- Swedish onshore wind energy planning using the National Wind Energy Strategy for conveying energy targets to municipal levels [25];
- German onshore wind energy planning using the Onshore Wind Energy Act to specify federal state specific spatial targets under the term ‘positive planning’ (§1 (2) WindBG).
2.2. Within-, Cross-Case and SWOT Analysis
- Steering instruments in the planning concept: to identify the reasoning behind the planning approach, including a historical perspective.
- Responsibilities in planning: to clarify the relevant stakeholders involved.
- Planning process, including the selection of areas and sites in the interplay of instruments: to understand the specific planning approach.
3. Results: Review of Wind Energy Planning in the Cases
3.1. Within-Case Analyses
3.1.1. The Case of Offshore Wind Energy in the German EEZ (Case A)
Steering Instruments
Responsibilities
Planning Process
3.1.2. The Case of Swedish Onshore Wind Energy (Case B)
Steering Instruments
Responsibilities
Planning Process
3.1.3. The Case of German Onshore Wind Energy Planning (Case C)
Steering Instruments
Responsibilities
Planning Process
3.2. Cross-Case Analysis for Factors of Positive Planning Strategies
3.2.1. Positive Planning Factors across the Cases
German Offshore Wind Energy—Case A
Swedish Onshore Wind Energy—Case B
German Onshore Wind Energy—Case C
3.2.2. Further Positive Planning Factors according to Settings
German Offshore Wind Energy—Case A
Swedish Onshore Wind Energy—Case B
German Onshore Wind Energy—Case C
4. Discussion
4.1. Lessons Learned and Constraints
4.1.1. Lessons Learned
4.1.2. Possible Constraints
4.2. Avoiding ‘Free-Riding’?
4.3. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Calendar Year of Call for Tender | Calendar Year of Commissioning | Area Designation | Grid Connection System | Expected Generation Capacity (MW) | Total Expected Generation Capacity to be Installed (MW) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2021 | 2026 | N-3.7 | NOR-3-3 | 225 | 958 |
N-3.8 | NOR-3-3 | 433 | |||
… | |||||
2025 | 2030 | N-9.3 | NOR-9-2 | 1.000 | 4.000 |
N-9.4 | NOR-9-2 | 1.000 | |||
Total target system | 9.688 | ||||
Probable implementation by 2025 | 10.800 | ||||
Probable implementation by 2030 | 20.488 |
Column 1: Contribution Value of the Area to be to be Achieved by 31 December 2027 (Percentage of State Area) | Column 2: Area Contribution Value to be to be Reached by 31 December 2032 (Percentage of National Territory) | Column 3: Land Area (in km2) | |
---|---|---|---|
Baden-Württemberg | 1.1 | 1.8 | 35 747.82 |
Bavaria | 1.1 | 1.8 | 70 541.57 |
Berlin | 0.25 | 0.50 | 891.12 |
Brandenburg | 1.8 | 2.2 | 29 654.35 |
… |
Setting-Specific Positive Planning Factors | Case A | Case B | Case C | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Alternative assessment | X | |||
National level as pivotal pacemaker | X | X | ||
‘One-stop’ planning at national level | X | |||
Sector planning linked with spatial planning and/or the Building Code at municipal level | X | X | ||
Informal policy agreement for spatial planning | X | |||
Cooperation between national agency institutions | X | |||
Municipal veto on energy target implementation | X | |||
‘Capacity generation’ target definition | X | X | ||
‘Spatial’ target definition | X | |||
Spatial steering impetus evolves from met wind energy targets | X | X |
Strength | Weaknesses | |
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Internal |
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Opportunities | Threats | |
External |
|
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Weber, J. Coordination Challenges in Wind Energy Development: Lessons from Cross-Case Positive Planning Approaches to Avoid Multi-Level Governance ‘Free-Riding’. Land 2023, 12, 1964. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12111964
Weber J. Coordination Challenges in Wind Energy Development: Lessons from Cross-Case Positive Planning Approaches to Avoid Multi-Level Governance ‘Free-Riding’. Land. 2023; 12(11):1964. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12111964
Chicago/Turabian StyleWeber, Jessica. 2023. "Coordination Challenges in Wind Energy Development: Lessons from Cross-Case Positive Planning Approaches to Avoid Multi-Level Governance ‘Free-Riding’" Land 12, no. 11: 1964. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12111964
APA StyleWeber, J. (2023). Coordination Challenges in Wind Energy Development: Lessons from Cross-Case Positive Planning Approaches to Avoid Multi-Level Governance ‘Free-Riding’. Land, 12(11), 1964. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12111964