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Toxins, Volume 4, Issue 11

November 2012 - 23 articles

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Articles (23)

  • Review
  • Open Access
43 Citations
15,116 Views
27 Pages

Emerging Opportunities for Serotypes of Botulinum Neurotoxins

  • Zhongxing Peng Chen,
  • J. Glenn Morris,
  • Ramon L. Rodriguez,
  • Aparna Wagle Shukla,
  • John Tapia-Núñez and
  • Michael S. Okun

7 November 2012

Background: Two decades ago, botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) type A was introduced to the commercial market. Subsequently, the toxin was approved by the FDA to address several neurological syndromes, involving muscle, nerve, and gland hyperactivity. Thes...

  • Article
  • Open Access
43 Citations
10,113 Views
13 Pages

7 November 2012

The objective of this paper is to discuss the classification, diagnosis, pathophysiology and management of Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS). Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a complex entity that is characterized by different neurovascular signs and s...

  • Review
  • Open Access
166 Citations
13,586 Views
24 Pages

6 November 2012

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin produced by the plant pathogenic fungi Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum. These and other closely related fungi cause a disease known as Fusarium head blight (FHB) in small grain cereals. Other mycotoxins produc...

  • Article
  • Open Access
29 Citations
8,351 Views
15 Pages

6 November 2012

Response surface methodology was employed to optimize the degradation conditions of AFB1 by Rhodococcus erythropolis in liquid culture. The most important factors that influence the degradation, as identified by a two-level Plackett-Burman design wit...

  • Article
  • Open Access
25 Citations
7,981 Views
18 Pages

2 November 2012

In cultures of primary rat hepatocytes, apoptosis occurred after application of 20 ng/mL tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). However, this was only in the presence of 200 ng/mL of the transcriptional inhibitor actinomycin D (ActD). This toxic effect...

  • Review
  • Open Access
75 Citations
13,214 Views
38 Pages

1 November 2012

Scorpion toxins have been central to the investigation and understanding of the physiological role of potassium (K+) channels and their expansive function in membrane biophysics. As highly specific probes, toxins have revealed a great deal about chan...

  • Review
  • Open Access
89 Citations
12,046 Views
19 Pages

Advances in Deoxynivalenol Toxicity Mechanisms: The Brain as a Target

  • Marion S. Bonnet,
  • Julien Roux,
  • Lourdes Mounien,
  • Michel Dallaporta and
  • Jean-Denis Troadec

1 November 2012

Deoxynivalenol (DON), mainly produced by Fusarium fungi, and also commonly called vomitoxin, is a trichothecene mycotoxin. It is one of the most abundant trichothecenes which contaminate cereals consumed by farm animals and humans. The extent of cere...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
8,102 Views
24 Pages

Comparative Antitumor Effect of Preventive versus Therapeutic Vaccines Employing B16 Melanoma Cells Genetically Modified to Express GM-CSF and B7.2 in a Murine Model

  • Antonio Miguel,
  • María José Herrero,
  • Luis Sendra,
  • Rafael Botella,
  • Rosa Algás,
  • Maria Sánchez and
  • Salvador F. Aliño

31 October 2012

Cancer vaccines have always been a subject of gene therapy research. One of the most successful approaches has been working with genetically modified tumor cells. In this study, we describe our approach to achieving an immune response against a murin...

  • Article
  • Open Access
77 Citations
13,261 Views
17 Pages

Toxigenic Potential of Aspergillus Species Occurring on Maize Kernels from Two Agro-Ecological Zones in Kenya

  • Sheila Okoth,
  • Beatrice Nyongesa,
  • Vincent Ayugi,
  • Erastus Kang'ethe,
  • Hannu Korhonen and
  • Vesa Joutsjoki

25 October 2012

Two agro-ecological zones in Kenya were selected to compare the distribution in maize of Aspergillus spp. and their toxigenicity. These were Nandi County, which is the main maize growing region in the country but where no human aflatoxicoses have bee...

  • Article
  • Open Access
82 Citations
9,322 Views
16 Pages

Comparative Cellular Toxicity of Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Microcystins on Caco-2 Cells

  • Pia S. M. Vesterkvist,
  • Julia O. Misiorek,
  • Lisa E. M. Spoof,
  • Diana M. Toivola and
  • Jussi A. O. Meriluoto

25 October 2012

Microcystins (MC), cyanobacterial peptide hepatotoxins, comprise more than 100 different variants. They are rather polar molecules but some variants contain hydrophobic amino acid residues in the highly variable parts of the molecule. In MC-LF and MC...

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Toxins - ISSN 2072-6651