Association between Disability and Unmet Food Needs in the Venezuelan Migrant and Refugee Population: Analysis of a Population-Based Survey, 2022
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design and Data Source
2.2. Variables
2.2.1. Outcome
2.2.2. Exposition
2.2.3. Covariates
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.4. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Males n (%) * | Females n (%) * |
---|---|---|
Overall | 3740 (100) | 3999 (100) |
Age, mean (+/− SD) | 33.1 (10.5) | 35.0 (12.2) |
Age group (years) | ||
18–59 | 3633 (97.5) | 3807 (95.1) |
60 or more | 107 (2.5) | 192 (4.9) |
Educational level | ||
Higher education | 1422 (41.2) | 1843 (50.7) |
Secondary education | 1782 (48.5) | 1669 (40.4) |
Up to primary education | 536 (10.3) | 487 (8.9) |
Chronic disease | ||
No | 3327 (90.1) | 3075 (77.2) |
Yes | 413 (9.9) | 924 (22.8) |
Migration permit | ||
No | 1307 (27.2) | 1560 (32.1) |
Yes | 2433 (72.8) | 2439 (67.9) |
Work in the last week | ||
Yes | 3341 (89.8) | 2498 (63.9) |
No | 399 (10.2) | 1501 (36.1) |
Wealth index | ||
Low | 1235 (30.2) | 1182 (27.2) |
Middle | 1260 (34.2) | 1366 (33.2) |
High | 1242 (35.6) | 1442 (39.7) |
Period of arrival to Peru | ||
During the COVID-19 pandemic | 892 (22.1) | 1113 (26.0) |
Pre-pandemic | 2848 (77.9) | 2886 (74.0) |
City of residence | ||
Arequipa | 215 (3.5) | 213 (3.3) |
Chiclayo | 198 (1.4) | 242 (1.6) |
Chimbote | 258 (1.6) | 262 (1.5) |
Ica | 217 (2.7) | 188 (2.2) |
Metropolitan Lima | 2004 (83.0) | 2162 (83.3) |
Piura | 215 (2.2) | 234 (2.2) |
Trujillo | 410 (4.8) | 449 (5.0) |
Tumbes | 223 (0.9) | 249 (1.0) |
Characteristics | Unmet Need for Access to Food in the Household | ||
---|---|---|---|
No (n = 4242) % * (95% CI) | Yes (n = 3497) % * (95% CI) | p-Value ** | |
Overall | 54.8 (52.6–57.0) | 45.2 (43.0–47.4) | |
Disability | |||
No | 55.2 (52.9–57.4) | 44.8 (42.6–47.1) | 0.001 |
Yes | 38.6 (29.6–48.4) | 61.4 (51.6–70.4) | |
Age group (years) | |||
18–59 | 55.1 (52.9–57.3) | 44.9 (42.7–47.1) | 0.046 |
60 or more | 47.5 (40.2–55.0) | 52.5 (45.0–59.8) | |
Gender | |||
Male | 57.8 (55.3–60.3) | 42.2 (39.7–44.7) | <0.001 |
Female | 52.0 (49.4–54.6) | 48.0 (45.4–50.6) | |
Educational level | |||
Higher education | 61.8 (58.9–64.5) | 38.2 (35.5–41.1) | <0.001 |
Secondary education | 47.8 (44.7–50.8) | 52.2 (49.2–55.3) | |
Up to primary education | 54.0 (48.9–59.1) | 46.0 (40.9–51.1) | |
Chronic disease | |||
No | 55.7 (53.3–58.0) | 44.3 (42.0–46.7) | 0.013 |
Yes | 50.6 (46.8–54.4) | 49.4 (45.6–53.2) | |
Migration permit | |||
No | 47.8 (44.6–51.0) | 52.2 (49.0–55.4) | <0.001 |
Yes | 57.8 (55.3–60.2) | 42.2 (39.8–44.7) | |
Work in the last week | |||
Yes | 57.6 (55.3–59.9) | 42.4 (40.1–44.7) | <0.001 |
No | 45.8 (42.5–49.1) | 54.2 (50.9–57.5) | |
Wealth index | |||
Low | 46.0 (42.4–49.7) | 54.0 (50.3–57.6) | <0.001 |
Middle | 51.1 (47.7–54.5) | 48.9 (45.5–52.3) | |
High | 64.9 (61.5–68.1) | 35.1 (31.9–38.5) | |
Period of arrival to Peru | |||
During the COVID-19 pandemic | 51.5 (48.0–55.0) | 48.5 (45.0–52.0) | 0.019 |
Pre-pandemic | 55.9 (53.5–58.3) | 44.1 (41.7–46.5) | |
City of residence | |||
Arequipa | 64.2 (57.1–70.7) | 35.8 (29.3–42.9) | <0.001 |
Chiclayo | 55.0 (46.8–62.9) | 45.0 (37.1–53.2) | |
Chimbote | 50.6 (43.8–57.3) | 49.4 (42.7–56.2) | |
Ica | 62.7 (54.5–70.2) | 37.3 (29.8–45.5) | |
Metropolitan Lima | 54.1 (51.5–56.7) | 45.9 (43.3–48.5) | |
Piura | 49.4 (41.6–57.2) | 50.6 (42.8–58.4) | |
Trujillo | 63.1 (57.5–68.3) | 36.9 (31.7–42.5) | |
Tumbes | 41.8 (35.4–48.6) | 58.2 (51.4–64.6) |
Characteristics | Disability | ||
---|---|---|---|
No (n = 7583) % * (95% CI) | Yes (n = 156) % * (95% CI) | p-Value ** | |
Overall | 97.9 (97.5–98.3) | 2.1 (1.7–2.5) | |
Age group (years) | |||
18–59 | 98.2 (97.7–98.6) | 1.8 (1.4–2.3) | <0.001 |
60 or more | 91.5 (87.2–94.4) | 8.5 (5.6–12.8) | |
Gender | |||
Male | 98.1 (97.5–98.6) | 1.9 (1.4–2.5) | 0.346 |
Female | 97.8 (97.0–98.3) | 2.2 (1.7–3.0) | |
Educational level | |||
Higher education | 98.7 (98.1–99.1) | 1.3 (0.9–1.9) | <0.001 |
Secondary education | 97.6 (96.8–98.2) | 2.4 (1.8–3.2) | |
Up to primary education | 95.8 (93.5–97.4) | 4.2 (2.6–6.5) | |
Chronic disease | |||
No | 98.5 (98.0–98.9) | 1.5 (1.1–2.0) | <0.001 |
Yes | 95.0 (93.4–96.3) | 5.0 (3.7–6.6) | |
Migration permit | |||
No | 97.5 (96.6–98.2) | 2.5 (1.8–3.4) | 0.200 |
Yes | 98.1 (97.6–98.6) | 1.9 (1.4–2.4) | |
Work in the last week | |||
Yes | 98.6 (98.1–99.0) | 1.4 (1.0–1.9) | <0.001 |
No | 95.8 (94.4–96.9) | 4.2 (3.1–5.6) | |
Wealth index | |||
Low | 98.1 (97.1–98.8) | 1.9 (1.2-2.9) | 0.542 |
Middle | 98.1 (97.4–98.7) | 1.9 (1.3–2.6) | |
High | 97.7 (96.7–98.3) | 2.3 (1.7–3.3) | |
Period of arrival to Peru | |||
During the COVID-19 pandemic | 97.0 (95.8–97.9) | 3.0 (2.1–4.2) | 0.011 |
Pre-pandemic | 98.2 (97.7–98.7) | 1.8 (1.3–2.3) | |
City of residence | |||
Arequipa | 97.7 (95.6–98.8) | 2.3 (1.2-4.4) | 0.005 |
Chiclayo | 95.0 (91.6–97.0) | 5.0 (3.0–8.4) | |
Chimbote | 99.1 (97.7–99.6) | 0.9 (0.4–2.3) | |
Ica | 99.7 (98.7–99.9) | 0.3 (0.1–1.3) | |
Metropolitan Lima | 97.9 (97.3–98.3) | 2.1 (1.7-2.7) | |
Piura | 98.7 (96.8–99.5) | 1.3 (0.5-3.2) | |
Trujillo | 98.4 (96.9–99.2) | 1.6 (0.8–3.1) | |
Tumbes | 99.1 (97.0–99.7) | 0.9 (0.3–3.0) |
Variable | Crude | Adjusted * | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
PR (95% CI) | p-Value | aPR (95% CI) | p-Value | |
Disability | ||||
No | Reference | Reference | ||
Yes | 1.37 (1.17–1.61) | <0.001 | 1.25 (1.08–1.46) | 0.003 |
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Hernández-Vásquez, A.; Bartra Reátegui, A.; Sánchez-Dávila, K.; Vargas-Fernández, R. Association between Disability and Unmet Food Needs in the Venezuelan Migrant and Refugee Population: Analysis of a Population-Based Survey, 2022. Nutrients 2023, 15, 1663. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15071663
Hernández-Vásquez A, Bartra Reátegui A, Sánchez-Dávila K, Vargas-Fernández R. Association between Disability and Unmet Food Needs in the Venezuelan Migrant and Refugee Population: Analysis of a Population-Based Survey, 2022. Nutrients. 2023; 15(7):1663. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15071663
Chicago/Turabian StyleHernández-Vásquez, Akram, Alicia Bartra Reátegui, Keller Sánchez-Dávila, and Rodrigo Vargas-Fernández. 2023. "Association between Disability and Unmet Food Needs in the Venezuelan Migrant and Refugee Population: Analysis of a Population-Based Survey, 2022" Nutrients 15, no. 7: 1663. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15071663