Effects of the 12 May 2021 Geomagnetic Storm on Georeferencing Precision
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Estimation of the Ionospheric Total Electron Content
Ionospheric TEC Maps
2.2. ROT and ROTI
2.3. Apparent Position Variation Using Precise Point Positioning
2.4. Geophysical and Geomagnetic Conditions
2.5. Possible Earthquakes Perturbations
3. Results
4. Discussion and Main Conclusions
4.1. 12 May 2021 Geomagnetic Storm
4.2. The 27 March 2017 and 5 August 2019 Geomagnetic Storms
4.3. Ionospheric Effects
4.4. Positioning Errors
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Geomagnetic Storm | Dst [nT] | Kp | AE [nT] | Stations N | Kinematic PPP | Method |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
7 January 2015 [56] | −99 | 6 | 2031 | 3 | GIPSY-OASIS | ROTI |
17 March 2015 [57] | −223 | 8 | 2298 | ∼500 | GPS PPP Model | ROTI |
17 March 2015 [58] | −223 | 8 | 2298 | 15 | gLAB software | DVTEC, TIDs |
22, 23 June 2015 [59] | −204 | 8 | 2698 | 5172 | GAMP software | Spread-F, S4 |
20 December 2015 [57] | −155 | 7 | 1946 | ∼500 | GPS PPP Model | ROTI |
27 March 2017 [57] | −74 | 6 | 1505 | ∼500 | GPS PPP Model | ROTI |
8 September 2017 [60] | −124 | 8 | 2677 | ∼700 | RTKLIB package | ROTI |
Error Intervals [cm] | East [%] | East gs [%] | North [%] | North gs [%] | Up [%] | Up gs [%] | 3D [%] | 3D gs [%] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
<5 | 98 | 85 | 99 | 87 | 73 | 52 | 71 | 48 |
5–10 | 2 | 8 | 1 | 8 | 24 | 23 | 26 | 25 |
10–20 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 16 | 3 | 17 |
20–40 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 7 |
40–60 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
60–100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
>100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Error Intervals [cm] | East [%] | East gs [%] | North [%] | North gs [%] | Up [%] | Up gs [%] | 3D [%] | 3D gs [%] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
<5 | 98 | 70 | 98 | 72 | 55 | 13 | 50 | 9 |
5–10 | 2 | 16 | 2 | 19 | 39 | 33 | 43 | 32 |
10–20 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 6 | 5 | 35 | 6 | 38 |
20–40 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 15 | 1 | 15 |
40–60 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
60–100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
>100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
Station | DoYs | RMS [cm] | MAX [cm] | DVTEC | %DVTEC | ROTI | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[Season] | E | N | U | 3D | E | N | U | 3D | [TECu] | [%] | [] | |
madr | QD2017 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.6 | 2.0 | 5.5 | 5.7 | |||
DoY 86 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 2.2 | 1.5 | 4.4 | 4.5 | 9.9 | 110 | 0.1 | |
[Spring] | ||||||||||||
QD2019 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 1.5 | 1.7 | 2.7 | 2.2 | 6.2 | 6.3 | ||||
DoY 217 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 3.1 | 2.6 | 11.6 | 11.7 | 12.0 | 153 | 0.52 | |
[Summer] | ||||||||||||
QD2021 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 2.4 | 2.7 | 8.7 | 8.8 | ||||
DoY 132 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 3.5 | 3.7 | 3.9 | 4.1 | 15.4 | 17.0 | 11.9 | 120 | 0.3 | |
[Spring] | ||||||||||||
vzch | QD2017 | |||||||||||
DoY 86 | ||||||||||||
[Fall] | ||||||||||||
QD2019 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 1.5 | 1.7 | 5.2 | 3.7 | 15.4 | 15.4 | ||||
DoY 217 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 2.2 | 2.5 | 6.0 | 3.5 | 15.0 | 15.1 | 4.1 | 62 | 0.11 | |
[Winter] | ||||||||||||
QD2021 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 1.6 | 1.8 | 7.0 | 6.8 | 18.7 | 18.9 | ||||
DoY 132 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 3.8 | 4.4 | 52.4 | 52.9 | 58.8 | 82.5 | 5.3 | 56 | 0.08 | |
[Fall] | ||||||||||||
vita | QD2017 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 1.8 | 2.0 | 2.9 | 3.1 | 8.4 | 8.4 | |||
DoY 86 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 2.8 | 3.2 | 3.5 | 3.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 23.5 | 150 | 0.09 | |
[Fall] | ||||||||||||
QD2019 | ||||||||||||
DoY 217 | ||||||||||||
[Winter] | ||||||||||||
QD2021 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 11.1 | 11.6 | 26.8 | 30.3 | ||||
DoY 132 | 1.7 | 1.2 | 4.3 | 4.8 | 52.5 | 25.0 | 41.9 | 61.2 | 5.1 | 51 | 0.13 | |
[Fall] |
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Valdés-Abreu, J.C.; Díaz, M.A.; Báez, J.C.; Stable-Sánchez, Y. Effects of the 12 May 2021 Geomagnetic Storm on Georeferencing Precision. Remote Sens. 2022, 14, 38. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14010038
Valdés-Abreu JC, Díaz MA, Báez JC, Stable-Sánchez Y. Effects of the 12 May 2021 Geomagnetic Storm on Georeferencing Precision. Remote Sensing. 2022; 14(1):38. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14010038
Chicago/Turabian StyleValdés-Abreu, Juan Carlos, Marcos A. Díaz, Juan Carlos Báez, and Yohadne Stable-Sánchez. 2022. "Effects of the 12 May 2021 Geomagnetic Storm on Georeferencing Precision" Remote Sensing 14, no. 1: 38. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14010038