Critical Review of Mitigation Solutions for SSO in Modern Transmission Grids
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- The development of a new definition of SSO, to be more inclusive towards new SSO phenomena;
- The development of a new classification of SSO phenomena, including emerging phenomena; and
- A critical review of the existing measures to mitigate the emerging SSO phenomena.
2. Reclassification of Subsynchronous Oscillations
“Electromechanical interaction, either between a turbine-generator and passive system elements such as series capacitors, or between a turbine-generator and active system elements such as HVDC transmission equipment controls, and static VAR system controls.”
“An electric power system condition where the electric network exchanges energy with a turbine generator at one or more of the natural frequencies of the combined system below the synchronous frequency of the system.”
2.1. DFIG-Series Capacitor Interaction
2.2. Converter-Grid Interaction
2.3. Converter-Converter Interaction
2.4. Proposed Reclassification of SSO
- It excludes electromagnetic phenomena;
- It excludes interactions between power electronic converters and passive elements; and
- It excludes interactions among power electronic converters.
SSO is a subsynchronous interaction between (i) a turbine-generator and passive system elements such as series capacitors; (ii) a turbine-generator and active system elements such as power electronic equipment controls and static VAR system controls; or (iii) active system elements and either other active system elements such as wind farms or passive system elements such as a weak grid.
3. Control Solutions
3.1. Tuning of Converter Controller Parameters
3.2. New Control Concepts
3.2.1. Virtual Synchronous Generator
3.2.2. Direct Power Control
3.2.3. Feedback Linearization Control
3.3. Digital Filters
3.4. Supplementary Damping Control
4. Hardware Solutions
4.1. FACTS
4.2. Other VSC-Based Solutions
5. System-Level Coordination
6. Open Issues and Challenges
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | DFIG-SSR | SSCI |
---|---|---|
Operating Conditions | ||
Wind speed | Decrease results in less stability [33] | Decrease results in less stability [7] |
Grid strength | Decrease results in less stability [34] | Decrease results in less stability [7,24,35,36,37,38] |
# turbines | Decrease results in less stability | Decrease results in more stability [24,36] |
GSC-PLL Parameters | ||
Kp,PLL | Decrease results in more stability [34] | Under weak grid conditions a decrease results in more stability [4,37] |
Ki,PLL | No influence on stability [34] | Decrease results in little bit more stability [4]. An increase increases the oscillation frequency from a low frequency oscillation (5 Hz) to a subsynchronous oscillation (23 Hz) [39] |
Machine Side Converter Parameters | ||
Kp,dR | Decrease results in more stability [40] | As the DC bus decouples the MSC and the GSC, the MSC has very low participation in the adverse interactions with the grid [7,24] |
Ki,dR | ||
Kp,qR | ||
Ki,qR | ||
KpP,PCC | Decrease results in more stability [41] | |
KiP,PCC | ||
KpQ,PCC | ||
KiQ,PCC | ||
Grid Side Converter Parameters | ||
Kp,dS | The influence of GSC parameters on DFIG-SSR is negligible | Decrease results in less stability [4,36], Decrease results in less stability and lower resonance frequencies [7] |
Ki,dS | No influence on stability [4], decrease results in more stability and decrease in resonance frequency [7] | |
Kp,qS | ||
Ki,qS | Decrease results in more stability and no influence on resonance frequencies [36] | |
Kp,dc | Decrease results in less stability and lower resonance frequencies [7,36] | |
Ki,dc | Decrease results in more stability and no influence on resonance frequencies [42] | |
Kp,Q | In weak grid conditions, a decrease in gain results in more stability [24] | |
Ki,Q | In weak grid conditions, increase in gain (i.e., making the AC voltage control slower) results in more stability [24] |
Mitigation Solution | DFIG-SSR | SSCI-CGI | SSCI-CCI |
---|---|---|---|
Control Solutions | |||
GF Virtual Synchronous Machine | ✗ | ✓ | ? |
GF Direct Power Control | ✓ | ✓ | ? |
Feedback Linearizing Controllers | ✓ | ? | ? |
MSC Tuning | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ |
GSC Tuning | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ |
GSC-PLL Tuning | ✗ | ✓ | ? |
MSC Notch Filter | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ |
GSC Notch Filter | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ |
MSC Damping Control | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ |
GSC Damping Control | ✓ | ✗ | ? |
Adaptive Control | ? | ✓ | ? |
Hardware Solutions | |||
TCSC | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ |
SVC | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ |
STATCOM | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ |
UPFC | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ |
Subharmonic Voltage Generator | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ |
Subharmonic Current Generator | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ |
System Level Coordination | |||
Wide Area Control | ✓ | ? | ? |
SSF Relay | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
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Sewdien, V.; Wang, X.; Rueda Torres, J.; van der Meijden, M. Critical Review of Mitigation Solutions for SSO in Modern Transmission Grids. Energies 2020, 13, 3449. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13133449
Sewdien V, Wang X, Rueda Torres J, van der Meijden M. Critical Review of Mitigation Solutions for SSO in Modern Transmission Grids. Energies. 2020; 13(13):3449. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13133449
Chicago/Turabian StyleSewdien, Vinay, Xiongfei Wang, Jose Rueda Torres, and Mart van der Meijden. 2020. "Critical Review of Mitigation Solutions for SSO in Modern Transmission Grids" Energies 13, no. 13: 3449. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13133449