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Hybrid AC/DC Transmission Grids
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Hybrid AC/DC Transmission Grids

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "A1: Smart Grids and Microgrids".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2021) | Viewed by 19093

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Francisco Gonzalez-Longatt

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Electrical Power Systems, University of South-Eastern Norway, Porsgrunn, Norway
Interests: innovative (operation/control) schemes to optimise the performance of future energy systems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Jose Luis Rueda

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Electrical Sustainable Energy, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 4, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
Interests: power system reliability and stability; large-scale integration of power electronic interfaced devices in interconnected power systems; HVDC links and FACTs devices; power system modelling and data format conversion; probabilistic- and artificial intelligence-based security assessment and enhancement; mean-variance mapping optimization

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

OVERVIEW

The origin of the commercial use of electricity was marked by a series of events regarding competition between alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC), the famous “war of the currents”. AC has dictated the paradigm used in the development of the commercial power systems for many years. Today, AC is a mature and well-developed technology, but AC transmission has limitations—it is not perfect! Recent technological developments and a cost reduction in power converter technology have made the use of DC a viable option to tackle the major upgrades needed to ensure reliability and an economic power supply for sustainable low-carbon societies.

DC systems have evolved from the old fashion, dedicated to a very specific and out-of-the-way application, to become more integrated into AC systems, offering many technical and economic advantages.

Today, modern hybrid AC/DC grids combine the advantages of AC and DC systems—providing an increased operational flexible control that improves the reliability of the whole power supply. The higher cost reduction and technological breakthrough in power electronic converters have motivated an increasing use of DC, ranging from low voltage (LV) to ultra-high-voltage direct-current (UHVDC; e.g., up to 10 GW for 800 kV) networks. DC systems are used in many applications, namely: for typical HVDC uses, like water crossings, asynchronous interconnections (back-to-back); and long-distance power transfers, including access to remote renewables (point-to-point), transmission in areas with severely restricted right-of-ways, and HVDC-networked (multi-terminal) grids. Also, DC systems have been used in many other applications, such as micro-grids, LV and MV distribution systems, DC distribution systems in ship propulsion, and DC in buildings and data centres, to name a few.

The modern hybrid AC/DC power grids allow for the increased penetration of low-carbon technologies, and some of the renewable technologies are inherently compatible with DC systems like solar and wind, but also the energy storage applications (batteries). Also, DC has been part of the consumer-side for years; the DC internal structure is a reality in many devices and many appliances, ranging from data centres (MW scale) up to lightning (W scale).

OBJECTIVE

This Special Issue is dedicated to identify, address, and disseminate state-of-the-art research works on in novel aspects of hybrid AC/DC transmission and distribution networks. As a consequence, this Special Issue brings together scholars, researchers, scientists, engineers, and administrators on a common platform, to disseminate the scientific innovations that benefit the scientific community and have a positive impact on society.

TOPICS OF INTEREST

Topics of interests for this Special Issue on “Hybrid AC/DC Transmission Grids” include, but are not limited to, the follow:

  • Innovative modelling techniques (EMT and RMS) for integrated simulations of large hybrid AC/DC grids;
  • Modelling and simulation of the electromechanical and electromagnetic phenomenon in hybrid AC/DC grids;
  • Co-simulation and hardware-in-the-loop simulations as a tool for the validation, testing, and verification of hybrid AC/DC grids;
  • Advances in power apparatuses enabling development and enhanced features in hybrid AC/DC grids (e.g., DC transformer, DC circuit breakers, novel technologies of generation, and energy storage smart converters);
  • Innovative methods for the monitoring and control of dynamic and transient stability of hybrid AC/DC grids;
  • Novel methodologies for the planning of hybrid AC/DC grids;
  • Optimal economic and secure operation of hybrid AC/DC grids;
  • Novel control of TSO/DSO interactions considering hybrid AC/DC grids;
  • Challenges and opportunities of a hybrid AC/DC grid in the context of TSO/DSO integration;
  • Techniques for the detection and mitigation of different phenomenon related to resonance in power converters dominated by AC/DC grids (e.g., sub-synchronous, super-synchronous, harmonic, and high frequency);
  • Novel schemes for the protection of hybrid AC/DC grids, including new features for converter-enabled technologies;
  • Role of energy storage and low-carbon technologies in hybrid AC/DC grids interactions;
  • Novel and innovative schemes of early instability phenomenon in hybrid AC/DC grids;
  • Islanding and synchronisation mechanisms of hybrid AC/DC grids;
  • New techniques of blackout restoration in the context of hybrid AC/DC grids;
  • Challenges in the standardisation, policies, regulation, and market design of hybrid AC/DC grids;
  • Recent important projects and experiences on AC/DC grid projects, with special interest in multi-terminal DC projects and renewable power and AC/DC connections;
  • High voltage DC/DC converter topologies and control;
  • MVDC distribution grids and collector grids for large solar plants.

The guest editorial team are soliciting high quality, original, and of timely significance research papers with novel contributions in all of the above aspects.

Prof. Dr. Francisco Gonzalez-Longatt
Prof. Dr. Jose Luis Rueda
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • AC/DC systems
  • power electronic converters
  • monitoring,control, and protection
  • modelling, RMS/EMT simulation, and co-simulation
  • planning, operation, and coordination
  • TSO/DSO interaction

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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27 pages, 1208 KiB  
Article
State Estimation for Hybrid VSC Based HVDC/AC Transmission Networks
by Motaz Ayiad, Helder Leite and Hugo Martins
Energies 2020, 13(18), 4932; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13184932 - 20 Sep 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3826
Abstract
As the integration of High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) systems on modern power networks continues to expand, challenges have appeared in different fields of the network architecture. In the Supervisory, Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) field, software and toolboxes are expected to be [...] Read more.
As the integration of High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) systems on modern power networks continues to expand, challenges have appeared in different fields of the network architecture. In the Supervisory, Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) field, software and toolboxes are expected to be modified to meet the new network characteristics. Therefore, this paper presents a unified Weighted Least Squares (WLS) state estimation algorithm suitable for hybrid HVDC/AC transmission systems, based on Voltage Source Converter (VSC). The mathematical formulas of the unified approach are derived for modelling the AC, DC and converter coupling components. The method couples the AC and DC sides of the converter through power and voltage constraints and measurement functions. Two hybrid power system test cases have been studied to validate this work, a 4-AC/4-DC/4-AC network and Cigre B4 DC test case network. Furthermore, comparison between the fully decentralized state estimation and the unified method is provided, which indicated an accuracy improvement and error reduction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hybrid AC/DC Transmission Grids)
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17 pages, 4877 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Phase Imbalance Compensation for Mitigating DFIG-Series Capacitor Interaction
by Vinay Sewdien, Jose Luis Rueda Torres and Mart van der Meijden
Energies 2020, 13(17), 4512; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13174512 - 01 Sep 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2058
Abstract
The phase imbalance compensation concept is proposed in literature as an alternative way to mitigate classical subsynchronous resonance (SSR) problems in series-compensated transmission lines. However, a fundamental analysis to determine this concept’s ability to mitigate resonances between a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) and [...] Read more.
The phase imbalance compensation concept is proposed in literature as an alternative way to mitigate classical subsynchronous resonance (SSR) problems in series-compensated transmission lines. However, a fundamental analysis to determine this concept’s ability to mitigate resonances between a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) and a series compensated transmission line, i.e., DFIG-SSR, is not reported in literature. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to investigate to which extent phase imbalance compensation is able to mitigate DFIG-SSR. For the phase imbalance compensation scheme, an analytical model that captures the relation between the level of series compensation, the degree of asymmetry between the compensated phases, and the resulting shift in resonance frequency is developed and validated using time domain simulations. Then, an optimisation framework is developed to search for an adequate level of compensation asymmetry, capable of mitigating the adverse interactions. The optimisation allows us to show that, even with the best set of parameters, phase imbalance compensation is not suitable for mitigating DFIG-SSR. The analytical model enables us to explain the underlying physical reasons for this and an attempt is made to explain why this concept is theoretically able to mitigate classical resonance issues. Lastly, directions for future research are identified. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hybrid AC/DC Transmission Grids)
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17 pages, 4955 KiB  
Article
Transient Stability Performance of Power Systems with High Share of Wind Generators Equipped with Power-Angle Modulation Controllers or Fast Local Voltage Controllers
by Arcadio Perilla, Stelios Papadakis, Jose Luis Rueda Torres, Mart van der Meijden, Peter Palensky and Francisco Gonzalez-Longatt
Energies 2020, 13(16), 4205; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13164205 - 14 Aug 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2962
Abstract
The decommissioning of synchronous generators, and their replacement by decoupled renewable power plants, has a significant impact on the transient stability performance of a power system. This paper concerns with an investigation of the degree of transient stability enhancement that can be achieved [...] Read more.
The decommissioning of synchronous generators, and their replacement by decoupled renewable power plants, has a significant impact on the transient stability performance of a power system. This paper concerns with an investigation of the degree of transient stability enhancement that can be achieved in power systems with high shares (e.g., around 75%) of wind generation. It is considered that the wind generators can work either under the principle of current control or under the principle of fast local voltage control. In both cases, a power–angle modulation (PAM) controller is superimposed on the current control loops of the grid side converters of the wind generators. The investigation of the degree of enhancement takes into account different approaches of the tuning of PAM. It considers a simple approach in the form of parametric sensitivity, and also a sophisticated approach in the form of a formal optimization problem. Besides, the paper gives insight on what is a suitable objective function of the optimization problem, which entails the best performance of PAM. The whole investigation is conducted based on a synthetic model of the Great Britain (GB) system Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hybrid AC/DC Transmission Grids)
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21 pages, 5331 KiB  
Article
Power-Angle Modulation Controller to Support Transient Stability of Power Systems Dominated by Power Electronic Interfaced Wind Generation
by Arcadio Perilla, José Luis Rueda Torres, Stelios Papadakis, Elyas Rakhshani, Mart van der Meijden and Francisco Gonzalez-Longatt
Energies 2020, 13(12), 3178; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13123178 - 19 Jun 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4496
Abstract
During the last few years, electric power systems have undergone a widespread shift from conventional fossil-based generation toward renewable energy-based generation. Variable speed wind generators utilizing full-scale power electronics converters are becoming the preferred technology among other types of renewable-based generation, due to [...] Read more.
During the last few years, electric power systems have undergone a widespread shift from conventional fossil-based generation toward renewable energy-based generation. Variable speed wind generators utilizing full-scale power electronics converters are becoming the preferred technology among other types of renewable-based generation, due to the high flexibility to implement different control functions that can support the stabilization of electrical power systems. This paper presents a fundamental study on the enhancement of transient stability in electrical power systems with increasing high share (i.e., above 50%) of power electronic interfaced generation. The wind generator type IV is taken as a representative form of power electronic interfaced generation, and the goal is to investigate how to mitigate the magnitude of the first swing while enhancing the damping of rotor angle oscillations triggered by major electrical disturbances. To perform such mitigation, this paper proposes a power-angle modulation (PAM) controller to adjust the post-fault active power response of the wind generator type IV, after a large disturbance occurs in the system. Based on a small size system, the PAM concept is introduced. The study is performed upon time-domain simulations and analytical formulations of the power transfer equations. Additionally, the IEEE 9 BUS system and the test model of Great Britain’s system are used to further investigate the performance of the PAM controller in a multi-machine context, as well as to perform a comparative assessment of the effect of different fault locations, and the necessary wind generators that should be equipped with PAM controllers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hybrid AC/DC Transmission Grids)
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Review

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20 pages, 4191 KiB  
Review
Critical Review of Mitigation Solutions for SSO in Modern Transmission Grids
by Vinay Sewdien, Xiongfei Wang, Jose Rueda Torres and Mart van der Meijden
Energies 2020, 13(13), 3449; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13133449 - 03 Jul 2020
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3635
Abstract
The replacement of conventional generation by power electronics-based generation changes the dynamic characteristics of the power system. This results in, among other things, the increased susceptibility to subsynchronous oscillations (SSO). First, this paper discusses three recently emerging SSO phenomena, which arise due to [...] Read more.
The replacement of conventional generation by power electronics-based generation changes the dynamic characteristics of the power system. This results in, among other things, the increased susceptibility to subsynchronous oscillations (SSO). First, this paper discusses three recently emerging SSO phenomena, which arise due to the interactions between (1) a doubly-fed induction generator and a series compensated transmission system; (2) a voltage source converter (VSC) and a weak grid; and (3) nearby VSCs. A fundamental review of these phenomena resulted in the requirement for a reclassification of the existing SSO phenomena. This reclassification is proposed in this work and is based on interacting components identified using participation factor analysis for the distinct phenomena. Second, a critical review of the existing mitigation measures is performed for these phenomena, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of the solutions. The influence of the wind speed, grid strength, number of wind turbines, and several converter controller parameters are also discussed. To assist equipment manufacturers, control design engineers, and system operators in selecting and designing effective mitigation measures, the existing solutions are categorized in control solutions, hardware solutions, and solutions based on system level coordination. Finally, perspectives on open issues conclude this paper. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hybrid AC/DC Transmission Grids)
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