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Journal of Eye Movement Research is published by MDPI from Volume 18 Issue 1 (2025). Previous articles were published by another publisher in Open Access under a CC-BY (or CC-BY-NC-ND) licence, and they are hosted by MDPI on mdpi.com as a courtesy and upon agreement with Bern Open Publishing (BOP).

J. Eye Mov. Res., Volume 16, Issue 1 (January 2023) – 6 articles

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12 pages, 975 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Visual Search Patterns for Multilingual Word Search Puzzles, a Pilot Study

by Tanya Beelders

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2023, 16(1), 1-12; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.16.1.6 - 31 Mar 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 128

Abstract

Word search puzzles are recognized as a valid word recognition task. Eye gaze patterns have been investigated during visual search and reading, but the word search puzzle requires both searching and word recognition. This paper will discuss findings from an eye-tracking study of word search puzzles in three languages, of varying fluency for the participants. Results indicated that participants employ a search strategy that is somewhat dependent on language fluency and varies from a rigid, structured search pattern to randomly searching for a target word. The majority of gaze measurements are not significantly influenced by either word length or fluency of presented language, although mean fixation durations are longer for shorter words. Full article

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15 pages, 3172 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Eye Tracking Study of the Application of Gestalt Theory in Photography

by Hsien-Chih Chuang, Han-Yi Tseng and Da-Lun Tang

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2023, 16(1), 1-15; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.16.1.5 - 31 Mar 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 458

Abstract

Photography is an art form where integration of the human visual perception and psychological experiences result in aesthetic pleasure. This research utilizes eye tracking to explore the impact of the properties of Gestalt in photography on people's visual cognitive process in order to understand the psychological processes and patterns of photography appreciation. This study found that images with Gestalt qualities can significantly affect fixation, sightline distribution, and subjective evaluation of aesthetics and complexity. Closure composition images seem to make cognition simpler, resulting in the least number of fixation and saccades, longer fixation duration, and more concentrated sightline indicating stronger feeling of beauty, while images which portray similarity results in the greatest fixation and saccades, longest saccade duration, and greater scattering of sightline, indicating feelings of complexity and unsightliness. The results of this research are closely related to the theories of art and design, and have reference value for photography theory and application. Full article

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12 pages, 1839 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Why 2D Layout in 3D Images Matters: Evidence from Visual Search and Eyetracking

by Linda Krauze, Mara Delesa-Velina, Tatjana Pladere and Gunta Krumina

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2023, 16(1), 1-12; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.16.1.4 - 31 Mar 2023

Viewed by 105

Abstract

Precise perception of three-dimensional (3D) images is crucial for a rewarding experience when using novel displays. However, the capability of the human visual system to perceive binocular disparities varies across the visual field meaning that depth perception might be affected by the two-dimensional (2D) layout of items on the screen. Nevertheless, potential difficulties in perceiving 3D images during free viewing have received only a little attention so far, limiting opportunities to enhance visual effectiveness of information presentation. The aim of this study was to elucidate how the 2D layout of items in 3D images impacts visual search and distribution of maintaining attention based on the analysis of the viewer’s gaze. Participants were searching for a target which was projected one plane closer to the viewer compared to distractors on a multi-plane display. The 2D layout of items was manipulated by changing the item distance from the center of the display plane from 2° to 8°. As a result, the targets were identified correctly when the items were displayed close to the center of the display plane, however, the number of errors grew with an increase in distance. Moreover, correct responses were given more often when subjects paid more attention to targets compared to other items on the screen. However, a more balanced distribution of attention over time across all items was characteristic of the incorrectly completed trials. Thus, our results suggest that items should be displayed close to each other in a 2D layout to facilitate precise perception of 3D images and considering distribution of attention maintenance based on eye-tracking might be useful in the objective assessment of user experience for novel displays. Full article

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16 pages, 5547 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Task Difficulty on Gaze Behaviour During Landing with Visual Flight Rules in Low-Time Pilots

by Naila Ayala, Abdullah Zafar, Suzanne Kearns, Elizabeth Irving, Shi Cao and Ewa Niechwiej-Szwedo

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2023, 16(1), 1-16; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.16.1.3 - 20 Mar 2023

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 228

Abstract

Eye movements have been used to examine the cognitive function of pilots and understand how information processing abilities impact performance. Traditional and advanced measures of gaze behaviour effectively reflect changes in cognitive load, situational awareness, and expert-novice differences. However, the extent to which gaze behaviour changes during the early stages of skill development has yet to be addressed. The current study investigated the impact of task difficulty on gaze behaviour in low-time pilots (N = 18) while they completed simulated landing scenarios. An increase in task difficulty resulted in longer fixation of the runway, and a reduction in the stationary gaze entropy (gaze dispersion) and gaze transition entropy (sequence complexity). These findings suggest that pilots’ gaze became less complex and more focused on fewer areas of interest when task difficulty increased. Additionally, a novel approach to identify and track instances when pilots restrict their attention outside the cockpit (i.e., gaze tunneling) was explored and shown to be sensitive to changes in task difficulty. Altogether, the gaze-related metrics used in the present study provide valuable information for assessing pilots gaze behaviour and help further understand how gaze contributes to better performance in low-time pilots. Full article

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13 pages, 2128 KiB

Open AccessArticle

GaVe: A Webcam-Based Gaze Vending Interface Using One-Point Calibration

by Zhe Zeng, Sai Liu, Hao Cheng, Hailong Liu, Yang Li, Yu Feng and Felix Wilhelm Siebert

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2023, 16(1), 1-13; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.16.1.2 - 25 Jan 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 135

Abstract

Gaze input, i.e., information input via eye of users, represents a promising method for contact- free interaction in human-machine systems. In this paper, we present the GazeVending interface (GaVe), which lets users control actions on a display with their eyes. The interface works on a regular webcam, available on most of today's laptops, and only requires a short one-point calibration before use. GaVe is designed in a hierarchical structure, presenting broad item cluster to users first and subsequently guiding them through another selection round, which allows the presentation of a large number of items. Cluster/item selection in GaVe is based on the dwell time, i.e., the time duration that users look at a given Cluster/ item. A user study (N = 22) was conducted to test optimal dwell time thresholds and comfortable human-to-display distances. Users’ perception of the system, as well as error rates and task completion time were registered. We found that all participants were able to quickly understand and know how to interact with the interface, and showed good performance, selecting a target item within a group of 12 items in 6.76 seconds on average. We provide design guidelines for GaVe and discuss the potentials of the system. Full article

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17 pages, 5494 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mobile Eye Tracking Applied as a Tool for Customer Experience Research in a Crowded Train Station

by Andrea Schneider, Beat Vollenwyder, Eva Krueger, Céline Mühlethaler, Dave B. Miller, Jasmin Thurau and Achim Elfering

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2023, 16(1), 1-17; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.16.1.1 - 16 Jan 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 205

Abstract

Train stations have increasingly become crowded, necessitating stringent requirements in the design of stations and commuter navigation through these stations. In this study, we explored the use of mobile eye tracking in combination with observation and a survey to gain knowledge on customer experience in a crowded train station. We investigated the utilization of mobile eye tracking in ascertaining customers’ perception of the train station environment and analyzed the effect of a signalization prototype (visual pedestrian flow cues), which was intended for regulating pedestrian flow in a crowded underground passage. Gaze behavior, estimated crowd density, and comfort levels (an individual’s comfort level in a certain situation), were measured before and after the implementation of the prototype. The results revealed that the prototype was visible in conditions of low crowd density. However, in conditions of high crowd density, the prototype was less visible, and the path choice was influenced by other commuters. Hence, herd behavior appeared to have a stronger effect than the implemented signalization prototype in conditions of high crowd density. Thus, mobile eye tracking in combination with observation and the survey successfully aided in understanding customers’ perception of the train station environment on a qualitative level and supported the evaluation of the signalization prototype the crowded underground passage. However, the analysis process was laborious, which could be an obstacle for its practical use in gaining customer insights. Full article

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J. Eye Mov. Res., Volume 16, Issue 1 (January 2023) – 6 articles

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