Diversity

15 pages, 5001 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Clarifying the Taxonomic Relationships of Tulipa iliensis and T. thianschanica Based on Multiple Evidences of Phenotypic, Karyotype, Molecular, and Chloroplast Genomes

by Huimin Zhang, Xiyong Wang, Huawei Liu, Shiqing Liu and Yan Wei

Diversity 2025, 17(3), 219; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17030219 - 20 Mar 2025

Viewed by 366

Abstract

In China, the genus Tulipa L. has been identified as a national second-class protected plant. Due to the complex evolutionary and genetic backgrounds of tulips, the taxonomy of the genus Tulipa and its species remains a matter of dispute. The current study is [...] Read more.

In China, the genus Tulipa L. has been identified as a national second-class protected plant. Due to the complex evolutionary and genetic backgrounds of tulips, the taxonomy of the genus Tulipa and its species remains a matter of dispute. The current study is dedicated to clarifying the taxonomic relationship between two closely related species, T. iliensis and Tulipa thianschanica, by integrating morphological, karyotypic, and molecular evidence—a novel framework for resolving taxonomic ambiguities in closely related species. Morphological analyses showed significant differences in filament shape, pistil length, overall plant height, presence or absence of stem hairs, and perianth length and width, which supports the conclusion that they are distinct species (p < 0.001). Karyotype analysis further verified disparities in their chromosome morphology, and distinct karyotype indices and scatter plot distributions suggest differences between the two species. Molecular phylogenetic analyses using Internal Transcribed Spacer sequences (ITSs) and chloroplast genomes confirmed the genetic differences between T. iliensis and T. thianschanica, and there is evidence indicating the possible occurrence of hybridization events. The research findings demonstrate that T. thianschanica and T. iliensis are independent species, thereby providing valuable insights into the taxonomy of wild tulips and contributing to the conservation of these protected species. Full article

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22 pages, 8550 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fossil Samaras of Acer in the Lower Miocene of Central Inner Mongolia, China, and Their Phytogeographical Implications

by Han Dong, Yong Wu, Xiaoyan Wang, Meiting Wang, Deshuang Ji, Jiwei Liang and Liang Xiao

Diversity 2025, 17(3), 218; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17030218 - 19 Mar 2025

Viewed by 242

Abstract

Samara fossils of Acer were unearthed from the Early Miocene Hannuoba Formation in central Inner Mongolia, China. Based on macro- and micro-characteristics, they were identified as Acer pretataricum sp. nov. of section Ginnala, and cf. Acer mono of section Platanoidea. We [...] Read more.

Samara fossils of Acer were unearthed from the Early Miocene Hannuoba Formation in central Inner Mongolia, China. Based on macro- and micro-characteristics, they were identified as Acer pretataricum sp. nov. of section Ginnala, and cf. Acer mono of section Platanoidea. We reconstructed the dispersal routes of these two sections according to their fossil records. During the Early Eocene, section Ginnala was confined to North America. In the Late Eocene, this section expanded westward to East Asia. It was distributed widely in East Asia. In the Late Tertiary, it potentially recolonized the European and American continents. Meanwhile, section Platanoidea was distributed disjunctively in East Asia and North America during the Eocene. Members of this section likely expanded westward from East Asia into Europe in the Oligocene. By the Miocene, it had achieved extensive distribution in the Northern Hemisphere. However, by the Pliocene, it was confined to East Asia and Western Europe. It may have spread eastward from East Asia to North America during the Holocene, finally forming its current existence in North America and the Eurasian continent. This investigation reveals distinct differences in the dispersal pathways of two sections, suggesting that the reconstruction of dispersal routes for Acer taxa should be conducted separately at the section level. Full article

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13 pages, 3640 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rotifera of the Peruvian Andes: New Records and Insights

by Maciej Karpowicz, Jolanta Ejsmont-Karabin, Elian Rojas-Baez, María José Pardo and Carlos López

Diversity 2025, 17(3), 217; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17030217 - 18 Mar 2025

Viewed by 454

Abstract

The Rotifera fauna of the Peruvian Andes remains significantly understudied, as evidenced by our findings from a limited sampling effort of 18 locations (15 samples from the Cusco region and three samples from Lake Titicaca). We identified 12 Monogononta and three species of [...] Read more.

The Rotifera fauna of the Peruvian Andes remains significantly understudied, as evidenced by our findings from a limited sampling effort of 18 locations (15 samples from the Cusco region and three samples from Lake Titicaca). We identified 12 Monogononta and three species of Bdelloidea as potential new records for Peru, underscoring the region’s remarkable but largely unexplored biodiversity. Particularly notable is the addition of seven potentially new records to Peru’s fauna in Lake Titicaca based on only three samples, despite the well-documented zooplankton research history in this lake. This emphasizes the need for more comprehensive studies targeting the Rotifera fauna of Lake Titicaca, especially in littoral zones rich in microhabitats. Besides Lake Titicaca, our investigation mainly focused on high-altitude and groundwater-dependent habitats in the high Peruvian Andes in the Cusco region, where the Rotifera fauna had not been studied. Among the species identified there, five Monogononta and three Bdelloidea likely represent new records for Peru. These findings highlight the extent of unexplored biodiversity and emphasize the urgent need for more comprehensive taxonomy studies of Rotifera in Peru. Additionally, our research has identified two records new to the Neotropics: Notommata voigti and Macrotrachela musculosa. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tropical Aquatic Biodiversity)

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14 pages, 672 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Taxonomic Diversity and Abundance of Soil Macrofauna in Temperate Forests Under Different Types of Forest Management: A Case Study in European Russia

by Daniil I. Korobushkin, Nina A. Pronina, Ruslan A. Saifutdinov, Polina A. Guseva, Sergey M. Tsurikov and Ksenia V. Dudova

Diversity 2025, 17(3), 216; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17030216 - 18 Mar 2025

Viewed by 387

Abstract

Soil fauna perform a plethora of vital ecological functions and are often used as indicators of ecosystem disturbances. Investigating their taxa, functional diversity, and abundance is essential to assess ecosystem resilience, detect environmental stress, and guide conservation efforts. In this study, we investigated [...] Read more.

Soil fauna perform a plethora of vital ecological functions and are often used as indicators of ecosystem disturbances. Investigating their taxa, functional diversity, and abundance is essential to assess ecosystem resilience, detect environmental stress, and guide conservation efforts. In this study, we investigated the taxonomic richness, diversity, and total and functional group abundance of soil macrofauna, as well as the environmental parameters of five model forests with different types of forest management (referred to as the “forest type”) within a temperate region of European Russia. These model forest types were subject to various types of forest management and were located in and around the Central Forest State Nature Biosphere Reserve (Tver Oblast, Russia): zonal forest (hereinafter referred to as the “zonal forest” treatment), forest disturbed by recreation (“recreational forest”), spruce forest monoculture (“monoculture”), secondary birch forest (“secondary forest”), and clear-cut site (“clear-cut”). We found that there was a significant difference in the total and average taxonomic richness of the macrofauna between the studied model forests, but no difference in mean abundance. The greatest difference was observed between the recreational (26 taxa, 11.2 ± 1.3 per site), monocultural (12 taxa, 4.8 ± 1.9 per site), and zonal (13 taxa, 4.5 ± 1.3 per site) forest types, while the macrofauna taxonomic composition was similar between the monocultural and control forests and significantly differed from that in the recreational and secondary forests and clear-cuts. Mobile taxa, mainly predators, were prevalent in the clear-cuts, while saprophages and phytophages dominated in the zonal forests and monocultures. The most important environmental factors influencing the macrofauna communities were the depth, mass, and composition of the litter, which depended on the presence of spruce (Picea abies), but not on soil parameters, the projective vegetation cover, or the abundance of microorganisms. Our study showed that anthropogenic disturbance in natural forests may not significantly alter the total abundance of the macrofauna, but it can impact the taxonomic composition and diversity of soil invertebrates. Therefore, greater attention should be given to analyzing functional and taxonomic diversity rather than relying solely on abundance data. Our findings highlight the importance of studying both the roles and diversity of soil species, not just their abundance, to better understand and protect natural ecosystems in the face of human impact. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biodiversity Loss & Dynamics)

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13 pages, 1229 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Do Shapes of Altitudinal Species Richness Gradients Depend on the Vertical Range Studied? The Case of the Himalayas

by Jatishwor Singh Irungbam, Martin Konvicka and Zdenek Faltynek Fric

Diversity 2025, 17(3), 215; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17030215 - 17 Mar 2025

Viewed by 968

Abstract

We analyzed elevational species richness gradients (“decline”, “increase”, “unimodal”, or “bimodal”) in the Himalayan range using data from 157 publications covering both plants and animals. Our study tested the hypothesis that unimodal gradients, explainable by the geometric mid-domain effect, dominate in the mountains, [...] Read more.

We analyzed elevational species richness gradients (“decline”, “increase”, “unimodal”, or “bimodal”) in the Himalayan range using data from 157 publications covering both plants and animals. Our study tested the hypothesis that unimodal gradients, explainable by the geometric mid-domain effect, dominate in the mountains, while decreasing or increasing gradients result from studies that only examined limited sections of the full altitudinal range. Multivariate canonical correspondence analysis was applied to associate gradient shapes with altitude ranges, geographic locations, and the taxa studied. Our results show that, across taxa, most Himalayan altitudinal gradients exhibit a unimodal shape, with diversity peaks at approximately 2500 m a.s.l. for plants and 2200 m a.s.l. for animals. The gradient shapes were primarily influenced by three interrelated predictors: vertical range, maximum elevation, and mean elevation. Studies from the world’s highest mountain range suggest that surveys encompassing substantial portions of the elevational range tend to produce hump-shaped gradients, while incomplete sampling leads to declining or increasing species richness patterns. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Restoring and Conserving Biodiversity: A Global Perspective)

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24 pages, 5867 KiB

Open AccessReview

Plants for Wild Bees—Field Records in Bulgaria

by Ekaterina Kozuharova, Teodor Trifonov, Christina Stoycheva, Nadezhda Zapryanova and Rosen S. Sokolov

Diversity 2025, 17(3), 214; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17030214 - 17 Mar 2025

Viewed by 951

Abstract

One of the eight shortfalls in European wild bee data is the knowledge of the flowering plants they favor. This knowledge is of particular importance for bee gardens and wildflower strips initiatives aiming to provide forage for the wild bees. The aim of [...] Read more.

One of the eight shortfalls in European wild bee data is the knowledge of the flowering plants they favor. This knowledge is of particular importance for bee gardens and wildflower strips initiatives aiming to provide forage for the wild bees. The aim of this study is to provide a list of plants that are used for food by certain taxa of wild bees in Bulgaria and to evaluate their potential for cultivation in bee gardens and wildflower strips. In relation to this, we discuss the food plant specialization of the wild bees. We summarize our observations on the pollination of certain plants and faunistic records considering the food plants in several grassland habitats on the territory of Bulgaria at altitudes between 0 and 1500 m above sea level, during the last 30 years. More than 54 taxa of wild bees are listed. They belong to the families Apidae, Andrenidae, Colletidae, Halictidae, and Megachilidae. Some of these bees are identified to the species level, and others to the genus or family level. Among the recorded wild bees are observed eight oligolectic species (22.2%). The listed bees are flower visitors of 60 plant taxa belonging to 20 families, which offer nectar and/or pollen. The wild bees’ food plants are predominantly from the families Fabaceae (15 species), Lamiaceae (14 species), Asteraceae (9 species), etc. The perennials are 67%, while annuals are 9%, annual or biennial 6%, biennials 5%, etc. We discuss the seed germination specifics of these plants. More studies are needed in this field. The conservation of wild bees may be supported by wildflower restoration activities, but the process depends on many factors, including seed germination difficulties. Therefore, the natural grassland habitats must be preserved and protected. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Effects of Pollinator Loss on Biodiversity)

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Graphical abstract

20 pages, 2719 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tracking Biosecurity Through the Diversity and Network Structure of International Trade

by Kong-Wah Sing, Rachel Peden and Damien Hicks

Diversity 2025, 17(3), 213; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17030213 - 14 Mar 2025

Viewed by 463

Abstract

Effective and evidence-based biosecurity measures are essential to prevent trade disruption, protect industries and contain the chains of biological invasions. There are increasing demands for analysts to use quantitative data to monitor this system, with the goals of early detection and forecasting. However, [...] Read more.

Effective and evidence-based biosecurity measures are essential to prevent trade disruption, protect industries and contain the chains of biological invasions. There are increasing demands for analysts to use quantitative data to monitor this system, with the goals of early detection and forecasting. However, standard approaches often struggle with the incomplete and complex nature of trade data, which tends to include non-normality, temporal and spatial autocorrelation, and limited observations. In this study, a time series of open access import data spanning three years was used to generate measures of diversity indices and network topology, alongside detailed analyses of import pathways and interception records of harmful organisms, revealing their dynamic patterns across different trade routes. Patterns of annual seasonality were evident across the board. A combination of Inverse Simpson’s diversity and network Linkage density optimised the monitoring power of import data for interceptions of harmful taxa. Traditional correlations to total number of interceptions remained intractable, but machine learning tools demonstrated predictive power to forecast these temporal patterns. Combined, these methods provide a novel approach for biosecurity monitoring in plant and animal trade across international borders. These indicators complement more conventional economic metrics, giving actionable insights into trade complexity and biosecurity status. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 15th Anniversary of Diversity—Biodiversity, Conservation and Ecology of Animals, Plants and Microorganisms)

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40 pages, 2207 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Checklist of the Bees of Utah

by Joseph S. Wilson, Anthony Hunsaker, Terry L. Griswold and Olivia Messinger Carril

Diversity 2025, 17(3), 212; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17030212 - 14 Mar 2025

Viewed by 1132

Abstract

Understanding bee distributions is essential to protecting these vital pollinators. Since conservation efforts and policies are often made at the state level, maintaining state-specific bee species lists can aid conservationists and policy makers. While several North American state- and province-level bee species lists [...] Read more.

Understanding bee distributions is essential to protecting these vital pollinators. Since conservation efforts and policies are often made at the state level, maintaining state-specific bee species lists can aid conservationists and policy makers. While several North American state- and province-level bee species lists have been published, few exist for the arid western states, where bee diversity tends to be higher. Here we provide a bee species list for Utah, compiled from online occurrence records from the Symbiota Collection of Arthropods Network (SCAN) and specimen records housed in the USDA-ARS Pollinating Insect Research Unit (BBSL). In total we document 1167 bee species in the state of Utah. Given the proportion of undescribed and unidentified bee species from other bee faunal surveys in Utah, we estimate that there could be up to 1500 bee species in the state. These findings highlight Utah as one of the most bee-rich regions, based on published species lists, though other western states likely house rich bee faunas. These data serve as a valuable baseline for future studies on bee diversity and declines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Diversity)

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9 pages, 3423 KiB

Open AccessConference Report

Light and Scanning Electron Microscopy in the Digitization of Arthropods’ Biological Collections

by Zbigniew Adamski, Jacek Wendzonka and Szymon Konwerski

Diversity 2025, 17(3), 211; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17030211 - 14 Mar 2025

Viewed by 322

Abstract

Among biological museum specimens, many relatively small organisms are difficult to observe macroscopically. Therefore, their attractiveness to visitors is limited. To present such small objects, various magnifying techniques can be used in combination with the digital presentation of the specimens. In this conference [...] Read more.

Among biological museum specimens, many relatively small organisms are difficult to observe macroscopically. Therefore, their attractiveness to visitors is limited. To present such small objects, various magnifying techniques can be used in combination with the digital presentation of the specimens. In this conference report, we describe how we use amalgamating techniques, along with their advantages and limitations. Our strategy uses light and electron microscopy to present small biological specimens. Light microscopy enables the observation of organisms in their natural colors but does not allow precise observation of very small microstructures, such as setae, ommatidia, and cuticle sculpture. In turn, scanning electron microscopy, thanks to its very good resolution and the possibility of obtaining higher magnifications, allows the observation of fine details of structure, but the objects are presented in grayscale. We present the scheme we use to prepare arthropods that are stored as museum specimens for digitization and subsequent presentation to visitors. Our strategy enables the comprehensive use of the specimens, as well as limiting the number of museum specimens used to prepare digital collections and reducing the number of individuals captured in the wild. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digitization of Natural History Collections for Biodiversity Science and Conservation)

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9 pages, 1622 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Differential Sexual Maturity Among Breeding Adults of Black Sea Turtle (Chelonia mydas agassizii) from Michoacan, Mexico

by Carlos Delgado-Trejo, Miguel Ángel Reyes-López, David Guillermo Pérez-Ishiwara, Omar Domínguez-Domínguez, Andrea Tapia-García, Fátima Yedith Camacho-Sánchez and Cutzi Bedolla-Ochoa

Diversity 2025, 17(3), 210; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17030210 - 14 Mar 2025

Viewed by 451

Abstract

This work assessed the sexual maturity of breeding females and males of black sea turtles (Chelonia mydas agassizii) from the population in Michoacan, Mexico. This study also provides the first report of the age at sexual maturity for male black sea [...] Read more.

This work assessed the sexual maturity of breeding females and males of black sea turtles (Chelonia mydas agassizii) from the population in Michoacan, Mexico. This study also provides the first report of the age at sexual maturity for male black sea turtles in the eastern Pacific. Using information on juvenile growth rate, length, and age at recruitment of juveniles in the developmental habitats in Baja California (Magdalena Bay), sexual maturity was estimated from the minimum and average standard carapace lengths (SCL) of nesting females (n = 1500) on Colola Beach and males (n = 132) captured at sea using the “swim up” technique. Differential sexual maturity was found in females and males. The minimum age at sexual maturity for males was 23.0 years at a minimum size of 61.1 cm SCL and the maximum age at sexual maturity was 32.5 years at a maximum size of 76.6 cm SCL. The minimum age of sexual maturity for nesting females was 24.9 years at a minimum size of 64.2 cm SCL, while the age of sexual maturity for maximum size was 42.9 years at a 93.4 cm SCL. Differences in the age at sexual maturity influence reproductive behavior and female carapace shape, impacting mating success. Full article

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21 pages, 758 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Breeding Snowy Owls Are Obligate Lemming Predators in Utqiaġvik, Alaska: Results from 30 Years of Study

by Denver W. Holt, Matthew D. Larson, Mathew T. Seidensticker and Stephen P. Hiro

Diversity 2025, 17(3), 209; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17030209 - 14 Mar 2025

Viewed by 520

Abstract

For 30 years (1992–2021), we collected pellets and pellet fragments and recorded prey cached in Snowy Owl (Bubo scandiacus) nests during the breeding season in Utqiaġvik, Alaska. About 14,000 pellets from an estimated 700 Snowy Owls yielded 43,689 prey items, while [...] Read more.

For 30 years (1992–2021), we collected pellets and pellet fragments and recorded prey cached in Snowy Owl (Bubo scandiacus) nests during the breeding season in Utqiaġvik, Alaska. About 14,000 pellets from an estimated 700 Snowy Owls yielded 43,689 prey items, while caches in 284 nests yielded 3334 prey items. The owls ate thirty-seven species of vertebrates: one species of fish, five species of mammals, and thirty-one species of birds. Based on the pellet analysis, lemmings represented 99.0% of the total prey, with brown lemmings (Lemmus trimucronatus) representing 94.6%, collared lemmings (Dicrostonyx groenlandicus) representing 3.1%, and unidentified lemmings representing 1.3%. All other species were <1%. Based on the prey cached in nests, lemmings represented about 90.0% (89.9%) of the total prey (n = 3334), with brown lemmings representing 88.0% (87.9%), collared lemmings representing 1.9%, and unidentified lemmings representing <1%. Birds represented only 10.0% of the prey cached in nests, although many species were eaten. Food niche breadth (FNB) and dietary evenness (DIEV) scores from pellets were narrow for the prey identified within a group or species. FNB and DIEV scores from the prey cached in nests were also narrow for the prey identified within a group or species. There was almost complete dietary overlap when comparing the prey from pellets with the prey from caches. Biomass estimates from brown lemmings (178 kg) cached in nests were 59 times more than those from collared lemmings (3 kg). Biomass estimates for large birds were misleading, as the owls mainly ate the breast, humerus, and femur muscles. Our study supports a general consensus that Snowy Owls are obligate lemming specialists during the breeding season in Utqiaġvik. In fact, they depend almost entirely on one species of lemming—the brown lemming. Consequently, anthropogenic or natural factors that impact lemming populations and distributions will directly affect Snowy Owl populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Conservation and Ecology of Raptors—2nd Edition)

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2 pages, 126 KiB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Senn et al. The Community Structure of eDNA in the Los Angeles River Reveals an Altered Nitrogen Cycle at Impervious Sites. Diversity 2023, 15, 823

by Savanah Senn, Sharmodeep Bhattacharyya, Gerald Presley, Anne E. Taylor, Rayne Stanis, Kelly Pangell, Daila Melendez and Jillian Ford

Diversity 2025, 17(3), 208; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17030208 - 14 Mar 2025

Viewed by 212

Abstract

In the original publication [...] Full article

16 pages, 3450 KiB

Open AccessArticle

New Contributions to the Euthyneura Biodiversity of Colombia’s Pacific and Caribbean Coasts

by Diana V. Gallego-Sánchez, Jaime R. Cantera-Kintz and Edgardo Londoño-Cruz

Diversity 2025, 17(3), 207; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17030207 - 14 Mar 2025

Viewed by 419

Abstract

The infraclass Euthyneura (Mollusca, Heterobranchia) exhibits significant diversity in morphology, size, life habits, and color. Several species are important for research in evolution, ecology, chemistry, and pharmacology. Despite Colombia’s expansive Pacific and Caribbean coasts, which host ecosystems such as rocky shores and coral [...] Read more.

The infraclass Euthyneura (Mollusca, Heterobranchia) exhibits significant diversity in morphology, size, life habits, and color. Several species are important for research in evolution, ecology, chemistry, and pharmacology. Despite Colombia’s expansive Pacific and Caribbean coasts, which host ecosystems such as rocky shores and coral reefs, key habitats for sea slugs and sea hares, the biodiversity of Euthyneura remains largely understudied. This study aims to expand the inventory of Euthyneura diversity in intertidal and shallow subtidal rocky and coral reef environments in Colombia’s Pacific (Uramba Bahía Málaga National Natural Park) and Caribbean (Seaflower Biosphere Reserve) areas. Rapid biodiversity assessments using snorkeling and errant scuba diving at depths of 1–40 m resulted in the documentation of 31 species (14 in Caribbean coral reefs and 17 in Pacific intertidal and shallow subtidal rocky shores and reefs). Eleven species were new records. The family Aplysiidae was the richest with five species, followed by Facelinidae with four, and Aeolidiidae, Discodorididae, Chromodorididae, and Plakobranchidae with three each. Given the limited sampling effort (~40 h in the Caribbean and ~20 h in the Pacific) and the substantial new data collected, it is evident that there is still much to learn about this group in these areas. Increased efforts, combined with detailed morphological and molecular techniques, will enhance our understanding and documentation of Euthyneura diversity in Colombia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Marine Diversity)

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22 pages, 23014 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Current State of Populations of Rhaponticum altaicum (Asteraceae) in the Northern and Central Kazakhstan

by Saule Mamyrova, Andrey Kupriyanov, Margarita Ishmuratova, Anna Ivashchenko, Anar Myrzagaliyeva, Aidyn Orazov and Serik Kubentayev

Diversity 2025, 17(3), 206; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17030206 - 13 Mar 2025

Viewed by 426

Abstract

The article presented the results of the assessment of the current state of Rhaponticum altaicum populations in the Karaganda and Akmola regions (Central and Northern Kazakhstan). The research provided the phytocenotic characteristics of habitats, biological features, and ontogenetic structure of populations, as well [...] Read more.

The article presented the results of the assessment of the current state of Rhaponticum altaicum populations in the Karaganda and Akmola regions (Central and Northern Kazakhstan). The research provided the phytocenotic characteristics of habitats, biological features, and ontogenetic structure of populations, as well as data on the morphological variability of the species. The floristic composition of plant communities with Rh. altaicum was analyzed for the first time. In the plant communities with Rh. altaicum, 67 species from 38 genera and 23 families were identified. Most species were herbaceous perennials (92.5%) or hemicryptophytes (68.7%). Among the ecological groups, mesophytes (32.8%) dominated, and other groups were represented by transitional species: mesoxerophytes, xeromesophytes, mesogyrophytes, and hygromesophytes (49.2%). Therefore, in nature, Rh. altaicum occupied an intermediate place between meadow-bog and meadow communities. The species preferred moist meadows on slightly and moderately saline soils. In the ontogeny of Rh. altaicum, eight age-related states were identified, from seedlings to senile plants. The analysis of morphological indices allowed estimating that Rh. altaicum stem height was the most important; so, under unfavorable growing conditions, the stem height decreased. In the majority of populations, the upper leaf width was a highly variable trait, and the length and width of the lower leaf had low or moderate morphological variability. The highest positive correlation (significant at p = 0.05) was between plant height and lower leaf length, suggesting that taller plants had longer lower leaf blades. The studied populations were mainly dominated by virgin and medium-age generative plants. Sub-senile and senile plants were not detected, which is due to the difficulty of diagnosis as well as to the increasing anthropogenic load and narrow ecological amplitude of Rh. altaicum. Our study provided new insights into Rh. altaicum biology and ecology, thereby contributing to biodiversity conservation at a regional level. Full article

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14 pages, 2945 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mosasaur Feeding Ecology from the Campanian Bearpaw Formation, Alberta, Canada: A Preliminary Multi-Proxy Approach

by Femke M. Holwerda, Mark T. Mitchell, Madelon van de Kerk and Anne S. Schulp

Diversity 2025, 17(3), 205; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17030205 - 13 Mar 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2397

Abstract

Mosasaur taxa recovered from the Bearpaw Formation, Alberta, Canada, generally show exceptional preservation after rapid burial. Since the mosasaur community consisted of two dominant taxa, Mosasaurus missourensis Prognathodon overtoni, and three less prevalent taxa Tylosaurus proriger, Mosasaurus conodon, and Plioplatecarpus [...] Read more.

Mosasaur taxa recovered from the Bearpaw Formation, Alberta, Canada, generally show exceptional preservation after rapid burial. Since the mosasaur community consisted of two dominant taxa, Mosasaurus missourensis Prognathodon overtoni, and three less prevalent taxa Tylosaurus proriger, Mosasaurus conodon, and Plioplatecarpus primaevus, some form of habitat or dietary niche partitioning is to be expected. To test this, several approaches are tried. Two-dimensional microwear analysis is used as an exploratory method to quantify tooth abrasion by food items. The good preservation of skull material reveals complete tooth rows of the upper and lower jaws for Mosasaurus missouriensis and Prognathodon overtoni, as well as isolated teeth for all taxa. The teeth are also measured for tooth bending strength to test stress regarding usage of teeth per taxon. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) measurements show trace elements which may be a preliminary test for relative trophic level positioning. Some mosasaurs have their stomach contents preserved, providing direct and unambiguous evidence of diet. The results show a relatively clear separation of two-dimensional microwear counts between Mosasaurus, Prognathodon, and Plioplatecarpus, which, to some extent, is reflected in the EDX analyses, too. Tooth bending strength measurements show a clear difference between the latter three mosasaurs but no difference between the lower and upper jaws in Mosasaurus or Prognathodon. The combination of these three techniques maps a clear dietary niche differentiation of Bearpaw mosasaurs, which lays the groundwork for future analytical or chemical palaeoecological studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Making New Out of the Old: Recent Biological Advances on Mesozoic Marine Reptiles)

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13 pages, 3369 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Understanding the Diversity and Distribution of Lycophytes and Ferns in Northeast China Based on Historical Records

by Yan Li, Shuai Yu, Sheng Xu, Lian Jia and Xingyuan He

Diversity 2025, 17(3), 204; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17030204 - 13 Mar 2025

Viewed by 559

Abstract

Understanding the species diversity distribution of lycophytes and ferns is crucial for identifying biodiversity hotspots and conservation planning. Northeast China, a biodiversity-sensitive area affected by climate change, lacks comprehensive information on diversity and distribution patterns of these plants. To address this gap, we [...] Read more.

Understanding the species diversity distribution of lycophytes and ferns is crucial for identifying biodiversity hotspots and conservation planning. Northeast China, a biodiversity-sensitive area affected by climate change, lacks comprehensive information on diversity and distribution patterns of these plants. To address this gap, we sorted out all naturally distributed lycophyte and fern species recorded in the region, analyzed their diversity, frequency, and threatened status. Correlation and regression analyses were also conducted with geographic gradients at the county level. Our study identified a total of 143 taxa (species and intraspecific taxa) belonging to 48 genera of 19 families of lycophytes and ferns in Northeast China, with terrestrial (85 spp.) and epilithic (55 spp.) life forms dominating. Species with frequencies below 10.00% comprised 75.52% of the total. Notably, five species were listed as threatened in the Red List of China’s Biodiversity, highlighting the urgency for conservation measures. Overall, species diversity decreased from low to high latitudes, but increased with maximum elevation and elevation range. High diversity areas were concentrated mainly in Da Hinggan Mountains, Xiao Hinggan Mountains, and Changbai Mountains, which correspond to the main mountainous terrain of Northeast China. Changbai Mountains exhibited the highest diversity, establishing itself as a pivotal diversity center for lycophytes and ferns in the region. Exploring the diversity and distribution of lycophytes and ferns is crucial for understanding their interactions with environmental gradients, and thereby supporting significant biodiversity conservation efforts in Northeast China. Full article

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18 pages, 1662 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Macrofaunal Communities Associated with Ecklonia radiata Holdfast Along the Southeast Coast of South Africa

by Naledi Nkohla and Thembinkosi Steven Dlaza

Diversity 2025, 17(3), 203; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17030203 - 12 Mar 2025

Viewed by 515

Abstract

Kelp forests are recognized as biodiversity hotspots and ecosystem engineers, while the macroinvertebrates linked with their holdfasts serve as markers of pollution and ecological and environmental change. Notwithstanding the evident ecological and economic importance of this system, no research has been undertaken in [...] Read more.

Kelp forests are recognized as biodiversity hotspots and ecosystem engineers, while the macroinvertebrates linked with their holdfasts serve as markers of pollution and ecological and environmental change. Notwithstanding the evident ecological and economic importance of this system, no research has been undertaken in South Africa to examine the macroinvertebrate community assemblage patterns within the Ecklonia radiata holdfast, nor the mechanisms driving the observed distribution patterns. This study identified and compared the assemblage patterns of holdfast-associated macroinvertebrates across several sites using univariate and multivariate approaches, and delineated physical factors influencing invertebrate community organization. The key findings indicated that abundance exhibited little variations among sites, with Dwesa presenting the highest average abundance and Kob-Inn the lowest. Mazeppa exhibited the greatest species richness, succeeded by Dwesa and Nqabara. Beta diversity measured 0.42, with turnover and nestedness contributing equally. Xhorha and Nqabara exhibited the largest local contribution to beta diversity (LCBD) regarding turnover, whereas Mazeppa and Kob-Inn demonstrated the highest LCBD in terms of nestedness. Substantial clustering among sites was observed, with each site harbouring a distinct assemblage of macroinvertebrates. Species that discriminated the sites were Zeuxoides helleri, Cirolana venusticauda and Amphipholis squamata. Full article

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16 pages, 3532 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phylogenetic Relationships of Dianthus (Caryophyllaceae) Species Found in South Africa

by Sifiso Mnxati and Ledile Mankga

Diversity 2025, 17(3), 202; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17030202 - 12 Mar 2025

Viewed by 454

Abstract

This study addresses the phylogenetic relationships within the genus Dianthus in South Africa, employing a molecular analysis approach and the distribution pattern of the representatives of the genus. A robust phylogenetic tree comprising three plastids (trnH-psbA, trnK-matK, and trnK-psbA) and a nuclear region [...] Read more.

This study addresses the phylogenetic relationships within the genus Dianthus in South Africa, employing a molecular analysis approach and the distribution pattern of the representatives of the genus. A robust phylogenetic tree comprising three plastids (trnH-psbA, trnK-matK, and trnK-psbA) and a nuclear region was assembled based on 94 taxa of Dianthus and Petrorhagia species using Mr Bayes analysis. Furthermore, distribution maps for each Dianthus species were generated using QGIS. Our results have revealed Dianthus as monophyletic when Petrorhagia is used as an outgroup. Four strongly supported clades were identified (Africa, Eurasian, Verruculosi and Armerium), indicating geographical distinctions. We identified potential discrepancies, notably in the placement of D. mooiensis and D. namaensis. An unexpected relationship between D. thunbergii and D. bolusii was also highlighted, which challenges current morphological classifications. Defined clades were further observed within African Dianthus (Ethiopian and Northern African species; BS/100, and Western and Eastern regions of South Africa; BS/100), while two subclades (BS/100 and BS/72) were observed within the South African clade. Additionally, ITS generated unsupported and unresolved trees independently, as with the three plastid markers (trnH-psbA, trnK-matK, and trnK-psbA). The identified clades and unresolved species placements warrant further investigation, possibly through additional molecular gene markers and broader taxon sampling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Diversity and Conservation of Flora in Africa)

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12 pages, 5502 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Optimal Counting Number for Silicoflagellate Assemblages in the Western Arctic Ocean

by Xiaohang Feng, Jian Ren, Ruowen Xu, Haiyan Jin and Jianfang Chen

Diversity 2025, 17(3), 201; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17030201 - 12 Mar 2025

Viewed by 395

Abstract

Siliceous plankton are vital for understanding modern and past marine environments. However, few studies have been carried out on silicoflagellates, a group of siliceous phytoplankton. The determination of reliable environmental reconstructions using silicoflagellates is hindered by the lack of consensus on the optimal [...] Read more.

Siliceous plankton are vital for understanding modern and past marine environments. However, few studies have been carried out on silicoflagellates, a group of siliceous phytoplankton. The determination of reliable environmental reconstructions using silicoflagellates is hindered by the lack of consensus on the optimal counting number. In this study, sinking particles and surface sediments collected from the Chukchi Sea, western Arctic Ocean, were used to investigate the composition of silicoflagellates and to determine the optimal counting number of silicoflagellate assemblages. The silicoflagellate assemblage in the western Arctic is dominated by Octactis speculum, followed by Staphanocha medianoctisol in secondary abundance, while Octactis octonaria and Stephanocha quinquangella are present in very low frequencies. Employing an analysis of relative abundances and their corresponding coefficient of variations (CVs) for different silicoflagellate species across a counting gradient, we established an optimal counting number of 100–200 silicoflagellate skeletons for samples with high abundance. In contrast, the entire sample slide should be counted due to the low absolute abundance of silicoflagellates in surface sediments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Marine Diversity)

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36 pages, 9863 KiB

Open AccessReview

Negotiating a Fragmented World: What Do We Know, How Do We Know It, and Where Do We Go from Here?

by Mary M. Peacock

Diversity 2025, 17(3), 200; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17030200 - 12 Mar 2025

Viewed by 1353

Abstract

Genetic diversity determines evolutionary potential. Without a variable genome, natural selection cannot act. Habitat fragmentation is the single largest threat to global biodiversity, as it reduces or eliminates gene flow among populations, thereby increasing the erosion of genetic diversity through random genetic drift. [...] Read more.

Genetic diversity determines evolutionary potential. Without a variable genome, natural selection cannot act. Habitat fragmentation is the single largest threat to global biodiversity, as it reduces or eliminates gene flow among populations, thereby increasing the erosion of genetic diversity through random genetic drift. The loss of adaptive capacity in small, isolated populations is irreversible without gene flow and the ensuing genetic rescue. Without habitat connectivity, populations cannot expand or contract into refugia, an increasingly vital capacity under climate change. Here, I review what we have learned from organisms found in naturally fragmented landscapes. Metapopulation theory has played a seminal role in this goal. However, extending this theory to anthropogenically fragmented habitats has been a challenge. Single-species approaches cannot elucidate the impacts of habitat fragmentation on entire communities, composed of species with diverse interactions—mutualisms, facilitations and predator–prey dynamics—and proper ecosystem functioning. To overcome the limitation of single-species studies, metacommunity and metaecosystem ideas have emerged. The spatial extent and configuration of habitat patches will determine which species remain in altered landscapes. Changes to species interactions, community structure and ecosystem processes will follow. Ecosystem function determines ecosystem viability, and losses of keystone or foundation species will have cascading effects. Genomic tools can track the effect of landscape changes on population and movement dynamics, the maintenance of genetic resources and the persistence probabilities of individual species in the context of the communities in which they are embedded. Landscape genetics combines landscape features and population genetics to quantify how species use diverse landscapes and is now a powerful tool to assess the causes and consequences of habitat fragmentation for interacting species in fragmented ecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Diversity and Evolutionary Potential: Impacts of Habitat Fragmentation)

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19 pages, 2318 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microbial Diversity in Mining–Affected Forest Ecosystems: Exploring the Roles of Seasonality and Environmental Factors in Qinyuan County, Shanxi Province

by Aijing Yin, Yuan Yuan, Yujin Cui and Xinna Zhang

Diversity 2025, 17(3), 199; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17030199 - 11 Mar 2025

Viewed by 497

Abstract

China has significant mineral resources, but prolonged extraction has caused considerable environmental degradation. Interactions among rhizosphere, phyllosphere, and soil microorganisms, along with host plants, are essential for supporting plant growth and increasing stress tolerance. This study employed high–throughput sequencing to assess microbial diversity [...] Read more.

China has significant mineral resources, but prolonged extraction has caused considerable environmental degradation. Interactions among rhizosphere, phyllosphere, and soil microorganisms, along with host plants, are essential for supporting plant growth and increasing stress tolerance. This study employed high–throughput sequencing to assess microbial diversity and community structure related to four common tree species in the mountainous areas of Shanxi Province, with samples collected from three regions over two seasons and three locations. The dominant fungal and bacterial phyla identified were Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Mortierellomycota, Pseudomonadota, Actinobacteriota, Gemmatimonadota, Acidobacteria, Myxococcota, and Firmicutes. Alpha–diversity analysis revealed that Taiyue Mountain exhibited the highest fungal diversity among the plots, while Liushenyu displayed the highest bacterial diversity. Alpha–diversity was greater in spring than in summer across the seasons. Significant differences in Alpha–diversity were observed among different tree species, with Betula platyphylla showing the lowest diversity. In comparison to phyllosphere microorganisms, rhizosphere and soil microorganisms exhibited higher diversity, richness, and evenness. Beta–diversity analysis indicated significant differences in fungal and bacterial community composition between spring and summer samples, as well as among samples from leaves, roots, and soil. The assessment of soil physicochemical properties and redundancy analysis demonstrated that soil moisture content and organic matter were key factors influencing the composition of fungal and bacterial communities. These findings provide valuable insights into the structural changes in plant microbial communities in mining areas and the restoration of damaged ecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Microbial Diversity and Culture Collections)

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30 pages, 5397 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Temporal Shifts in Biological Community Structure in Response to Wetland Restoration: Implications for Wetland Biodiversity Conservation and Management

by Kayla M. Keith, Matthew K. Potvin, Summer R. Saad and Thilina D. Surasinghe

Diversity 2025, 17(3), 198; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17030198 - 10 Mar 2025

Viewed by 1772

Abstract

Wetlands are vital ecosystems that provide diverse ecosystem services. However, their degradation poses an environmental threat globally, impacting human society. Recognizing their economic importance amidst escalating degradation emphasizes the urgent need for wetland conservation. Wetland restoration emerges as a crucial strategy to recover [...] Read more.

Wetlands are vital ecosystems that provide diverse ecosystem services. However, their degradation poses an environmental threat globally, impacting human society. Recognizing their economic importance amidst escalating degradation emphasizes the urgent need for wetland conservation. Wetland restoration emerges as a crucial strategy to recover lost acreage and ecosystem functions. Despite substantial investments in restoration, the success of these efforts remains uncertain. We addressed this gap by investigating temporal changes in biological communities in restored wetlands to assess restoration effectiveness on biodiversity conservation. Utilizing aquatic funnel traps and plot surveys, we monitored changes in community structure, species richness, and abundance of amphibians and reptiles. The results revealed nuanced responses in herpetofaunal communities to restoration age and habitat characteristics, including contrasting responses between taxa with the reptile diversity increasing while the amphibian diversity decreased with restoration age. Adult herpetofaunal richness and abundance were higher at the five-year post-restoration sites compared to one-year post-restoration, while larval amphibian richness and abundance were greater at the latter. Species–habitat associations were significantly pronounced among the adult herpetofauna, highlighting the complex interplay between environmental factors and biological communities. Restoration age and habitat types also exhibited significant influences on adult herpetofaunal community structure, whereas larval amphibian communities showed limited temporal turnover. Our findings challenge widely held notions, suggesting that prolonged post-restoration trajectories may not always lead to greater amphibian abundance and diversity. The temporal shifts in the reptile community structure we documented are indicative of habitat template development and ecological succession upon wetland restoration. We underscore the importance of considering both temporal and spatial heterogeneity in restoration planning to promote biodiversity and ecosystem function. Our contributions will help decode biological responses to wetland restoration efforts and guide future restoration efforts. We underscore the importance of long-term monitoring and adaptive management strategies to ensure restoration success in conserving biodiversity and ecosystem services. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversity in 2025)

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36 pages, 29967 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Diversity, Ecology, and Distribution of Opuntioideae (Prickly Pears and Chollas) Neophytes in Southern Switzerland

by Peter O. Baumgartner, David J. Ferguson and Lucas C. Majure

Diversity 2025, 17(3), 197; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17030197 - 10 Mar 2025

Viewed by 587

Abstract

The invasion of Opuntioideae (cacti) was assessed at national, European, and global levels >14 years ago and requires an urgent update. At present, only three species of this subfamily are retained in the official list of the Swiss Federal Bureau of Environment, two [...] Read more.

The invasion of Opuntioideae (cacti) was assessed at national, European, and global levels >14 years ago and requires an urgent update. At present, only three species of this subfamily are retained in the official list of the Swiss Federal Bureau of Environment, two of them being potentially invasive. About 550 new observations of Opuntia Mill. and Cylindropuntia (Engelm.) F. M. Knuth in the Swiss Cantons Valais, Vaud, and Ticino have been entered in the Swiss Info Flora database. Our observations include the revision of previously registered and new stations, using a revised taxonomy presented here. Our study covering the last 5 years reveals 12 species, each with a specific ecology. Four species have an invasive potential at a local level in the xeric Central Valais. We characterized the habitat of each species by bedrock and soil type, exposure, and microclimate. Opuntia mesacantha (ex O. humifusa Complex) and O. phaeacantha are currently invasive in the municipality of Sion. Opuntia cymochila (hitherto lumped with O. phaeacantha) is dominant in the municipality of Fully, and Opuntia engelmannii is expanding east of Fully. In Ticino and the Jura foothills, adaptations to 2–3-fold annual precipitation and limestone bedrock are explained by the different soil properties and root systems of Opuntias. Methods of control, in particular, the uprooting currently practiced in Fully and Sion, are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecology and Diversity of Plants in Arid and Semi-Arid Ecosystems)

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15 pages, 6962 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic Diversity of Calligonum L. Species Analyzed Using Newly Developed Genomic Simple Sequence Repeats and Their Application to Conservation

by Jiayi Su, Xuerong Li, Shiqing Liu, Xiyong Wang, Daoyuan Zhang, Borong Pan, Mengmeng Wei, Jancheng Wang and Wei Shi

Diversity 2025, 17(3), 196; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17030196 - 10 Mar 2025

Viewed by 477

Abstract

Various species from the genus Calligonum L. are widely used in erosion control in Northwest China. Their widespread use and breeding efforts highlight the need for the conservation of the high-quality germplasm resources of this genus. To assess genetic diversity, the genome of [...] Read more.

Various species from the genus Calligonum L. are widely used in erosion control in Northwest China. Their widespread use and breeding efforts highlight the need for the conservation of the high-quality germplasm resources of this genus. To assess genetic diversity, the genome of Calligonum junceum was screened, and 380,328 SSR loci were identified. After further screening, 17 microsatellite markers were identified and transferred to 11 other species of the genus. When analyzed together, the 11 species showed significant discrimination power (PIC = 0.623), and we detected that the mean number of alleles per locus was 2.684, the overall heterozygosity observed value was 0.295, and the expected heterozygosity (He) was 0.373. Genetic diversity in Calligonum mongolicum was the highest at I = 1.305, He = 0.647, and that of Calligonum gobicum was the lowest at I = 0.127, He = 0.072. The results of this study provide reference SSR primers for the genus Calligonum, supporting the improvement of its germplasm conservation efforts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecology and Diversity of Plants in Arid and Semi-Arid Ecosystems)

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24 pages, 4616 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the Potential Risk of Invasion of the Neophyte Pluchea ovalis (Pers.) DC. (Asteraceae) in the Canarian Archipelago Using an Ensemble of Species Distribution Modelling

by Juan José García-Alvarado, Miguel Pestano-González, Cristina González-Montelongo, Agustín Naranjo-Cigala and José Ramón Arévalo

Diversity 2025, 17(3), 195; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17030195 - 10 Mar 2025

Viewed by 764

Abstract

Invasive species represent a significant threat to biodiversity and ecosystem conservation, with their impacts often amplified in island ecosystems. Species distribution models (SDMs) can infer the potential habitat throughout the life of an organism and are considered a valuable tool for predicting the [...] Read more.

Invasive species represent a significant threat to biodiversity and ecosystem conservation, with their impacts often amplified in island ecosystems. Species distribution models (SDMs) can infer the potential habitat throughout the life of an organism and are considered a valuable tool for predicting the risk of expansion of invasive plants and animals. In our approach, we used an ensemble of four presence–absence models (GLM, GAM, Random Forest, and BART) calibrated only with data collected in Tenerife, the island with the best representation of the species, to infer the habitat suitability for Pluchea ovalis (Pers.) DC. (Asteraceae). Subsequently, we transferred the ensembled model to the rest of the Canarian Island archipelago. Our results show that under near-present conditions, the suitable areas are in the coastal and mid-elevations of the south slope sectors of Tenerife and Gran Canarian Islands, as well as a vast portion of the westernmost and drier islands, always coinciding with ravines and highly disturbed ecosystems. In addition, we forecasted the potential distribution of Pluchea ovalis under different climate change conditions (SSP126, SSP370, and SSP585), showing how its habitability would increase in the worst scenarios. Both contexts favor areas gained by the species in places where they are currently not present, revealing new suitable sectors in the westernmost islands. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biodiversity Loss & Dynamics)

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12 pages, 4703 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Insights in Managing Ungulates Population and Forest Sustainability in Romania

by Darius Hardalau, Mihai Fedorca, Dan-Cornel Popovici, Georgeta Ionescu, Ancuta Fedorca, Ion Mirea, Iordache Daniel and Ovidiu Ionescu

Diversity 2025, 17(3), 194; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17030194 - 9 Mar 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 627

Abstract

Improved forage and living conditions in certain parts of Europe over the past few decades have led to alarming levels of ungulate densities. Consequently, the overabundance of red deer, roe deer, and fallow deer in the Western Plains of Romania has begun to [...] Read more.

Improved forage and living conditions in certain parts of Europe over the past few decades have led to alarming levels of ungulate densities. Consequently, the overabundance of red deer, roe deer, and fallow deer in the Western Plains of Romania has begun to generate issues in the development of young oak stands. In addition to causing damage to the agricultural sector and increasing the risk of vehicle collisions, ungulates are increasing pressure on the forestry sector, mainly through the browsing of young saplings. This study quantifies the levels of ungulate browsing in oak stands using a permanent sample grid of 42 plots in both natural and artificial regeneration areas. A total of 3223 individual saplings were measured, revealing browsing intensities of 49.65% in clearcut systems and 12.8% in continuous forest cover systems. With high ungulate densities identified as the main cause, the Sustainable Population Threshold was calculated using a complex set of indices and compared to the actual numbers of ungulates, both of which were translated into stock unit equivalents. A logistic regression model was developed based on silvicultural and wildlife indices to identify other factors influencing browsing occurrence. The findings indicate that the proportion of forested areas in the hunting ground and the type of silvicultural system are significant factors in the occurrence of browsing. The problem of ungulate overabundance clearly influences forest development, and new solutions should be identified in terms of both forestry and wildlife management. Full article

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12 pages, 1804 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Stoichiometric Characteristics of Liana Leaves in Different Rocky Desertification Habitats

by Xiaolong Bai, Tu Feng, Shun Zou, Bin He, Yang Chen and Wangjun Li

Diversity 2025, 17(3), 193; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17030193 - 8 Mar 2025

Viewed by 460

Abstract

Lianas play a crucial role in forest species diversity, biomass, nutrient cycling, and vegetation restoration. To date, numerous studies on the stoichiometric characteristics of liana leaves have predominantly focused on temperate, subtropical, and tropical forests. However, there remains a lack of comprehensive understanding [...] Read more.

Lianas play a crucial role in forest species diversity, biomass, nutrient cycling, and vegetation restoration. To date, numerous studies on the stoichiometric characteristics of liana leaves have predominantly focused on temperate, subtropical, and tropical forests. However, there remains a lack of comprehensive understanding regarding the nutrient concentrations and their stoichiometric characteristics in lianas growing in rocky desertification habitats. In the present study, we investigated six leaf nutrient concentrations and three stoichiometric ratios across 20 liana species in various subtropical rocky desertification habitats. The results indicated that lianas in habitats with severe rocky desertification exhibited significantly higher potassium concentrations in their leaves compared to those in habitats with moderate rocky desertification. Within habitats characterized by moderate rocky desertification, there were notable positive correlations observed between the nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium concentrations in liana leaves. However, in habitats with severe rocky desertification, phosphorus demonstrated significant positive correlations with both magnesium and potassium. Principal component analysis further revealed that lianas in severely desertified habitats tended to possess higher concentrations of leaf potassium and calcium, whereas those in moderately desertified habitats exhibited an opposite trend. The findings of this research provide crucial theoretical insights that can guide vegetation restoration efforts in different rocky desertification regions. Full article

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12 pages, 1738 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A New Species of Myxobolus (Cnidaria: Myxosporea: Myxobolidae) from the Mesenteries of Blackspotted Topminnow, Fundulus olivaceus (Cyprinodontiformes: Fundulidae), from the Upper Ouachita River Drainage, Arkansas, USA

by Chris T. McAllister, Eric M. Leis, Donald G. Cloutman, Alvin C. Camus, Thomas J. Fayton, Logan R. S. Robison, George Burrows, Michael R. Rodriguez and Henry W. Robison

Diversity 2025, 17(3), 192; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17030192 - 7 Mar 2025

Viewed by 496

Abstract

Between March and August 2024, three species of Fundulus topminnows, including two northern studfish, Fundulus catenatus, six blackspotted topminnows, Fundulus olivaceus, and eleven blackstriped topminnows, Fundulus notatus, were collected from various Ouachita River drainage watersheds in Arkansas, USA. They were [...] Read more.

Between March and August 2024, three species of Fundulus topminnows, including two northern studfish, Fundulus catenatus, six blackspotted topminnows, Fundulus olivaceus, and eleven blackstriped topminnows, Fundulus notatus, were collected from various Ouachita River drainage watersheds in Arkansas, USA. They were examined for myxozoans by having their gill, gallbladder, fins, integument, mesenteries, musculature, and other major organs examined. The mesenteries of two (33%) F. olivaceus from Town Creek (Fulton County, Arkansas, USA) were infected with a new myxozoan, Myxobolus storeri sp. n. Molecular data consisted of a 1726 base pair sequence of the partial small subunit ribosomal RNA gene for M. storeri sp. n. Histologically, plasmodia were limited to mesenteric adipose and hepatic parenchyma, causing slight compression of neighboring tissue but producing no associated inflammatory response in the examined histosections. This is the first time a myxozoan has been described from F. olivaceus and is the seventh species recorded from any member of the fish family Fundulidae. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 15th Anniversary of Diversity—Biodiversity, Conservation and Ecology of Animals, Plants and Microorganisms)

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16 pages, 2224 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Value of Stingless Bee Bioproducts for Human Health and Conservation: A Systematic Review

by Evodia Silva-Rivera, Guillermo Vázquez-Domínguez, Óscar Hipólito Mota-Sánchez, Itzayana Hernández-De la Cruz, Rubí Marisol Franco-José, Noé Velázquez-Rosas and Rodolfo Martínez-Mota

Diversity 2025, 17(3), 191; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17030191 - 7 Mar 2025

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Abstract

In this systematic review, we look to the long-established medical relationship between humans and stingless bees to support the notion that health and conservation research needs to look differently at examples of the relationship between human health and biodiversity. Through the PRISMA statement, [...] Read more.

In this systematic review, we look to the long-established medical relationship between humans and stingless bees to support the notion that health and conservation research needs to look differently at examples of the relationship between human health and biodiversity. Through the PRISMA statement, we synthesized 1128 Web of Science references between 2000 and 2024 regarding the clinical or experimental therapeutic applications of stingless bee bioproducts (honey and propolis) for human health. We aligned this trend with 2023’s leading morbidities in Mexico and people’s perceptions of healing experiences using stingless bee bioproducts. We found that the honey and propolis of 28 stingless bee species can aid in treating 8 out of the 19 most prevalent diseases in Mexico, primarily cancer, type-2 diabetes, obesity, and COVID-19. Although there is limited evidence from studies regarding the therapeutic applications of stingless bee bioproducts in the Americas, people can actively contribute to conservation as stewards of biodiversity by recognizing and appreciating the health benefits these bioproducts offer. We conclude that traditional meliponiculture systems safeguard knowledge that can be used to improve socio-ecosystem health. This is significant for strengthening locally based healthcare systems while fostering collaborative tropical landscape conservation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biodiversity Conservation)

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36 pages, 18552 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrative Taxonomy of Costa Rican Tetrigidae (Orthoptera) Reveals Eight New Species

by Niko Kasalo, Daniel H. Janzen, Winnie Hallwachs, Allison Brown, Martin Husemann, Mathias Vielsäcker, Tomislav Domazet-Lošo, Damjan Franjević, Madan Subedi, Domagoj Bogić and Josip Skejo

Diversity 2025, 17(3), 190; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17030190 - 6 Mar 2025

Viewed by 1460

Abstract

Tetrigidae is one of the largest orthopteran families, but very few studies so far have integrated molecular and morphological data. Unsurprisingly, few species have been DNA barcoded, and the unresolved taxonomy makes Tetrigidae a difficult group to work with. Here, we examined a [...] Read more.

Tetrigidae is one of the largest orthopteran families, but very few studies so far have integrated molecular and morphological data. Unsurprisingly, few species have been DNA barcoded, and the unresolved taxonomy makes Tetrigidae a difficult group to work with. Here, we examined a sample of 90 specimens collected as a part of the Costa Rican DNA barcoding project and identified 20 species assigned to 24 BINs, among which are 8 newly described species: Scaria bimaculata sp. nov., Lophotettix semicristatus sp. nov., Otumba auricarinata sp. nov., Otumba tenuis sp. nov., Otumba ignicula sp. nov., Metrodora mollilobata sp. nov., Metrodora ala sp. nov., and Platythorus inabsolutus sp. nov. We found that coloration and lateral lobe shape are species-specific among the examined species of Batrachideinae and Metrodorinae and that Lophotettiginae and Metrodora might be more closely related than previously assumed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue DNA Barcodes for Evolution and Biodiversity—2nd Edition)

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