Microbiota-Derived Metabolites, Indole-3-aldehyde and Indole-3-acetic Acid, Differentially Modulate Innate Cytokines and Stromal Remodeling Processes Associated with Autoimmune Arthritis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. IAld But Not I3AA, Inhibits Expression of Several Inflammatory Cytokines by Mɸ in Response to Mtb
2.2. IAld-Induced Inhibition in Response to Mtb was Partially Reversed by AhR Antagonist CH-223191
2.3. IAld-Mediated Inhibition of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Production by RAW Cells Was Not Associated with MyD88-Dependent Activation of Canonical NF-κB or MAPK Pathways
2.4. Modulation of RANKL-Induced Differentiation of RAW Cells into Osteoclasts by IAld But Not I3AA
2.5. Differential Regulation of Endothelial Cell Tube Formation by I3AA and IAld
2.6. AhR Antagonist Inhibited the Anti-Angiogenic Effect of I3AA But Not the Stomal Remodeling Effect of IAld on Endothelial Cells and Osteoclasts
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Cell Culture
4.2. Chemicals and Reagents
4.3. MTT Assay for Cell Viability
4.4. Determining the Effect of Indole Derivatives on RAW Cells Treated with Heat-Killed M. Tuberculosis (Mtb) Sonicate or LPS
4.5. Examining the Impact of Indole Derivatives on Osteoclast Differentiation
4.6. HUVEC Tube Formation Assay and Regulation of Angiogenesis by Indole Derivatives
4.7. Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR)
4.8. Analysis of Cell Signaling by Immunoblot Analysis
4.9. Statistical Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Langan, D.; Perkins, D.J.; Vogel, S.N.; Moudgil, K.D. Microbiota-Derived Metabolites, Indole-3-aldehyde and Indole-3-acetic Acid, Differentially Modulate Innate Cytokines and Stromal Remodeling Processes Associated with Autoimmune Arthritis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 2017. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22042017
Langan D, Perkins DJ, Vogel SN, Moudgil KD. Microbiota-Derived Metabolites, Indole-3-aldehyde and Indole-3-acetic Acid, Differentially Modulate Innate Cytokines and Stromal Remodeling Processes Associated with Autoimmune Arthritis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(4):2017. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22042017
Chicago/Turabian StyleLangan, David, Darren J. Perkins, Stefanie N. Vogel, and Kamal D. Moudgil. 2021. "Microbiota-Derived Metabolites, Indole-3-aldehyde and Indole-3-acetic Acid, Differentially Modulate Innate Cytokines and Stromal Remodeling Processes Associated with Autoimmune Arthritis" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 4: 2017. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22042017