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12 pages, 578 KB

Open AccessArticle

Organic Fertilization vs. the Quality of Basil Raw Material

by Katarzyna Dzida, Karolina Pitura and Anna Król

Agronomy 2025, 15(11), 2656; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15112656 (registering DOI) - 19 Nov 2025

Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is one of the most widely cultivated herbal plants, valued in the food and pharmaceutical industries for its abundance of bioactive compounds, and also as an ornamental plant. The contents of its bioactive compounds are strongly influenced by [...] Read more.

Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is one of the most widely cultivated herbal plants, valued in the food and pharmaceutical industries for its abundance of bioactive compounds, and also as an ornamental plant. The contents of its bioactive compounds are strongly influenced by both environmental and anthropogenic factors, among which fertilization plays a key role. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different application doses (5, 10, 15, and 20 g·dm⁻³ of substrate) of an organic fertilizer (granulated cattle manure) on the fresh biomass yield and quality of two basil varieties: lemon basil and cinnamon basil. The applied manure doses significantly affected the fresh biomass yield of O. basilicum L. Both basil variety and fertilizer dose were found to determine the content of L-ascorbic acid and nitrates in the plants. Increasing manure doses resulted in higher contents of N, P, and K, as well as decreased contents of Ca and Mg in plants of both varieties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Soil and Plant Nutrition)

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28 pages, 3332 KB

Open AccessArticle

An Optimization-Based Aggregation Approach with Triangular Intuitionistic Fuzzy Numbers in High-Dimensional Multi-Attribute Decision-Making

by Yanshan Qian, Junda Qiu, Jiali Tang, Qi Liu, Chuanan Li and Senyuan Chen

Information 2025, 16(11), 1010; https://doi.org/10.3390/info16111010 (registering DOI) - 19 Nov 2025

Abstract

We address information fusion and spatial structure modeling in high-dimensional fuzzy multi-attribute decision-making by proposing a novel framework that couples Triangular Intuitionistic Fuzzy Numbers (TIFNs) with the Plant Growth Simulation Algorithm (PGSA). The method first maps the triangular intuitionistic fuzzy information of experts [...] Read more.

We address information fusion and spatial structure modeling in high-dimensional fuzzy multi-attribute decision-making by proposing a novel framework that couples Triangular Intuitionistic Fuzzy Numbers (TIFNs) with the Plant Growth Simulation Algorithm (PGSA). The method first maps the triangular intuitionistic fuzzy information of experts on each evaluation scheme into high-dimensional spatial points to realize the structured expression of decision-making information. Subsequently, the PGSA is used to perform dynamic global optimization search on the high-dimensional point cloud to determine the optimal set point and realize the intelligent aggregation of heterogeneous fuzzy data from multiple sources. The algorithm breaks through the limitation of traditional linear aggregation on the portrayal of information spatial distribution and is able to improve the accuracy and consistency of decision-making results in high-dimensional complex environments. The experimental results show that the method in this paper outperforms the mainstream aggregation methods in a number of evaluation indexes such as weighted Hamming distance, correlation, information energy and correlation coefficient. The proposed model provides a new technical path for intelligent solution and theory expansion of high-dimensional fuzzy decision-making problems. Full article

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33 pages, 10093 KB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Agromorphological Profiles of the Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) Collection from the INIA Germplasm Bank in the Amazonas Region, Peru

by José Jesús Tejada-Alvarado, Nuri Carito Vilca-Valqui, Luis Alberto Montenegro-Acuña, Jhimy Andy Parco-Quinchori and Elizabeth Fernandez

Plants 2025, 14(22), 3536; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14223536 (registering DOI) - 19 Nov 2025

Abstract

Cacao is a strategic crop in Peru due to its significant socioeconomic impact, driving extensive efforts to collect, characterize, and conserve its genetic diversity. This study aimed to establish phenotypic criteria to differentiate and structure the Cacao Amazonas Perú (CAP) germplasm, thereby providing [...] Read more.

Cacao is a strategic crop in Peru due to its significant socioeconomic impact, driving extensive efforts to collect, characterize, and conserve its genetic diversity. This study aimed to establish phenotypic criteria to differentiate and structure the Cacao Amazonas Perú (CAP) germplasm, thereby providing a foundation for selection and breeding programs. A total of 113 accessions from the INIA Germplasm Bank were evaluated over two consecutive growing seasons using 33 quantitative and 18 qualitative agromorphological descriptors. Data were analyzed through univariate and multivariate approaches. The results revealed substantial phenotypic variability, with coefficients of variation reaching up to 37.5% for fruit-related quantitative traits, all exhibiting high heritability values (>60%). Principal component analysis indicated that the first two components explained 29.3% of the total variance, primarily influenced by fruit and seed descriptors. Hierarchical clustering analysis identified eight phenotypic groups; one cluster exhibited high seed mass and a favorable pod index (17.63), while another showed the highest seed index (1.55 g) and the greatest intragroup distance (7.54). This comprehensive characterization highlights accessions with superior agronomic and bioactive potential, providing a robust framework for parental selection, core collection development, and targeted breeding strategies to enhance cacao competitiveness and resilience under changing climatic conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization and Conservation of Vegetable Genetic Resources)

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26 pages, 4060 KB

Open AccessReview

A Research Review of Rolling Bearing Turbocharger Modeling and System Characteristics

by Zhiheng Yu, Zhiyong Zhang, Jinrui Pu, Qi Xue, Yuanhao Li and Tianyou Wang

Machines 2025, 13(11), 1066; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines13111066 (registering DOI) - 19 Nov 2025

Abstract

In recent years, due to the growing imbalance between energy consumption and available resources, as well as strict CO₂ emission regulations, turbochargers have become increasingly important in applications such as automobiles, ships, and aerospace. Turbochargers can effectively increase the intake volume of [...] Read more.

In recent years, due to the growing imbalance between energy consumption and available resources, as well as strict CO₂ emission regulations, turbochargers have become increasingly important in applications such as automobiles, ships, and aerospace. Turbochargers can effectively increase the intake volume of engine cylinders, improving fuel combustion efficiency and engine power. In order to meet the growing demand for more energy-efficient, lower-carbon-emission systems, it is necessary to design more compact, efficient, durable, and affordable supercharging systems. Compared with traditional floating ring bearings, rolling bearing turbochargers have become a greater focus of research due to their excellent transient performance, low friction loss, and strong load-bearing capacity. Due to the large number of components, complex structure, lightweight high-load rotor, complicated operating conditions, and unclear nonlinear vibration mechanism of rolling bearing turbochargers, it is necessary to establish a refined model to clarify how factors such as bearing and squeeze film damper parameters and rotor operating parameters affect the system response. Therefore, this study reviews relevant research in this field from the perspectives of modeling and system characteristics and points out directions for future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Turbomachinery)

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13 pages, 968 KB

Open AccessArticle

Differential Soil Organic Carbon Accumulation Patterns Following Cropland-to-Grassland Conversion in Non-Saline and Saline–Alkali Soils

by Jinglei Zhang, Shanshan Bai, Chunlin Jia, Lele Kang, Yuxue Zhang, Cong Guan, Jinhong Zhang, Daniel Horacio Basigalup, Bo Wu and Guoliang Wang

Agriculture 2025, 15(22), 2393; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15222393 (registering DOI) - 19 Nov 2025

Abstract

Agricultural expansion and intensification generally lead to a depletion in soil organic carbon (SOC). While converting cropland to grassland is a recognized strategy for SOC accumulation, the patterns of SOC accumulation under different grassland types and soil conditions remain unclear. This study evaluated [...] Read more.

Agricultural expansion and intensification generally lead to a depletion in soil organic carbon (SOC). While converting cropland to grassland is a recognized strategy for SOC accumulation, the patterns of SOC accumulation under different grassland types and soil conditions remain unclear. This study evaluated the long-term effects of two perennial grasses—alfalfa (a legume) and switchgrass (a non-legume)—on SOC composition, specifically lignin phenols and amino sugars, in non-saline and saline–alkali soils, using a conventional wheat–maize rotation as a control. Our results showed that both alfalfa and switchgrass significantly enhanced SOC content compared to a wheat–maize rotation, but their accumulation pathways differed between non-saline and saline–alkali soils. In non-saline soils, increases in both lignin phenols and amino sugars (muramic acid and glucosamine) were observed under both perennial grasses. In saline–alkali soils, however, the accumulation was primarily driven by glucosamine. While no significant difference was observed in amino sugars content between the two grasses, switchgrass showed significantly higher lignin phenols content than alfalfa under saline–alkali conditions. This indicated that litter quality regulated the accumulation of plant-derived C in saline–alkali environments, but has no significant impact on the accumulation of microbial-derived C. These findings elucidate the divergent mechanisms that drive SOC sequestration following cropland-to-grassland conversion in contrasting non-saline and saline–alkali soils, highlight the dominant role of microbial processes in SOC accumulation following such conversion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Soils)

19 pages, 7236 KB

Open AccessArticle

Study of the Particle Breakage Characteristics of Coral Sand Under the Effect of Freezing–Seepage Coupling

by Jie Zhou, Xiangzhen Kong, Huade Zhou, Chao Ban, Chengjun Liu and Jun Hu

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(22), 12301; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152212301 (registering DOI) - 19 Nov 2025

Abstract

In the development and construction of the South China Sea (SCS), coral sand is a kind of common natural construction material. Sanya submarine tunnel is the first application of artificial ground freezing (AGF) in the SCS. Since the tunnel is located at an [...] Read more.

In the development and construction of the South China Sea (SCS), coral sand is a kind of common natural construction material. Sanya submarine tunnel is the first application of artificial ground freezing (AGF) in the SCS. Since the tunnel is located at an estuary, high-velocity seepage will have a significant influence on the particle characteristics of coral sand under freezing conditions. Therefore, taking coral sand from the SCS as the research object, the one-dimensional soil column unidirectional freezing test, particle sieving test, and scanning electron microscope (SEM, Hitachi High-Tech Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) test were carried out to investigate the particle breakage and temperature variation characteristics of coral sand under the coupling effect of freezing and seepage. The results show that under the coupling effect of freezing and seepage, coral sand particle breakage was significant. Under none-seepage and 0.5 m/d seepage velocity, the proportion of particles in the 0.5–2 mm size range in the frozen and phase transition zones decreased, while the proportion in the 0.125–0.5 mm size range increased. Through SEM analysis, the coupling effect of freezing and seepage caused serious damage to coral sand particles. Intense freezing could cause coral sand particles to break, while strong seepage could increase the roundness of particles. Seepage would affect the freezing rate and the final stabilization of the freezing temperature; when the seepage velocity was small (0–1.2 m/d), the impact of seepage was not obvious, and when seepage rate was larger (3 m/d), the impact throughout the entire freezing process both reduced the freezing rate and increased the final stabilization of the temperature. This study can provide a reference basis for the research on particle characteristics of coral sand under the coupling effect of freezing and seepage and for engineering and construction in the SCS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Civil Engineering)

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33 pages, 5476 KB

Open AccessArticle

Improvement of Energy Performance of Glass Furnaces Using Modelling and Optimization Techniques

by Onur Kodak, Miraç Burak Kaya, Farshid Sadeghi-Khaneghah, Emre Dumankaya, Gizem Yumru Alanat, Levent Kılıç, Neşet Arzan and Alp Er S. Konukman

Processes 2025, 13(11), 3739; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13113739 (registering DOI) - 19 Nov 2025

Abstract

Glass furnaces are a key component of the energy-intensive glass industry. Therefore, optimization of their energy performance is crucial for both economic and environmental sustainability. This study focused on optimizing the performance of an electric-boosted natural gas glass furnace. For this purpose, firstly, [...] Read more.

Glass furnaces are a key component of the energy-intensive glass industry. Therefore, optimization of their energy performance is crucial for both economic and environmental sustainability. This study focused on optimizing the performance of an electric-boosted natural gas glass furnace. For this purpose, firstly, raw operational data were collected from a glass furnace. Next, reconciled data were obtained via a modelling process, data reconciliation, and gross error detection to establish a reliable dataset. Two linear regression models were developed and tested using both raw and reconciled data and compared with each other. The constrained optimization problem was constructed using a linear regression model and other process constraints and solved via the interior-point method to minimize specific energy consumption. The findings indicate that the reconciled data-based linear regression model yielded more reliable results. The specific energy consumption can be reduced to a minimum of 3660.088 kJ/kg-glass under an optimal setpoint for raw material, cullet, water, raw material temperature, electric boosting, and fuel. Furthermore, the analysis reveals that energy performance is enhanced with increased glass production and greater utilization of electric boosting. These results emphasize that the integrated statistical modelling approach provides valuable and actionable insights for energy performance improvements in the glass industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Chemical Processes and Systems)

45 pages, 3378 KB

Open AccessReview

Advances in Cytotoxicity Testing: From In Vitro Assays to In Silico Models

by Barbara Ziemba

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(22), 11202; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262211202 (registering DOI) - 19 Nov 2025

Abstract

Cytotoxicity testing remains a cornerstone of modern toxicology, providing critical insight into how chemicals and drugs affect cell viability and function. Classical colorimetric assays such as MTT, LDH release, and neutral red uptake established the methodological basis of in vitro toxicology and continue [...] Read more.

Cytotoxicity testing remains a cornerstone of modern toxicology, providing critical insight into how chemicals and drugs affect cell viability and function. Classical colorimetric assays such as MTT, LDH release, and neutral red uptake established the methodological basis of in vitro toxicology and continue to serve as regulatory benchmarks. However, their limited mechanistic depth and physiological relevance have prompted the field to evolve towards more predictive and human-centred approaches. Recent advances in high-content imaging, flow cytometry, and real-time impedance analysis have transformed cytotoxicity testing into a multiparametric discipline capable of detecting adaptive and sub-lethal cellular responses. Parallel progress in computational toxicology has introduced in silico models—QSAR, machine learning, and physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling—that enable quantitative in vitro–in vivo extrapolation (QIVIVE). The integration of these computational tools with 3D organoids, organ-on-chip systems, and stem cell-based models allows for cross-validation between predictive simulations and experimental evidence, enhancing mechanistic interpretation and translational accuracy. Together, these developments underpin New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) and Integrated Approaches to Testing and Assessment (IATA), marking the transition from descriptive assays to predictive, mechanism-anchored frameworks that bridge in silico prediction with in vitro and in vivo validation—advancing both biomedical research and regulatory toxicology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Latest Review Papers in Molecular Toxicology)

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25 pages, 1371 KB

Open AccessArticle

Development of an Ergonomic Additively Manufactured Modular Saddle for Rehabilitation Cycling

by Alberto Iglesias Calcedo, Chiara Bregoli, Valentina Abbate, Marta Mondellini, Jacopo Fiocchi, Gennaro Rollo, Cristina De Capitani, Marino Lavorgna, Marco Sacco, Andrea Sorrentino, Ausonio Tuissi, Carlo Alberto Biffi and Alfredo Ronca

Materials 2025, 18(22), 5242; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18225242 (registering DOI) - 19 Nov 2025

Abstract

This work reports the design, fabrication, and validation of a modular ergonomic saddle for rehabilitation cycling, developed through a combined additive manufacturing approach. The saddle consists of a metallic support produced by Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) in AISI 316L stainless steel and [...] Read more.

This work reports the design, fabrication, and validation of a modular ergonomic saddle for rehabilitation cycling, developed through a combined additive manufacturing approach. The saddle consists of a metallic support produced by Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) in AISI 316L stainless steel and a polymeric ergonomic covering fabricated via Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) using thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). A preliminary material screening between TPU and polypropylene (PP) was conducted, with TPU selected for its superior elastic response, energy dissipation, and more favourable SLS processability, as confirmed by thermal analyses. A series of gyroid lattice configurations with varying cell sizes and wall thicknesses were designed and mechanically tested. Cyclic testing under both stress- and displacement-controlled conditions demonstrated that the configuration with 8 mm cell size and 0.3 mm wall thickness provided the best balance between compliance and stability, showing minimal permanent deformation after 10,000 cycles and stable force response under repeated displacements. Finite Element Method (FEM) simulations, parameterized using experimentally derived elastic and density data, correlated well with the mechanical results, correlated with the mechanical results, supporting comparative stiffness evaluation. Moreover, a cost model focused on the customizable TPU component confirmed the economic viability of the modular approach, where the metallic base remains a reusable standard. Finally, the modular saddle was fabricated and successfully mounted on a cycle ergometer, demonstrating functional feasibility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Additive Manufacturing and Forming Technologies of Alloy: Mechanical Properties and Microstructure Evaluation)

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15 pages, 1224 KB

Open AccessArticle

Low-Temperature RF Magnetron Sputtering of TiW Thin Films: Effects of the Bulk Plasma Characteristics on Film Growth

by Chiyun Bang, Chang Yeong Ji and Ju-Hong Cha

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(22), 12300; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152212300 (registering DOI) - 19 Nov 2025

Abstract

TiW thin films with superior surface properties were deposited at room temperature using RF magnetron sputtering under low-temperature process conditions. The correlation between bulk plasma characteristics and thin-film properties was investigated as a function of applied RF power (200–600 W) and process pressure [...] Read more.

TiW thin films with superior surface properties were deposited at room temperature using RF magnetron sputtering under low-temperature process conditions. The correlation between bulk plasma characteristics and thin-film properties was investigated as a function of applied RF power (200–600 W) and process pressure (1–10 mTorr). Plasma potential and ion density were measured using a Langmuir probe, while deposition rate, surface roughness, sheet resistance, and crystallinity were evaluated. Increasing the applied RF power simultaneously increased plasma potential and ion density, enhancing ion bombardment energy at both the target and substrate, which improved sputtering efficiency and deposition rate. Under low-temperature deposition, thermal stress induced by differences in thermal expansion between the film and substrate was minimal. However, limited surface diffusion of adatoms caused incomplete coalescence of nucleation islands, adversely affecting film crystallinity. Refractory metals such as tungsten exhibit strong dependence of residual stress and microstructure on deposition conditions, highlighting the importance of plasma and process parameters on TiW film properties. When RF power was increased, the enhancement in deposition rate outweighed the effect of increased ion energy, leading to tensile stress from void formation dominating over compressive stress induced by high-energy ions. This also contributed to increased grain size and reduced sheet resistance. In contrast, variations in process pressure had minor effects on plasma characteristics, resulting in limited changes in the deposited film properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plasma Applications in Material Processing)

20 pages, 2180 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Emotional Functioning as a Dimension of Quality of Life in Breast Cancer Survivors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Iryna Makhnevych, Mussab Ibrahim Mohamed Fadl Elseed, Ibrahim Mohamed Ahmed Musa and Yauhen Statsenko

Cancers 2025, 17(22), 3707; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17223707 (registering DOI) - 19 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: As survival rates among breast cancer (BC) patients continue to rise, Emotional Functioning (EF)—has become increasingly clinically relevant; however, researchers have yet to fully characterize its long-term, dynamic trajectories following surgery. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to (1) characterize the [...] Read more.

Background: As survival rates among breast cancer (BC) patients continue to rise, Emotional Functioning (EF)—has become increasingly clinically relevant; however, researchers have yet to fully characterize its long-term, dynamic trajectories following surgery. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to (1) characterize the longitudinal trajectories of EF after BC surgery and (2) examine the moderating effects of surgical modality and age. Methods: We conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines. We synthesized data from studies published between 2000 and 2024 that assessed EF using the EORTC QLQ-C30 at multiple post-surgical time points. Using multilevel random-effects meta-analytic models, we examined EF trajectories across 116 effect sizes derived from 40 studies, and evaluated time, surgical modality (breast-conserving surgery (BCS), mastectomy (MA), mastectomy with immediate reconstruction (Mx + IR) and age group as moderators. Results: The overall pooled estimate for EF was 73.44 (95% CI: 70.29–76.58, p < 0.001). Time since surgery significantly influenced EF: scores were lowest during the initial 6 months (66.82, 95% CI: 59.75–73.89), peaked at 7–15 months (77.86, 95% CI: 74.51–81.22) and 31–54 months (77.52, 95% CI: 70.44–84.59), and showed lower values at 16–30 months (72.58, 95% CI: 61.45–83.72) and 55–72 months (69.81, 95% CI: 64.08–75.54). Surgical modality significantly shaped these trajectories (p = 0.013). The overall pooled estimate for EF was 73.44 (95% CI: 70.29–76.58, p < 0.001). Time since surgery significantly influenced EF: scores were lowest during the initial 6 months (66.82, 95% CI: 59.75–73.89), peaked at 7–15 months (77.86, 95% CI: 74.51–81.22) and 31–54 months (77.52, 95% CI: 70.44–84.59), and showed lower values at 16–30 months (72.58, 95% CI: 61.45–83.72) and 55–72 months (69.81, 95% CI: 64.08–75.54). Surgical modality significantly shaped these trajectories (p = 0.013). The BCS group showed a significant inverted-U trajectory in EF scores, with a positive linear slope (β = 1.22, SE = 0.50, p = 0.046) and a small negative quadratic term (β = −0.02, SE = 0.01, p = 0.046), indicating initial improvement followed by decline. A similar pattern was observed for MA, where the linear term (β = 1.19, SE = 0.51, p = 0.054) and quadratic curvature (β = −0.02, SE = 0.01, p = 0.054) suggested an early rise with subsequent decline. In contrast, Mx + IR displayed a high intercept (β = 71.46, SE = 4.46, p < 0.001) but no significant trajectory over time (p = 0.582), indicating stability. The 45–60 year group demonstrated a significant inverted-U trajectory in EF scores, with a positive linear coefficient (β = 0.87, SE = 0.38, p = 0.067) and a negative quadratic coefficient (β = −0.01, SE = 0.01, p = 0.067), suggesting an early rise in emotional functioning followed by a subsequent decline. Participants <45 years also showed a significant inverted-U pattern, starting from a moderately high baseline (β = 67.56, SE = 4.26, p < 0.001) with a positive linear slope (β = 0.82, SE = 0.34, p = 0.051) and a negative quadratic curvature (β = −0.01, SE = 0.01, p = 0.051). In contrast, the >60 year group reported the highest baseline scores (β = 75.60, SE = 5.18, p < 0.001) with no significant trajectory, indicating overall stability. These findings confirm that EF follows a significant inverted-U trajectory (p < 0.001) and is influenced by time, surgical modality, and age. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Systematic Review or Meta-Analysis in Cancer Research)

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18 pages, 1866 KB

Open AccessArticle

Personalized Low-Invasive Approach to Chronic Endometritis Evaluation in Premenopausal Women: Machine Learning-Based Modeling

by Kseniia D. Ievleva, Alina V. Atalyan, Timur G. Baintuev, Iana G. Nadeliaeva, Ludmila M. Lazareva, Eldar M. Sharifulin, Margarita R. Akhmedzyanova, Leonid F. Sholokhov, Irina N. Danusevich and Larisa V. Suturina

Diagnostics 2025, 15(22), 2929; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15222929 (registering DOI) - 19 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Chronic endometritis (CE) is a well-known risk factor for recurrent implantation failure. However, the traditional approach to CE diagnosis has several drawbacks. On the other hand, there is a lot of evidence that some clinical, instrumental, and/or laboratory parameters of patients [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Chronic endometritis (CE) is a well-known risk factor for recurrent implantation failure. However, the traditional approach to CE diagnosis has several drawbacks. On the other hand, there is a lot of evidence that some clinical, instrumental, and/or laboratory parameters of patients are associated with CE. The aim of this study is to build a CE prediction model using machine learning tools based on low-invasive pathological features. Methods: The data of 108 women (44 with and 64 without CE) from a multicenter perspective cross-sectional study was included in this study. Basic characteristics, reproductive history, laboratory and ultrasound indicators, and immunohistochemistry results were collected. Binary feature selection was performed using forward stepwise selection with logistic regression as the evaluation criterion. For each feature configuration, a gradient-boosting model was trained on decision trees with a binary logistic loss function. The models were evaluated and compared on test data using standard metrics. Results: We built five comparable predictive models for CE. The models yielded the following AUCs (95% CI): Model 1 (seven indicators)—0.704 (0.5170, 0.8907), Model 2 (seven indicators)—0.673 (0.4716, 0.8745), Model 3 (nine indicators)—0.677 (0.4916, 0.8622), Model 4 (five indicators)—0.758 (0.5913, 0.9241), and Model 5 (five indicators)—0.769 (0.5913, 0.9241). Models 2 and 5 have the better recall and precision values, but the differences were not significant. SНAP values indicated that serum adiponectin level (Model 2) and SHBG (Model 5) had the greatest association with CE risks. Conclusions: Models 2 and 5 show the most promising potential for clinical application, as they demonstrate superior recall and precision metrics and require assessment of only 5–7 risk markers (with only a few being non-routine) for their implementation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence in Diagnostics)

18 pages, 16828 KB

Open AccessArticle

FTO Suppresses Dental Pulp Stem Cell Senescence by Destabilizing NOLC1 mRNA

by Bingrong Li, Mi Xu, Junjun Huang and Rong Jia

Biomolecules 2025, 15(11), 1627; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom15111627 (registering DOI) - 19 Nov 2025

Abstract

Cellular senescence is an intricate process that severely restricts stem cell function. The N6-methyladenosine (m⁶A) eraser, fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) protein control several aspects of stem cell fate, including differentiation, self-renewal, and senescence. However, the role of FTO in dental [...] Read more.

Cellular senescence is an intricate process that severely restricts stem cell function. The N6-methyladenosine (m⁶A) eraser, fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) protein control several aspects of stem cell fate, including differentiation, self-renewal, and senescence. However, the role of FTO in dental pulp stem cell (DPSC) senescence has not yet been elucidated. This study aimed to explore the role of FTO in DPSC senescence. FTO expression decreases during DPSC senescence. FTO depletion inhibited DPSC proliferation, accelerated senescence, and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. FTO overexpression reduced DPSC senescence, enhanced proliferation, and decreased ROS accumulation. RNA sequencing demonstrated that FTO knockdown inhibited ribosomal RNA precursor (pre-rRNA) biogenesis. We found nucleolar and coiled-body phosphoprotein 1 (NOLC1) as a novel target of FTO. NOLC1 was upregulated after FTO knockdown and promoted DPSC senescence. Mechanistically, FTO downregulation increased the m⁶A modifications of NOLC1 mRNA, increasing the stability of the NOLC1 mRNA. NOLC1 upregulation inhibits the transcription of pre-rRNA, causing nucleolar stress and p53 accumulation. In addition, NOLC1 knockdown partially rescued FTO deficiency-induced DPSC senescence. Our findings identified the significant role of the FTO/NOLC1/p53 axis in DPSC senescence and provide new insights to prevent the aging of DPSCs, which is beneficial for the application of DPSCs in regenerative medicine and stem cell therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cellular Biochemistry)

22 pages, 5199 KB

Open AccessArticle

Unraveling the Mechanisms of Biebersteinia heterostemon in Improving Hyperlipidemia: A Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking, and In Vitro Validation in HepG2 Cells

by Xiuxiu Shen, Shengwen Chen, Mengting Zeng and Benyin Zhang

Plants 2025, 14(22), 3535; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14223535 (registering DOI) - 19 Nov 2025

Abstract

Biebersteinia heterostemon is a traditional Tibetan medicine known for its antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and anti-atherosclerotic properties. However, its therapeutic effects and mechanisms in the treatment of hyperlipidemia remain unclear. In this study, the ethyl acetate extract of B. heterostemon (BHEE) was first identified as [...] Read more.

Biebersteinia heterostemon is a traditional Tibetan medicine known for its antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and anti-atherosclerotic properties. However, its therapeutic effects and mechanisms in the treatment of hyperlipidemia remain unclear. In this study, the ethyl acetate extract of B. heterostemon (BHEE) was first identified as the most effective lipid-lowering fraction through its inhibitory activity on pancreatic lipase and cholesterol esterase. Chemical characterization of BHEE by UHPLC-MS/MS revealed 108 compounds. Network pharmacology and molecular docking analyses were then employed to predict key active components and signaling pathways involved in BHEE’s lipid-lowering effects. A total of 50 active components and 623 targets were selected from the PubChem, SwissADME, and Swiss Target Prediction databases. These targets were intersected with 1606 hyperlipidemia-related targets from GeneCards, OMIM, and DrugBank, resulting in 144 common targets. The “drug-active component-intersecting target-pathway-HLP” and protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks suggested key active components such as 6-methoxytricin, vulgarin, flazin, ganhuangenin, and eupatorin, and core targets including TNF, IL6, AKT1, PPARG, and EGFR. GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis highlighted potential signaling pathways, such as AGE-RAGE, PPAR, insulin resistance, TNF, and lipid and atherosclerosis pathways. Molecular docking further predicted the strong binding affinity between key active components and core targets. At the cellular level, BHEE dose-dependently reduced lipid accumulation in FFA-induced HepG2 cells and improved oxidative stress (CAT, GSH, SOD, MDA) and inflammation (TNF-α, IL-6) markers. In conclusion, BHEE may exert its anti-hyperlipidemic effects through modulation of key targets like TNF, IL6, AKT1, PPARG, and EGFR. These findings suggest a multi-target mechanism, though further experimental validation is necessary to confirm these effects. This study provides valuable insights into the potential application of B. heterostemon as a natural therapeutic agent for hyperlipidemia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Efficacy, Safety and Phytochemistry of Medicinal Plants)

38 pages, 20988 KB

Open AccessArticle

Preassigned-Time Projective Lag Synchronization of Octonion-Valued BAM Neural Networks via Exponential Quantized Event-Triggered Control

by Xuejiao Qin, Xinman Li, Lianyang Hu, Cheng Hu and Haijun Jiang

Mathematics 2025, 13(22), 3719; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13223719 (registering DOI) - 19 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study addresses the preassigned-time (PDT) projective lag synchronization of octonion-valued BAM neural networks (OV-BAMNNs) through exponential quantized event-triggered control (ETC). First, an OV-BAMNN model incorporating discontinuous activation functions and time-varying delays is established. Subsequently, by introducing the octonion-valued sign function, several exponential [...] Read more.

This study addresses the preassigned-time (PDT) projective lag synchronization of octonion-valued BAM neural networks (OV-BAMNNs) through exponential quantized event-triggered control (ETC). First, an OV-BAMNN model incorporating discontinuous activation functions and time-varying delays is established. Subsequently, by introducing the octonion-valued sign function, several exponential quantized ETC schemes are designed, which employ solely a single exponential term while eliminating traditional linear and power-law components. Compared with conventional ETC designs, the proposed control schemes are simpler in form. Furthermore, within the framework of the non-separation method, several criteria for PDT projective lag synchronization are derived based on the Lyapunov method and Taylor expansion, proving that Zeno behavior is excluded. Finally, two simulation examples are given to verify the correctness of the theoretical results and to apply these results to image encryption. Full article

16 pages, 4211 KB

Open AccessArticle

MambaDPF-Net: A Dual-Path Fusion Network with Selective State Space Modeling for Robust Low-Light Image Enhancement

by Zikang Zhang and Songfeng Yin

Electronics 2025, 14(22), 4533; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14224533 (registering DOI) - 19 Nov 2025

Abstract

Low-light images commonly suffer from insufficient contrast, noise accumulation, and colour shifts, which impair human perception and subsequent visual tasks. We propose MambaDPF-Net—a dual-path fusion framework based on the retinal effect, adhering to a ‘decoupling–denoising–coupling’ paradigm while incorporating sharpening priors for texture stabilisation. [...] Read more.

Low-light images commonly suffer from insufficient contrast, noise accumulation, and colour shifts, which impair human perception and subsequent visual tasks. We propose MambaDPF-Net—a dual-path fusion framework based on the retinal effect, adhering to a ‘decoupling–denoising–coupling’ paradigm while incorporating sharpening priors for texture stabilisation. Specifically, the decoupling branch estimates illumination and reflectance through dual-scale feature aggregation with physically interpretable constraints; the denoising branch primarily performs noise reduction in the reflectance domain, employing an illumination-aware modulation mechanism to prevent excessive smoothing in low-SNR regions; the coupling branch utilises a selective state space module (Mamba) to adaptively fuse spatio-temporal representations, achieving non-local interactions and cross-region long-range dependency modelling with near-linear complexity. Extensive experiments on public datasets demonstrate that this method achieves state-of-the-art performance on metrics such as PSNR and SSIM, excels in non-reference evaluations, and produces natural colours with enhanced details. This validates the proposed approach’s effectiveness and robustness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2D/3D Industrial Visual Inspection and Intelligent Image Processing)

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19 pages, 862 KB

Open AccessArticle

Stability Analysis of Basic Load-Bearing Units in Independent Scaffolding Systems

by Xingyu Song, Ingwe Lusekelo Henry, Yan Liu, Jun Hao, Xiaolun Hu and Lingkun Chen

Buildings 2025, 15(22), 4190; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15224190 (registering DOI) - 19 Nov 2025

Abstract

Scaffolds, as temporary structural support systems in civil engineering, play an essential role during construction. Independent steel scaffold systems, typically composed of assembled steel tubes, can be erected and function as standalone supports without mutual interference. This feature offers notable advantages over conventional [...] Read more.

Scaffolds, as temporary structural support systems in civil engineering, play an essential role during construction. Independent steel scaffold systems, typically composed of assembled steel tubes, can be erected and function as standalone supports without mutual interference. This feature offers notable advantages over conventional scaffolding, including easier dismantling and higher reusability efficiency. However, the absence of specific design and construction codes for this type of scaffolding has hindered its broader application, underscoring the need for further research into its structural reliability. This study investigates the stability of basic load-bearing units in independent scaffolding through vertical loading tests on three specimens with varying heights and end conditions. The failure modes of the specimens are systematically compared, and the load-transfer mechanism and mechanical behavior of the scaffold units are analyzed. Experimental results, validated against ABAQUS finite element simulations, reveal that the critical region under axial compression lies at the junction between the inner and outer tubes. As specimen height increases, a plastic hinge develops in this region under load. In shorter specimens, the inner and outer tubes interact in a nearly fixed-end condition, without failure of the connecting pins. All three specimens failed by instability, and reducing the specimen height significantly enhanced the load-bearing capacity. When the top of the specimen is pin-supported, the material’s compressive strength is not fully utilized. To improve the axial stability of independent scaffolding, several structural improvements are proposed: replacing the pinned top with a plate-supported end to enhance compressive stability; integrating transverse bracing at the ends to connect individual units into an integrated system, thereby improving overall stability without compromising spatial flexibility; and applying mechanical reinforcement with external collars at the inner–outer tube interface to increase local bending stiffness and reduce initial imperfection, thus strengthening the global buckling resistance of the independent scaffolding system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

18 pages, 7424 KB

Open AccessArticle

The “Scale Expansion Trap” in Cross-River Urbanization: Building Stock Vacancy and Carbon Lock-In for Nanchang, China

by Shoujuan Tang, Xiaoyu Cheng, Xie Xie, Guanyou Lu, Han Tu, Yang Li, Guangxin Liu, Binhua Luo, Bin Lei and Lei Shi

Sustainability 2025, 17(22), 10375; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172210375 (registering DOI) - 19 Nov 2025

Abstract

Understanding spatial characteristics of urban building systems is critical for unraveling urban building stock growth patterns, addressing housing vacancy challenges, and advancing urban carbon neutrality. However, existing research on built environment stocks and housing vacancy spatial distribution remains limited, particularly in underdeveloped cross-river [...] Read more.

Understanding spatial characteristics of urban building systems is critical for unraveling urban building stock growth patterns, addressing housing vacancy challenges, and advancing urban carbon neutrality. However, existing research on built environment stocks and housing vacancy spatial distribution remains limited, particularly in underdeveloped cross-river cities—where rapid urbanization often prioritizes scale expansion over demand matching, leading to unresolved issues of resource waste and environmental pressure. This study integrated material stocks analysis (MSA) and geographical information system (GIS) to uncover the spatial patterns of urban building material stocks and housing vacancy at a high spatial resolution for Nanchang, China—a typical underdeveloped cross-river city facing the “scale expansion trap” in its urbanization across the Ganjiang River. Results show that (1) Nanchang’s building stock exhibits a “butterfly-shaped” spatial pattern centered on the Ganjiang River, with simultaneous horizontal expansion (40-fold urban area growth since 1949) and vertical growth (super high-rises in new west-bank districts), reflecting aggressive cross-river scale expansion; (2) the total building material stock reached 1034 Mt (204 t/cap) in 2021, with over 85% accumulated post-2000—coinciding with large-scale cross-river development. Vacant buildings locked in 405 Mt of materials (39.17%), which is a direct consequence of the “scale expansion trap” where construction outpaced actual demand; (3) total embodied carbon emissions from building materials amounted to 264 Mt, with 104 Mt (39.39%) attributed to vacant stocks. This “vacant carbon lock-in” stems from mismatched urban construction and actual demand in the process of cross-river scale expansion; (4) spatially, high-value clusters of material stocks and carbon emissions overlapped at two cores (old town and Honggutan CBD), while housing vacancy rates were significantly higher in the urban periphery and Ganjiang’s west bank—the primary areas of cross-river scale expansion—than in the old town and east bank. These findings empirically demonstrate how the “scale expansion trap” in cross-river urbanization drives building stock vacancy and carbon lock-in. These findings also offer data-driven strategies for optimizing urban resource allocation, reducing housing vacancy, and promoting low-carbon transitions, especially for other underdeveloped cross-river cities globally. Full article

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16 pages, 2841 KB

Open AccessArticle

Ethanolic Extract of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Prevents Oxidative Stress and Preserves the Morphology of Preantral Follicles Included in Bovine Ovarian Tissue Cultured In Vitro

by Maria Alice Felipe Oliveira, Solano Dantas Martins, Ernando Igo Teixeira de Assis, Jonathan Elias Rodrigues Martins, Fernanda Lima Alves, Sara Rany Alexandre Bittencourt, Ingrid Gracielle Martins da Silva, Sônia Nair Báo, Queli Cristina Fidelis, Selene Maia de Morais, José Roberto Viana Silva, Vânia Marilande Ceccatto and Valdevane Rocha Araújo

Animals 2025, 15(22), 3344; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15223344 (registering DOI) - 19 Nov 2025

Abstract

Oxidative stress compromises follicle survival during in vitro culture. Natural antioxidants may reduce cellular damage and preserve tissue integrity. This study evaluated the ethanolic extract from Punica granatum L. (EE-PG) on bovine ovarian tissue cultured in vitro. Bovine ovarian (n = 24) [...] Read more.

Oxidative stress compromises follicle survival during in vitro culture. Natural antioxidants may reduce cellular damage and preserve tissue integrity. This study evaluated the ethanolic extract from Punica granatum L. (EE-PG) on bovine ovarian tissue cultured in vitro. Bovine ovarian (n = 24) fragments were cultured for 6 days in αMEM⁺ medium with or without EE-PG at 10, 50, or 100 µg/mL. At the end of the in vitro culture, the medium was used to evaluate antioxidant capacity (DPPH and ABTS assays), while the fragments were collected for morphological and biochemical analyses. HPLC-UV-Vis confirmed the presence of α-punicalagin in the pure EE-PG. At 100 µg/mL, EE-PG showed the strongest effects: it had higher antioxidant capacity, preserved follicle morphology and ultrastructure, and promoted follicle activation. At 50 and 100 µg/mL, the extract also reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) and increased thiol levels, indicating protection against lipid peroxidation. In contrast, 10 µg/mL had little effect. Follicle and oocyte diameters were not significantly altered, but the collagen I/III ratio increased at higher concentrations, suggesting extracellular matrix remodeling. Together, these findings demonstrate that EE-PG protects bovine preantral follicles from oxidative stress, maintains redox balance, and preserves tissue integrity. These results reinforce the potential of Punica granatum L. extract as a natural antioxidant in reproductive biotechnologies and fertility preservation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ruminant Ovarian Physiology)

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27 pages, 1216 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainability Management and Standardisation: The Expert Approach of Lithuanian Financial Service Companies

by Giedrė Lapinskienė, Irena Danilevičienė, Genė Achranovič and Aušra Liučvaitienė

Sustainability 2025, 17(22), 10376; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172210376 (registering DOI) - 19 Nov 2025

Abstract

The importance of sustainability continues to grow, and various standards now combine to form an important mechanism that underpins the entire sustainability management system. These standards originate from five main international organisations and standard-setting bodies: (1) The Climate Disclosure Project, (2) The Climate [...] Read more.

The importance of sustainability continues to grow, and various standards now combine to form an important mechanism that underpins the entire sustainability management system. These standards originate from five main international organisations and standard-setting bodies: (1) The Climate Disclosure Project, (2) The Climate Disclosure Standards Board, (3) The Global Reporting Initiative, (4) The International Integrated Reporting Council, and (5) The Sustainability Accounting Standards Board. In addition to these specific bodies, the European Union issues The European Sustainability Reporting Standards. Digitisation is a key tool to improve the measurement and monitoring of sustainability. In Lithuanian financial institutions, ERP, Clarity AI, and artificial intelligence are critical tools alongside external ESG rating providers such as MSCI ESG, Sustainalytics, Refinitiv, and Bloomberg. Existing research often focuses on large multinational institutions or EU-level policy, with limited attention paid to how financial companies address the practical challenges of sustainability—particularly in Lithuania. This article addresses this gap in the research, consulting seven experts to explore the performance of financial companies, their use of sustainability standards, and the key challenges encountered during implementation. To achieve these aims, a structured survey analysing the issues posed by sustainability management is presented, with a particular focus on using standards to discuss problems in this area through exploratory analysis. The interviews produce insights that can help shape the future of sustainability management from the perspectives of both stakeholders and policymakers, as well as providing promising directions for future research. Full article

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23 pages, 1562 KB

Open AccessArticle

Beam Based and Triply Periodic Minimal Surface Lattice Structures in Inconel 718: An In-Depth Comparative Analysis of Manufacturability Through L-Pbf and Metallographic Characterization

by Alberto Santoni, Marcello Cabibbo, Gianni Virgili, Eleonora Santecchia, Kamal Sleem and Gabriele Grima

Compounds 2025, 5(4), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/compounds5040052 (registering DOI) - 19 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study explores the application of lattice structures as internal support architectures in the fabrication of Inconel 718 components via Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF), building upon previous research on beam-based FCCZ supports. Two representative lattice typologies were investigated: the node and beam-based [...] Read more.

This study explores the application of lattice structures as internal support architectures in the fabrication of Inconel 718 components via Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF), building upon previous research on beam-based FCCZ supports. Two representative lattice typologies were investigated: the node and beam-based FCCZ (face centered cubic with Z direction reinforcement struts) structure and the triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) Schoen Gyroid cell. The aim was to assess how the transition from a discrete beam-node architecture to a continuous surface topology influences manufacturability, thermal stability, and mechanical performance. Finite Element Method (FEM) simulations in Ansys accurately predicted distortions and residual stresses during the L-PBF process, showing strong agreement with stereomicroscope measurements. Specifically, the maximum directional deformation reached 0.32 mm for the FCCZ sample versus 0.17 mm for the Gyroid, with corresponding peak residual stresses of 1328 MPa and 940 MPa, respectively. After fabrication, the samples underwent solution treatment and double aging according to AMS 2774 and AMS 5662 standards. Vickers microhardness increased from about 320 HV0.3 in the as-built condition to 500 HV0.3 after heat treatment (+55%), with overall porosity remaining below 1%. Microstructural analysis using optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that heat treatment partially homogenized the microstructure but did not achieve complete recrystallization, leaving localized dendritic regions and undissolved Laves phases, particularly near the lattice. The precipitation of γ′ and δ phases enhanced hardness and mechanical uniformity, as confirmed by Vickers microhardness testing. Quantitatively, the Gyroid topology exhibited approximately 40% lower deformation and defect density than the FCCZ structure, confirming its superior manufacturability and thermal stability. These findings provide practical guidance for selecting lattice topologies for support architectures in L-PBF Inconel 718 components where thermal stability and shape preservation during build are critical. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Compounds (2025))

20 pages, 11609 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Pan-Cancer Analysis and Experimental Verification of the Roles of Retinoid-Binding Proteins in Breast Cancer

by Yuchu Xiang, Dan Du, Yaoxi Su, Linghong Guo and Siliang Chen

Cancers 2025, 17(22), 3706; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17223706 (registering DOI) - 19 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: Retinoid-binding proteins (RBPs) regulate retinoid metabolism and signaling, but their roles across human cancers remain incompletely defined. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive analysis using bioinformatics tools and experimental validations, examining RBP expression profiles across cancer types based on data from The Cancer [...] Read more.

Background: Retinoid-binding proteins (RBPs) regulate retinoid metabolism and signaling, but their roles across human cancers remain incompletely defined. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive analysis using bioinformatics tools and experimental validations, examining RBP expression profiles across cancer types based on data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We employed survival analysis using the Kaplan–Meier method and utilized single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to investigate the roles of RBP4 and RBP7 in the tumor microenvironment. Results: Our analysis revealed significant downregulation of RBPs in multiple cancers, with RBP4 and RBP7 showing notable expression variations linked to tumor stages and grades. Cox analysis identified RBP4 as a protective gene in kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma (KIRP), liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC), and mesothelioma (MESO), while RBP7 exhibited protective effects in breast cancer (BRCA) and uveal melanoma (UVM). Conclusions: This pan-cancer and single-cell integrative analysis highlights the complex roles of RBPs in cancer progression and their potential as prognostic biomarkers, particularly RBP4 and RBP7 in breast cancer. These findings warrant further investigation into the functional mechanisms of RBPs, which may provide valuable strategies for therapeutic interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Tumor Microenvironment)

23 pages, 2370 KB

Open AccessArticle

Rise of Sustainable Corporate Governance in Emerging Economies: Perspective of Government Auditor Capacity and Legislation

by Benjamin Kwakutsey Azinogo and Lourens Erasmus

J. Risk Financial Manag. 2025, 18(11), 654; https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm18110654 (registering DOI) - 19 Nov 2025

Abstract

As part of the environmental, social, and governance (ESG) ecosystem, this paper evaluates fundamental success factors that influence external auditors and relevant stakeholders to be proactive and efficacious in sustaining corporate governance practices in emerging economies. The study presents a preliminary and conceptual [...] Read more.

As part of the environmental, social, and governance (ESG) ecosystem, this paper evaluates fundamental success factors that influence external auditors and relevant stakeholders to be proactive and efficacious in sustaining corporate governance practices in emerging economies. The study presents a preliminary and conceptual policy framework aimed at enhancing sustainable corporate governance, to ensure effective auditing in the public sector, by applying an extensive approach based on agency and corporate risk management theories. Applying an online qualitative technique, exploratory focus groups were held in three countries. The participants were selected by their respective Supreme Audit Institutions, based on their experience and proficiency in public sector auditing. Among the fundamental success factors identified were capacity building for auditors. Validation interviews were conducted to confirm the conceptual government auditor capacity policy framework that is presented. Executive governments, legislatures, and legislative oversight bodies can benefit greatly from the empirical segment of this study to enhance sustainable corporate governance in emerging economies and obtain greater contributions from government auditors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Technology, Corporate Governance Disclosure and Corporate Social Responsibility)

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15 pages, 1941 KB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Fused Filament Fabrication Strategy on Polyamide Properties

by Marta Beata Krawczyk, Marcin Andrzej Królikowski and Kamil Urbanowicz

Materials 2025, 18(22), 5241; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18225241 (registering DOI) - 19 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the influence of Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) parameters on the properties of polyamide (PA, Nylon™) parts, which are valued for their excellent mechanical properties in additive manufacturing. The parameters examined include infill structure (diagonal and honeycomb), infill density (60%, 80%, [...] Read more.

This study investigates the influence of Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) parameters on the properties of polyamide (PA, Nylon™) parts, which are valued for their excellent mechanical properties in additive manufacturing. The parameters examined include infill structure (diagonal and honeycomb), infill density (60%, 80%, and 100%), and sample orientation (0°, 45°, and 90°) relative to the build plate. Filaments from five manufacturers were tested, with injection-molded samples serving as references. Standard tensile strength tests were performed. The results indicate that the 0° orientation yielded the highest tensile strength, while the 45° and 90° orientations exhibited distinct behaviors associated with the geometry of additive manufacturing. The highest Young’s modulus was obtained for solid infill at 0° orientation. Although infill structure had a smaller effect, the honeycomb pattern provided more stable and superior mechanical properties at higher infill densities. The study compared filaments from different manufacturers, identifying two that met the tensile strength requirements for telerehabilitation device case prototypes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Manufacturing Processes and Systems)

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18 pages, 1412 KB

Open AccessArticle

In Situ Steam-Assisted Synthesis of CTAB-Modified Geopolymer-Based Hectorite for Enhanced Adsorption of Congo Red

by Derui Chen, Chao Sun, Keying Sun, Mingyu Yan, Yang Yang, Hang Jin, Junda Guo, Jingna Jia, Longbin Xu and Xinyu Li

Gels 2025, 11(11), 930; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11110930 (registering DOI) - 19 Nov 2025

Abstract

For deep purification of wastewater containing anionic dyes. In this study, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)-modified geopolymer-based hectorite was synthesized via a steam-assisted method using depolymerized illite-based geopolymer as the silicon source and CTAB as the modifier, enhancing its adsorption performance for anionic dyes. The [...] Read more.

For deep purification of wastewater containing anionic dyes. In this study, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)-modified geopolymer-based hectorite was synthesized via a steam-assisted method using depolymerized illite-based geopolymer as the silicon source and CTAB as the modifier, enhancing its adsorption performance for anionic dyes. The product was characterized by methods such as X-ray diffraction, and the effects of parameters such as adsorbent dosage and pH on the adsorption process were investigated. Adsorption experiments revealed that when the CTAB addition was 20%, the adsorption performance for Congo red was optimal (99.79%, 997.92 mg·g⁻¹), far superior to that of hectorite without CTAB (66.64%, 666.40 mg·g⁻¹). The adsorption process followed pseudo-second-order kinetics and the Langmuir isotherm model. Further comparison of changes before and after adsorption indicated that the adsorption mechanism primarily involved the combined effects of electrostatic interaction and hydrophobic effects. Additionally, after five adsorption–desorption cycles, the material maintained over 92% removal efficiency. By using different geopolymers as silicon sources to prepare CTAB-modified geopolymer-based hectorite, the high universality of this synthesis strategy was confirmed. This study provides a universal, green, and sustainable route for preparing efficient anionic dye adsorption materials and expands the high-value utilization of clay resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development and Applications of Advanced Geopolymer Gel Materials)

36 pages, 1642 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Mechanism of LTX^N4C-Induced Ca²⁺ Influx Involves Latrophilin-Mediated Activation of Ca_v2.x Channels

by Jennifer K. Blackburn, John-Paul Silva, Evelina Petitto, Dietmar Cholewa, Elizaveta Fasler-Kan, Kirill E. Volynski and Yuri A. Ushkaryov

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(22), 11200; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262211200 (registering DOI) - 19 Nov 2025

Abstract

Store-operated Ca²⁺ entry (SOCE) is a key regulator of cytosolic Ca²⁺ (Ca²⁺_cyt). Presynaptic SOCE can be activated by ligands like α-latrotoxin, which acts through the presynaptic G-protein-coupled receptor latrophilin-1 (LPHN1), inducing Ca²⁺ influx and neurotransmitter release. To [...] Read more.

Store-operated Ca²⁺ entry (SOCE) is a key regulator of cytosolic Ca²⁺ (Ca²⁺_cyt). Presynaptic SOCE can be activated by ligands like α-latrotoxin, which acts through the presynaptic G-protein-coupled receptor latrophilin-1 (LPHN1), inducing Ca²⁺ influx and neurotransmitter release. To understand how SOCE-associated proteins contribute to LPHN1 signaling in neurons, we used mouse neuroblastoma NB2a cells as a genetically tractable neuronal model. The cells were stably transfected with exogenous LPHN1 or its non-signaling mutant and stimulated with the non-pore-forming α-latrotoxin mutant LTX^N4C, a known trigger of neurotransmitter release. LPHN1 expression increased the proportion of neuron-like cells and upregulated the voltage-gated Ca²⁺ channels Ca_v1.2 and Ca_v2.1. LPHN1 stimulation by LTX^N4C induced a small Ca²⁺ release sensitive to thapsigargin, and a strong, gradual influx of Ca²⁺, which was insensitive to thapsigargin. Single-cell imaging revealed that this influx consisted of desynchronized high-amplitude Ca²⁺ oscillations in individual cells. This response was reduced by Orai2 knockdown and completely blocked by the Ca_v2.1/2.2 inhibitor ω-conotoxin MVIIC. We conclude that LPHN1 activation by LTX^N4C primes Ca²⁺ stores and induces the opening of Ca_v2.1/2.2 channels. These channels mediate an initial Ca²⁺ influx that triggers Ca²⁺-induced Ca²⁺ release and SOCE. This mechanism, elucidated in model cells, can explain how LTX^N4C stimulates neurotransmitter release. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 25th Anniversary of IJMS: Updates and Advances in Molecular Neurobiology)

16 pages, 3631 KB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study on the Flexural Performance of Grooved-Connected Truss-Reinforced Concrete Composite Slabs

by Ting Liu, Qingjun Guo, Ruixuan Wang, Jin Lu and Guanqi Lan

Buildings 2025, 15(22), 4189; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15224189 (registering DOI) - 19 Nov 2025

Abstract

To address the conflicts between traditional composite slab reinforcement layouts and supports—which adversely affect construction quality and efficiency—and to fill the theoretical gap regarding end connections without projecting bars in terms of interface shear transfer, staged flexural behavior, and anchorage reliability, a grooved [...] Read more.

To address the conflicts between traditional composite slab reinforcement layouts and supports—which adversely affect construction quality and efficiency—and to fill the theoretical gap regarding end connections without projecting bars in terms of interface shear transfer, staged flexural behavior, and anchorage reliability, a grooved end-connection configuration for composite slabs is proposed. In this configuration, the longitudinal bars of the precast slab do not extend beyond the slab end. The precast slab end is formed with a recessed–protruding profile; the longitudinal bars are exposed within the groove, where additional reinforcement is pre-embedded (with a diameter not less than the area-equivalent of the longitudinal bars that would otherwise extend into the support). After erection, the additional bars are extended using straight-thread sleeves; short longitudinal bars within the groove are tied to the bottom longitudinal bars. Both the extended additional bars and the short longitudinal bars are anchored into the support by at least 5d and pass the support centerline. To evaluate the global flexural behavior of slabs with grooved end-connections, a two-span, full-scale specimen was tested under static loading. Failure characteristics, crack initiation and propagation, ultimate capacity, deflection, and ductility were investigated. The results indicate that, in the full-scale two-span test, the service load was 11.35 kN/m² (approximately 13.5% higher than the design value of 10.0 kN/m²); the midspan deflection was about L/110 (smaller than the L/50 limit); the first cracking and the pronounced nonlinearity inflection point occurred at approximately 4.25 kN/m² and ≥9.35 kN/m², respectively; and the maximum crack width was 1.66 mm. The test was terminated prior to reaching the durability and deformation limits, after which the load was increased to 22.20 kN/m². The specimen exhibited a ductile flexural failure governed by tensile reinforcement yielding; the top concrete did not crush, no shear failure was observed at the ends, and no delamination occurred at the composite interface, demonstrating favorable global flexural performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Durability, Resilience and Stability of Building Structures)

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