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25 pages, 1410 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Nutritional Determinants of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the European Union: A Systematic Review

by Daniela Alejandra Díaz-Benavides, Abdu Nafan Aisul Muhlis, Ghenwa Chamouni, Rita Charles, Digafe Tsegaye Nigatu, Jomana Ben Khadra, Frederico Epalanga Albano Israel, Bashar Shehab, Gabriella Laila Tarek, Aidai Sharshekeeva, Nasser Gammoh, Tulu Tefera Habte, Niyati Chandrika, F. K. Alshakhshir, Nour Mahrouseh, Carlos Alexandre Soares Andrade, Szabolcs Lovas and Orsolya Varga

Nutrients 2025, 17(22), 3507; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17223507 (registering DOI) - 9 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) represents a growing public health burden in the European Union (EU), largely driven by modifiable lifestyle factors such as diet. This systematic review aimed to synthesize observational evidence on the associations between nutritional exposures and incident [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) represents a growing public health burden in the European Union (EU), largely driven by modifiable lifestyle factors such as diet. This systematic review aimed to synthesize observational evidence on the associations between nutritional exposures and incident T2DM across the EU-28, with a focus on regional heterogeneity and implications for EU-level nutrition policy. Methods: The review followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines and was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020219994). Searches were conducted in different databases (PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science) identifying 23,437 records, from which 104 observational studies were included. Eligible studies involved adults (≥18 years) without T2DM at baseline and assessed dietary exposures in relation to T2DM incidence. Data extraction and methodological quality assessment were performed in duplicate using the NHLBI tool in Covidence. Results: Most included studies were cohort studies (77.9%), primarily conducted in Western, Northern, and Southern Europe. Diets characterized by high consumption of whole and minimally processed foods, such as fruits, vegetables, legumes, whole grains, and fermented dairy, consistently showed associations with lower T2DM risk. In contrast, high intake of red and processed meats, sugar-sweetened beverages, and ultra-processed foods was linked to higher risk. Adherence to Mediterranean or plant-based dietary patterns was associated with lower risk, whereas high animal-protein dietary patterns were detrimental. Conclusions: Nutritional determinants play a decisive role in shaping T2DM risk in the EU. Evidence supports prioritizing dietary patterns rich in plant-based and minimally processed foods while reducing ultra-processed and meat-based products. Tailored region-specific policies are needed to address the T2DM epidemic and guide effective prevention strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Association between Nutrition, Diet Quality, Dietary Patterns, and Human Health and Diseases—2nd Edition)

34 pages, 2653 KB

Open AccessArticle

Design-Orientated Optimization and Motion Planning of a Parallel Platform for Improving Performance of an 8-DOF Hybrid Surgical Robot

by Asna Kalsoom, Muhammad Faizan Shah, Zareena Kausar, Faizan Khan Durrani, Syed Zahid Hussain and Muhammad Umer Farooq

Machines 2025, 13(11), 1038; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines13111038 (registering DOI) - 9 Nov 2025

Abstract

The emergence of surgical robots has revolutionized complex operations, improving precision, lowering operating risks, and shortening recovery periods. Given the merits, an eight degrees of freedom (DOF) hybrid surgical robot (HSR) has been proposed, which leverages the benefits of both serial and parallel [...] Read more.

The emergence of surgical robots has revolutionized complex operations, improving precision, lowering operating risks, and shortening recovery periods. Given the merits, an eight degrees of freedom (DOF) hybrid surgical robot (HSR) has been proposed, which leverages the benefits of both serial and parallel manipulators. However, its performance is hindered by the constrained range of motion of its parallel platform. To address the issue, this research presents a systematic approach for designing and optimizing the proposed HSR. The first step is the design of the HSR, followed by a multi-stage design analysis of its parallel platform, concentrating on kinematic, geometrical, and singularity analysis. Higher values of the condition number indicate singular configurations in the platform’s workspace, highlighting the need for an optimized design. For optimization of the platform, performance parameters like global condition number (GCN), actuator forces, and stiffness are identified. Initially, the design is optimized by targeting GCN only through a genetic algorithm (GA). This approach compromised the other parameters and raised the need for simultaneous optimization employing a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA II). It offered a better trade-off between performance parameters. To further assess the working of the optimized parallel platform, workspace analysis and motion planning of a predefined trajectory have been performed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Design of Parallel Manipulators)

19 pages, 8615 KB

Open AccessArticle

Panoramic Radiograph-Based Deep Learning Models for Diagnosis and Clinical Decision Support of Furcation Lesions in Primary Molars

by Nevra Karamüftüoğlu, Ayşe Bulut, Murat Akın and Şeref Sağıroğlu

Children 2025, 12(11), 1517; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12111517 (registering DOI) - 9 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background/Aim: Furcation lesions in primary molars are critical in pediatric dentistry, often guiding treatment decisions between root canal therapy and extraction. This study introduces a deep learning-based clinical decision-support system that directly maps radiographic lesion characteristics to corresponding treatment recommendations—a novel contribution in [...] Read more.

Background/Aim: Furcation lesions in primary molars are critical in pediatric dentistry, often guiding treatment decisions between root canal therapy and extraction. This study introduces a deep learning-based clinical decision-support system that directly maps radiographic lesion characteristics to corresponding treatment recommendations—a novel contribution in the context of pediatric dental imaging, also represents the first integration of panoramic radiographic classification of primary molar furcation lesions with treatment planning in pediatric dentistry. Materials and Methods: A total of 387 anonymized panoramic radiographs from children aged 3–13 was labeled into five distinct bone lesion categories. Three object detection models (YOLOv12x, RT-DETR-L, and RT-DETR-X) were trained and evaluated using stratified train-validation-test splits. Diagnostic performance was assessed using precision, recall, mAP@0.5, and mAP@0.5–0.95. Additionally, qualitative accuracy was evaluated with expert-annotated samples. Results: Among the models, RT-DETR-X achieved the highest performance (mAP@0.5 = 0.434), representing modest but clinically promising diagnostic capability, despite the limitations of a relatively small, single-center dataset. Specifically, RT-DETR-X achieved the highest diagnostic accuracy (mAP@0.5 = 0.434, Recall = 0.483, Precision = 0.440), followed by YOLOv12x (mAP@0.5 = 0.397, Precision = 0.442) and RT-DETR-L (mAP@0.5 = 0.326). All models successfully identified lesion types and supported corresponding clinical decisions. The system reduced diagnostic ambiguity and showed promise in supporting clinicians with varying levels of experience. Conclusions: The proposed models have potential for standardizing diagnostic outcomes, especially in resource-limited settings and mobile clinical environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Dentistry & Oral Medicine)

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16 pages, 12410 KB

Open AccessArticle

Elevated CO₂ Modulates Selenium Bioaccumulation in Garlic (Allium sativum L.): Contrasting Effects of Biochar and Phosphate Fertilizer Amendments

by Yabo Wang, Wei Li, Yuling Suo, Zishu Zheng, Meiling Xu, Fen Xu, Weiqin Yin, Shengsen Wang and Xiaozhi Wang

Agronomy 2025, 15(11), 2579; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15112579 (registering DOI) - 9 Nov 2025

Abstract

Elevated CO₂ (eCO₂) influences crop nutrition, but the impact of its interaction with soil amendments on selenium (Se) bioavailability is unclear. This study investigated how eCO₂ (+200 ppm), biochar (BC, 1% w/w), and phosphate fertilizer (PF, [...] Read more.

Elevated CO₂ (eCO₂) influences crop nutrition, but the impact of its interaction with soil amendments on selenium (Se) bioavailability is unclear. This study investigated how eCO₂ (+200 ppm), biochar (BC, 1% w/w), and phosphate fertilizer (PF, 1 g kg⁻¹) affect Se uptake in garlic—a model crop chosen for its efficiency in accumulating and transforming Se into bioactive forms. The results showed that eCO₂ significantly enhanced garlic biomass by 19.1–34.2% and decreased soil pH by 0.05–0.13 units. Concurrently, eCO₂ increased Se concentration in garlic tissues by 2.9–13.3% compared to ambient CO₂ (aCO₂). Biochar amendment reduced soil Se bioavailability, leading to a 15.2–22.8% decrease in garlic Se concentration under eCO₂. In contrast, phosphate fertilizer enhanced Se bioavailability via competitive ligand exchange, increasing Se uptake by 18.7–31.4%. These findings demonstrate that PF can be strategically co-managed with eCO₂ to optimize Se biofortification in garlic, providing a practical strategy to safeguard nutritional security under future climate scenarios. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biochar-Based Fertilizers for Resilient Agriculture)

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18 pages, 694 KB

Open AccessArticle

Impacts of Olive Pomace Stress on Vicia faba L.’s Growth, Secondary Metabolism, and Nutrient Uptake

by Mohammed Bouhadi, Qaiser Javed, Dominik Anđelini, Danko Cvitan, Tvrtko Karlo Kovačević, Igor Palčić, Nikola Major, Smiljana Goreta Ban, Igor Pasković, Dean Ban, David Heath and Marko Černe

Horticulturae 2025, 11(11), 1350; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11111350 (registering DOI) - 9 Nov 2025

Abstract

Olive pomace (OP), an olive mill byproduct, poses environmental risks if mismanaged due to its high phenolic content, acidic pH, organic load, and electrical conductivity. This study evaluated the impact of olive pomace filtrate (OPF) at varying doses (OP-5, OP-10, OP-15) on broad [...] Read more.

Olive pomace (OP), an olive mill byproduct, poses environmental risks if mismanaged due to its high phenolic content, acidic pH, organic load, and electrical conductivity. This study evaluated the impact of olive pomace filtrate (OPF) at varying doses (OP-5, OP-10, OP-15) on broad bean (Vicia faba L.) growth, secondary metabolites, and nutrient accumulation. The highest OPF dose (OP-15) exhibited a clear negative, dose-dependent phytotoxic effect, causing stem discoloration, reduced root growth, necrosis, and chlorosis, while untreated controls showed vigorous growth. This significantly (p < 0.05) reduced leaf development, average number of leaves, and total leaf area, even at the lowest concentration (5%). Consequently, OP-15 reduced dry and fresh biomass by over 50% and shoot/root lengths by up to 61.55% compared to the control. Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis revealed a positive dose-dependent effect of OPF on beneficial phenol and flavonoid accumulation, with significantly higher amounts of ferulic, isoferulic, caffeic, chlorogenic, and 4-hydroxybenzoic acids, as well as luteolin-4′-rutinoside and 4,7-dihydroxyflavone. OP application significantly (p < 0.05) decreased relative water content and increased electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde, indicating stress. Furthermore, OP decreased the uptake of K, P, Fe, S, Zn, and Cu. Therefore, the intrinsic phytotoxicity of OPF suggests that mitigation measures are essential before considering environmental application to prevent potential adverse effects on sensitive crops and the wider ecosystem. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Nutrition)

16 pages, 4609 KB

Open AccessArticle

A 3D-Printed S-Band Corrugated Horn Antenna with X-Band RCS Reduction

by Baihong Chi, Zhuqiong Lai, Sifan Wu, Yuanxi Cao and Jianxing Li

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(22), 11921; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152211921 (registering DOI) - 9 Nov 2025

Abstract

In this paper, a 3D-printed S-Band corrugated horn antenna with X-Band radar cross section (RCS) reduction is investigated. This work demonstrates effective RCS reduction at the X-band through the application of the phase cancellation principle. Specifically, the corrugated horn antenna is partitioned into [...] Read more.

In this paper, a 3D-printed S-Band corrugated horn antenna with X-Band radar cross section (RCS) reduction is investigated. This work demonstrates effective RCS reduction at the X-band through the application of the phase cancellation principle. Specifically, the corrugated horn antenna is partitioned into eight identical sections, with three discrete height offsets introduced between them. The reflection phase cancellation, which can be attained through the path difference introduced by a designed height step among different regions, leads directly to a consequent suppression of scattered waves. The proposed low-RCS corrugated horn antenna is monolithically fabricated using stereolithography appearance (SLA) 3D printing technology, followed by a surface metallization process. The measured results demonstrate that the proposed antenna operates over the frequency band of 2.34–3.3 GHz in the S-band with good impedance matching, exhibiting a peak gain of 11.7 dB. Furthermore, the monostatic RCS of the antenna under normal incidence for both x- and y-polarizations exhibits a significant reduction of over 10 dB within the frequency range of 8.7–12.0 GHz and 8.2–12.0 GHz, respectively. This indicates that effective stealth performance is achieved across the majority of the X-band. The proposed design integrates exceptional out-of-band RCS reduction, low cost, light weight, and high efficiency, making it a promising candidate for radar stealth system applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Design and Evaluation of Modern Antenna Systems)

26 pages, 13498 KB

Open AccessArticle

Flexural and Specific Properties of Acrylic Solid Surface (PMMA/ATH) Composites: Effects of Thermoforming-Relevant Heating and Cooling

by Vassil Jivkov, Boryana Petrova, Nikolay Yavorov and Yavor Makyov

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(11), 620; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9110620 (registering DOI) - 9 Nov 2025

Abstract

Acrylic solid surface composites made of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and aluminum trihydrate, Al(OH)₃ (ATH) are widely used in furniture and interior applications. However, independent brand comparative data, especially on density-normalized (“specific”) properties, remain limited. This study quantifies the flexural response of [...] Read more.

Acrylic solid surface composites made of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and aluminum trihydrate, Al(OH)₃ (ATH) are widely used in furniture and interior applications. However, independent brand comparative data, especially on density-normalized (“specific”) properties, remain limited. This study quantifies the flexural response of 11 commercial sheets (6, 8, and 12 mm, including one translucent) under ISO 178 three-point bending and evaluates the effects of heating and cooling relevant to thermoforming. The density is concentrated in the range 1680–1748 kg/m³ (weighted mean of 1712 kg/m³). The flexural strength ranged between 51 and 79 MPa, divided into three groups—high (76–79 MPa), medium (63–67 MPa), and low (51–56 MPa) levels, while the modulus ranged between 7700 and 9400 MPa with a narrow dispersion. The strength showed no significant correlation with density, while the modulus increased with density, indicating that stiffness is composition-dominated, while strength is influenced by factors related to microstructural defects/particle boundaries. Heating at 160 °C and subsequent cooling have a significant influence on flexural strength and strain. Flexural strength increased by an average of approximately 7%, and flexural strain increased by approximately 12%, while the modulus remained virtually unchanged (within ±0.5%); additionally, shock cooling did not bring any benefits. The density-normalized parameters (σ/ρ, E/ρ) reflected these trends, allowing for a more accurate comparison when limited by mass or deformation. Overall, the results are broadly consistent with manufacturers’ declarations and demonstrate that thermoforming-relevant heating at 160 °C, followed by cooling, can be used not only to improve formability but also to modestly increase flexural strength and strain without compromising stiffness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Composites Applications)

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22 pages, 4602 KB

Open AccessArticle

An Innovative Approach for Extraction of Smoking Addiction Levels Using Physiological Parameters Based on Machine Learning: Proof of Concept

by Muhammet Serdar Bascil and Irem Nur Iscanli

Diagnostics 2025, 15(22), 2839; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15222839 (registering DOI) - 9 Nov 2025

Abstract

Objectives: Determining individuals’ addiction levels plays a crucial role in facilitating more effective smoking cessation. For this purpose, the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) is used all over the World as a traditional testing method. It can be subjective and may [...] Read more.

Objectives: Determining individuals’ addiction levels plays a crucial role in facilitating more effective smoking cessation. For this purpose, the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) is used all over the World as a traditional testing method. It can be subjective and may influence the evaluation results. This study’s key innovation is the use of physiological signals to provide an objective classification of addiction levels, addressing the limitations of the inherently subjective Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND). Methods: Physiological parameters were recorded from 123 voluntary participants (both male and female) aged between 18 and 60 for 120 s using the Masimo Rad-G pulse oximeter and the Hartman–Veroval blood pressure monitor. All participants were categorized into four addiction groups: healthy, lightly addicted, moderately addicted, or heavily addicted with the help of FTND. The recorded data were classified using Decision Tree, KNN, and SVM methods. SMOTE and class-weighting techniques were used to eliminate class imbalance. Also, the PCA technique was applied for dimensionality reduction, and the k-fold cross-validation method was employed to enhance the reliability of the machine learning algorithms. Results: Machine learning methods, when evaluated using the SMOTE with a (7380×7) sample of physiological signals recorded every 2 s from 123 participants, showed a high recall of 98.74%, specificity of 99.58%, precision of 98.79%, F-score of 98.74%, and accuracy of 98.75%. Also, it is extracted that there is a direct relationship between physiological parameters and smoking addiction levels. Conclusions: The study’s core novelty lies in leveraging non-invasive physiological signals to objectively classify addiction levels, addressing the subjectivity of the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND). This study provides a proof-of-concept for the feasibility of using machine learning and physiological signals to assess addiction levels. The results indicate that the approach is promising. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence in Diagnostics)

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20 pages, 4765 KB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Simulation and Orthogonal Test of Droplet Impact on Soybean Leaves Based on VOF Method and High-Speed Camera Technology

by Shuangshuang Wu, Changxi Liu, Hao Sun, Jun Hu, Yufei Li and Wei Guo

Agronomy 2025, 15(11), 2578; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15112578 (registering DOI) - 9 Nov 2025

Abstract

The multi-factor coupling mechanism of droplet impact dynamics remains unclear due to insufficient analysis of leaf structure–droplet interaction and inadequate integration of simulations and experiments, limiting precision pesticide application. To address this, we developed a droplet impact model using the Volume of Fluid [...] Read more.

The multi-factor coupling mechanism of droplet impact dynamics remains unclear due to insufficient analysis of leaf structure–droplet interaction and inadequate integration of simulations and experiments, limiting precision pesticide application. To address this, we developed a droplet impact model using the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method combined with high-speed camera experiments and systematically analyzed the effects of impact velocity, angle, and droplet size on slip behavior via response surface methodology. Methodologically, we innovatively integrated 3D reverse modeling technology to reconstruct soybean leaf microstructures, overcoming the limitations of traditional planar models that ignore topological features. This approach, coupled with the VOF method, enabled precise tracking of droplet spreading, retraction, and slip processes. Scientifically, our study advances beyond previous single-factor analyses by revealing the synergistic mechanisms of impact parameters through response surface methodology, identifying impact angle as the most critical factor (42.3% contribution), followed by velocity (28.7%) and droplet size (19.5%). Model validation demonstrated high consistency between simulation predictions and experimental observations, confirming its reliability. Practically, the optimized parameter combination (90° impact angle, 1.5 m/s velocity, and 300 μm droplet size) reduced slip displacement by over 50% compared to non-optimized conditions, providing a quantitative tool for spray parameter control. This work enhances the understanding of droplet–leaf interaction mechanisms and offers technical guidance for improving pesticide deposition efficiency in agricultural production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Precision and Digital Agriculture)

15 pages, 2558 KB

Open AccessArticle

circRNA-02213 Regulates Milk Fat Synthesis in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells via ACSS2

by Meixia Sui, Gaofei Duan, Zongwei Wang, Shuhua Guo and Jingjing Fan

Genes 2025, 16(11), 1351; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16111351 (registering DOI) - 9 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background：In the bovine mammary gland, de novo fatty acid synthesis is a critical process for milk fat production, in which acetyl-CoA synthetase 2 (ACSS2) serves as a key enzyme by converting acetate into acetyl-CoA. This metabolic pathway is intricately regulated by non-coding RNAs, [...] Read more.

Background：In the bovine mammary gland, de novo fatty acid synthesis is a critical process for milk fat production, in which acetyl-CoA synthetase 2 (ACSS2) serves as a key enzyme by converting acetate into acetyl-CoA. This metabolic pathway is intricately regulated by non-coding RNAs, particularly through the competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) mechanism.Purpose: To elucidate the regulatory role and molecular mechanism of the circRNA-02213/miR-328/ACSS2 axis in the lipid metabolism of bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs). Methods: Bioinformatic prediction and dual-luciferase reporter assays were employed to verify the targeting interactions among circRNA-02213, miR-328, and ACSS2. In BMECs, qRT-PCR, Western blot, triglyceride/cholesterol quantification, Oil Red O staining, and cell proliferation assays were used to evaluate the effects of this axis on key lipid-metabolic indices and cellular phenotypes. Results: circRNA-02213 functioned as a molecular “sponge” that sequestered miR-328, thereby upregulating ACSS2 expression. Functionally, circRNA-02213 overexpression markedly promoted triglyceride and cholesterol synthesis, lipid droplet accumulation, and BMEC proliferation; whereas miR-328 exerted significant inhibitory effects on these lipid-metabolic processes and cell proliferation. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that circRNA-02213 acts as a ceRNA to relieve miR-328-mediated repression of ACSS2, constituting a critical network that regulates milk fat synthesis and metabolism. The circRNA-02213/miR-328/ACSS2 axis represents a potential molecular target for improving milk lipid quality in ruminants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Genetics and Genomics)

19 pages, 1507 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Forest Fire Occurrence Prediction Method for Guizhou Province, China, Based on the Ignition Component

by Guangyuan Wu, Yunlin Zhang, Aixia Luo, Jibin Ning, Lingling Tian and Guang Yang

Fire 2025, 8(11), 439; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire8110439 (registering DOI) - 9 Nov 2025

Abstract

Guizhou Province in China exhibits a distinctive agroforestry mosaic landscape with frequent human activity in forested areas. This region experiences recurrent forest fires, characterized by significant difficulties in suppression and high risks. Research on the prediction of forest fire occurrences holds crucial practical [...] Read more.

Guizhou Province in China exhibits a distinctive agroforestry mosaic landscape with frequent human activity in forested areas. This region experiences recurrent forest fires, characterized by significant difficulties in suppression and high risks. Research on the prediction of forest fire occurrences holds crucial practical significance in terms of enhancing regional forest fire prevention capabilities. However, the current fire risk forecasting methods in the area consider only meteorological factors, neglecting firebrands and fuel conditions, which results in deviations between forecasted and actual fire occurrences. Therefore, this study proposes a novel fire occurrence prediction method that utilizes the ignition component (IC) from the National Fire Danger Rating System (NFDRS) to characterize the weather–fuel complex while integrating the firebrand occurrence probability to construct a predictive model. The applicability and accuracy of this method are also evaluated. The results show that, firstly, the probability of at least one daily forest fire occurrence in the study area can be expressed as a nonlinear function based on the IC. Secondly, as time progresses, the correlation between the forest fire occurrence probability and the IC shows a decreasing trend, although the differences across different time spans are not statistically significant. Thirdly, when a 5-year time span is adopted, the error in calculating the forest fire occurrence probability based on the IC is significantly lower than at other time spans. Finally, a predictive model for the forest fire occurrence probability based on the IC is established, where P = (100*IC)/(4.06 + IC), with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 4.83% and mean relative error (MRE) of 14.87%. Based on this research, the IC enables the calculation of forest fire occurrence probabilities, assessment of fire risk ratings, and guidance for fire preparedness and planning. This work also provides theoretical support and a methodological reference for conducting forest fire probability studies in other regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fire Patterns, Driving Factors, and Multidimensional Impacts Under Climate Change and Human Activities)

14 pages, 1604 KB

Open AccessArticle

Decoupled Leaf Physiology and Branch-Level BVOC Emissions in Two Tree Species Under Water and Nitrogen Treatments

by Shuangjiang Li, Diao Yan, Xuemei Liu, Maozi Lin and Zhigang Yi

Forests 2025, 16(11), 1708; https://doi.org/10.3390/f16111708 (registering DOI) - 9 Nov 2025

Abstract

Soil water availability and nitrogen (N) deposition critically influence biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions, thereby affecting atmospheric chemistry. However, their differential short- and long-term effects remain unclear. Here, Ormosia pinnata and Pinus massoniana seedlings were exposed to three water regimes (moderate drought, [...] Read more.

Soil water availability and nitrogen (N) deposition critically influence biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions, thereby affecting atmospheric chemistry. However, their differential short- and long-term effects remain unclear. Here, Ormosia pinnata and Pinus massoniana seedlings were exposed to three water regimes (moderate drought, MD; normal irrigation, NI; near-saturated irrigation, NSI) and two nitrogen (N0; 0 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹; N80; 80 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) treatments for 20 months. Branch-level BVOC emissions and leaf physiological and biochemical traits were examined after 8 months (short term) and 16 months (long term). In the short term, P. massoniana predominantly emitted α-pinene, β-pinene, and γ-terpinene, whereas O. pinnata emitted isoprene (ISO). After prolonged exposure, ISO became the dominant in both species. Short-term MD and NSI conditions stimulated ISO emissions in O. pinnata, with N80 addition further amplifying this effect. In contrast, long-term treatments tended to suppress ISO emissions in O. pinnata, particularly under N80. Short-term water treatments had no significant effect on monoterpene (MT) emissions in P. massoniana. Under long-term water treatments, N80 suppressed ISO emissions; nevertheless, ISO emission rates (ISOrate) progressively increased with increasing soil water availability. Although leaf intercellular CO₂ concentration (Ci), stomatal conductance (g_s), and photosynthesis-related enzymes exhibited partial correlations with BVOC emissions, an overall decoupling between leaf traits and emission patterns was evident. Our findings demonstrate the significant changes in both BVOC composition and emission magnitudes under the joint effects of water availability and nitrogen deposition, providing important implications for improving regional air quality modeling and BVOC emission predictions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impacts of Climate Change and Forest Management on Forest Carbon and Nitrogen Budgets)

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22 pages, 14459 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Laser Process Parameters on Melt Pool Thermodynamics, Surface Morphology and Residual Stress of Laser Powder Bed-Fused TiAl-Based Composites

by Xiaolong Xu, Ziwen Xie, Meiping Wu and Chenglong Ma

Metals 2025, 15(11), 1234; https://doi.org/10.3390/met15111234 (registering DOI) - 9 Nov 2025

Abstract

A coupled discrete element method and computational fluid dynamics (DEM-CFD) approach was utilized to systematically investigate the mesoscale dynamics of single-track melt pools in laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) of TiAl-based composites. It was found that the melt pool’s temporal evolution and flow [...] Read more.

A coupled discrete element method and computational fluid dynamics (DEM-CFD) approach was utilized to systematically investigate the mesoscale dynamics of single-track melt pools in laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) of TiAl-based composites. It was found that the melt pool’s temporal evolution and flow behavior are predominantly governed by recoil pressure and Marangoni convection. When lower laser power and higher scanning speeds are applied, the melt pool size is limited due to restricted energy input, resulting in increased cooling rates and steeper temperature gradients. Under these conditions, residual stresses are slightly elevated. However, crack initiation and propagation are partially suppressed by the refined microstructure formed during rapid cooling, unless a critical stress threshold is surpassed. In contrast, the use of higher laser power with lower scanning speeds leads to the formation of wider and deeper melt pools and an expanded heat-affected zone, where cooling rates and temperature gradients are reduced. Under these circumstances, significant recoil pressure induces interfacial instabilities and surface perturbations, thereby considerably increasing the likelihood of cracking. The reliability of the developed model was confirmed by the close agreement between the simulation results and experimental data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Additive Manufacturing)

26 pages, 10447 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanisms and Mitigation of Injection-Induced Microseismicity: The Critical Role of Fracture Orientation in Shear Reactivation

by Yilong Yuan, Wei Wang, Jiawei Tang and Zixu Hu

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(22), 11919; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152211919 (registering DOI) - 9 Nov 2025

Abstract

Hot dry rock (HDR) is a promising renewable energy resource whose vast reserves and wide distribution have attracted extensive attention in recent years. However, exploiting HDR resources requires hydraulic stimulation, which is typically accompanied by substantial microseismic activity, posing significant risks to project [...] Read more.

Hot dry rock (HDR) is a promising renewable energy resource whose vast reserves and wide distribution have attracted extensive attention in recent years. However, exploiting HDR resources requires hydraulic stimulation, which is typically accompanied by substantial microseismic activity, posing significant risks to project safety and public acceptance. Current understanding of microseismic mechanisms, particularly the role of fracture geometry under varying injection schemes, remains inadequate. This study employs a three-dimensional block-based discrete element method to construct a fluid–mechanics coupled model founded on a discrete fracture network, aimed at investigating the mechanical behavior of fractures and the spatial distribution of microseismicity during hydraulic stimulation. Our results quantitatively demonstrate that fractures oriented at 45° to the maximum principal stress are most susceptible to shear reactivation and microseismic clustering, with event magnitudes strongly correlated to both fracture orientation and intra-fracture fluid pressure. Consequently, preventing critically high fluid pressures in natural fractures near the injection well, particularly those at approximately 45° to the maximum principal stress direction, is essential for risk mitigation. Cyclic injection can shear more fractures and slightly reduce magnitudes via staged pressure relaxation, but its effectiveness in controlling microseismic magnitude is limited. Therefore, it is recommended to implement measures to control the entry of fracturing fluid into these high-risk fissures, such as segmented fracturing or temporary plugging techniques. This strategy is expected to enhance seismic risk mitigation, thereby contributing to the safe and efficient exploitation of deep geothermal resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Mechanical Engineering)

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34 pages, 4193 KB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Traffic Calming Zones (TCZs) in Cities on Public Transport Operations

by Mirosław Czerliński, Tomasz Krukowicz, Michał Wolański and Patryk Pawłowski

Sustainability 2025, 17(22), 10012; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172210012 (registering DOI) - 9 Nov 2025

Abstract

Traffic calming zones (TCZs) are increasingly being implemented in urban areas to enhance road safety, reduce vehicle speeds, and support sustainable mobility. However, their impact on public transport (PT) operations, particularly bus services, remains underexplored. This study examines the impact of classifying streets [...] Read more.

Traffic calming zones (TCZs) are increasingly being implemented in urban areas to enhance road safety, reduce vehicle speeds, and support sustainable mobility. However, their impact on public transport (PT) operations, particularly bus services, remains underexplored. This study examines the impact of classifying streets into TCZs on bus transport performance in Poland’s ten largest cities. Geospatial analysis and a custom R algorithm delineated areas suitable for TCZs based on road class and administrative category. GTFS data were analysed for almost 1000 bus lines to evaluate the overlap of their routes with TCZs. The findings reveal that in several cities, a significant portion of bus operations would run through TCZs, with the average route segment affected notably by city and zone classification methods. Differences in TCZ size and shape across cities were also statistically significant. This study concludes that although TCZs contribute to safer and more liveable urban environments, their influence on bus speeds, which can lead to changes in fuel or energy consumption, and route design must be carefully managed. Strategic planning is essential to find a balance between the benefits of traffic calming and the operational efficiency of PT. These insights offer valuable guidance for integrating TCZs into sustainable urban transport policy without compromising PT performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Sustainable Public Transportation System: Behavior, Safety and Planning—2nd Edition)

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22 pages, 497 KB

Open AccessArticle

New-Quality Productive Forces, Green Technological Innovation and Modernization of the Industrial Chain

by Jiayue Liu and Fangyi Jiao

Sustainability 2025, 17(22), 10013; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172210013 (registering DOI) - 9 Nov 2025

Abstract

In recent years, as a new driving force for building a modern industrial system, new-quality productive forces have emerged as a key factor in advancing the high-end, intelligent, and green development of industrial chains. This study selects panel data from 31 provincial-level administrative [...] Read more.

In recent years, as a new driving force for building a modern industrial system, new-quality productive forces have emerged as a key factor in advancing the high-end, intelligent, and green development of industrial chains. This study selects panel data from 31 provincial-level administrative regions in China (excluding Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, and the Tibet Autonomous Region) for the period 2011–2021 as the research sample. A regression analysis model is constructed from three dimensions—overall effect, moderating effect, and spatial spillover effect—to empirically examine the impact of new-quality productive forces on industrial chain modernization. The results indicate that new-quality productive forces exert a stable and significant promotional effect on industrial chain modernization and generate an indirect positive impact by driving green technological innovation. Full article

14 pages, 7257 KB

Open AccessArticle

Cu-Assisted Corrosion Conquers Irregularities in Mesoporous Si

by Hanna V. Bandarenka, Anastasiya Shapel, Diana Laputsko, Alma Dauletbekova, Abdirash Akilbekov, Zhuldyz Nurlan, Diana Junisbekova, Uladzislau Shapel, Alise Podelinska, Elina Neilande, Anatoli I. Popov and Dmitry Bocharov

Technologies 2025, 13(11), 512; https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies13110512 (registering DOI) - 9 Nov 2025

Abstract

Metal-coated mesoporous PSi (mesoPSi) opens up disruptive perspectives for biosensing, which is primarily enabled by surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). Although the unique performance of SERS-active substrates based on metal-coated mesoPSi has already been praised, influence of defects in silicon wafer on its morphology [...] Read more.

Metal-coated mesoporous PSi (mesoPSi) opens up disruptive perspectives for biosensing, which is primarily enabled by surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). Although the unique performance of SERS-active substrates based on metal-coated mesoPSi has already been praised, influence of defects in silicon wafer on its morphology has not been revealed. Defects lead to formation of spiral regions in mesoPSi with varying porosity, which affects SERS activity of the overlying metallic nanostructures. It limits the reliability of SERS analysis. Here, we investigate repeatability of morphology and SERS activity of silver particles on mesoPSi as a function of defects in parent silicon, which are induced by irregular dopant levels. We propose an original corrosion approach that has not yet been applied to control the morphology of silicon nanostructures in general and mesoPSi in particular. By replacing silicon nanocrystallites with sacrificial copper nanoparticles, we were able to eliminate the surface irreproducibility of mesoPSi. The copper-corrosion-modified porous silicon surface was shown to be a suitable substrate for reliable SERS-active substrates. In more detail, SERS-active substrate based on mesoPSi without a defective surface layer allowed for a more than 40% increase in the SERS-active surface area with a signal deviation of only 10 % compared to that with a defective layer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Innovations in Materials Science and Materials Processing)

16 pages, 1409 KB

Open AccessArticle

Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Psychometric Evaluation of the Turkish Perceived Ageism Questionnaire (PAQ-TR)

by Mert Doğan and Özge Erol Doğan

Healthcare 2025, 13(22), 2844; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13222844 (registering DOI) - 9 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Perceived ageism has been increasingly recognized as a critical determinant of the health and well-being of older adults. However, the cross-cultural validation of instruments measuring ageism remains limited. This study aimed to translate, culturally adapt, and evaluate the psychometric properties of the [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Perceived ageism has been increasingly recognized as a critical determinant of the health and well-being of older adults. However, the cross-cultural validation of instruments measuring ageism remains limited. This study aimed to translate, culturally adapt, and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Perceived Ageism Questionnaire (PAQ-TR). Methods: Content validity was assessed by a multidisciplinary expert panel. Construct validity was examined using exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory factor analyses (CFA). Convergent validity was tested through correlations with the Brief Aging Perceptions Questionnaire (B-APQ). Reliability was evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha, McDonald’s omega, and test–retest intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics v27 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) and AMOS v22 (IBM Corp., Chicago, IL, USA). Results: A total of 307 older adults (137 men and 170 women) participated in the study. The mean age was 71.19 (6.96) years, and 55.7% of the participants were female. An EFA confirmed the original two-factor structure, explaining 61.2% of the total variance, which was subsequently verified by a CFA, showing a good model fit. EFA confirmed the original two-factor structure, explaining 61.2% of the total variance (Kaiser-Meyer–Olkin = 0.82; Bartlett’s χ²(28) = 412.5, p < 0.001). The structure was subsequently verified by CFA, which demonstrated an excellent model fit (Comparative Fit Index = 0.97; Tucker–Lewis Index = 0.96; Root Mean Square Error of Approximation = 0.052; Standardized Root Mean Square Residual = 0.041). The Negative subscale showed high internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha (α) = 0.84; McDonald’s Omega (ω) = 0.85), whereas the Positive subscale indicated moderate reliability (α = 0.58; ω = 0.60). The test–retest reliability was excellent, reflecting strong temporal stability (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient = 0.91). Convergent validity showed that the positive subscale was related to positive aging perceptions and less to negative ones, while the negative subscale showed the opposite pattern. Conclusions: The PAQ-TR demonstrated adequate psychometric properties for assessing perceived ageism among older adults in Türkiye. While the Negative subscale showed robust reliability, the positive subscale required refinement. These findings highlight both the cross-cultural validity of the PAQ and the influence of cultural norms on positive aging perception. The PAQ-TR is a valuable tool for research and clinical practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aging and Older Adults’ Healthcare)

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25 pages, 770 KB

Open AccessReview

Large Language Model-Based Virtual Patient Simulations in Medical and Nursing Education: A Review

by Young-Woo Jo, Myungeun Lee and Hyung-Jeong Yang

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(22), 11917; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152211917 (registering DOI) - 9 Nov 2025

Abstract

Large language model (LLM)-based virtual patient (VP) simulations are emerging to complement traditional medical and nursing education by enabling safe, repeatable, and context-rich clinical practice. This review synthesizes recent developments from 2023 to 2025, mapping implementation approaches, data practices, evaluation methods, and cross-cutting [...] Read more.

Large language model (LLM)-based virtual patient (VP) simulations are emerging to complement traditional medical and nursing education by enabling safe, repeatable, and context-rich clinical practice. This review synthesizes recent developments from 2023 to 2025, mapping implementation approaches, data practices, evaluation methods, and cross-cutting challenges across forty studies. Six implementation categories are identified: scenario generation; prompt-driven VPs; feedback-integrated automated scoring; realism- and adaptability-enhanced systems; knowledge-driven and multi-agent hybrids; and mental health-oriented systems. The analysis summarizes dataset usage (including knowledge sources and governance) and evaluation frameworks, and it introduces quantitative indicators for reproducible assessment. Persistent challenges include factual accuracy, role consistency, emotional realism, and ethical and legal accountability. Overall, LLM-based VP systems show growing potential to extend simulation-based learning, but stronger evidence from multi-site controlled studies, standardized metrics, transparent reporting (model versions, prompts), and robust data governance is needed to establish educational validity and generalizability. Full article

17 pages, 2272 KB

Open AccessArticle

Green Valorization of Pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus) Peels by Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction and Encapsulation of Bioactive Compounds

by Lorena Maria Freire Sampaio, Cinthia Regina da Silva Rebouças, Lara Mota Soares, Antonia Carlota de Souza Lima, Amélia Ruth Nascimento Lima, Nayanne Lima dos Santos Ferreira, Juliane Doering Gasparin Carvalho, Márcia Regina da Silva Pedrini, Roberta Targino Hoskin and Luciana de Siqueira Oliveira

Processes 2025, 13(11), 3628; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13113628 (registering DOI) - 9 Nov 2025

Abstract

Pitaya peels are an underutilized by-product rich in antioxidant phenolics and betalains but highly unstable under environmental and gastrointestinal conditions. This study aimed to produce bioactive-rich particles with improved bioaccessibility by applying ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) followed by freeze-drying encapsulation with maltodextrin (MD) and [...] Read more.

Pitaya peels are an underutilized by-product rich in antioxidant phenolics and betalains but highly unstable under environmental and gastrointestinal conditions. This study aimed to produce bioactive-rich particles with improved bioaccessibility by applying ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) followed by freeze-drying encapsulation with maltodextrin (MD) and gum Arabic (GA) at different ratios (MD:GA 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, 0:100, w/w). A rotatable central composite design (pH 4–8, time 10–50 min) was applied to optimize UAE conditions. Optimum conditions (pH 6.2, 35 min) yielded a pitaya peel extract with TPC 166.85 mg GAE·100 g⁻¹ DW. Although the betalain model was not significant, contents ranged from 30.20 to 51.99 mg·100 g⁻¹ DW across treatments. Particles produced with GA only (G100) had the highest phenolic (316.33 mg GAE∙100 g⁻¹ DW) and betalain (17.58 mg·100 g⁻¹ DW) contents, high solubility (~80%), low hygroscopicity (~11 g H₂O·100 g⁻¹ DW), and amorphous morphology. G100 showed enhanced in vitro bioaccessibility of betalains and phenolics compared to the non-encapsulated extract (p < 0.05). Betalain bioaccessibility decreased in the intestinal phase (~55%), consistent with pH-driven degradation, while phenolic bioaccessibility was higher (~140%). Overall, gum Arabic proved to be an effective carrier for stabilizing pitaya peel bioactives, supporting their valorization into functional food and nutraceutical ingredients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis and Processes of Bioactive Components in Natural Products)

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24 pages, 1256 KB

Open AccessReview

The Evaluation of Physical Performance in Rowing Ergometer: A Systematic Review

by Iñigo Borges, Santiago Veiga and Pablo González-Frutos

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(4), 437; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10040437 (registering DOI) - 9 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: Growing interest in optimizing rowing performance has led to numerous ergometer-based testing protocols. However, this diversity has created a lack of consensus on which physiological variables best predict rowing performance. This systematic review provides an updated synthesis of the main ergometer [...] Read more.

Background: Growing interest in optimizing rowing performance has led to numerous ergometer-based testing protocols. However, this diversity has created a lack of consensus on which physiological variables best predict rowing performance. This systematic review provides an updated synthesis of the main ergometer testing protocols and identifies the variables most strongly associated with 2000 m performance. Methods: A systematic search was conducted across PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases, following PRISMA and STROBE guidelines. Studies were selected based on predefined inclusion criteria, and methodological quality was assessed accordingly (PROSPERO: CRD420251027702). Results: Thirty-four studies comprising 909 rowers (657 men, 252 women) across elite (20%), sub-elite (32%), and recreational (47%) levels were analyzed. The 2000 m test was the most frequently employed protocol (79%), followed by incremental (INCR) tests. The 2000 m test reflects competition performance, whereas INCR tests are primarily used to assess VO₂max and PPO, the variables most strongly correlated with 2000 m outcomes. Power at lactate threshold and CP also showed strong associations with performance, particularly when measured through short, time-efficient protocols that minimize fatigue. Conclusions: The strongest and most consistent correlates of 2000 m ergometer performance are VO₂max and PPO (r = 0.83–0.99). CP is likewise strongly associated (n = 4 studies) but rests on a smaller evidence base. Given that 72% of the analyzed sample comprised male participants, extrapolation of these findings to female rowers warrants caution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Athletic Training and Human Performance)

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17 pages, 301 KB

Open AccessArticle

Residual Platelet Reactivity and Dyslipidemia in Post-CABG Patients Undergoing Repeat Revascularization: Insights from Kazakhstan

by Aisulu Mussagaliyeva, Sholpan Zhangelova, Laura Danyarova, Friba Nurmukhammad, Dina Kapsultanova, Orazbek Sakhov, Farida Rustamova, Akhmetzhan Sugraliyev and Dana Akhmentayeva

Diseases 2025, 13(11), 365; https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases13110365 (registering DOI) - 9 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) remains a standard revascularization strategy for patients with advanced coronary artery disease (CAD). However, a considerable proportion of patients experience recurrent ischemia requiring repeat revascularization. Residual platelet reactivity (RPR) and dyslipidemia are recognized as key factors contributing [...] Read more.

Background: Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) remains a standard revascularization strategy for patients with advanced coronary artery disease (CAD). However, a considerable proportion of patients experience recurrent ischemia requiring repeat revascularization. Residual platelet reactivity (RPR) and dyslipidemia are recognized as key factors contributing to graft failure and disease progression. Methods: This observational study was conducted at a tertiary cardiology center in Kazakhstan. A total of 195 post-CABG patients who underwent repeat coronary angiography between 2023 and 2024 recruitment period for recurrent ischemic symptoms within 6–36 months after surgery were included. Clinical characteristics, comorbidities, lipid profiles, and antiplatelet response were analyzed. RPR was measured using the VerifyNow P2Y12 assay when available. Dyslipidemia was defined according to the 2019 and 2021 European guidelines. Results: Elevated RPR was identified in 45% of patients (n = 90) despite dual antiplatelet therapy (p < 0.01). Poor lipid control was frequent among those who underwent repeat percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), particularly elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and total cholesterol (p < 0.05). Both elevated RPR and dyslipidemia were independently associated with native coronary disease progression and graft failure (RPR: OR = 2.8; 95% CI 1.4–5.6; p = 0.003; dyslipidemia: OR = 2.2; 95% CI 1.1–4.3; p = 0.02). The use of ezetimibe was independently associated with a significantly lower risk of repeat stenting (OR = 0.12; 95% CI 0.02–0.75; p = 0.023). Smokers were younger, had lower blood pressure, and less frequently presented with diabetes or chronic kidney disease, demonstrating a pattern consistent with the “smoker’s paradox.” Conclusions: Residual platelet reactivity and dyslipidemia are common and clinically relevant predictors of repeat revascularization after CABG. Optimization of antiplatelet and lipid-lowering therapy should be prioritized in secondary prevention for this high-risk population. These findings are particularly important in Kazakhstan, where post-CABG management strategies warrant further improvement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cardiology)

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19 pages, 5822 KB

Open AccessArticle

Quantitative Coronary CT Angiography and Pericoronary Adipose Tissue in Acute Myocardial Infarction: Relationship with Dynamic Myocardial Perfusion SPECT

by Ayana Dasheeva, Darya Vorobeva, Kristina Kopeva, Alina Maltseva, Andrew Mochula, Irina Vorozhtsova, Elena Grakova and Konstantin Zavadovsky

Diagnostics 2025, 15(22), 2840; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15222840 (registering DOI) - 9 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Despite growing evidence on quantitative computed tomography (CT) analysis of coronary plaques and pericoronary adipose tissue (PCAT), their association with myocardial perfusion (MP) in patients with first acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with obstructive coronary artery disease (MICAD) and non-obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Despite growing evidence on quantitative computed tomography (CT) analysis of coronary plaques and pericoronary adipose tissue (PCAT), their association with myocardial perfusion (MP) in patients with first acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with obstructive coronary artery disease (MICAD) and non-obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) remain unclear. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between quantitative CT coronary plaque components and PCAT characteristics with MP, myocardial blood flow (MBF) and coronary flow reserve (CFR) obtained by dynamic single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in patients with AMI. Methods: Patients with a first episode of AMI were included in the study. All patients underwent coronary CT angiography with quantitative assessment of plaque volume (PV) and burden (PB), as well as PCAT volume and attenuation. Dynamic SPECT was performed on cadmium–zinc–telluride gamma-camera for quantitative assessment of MP parameters, stress and rest MBF, and CFR. Results: A total of 31 patients (median age 62 [56–70] years) were analyzed, including MICAD (n = 21) and MINOCA (n = 10). MICAD patients had significantly higher total PV and PB, mainly due to non-calcified and fibrofatty components (p < 0.05), while low-attenuation (LAP) and calcified plaques (CP) did not differ between groups. PCAT volumes were higher in MICAD (p < 0.05), whereas PCAT attenuation showed no differences. Dynamic SPECT revealed lower stress MBF and CFR in MICAD (p < 0.05). Correlation analysis showed positive associations of PV and PB with MP summed stress and rest scores, except LAP or CP; PB was negatively associated with MBF. In addition, PCAT volume correlated negatively with stress and rest MBF and CFR, as well as PCAT attenuation correlated positively with stress-induced MP abnormalities. Conclusions: Patients with MICAD demonstrated a greater extent of atherosclerosis and larger PCAT volume compared with MINOCA. Moreover, PCAT volume demonstrated inverse associations with MBF and CFR, indicating a potential link between PCAT characteristics and microvascular dysfunction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cardiovascular Diseases: Advances in Echocardiography and Cardiac Computed Tomography)

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22 pages, 816 KB

Open AccessReview

In-Depth Study of Low-Complexity Domains: From Structural Diversity to Disease Mechanisms

by Haixia Xu, Kaili Zhou, Lianren Xia, Kejin Ren and Yongjie Xu

Cells 2025, 14(22), 1752; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14221752 (registering DOI) - 9 Nov 2025

Abstract

Low-complexity domains (LCDs) are protein regions characterized by a simple amino acid composition and low sequence complexity, as they are typically composed of repeats or a limited set of a few amino acids. Historically dismissed as “garbage sequences”, these regions are now acknowledged [...] Read more.

Low-complexity domains (LCDs) are protein regions characterized by a simple amino acid composition and low sequence complexity, as they are typically composed of repeats or a limited set of a few amino acids. Historically dismissed as “garbage sequences”, these regions are now acknowledged as critical functional elements. This review systematically explores the structural characteristics, biological functions, pathological roles, and research methodologies associated with LCDs. Structurally, LCDs are marked by intrinsic disorder and conformational dynamics, with their amino acid composition (e.g., G/Y-rich, Q-rich, S/R-rich, P-rich) dictating structural tendencies (e.g., β-sheet formation, phase separation ability). Functionally, LCDs mediate protein–protein interactions, drive liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) to form biomolecular condensates, and play roles in signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, cytoskeletal organization, and nuclear pore transportation. Pathologically, LCD dysfunction—such as aberrant phase separation or aggregation—is implicated in neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., ALS, AD), cancer (e.g., Ewing sarcoma), and prion diseases. We also summarize the methodological advances in LCD research, including biochemical (CD, NMR), structural (cryo-EM, HDX-MS), cellular (fluorescence microscopy), and computational (MD simulations, AI prediction) approaches. Finally, we highlight current challenges (e.g., structural heterogeneity, causal ambiguity of phase separation) and future directions (e.g., single-molecule techniques, AI-driven LCD design, targeted therapies). This review provides a comprehensive perspective on LCDs, illuminating their pivotal roles in cellular physiology and disease, and offering insights for future research and therapeutic development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring the Structural and Functional Diversity of Proteins: Foundations of Life and Biological Complexity)

15 pages, 5515 KB

Open AccessArticle

IFI204 Restricts Mannheimia haemolytica Pneumonia via Eliciting Gasdermin D-Dependent Inflammasome Signaling

by Jia-Qi Li, Yi Zhao, Zhen-Yu Li, Yu-Jing Wu, Xue Chen, Ming-Yue Zhang, Zi-Jian Zhuang, Ao-Bo He, Shu-Xin Zhang, Qian Xu, Ping Sheng and Shui-Xing Yu

Microorganisms 2025, 13(11), 2557; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13112557 (registering DOI) - 9 Nov 2025

Abstract

Host innate immunity is crucial for orchestrating a protective response against dangerous pathogens. Herein, we demonstrate that interferon-inducible protein (IFI204), a DNA sensor, is implicated in protection against pulmonary pathogenic Mannheimia haemolytica (M. haemolytica) infection by driving inflammasome signaling activation. Ifi204 [...] Read more.

Host innate immunity is crucial for orchestrating a protective response against dangerous pathogens. Herein, we demonstrate that interferon-inducible protein (IFI204), a DNA sensor, is implicated in protection against pulmonary pathogenic Mannheimia haemolytica (M. haemolytica) infection by driving inflammasome signaling activation. Ifi204^−/− mice are more susceptible to pathogenic M. haemolytica infection compared with their wild-type (WT) counterparts, with decreased survival rates, extensive lung architecture destruction, exacerbated inflammatory cells infiltration, and more bacterial colonization. In vivo and in vitro findings elucidate that Ifi204 deficiency leads to a defect in inflammasome signaling activation, and exogenous recombinant IL-18 is sufficient to rescue the susceptibility of Ifi204^−/− mice. Inflammasome signaling downstream of IFI204 facilitates early bacterial killing and clearance. Mechanistically, IFI204 promotes gasdermin D (GSDMD)-dependent inflammasome activation, and GSDMD is required for IFI204-mediated host defense. Notably, IFI204 detects pathogenic M. haemolytica-derived genomic DNA for the inflammasome signaling response. Thus, these data highlight the requirement of IFI204 in host defense response to M. haemolytica infection, and reveal that IFI204 may be a potential therapeutic target for pathogen control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Microbiology and Immunology)

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27 pages, 5534 KB

Open AccessArticle

Design, Synthesis, and Mechanistic Study of Novel Ciprofloxacin/Thiazole Chalcone Hybrids as Potential Anticancer Agents

by Hamada Hashem, Ali M. Elshamsy, Safwat M. Rabea, Adel A. Marzouk, Stefan Bräse, Helal F. Hetta, Abdullah Alkhammash, Ghallab Alotaibi, Hadeer M. Farhan and Hossameldin A. Aziz

Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18(11), 1700; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18111700 (registering DOI) - 9 Nov 2025

Abstract

A novel series of thiazole chalcone/ciprofloxacin hybrids were synthesized and screened for their anticancer activity against NCI-60 cancer cell lines, USA. Interestingly, compounds 4b and 4d exhibited potent antiproliferative activities, particularly against leukemia HL-60, RPMI-8226, and colon HCT-116 cells, with IC₅₀ values [...] Read more.

A novel series of thiazole chalcone/ciprofloxacin hybrids were synthesized and screened for their anticancer activity against NCI-60 cancer cell lines, USA. Interestingly, compounds 4b and 4d exhibited potent antiproliferative activities, particularly against leukemia HL-60, RPMI-8226, and colon HCT-116 cells, with IC₅₀ values of 0.3–3.70 µM. Importantly, compounds 4b and 4d exhibited enhanced selectivity for cancer cells relative to doxorubicin with IC₅₀ values of 26.80, 41.20, and 19.80 µM, respectively. Mechanistic investigations revealed that compounds 4b and 4d inhibited topoisomerases (Topo) I/IIβ activity, being fourfold and twofold more effective than untreated controls, respectively. Furthermore, these compounds induced G1 phase cell cycle arrest and promoted apoptosis, which likely explain their potent anticancer properties. In depth, compound 4d increased the relative gene expression of pro-apoptotic Bax (5.58-fold) and caspase-3 (10.86-fold) as well as the initiator caspase-9 (4.2-fold), and reduced the relative gene expression of Bcl-2. Therefore, ciprofloxacin/thiazole chalcone derivatives, particularly 4b and 4d, may serve as promising candidates for the development of antitumor agents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medicinal Chemistry)

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12 pages, 333 KB

Open AccessArticle

Depression, Anxiety, and Health-Related Quality of Life in Adults with Rheumatoid Arthritis: Findings from a National Survey

by Monira Alwhaibi

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(22), 7940; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14227940 (registering DOI) - 9 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that substantially impairs health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Comorbid mental health conditions, particularly depression and anxiety, may further exacerbate this burden, yet evidence from large, population-based studies remains limited. Therefore, this study examined [...] Read more.

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that substantially impairs health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Comorbid mental health conditions, particularly depression and anxiety, may further exacerbate this burden, yet evidence from large, population-based studies remains limited. Therefore, this study examined the association between comorbid depression and anxiety and HRQoL among adults with RA using nationally representative data from the United States. Methods: Data were drawn from the 2017–2022 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Adults aged ≥18 years with self-reported RA were included. HRQoL was assessed using the Veterans RAND 12-Item Health Survey (VR-12) physical (PCS) and mental (MCS) component summary scores. Multiple linear regression models were used to evaluate associations between depression, anxiety, and HRQoL, adjusting for sociodemographic, behavioral, and health-related covariates. Results: Comorbid depression and anxiety were significantly associated with lower HRQoL scores compared with RA alone. Participants with both conditions exhibited the poorest PCS and MCS scores, indicating a disease burden. Lower income, unemployment, and limited physical activity were also linked to poorer HRQoL, whereas better self-rated health and physical activity were positive predictors. Conclusions: Depression and anxiety independently and jointly contribute to poorer HRQoL among adults with RA, even after controlling for key confounders. These findings highlight the importance of integrated care models that address both psychological and physical health, alongside interventions promoting physical activity to enhance overall well-being. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Clinical Rheumatology—2nd Edition)

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