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17 pages, 5213 KB

Open AccessArticle

Heterogeneous UV–Fenton Process by Maize-Straw-Templated TiO₂/Fe₃O₄ for the Degradation of Tetracycline: Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology

by Xiaodan Yu, Qiancheng Ji and Yang Cui

Processes 2025, 13(11), 3701; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13113701 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

The heterogeneous Fenton-like catalysts TiO₂/Fe₃O₄ were fabricated using maize straw as template (MST-TiO₂/Fe₃O₄) by calcination followed by the hydrothermal method. The characterization showed that higher Fe₃O₄ particle dispersion, closer [...] Read more.

The heterogeneous Fenton-like catalysts TiO₂/Fe₃O₄ were fabricated using maize straw as template (MST-TiO₂/Fe₃O₄) by calcination followed by the hydrothermal method. The characterization showed that higher Fe₃O₄ particle dispersion, closer interaction between TiO₂ and Fe₃O₄, stronger electron transfer ability, and lower leaching of Fe ions of MST-TiO₂/Fe₃O₄ catalyst resulted in higher catalytic activity towards the degradation of tetracycline (TC) compared to pure Fe₃O₄. The best conditions for TC degradation were initial pH = 6.74, 11.52 mmol/L of H₂O₂, 0.38 g/L of MST-TiO₂/Fe₃O₄, and a reaction time of 56.63 min according to the response surface methodology (RSM) result based on the Box–Behnken design (BBD). The quadratic model was well-fitted to the experimental data with R2 (0.9843) and adj-R2 (0.9660) by the analysis of variance (ANOVA). Under the optimum reaction conditions, a maximum removal rate of 98.67% was achieved. The findings of the present study revealed that heterogeneous UV–Fenton process catalyzed by MST-TiO₂/Fe₃O₄ was a suitable way for the degradation of TC from aqueous environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental and Green Processes)

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13 pages, 785 KB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Corticosterone Administration Induces Fluctuating Asymmetry and Bursal Atrophy in Broiler Chickens

by Camila L. Carvalho, Patricia Soster, Rutger Smets, Niamh Cleiren, Kobe Buyse, Leni Lammens, Annelike Dedeurwaerder, Maarten De Gussem, Gunther Antonissen and Frank A. M. Tuyttens

Symmetry 2025, 17(11), 1983; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17111983 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

Corticosterone (CORT) is the primary avian stress hormone and regulates key physiological processes, but chronically elevated levels can be detrimental. This study simulated chronic stress by exogenously increasing CORT to assess effects on gait score, bone morphometry, immune indicators, and fluctuating asymmetry (FA) [...] Read more.

Corticosterone (CORT) is the primary avian stress hormone and regulates key physiological processes, but chronically elevated levels can be detrimental. This study simulated chronic stress by exogenously increasing CORT to assess effects on gait score, bone morphometry, immune indicators, and fluctuating asymmetry (FA) in broiler chickens. A total of 60 one-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chickens were allocated to six treatment groups (T0–T5; n = 10 per group). T0 received a placebo and served as the control group, while T1–T5 were gavaged daily with increasing corticosterone doses (1–5 mg/kg body weight). Treatments were administered from day 1 to day 42. CORT did not affect gait score on day 11 (p = 0.232) or day 42 (p = 0.112), but gait score was significantly correlated with body weight (day 11: p < 0.001; day 42: p = 0.004). Elevated CORT reduced bursa diameter (p < 0.001) and increased bursa follicle scores (p < 0.001), while heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratios remained unaffected (p = 0.349). Carcass and bone dimensions decreased consistently with higher doses (p < 0.001), and body weight correlated positively with all bone traits (p < 0.001). Length-to-width ratios increased with CORT dose (p < 0.001). Composite carcass FA showed dose-related variation in carcass asymmetry, with highest in T4, intermediate in T2, T3, and T5, and lowest in T0–T1 (p = 0.026). Trait-specific FA effects were detected for metatarsus length (p = 0.005) and wattle (p = 0.018), while bone FA remained unaffected (p = 0.272). Overall, exogenously increasing CORT impaired growth, suppressed immune function, and increased fluctuating asymmetry, indicating reduced developmental stability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry/Asymmetry in Life Sciences: Feature Papers 2025)

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35 pages, 12053 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Moving-Window Based Method for Floor Water Inrush Risk Assessment in Coal Mines

by Xiang Si, Dangliang Wang, Chengyue Gao, Jin Ma, Weizhuo Xu and Zhiheng Zhu

Water 2025, 17(22), 3277; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17223277 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

In recent years, with the continuous increase in coal mining depth and intensity, hydrogeological conditions in coal mines have become increasingly complex, and the risk of floor water inrush has risen significantly. To address the limitations of the global weighting pattern in traditional [...] Read more.

In recent years, with the continuous increase in coal mining depth and intensity, hydrogeological conditions in coal mines have become increasingly complex, and the risk of floor water inrush has risen significantly. To address the limitations of the global weighting pattern in traditional floor water inrush risk evaluation systems, this study, taking a coal mine in Shaanxi Province as a case, develops a local water inrush risk evaluation method based on the Monte Carlo Analytic Hierarchy Process (MAHP) combined with a circular moving window, and compares it with the water inrush coefficient method and the global evaluation method. The results demonstrate that the proposed local evaluation model achieves higher accuracy, provides a more refined delineation of high-risk zones, and shows stronger consistency with actual mining conditions. Further comparison of window radii of 100 m, 500 m, and 900 m indicates that the 500 m radius performs best in terms of spatial morphology, area proportion, and water inrush point identification rate (89.3%). Moreover, its application in Yangcheng Coal Mine further confirms that this method can accurately identify high-risk zones, thereby offering reliable scientific support for the prevention and control of coal seam floor water inrush. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Hydrogeology)

25 pages, 1225 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dual-Channel Heterogeneous Graph Neural Network for Automatic Algorithm Recommendation

by Xiaoyu Zhang, Yuxiang Sun and Xianzhong Zhou

Mathematics 2025, 13(22), 3674; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13223674 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

Automatic algorithm selection is a critical challenge in data-driven decision-making due to the proliferation of available algorithms and the diversity of application scenarios, with no universally optimal solution. Traditional methods, including rule-based systems, grid search, and single-modal meta-learning, often struggle with high computational [...] Read more.

Automatic algorithm selection is a critical challenge in data-driven decision-making due to the proliferation of available algorithms and the diversity of application scenarios, with no universally optimal solution. Traditional methods, including rule-based systems, grid search, and single-modal meta-learning, often struggle with high computational cost, limited generalization, and insufficient modeling of complex dataset-algorithm interactions, particularly under data sparsity or cold-start conditions. To address these issues, we propose a Dual-Channel Heterogeneous Graph Neural Network (DCHGNN) for automatic algorithm recommendation. Datasets and algorithms are represented as nodes in a heterogeneous bipartite graph, with edge weights defined by observed performance. The framework employs two channels, one for encoding the textual descriptions and the other for capturing the meta-features of the dataset. Cross-channel contrastive learning aligns embeddings to improve consistency, and a random forest regressor predicts algorithm performance on unseen datasets. Experiments on 121 datasets and 179 algorithms show that DCHGNN achieves an average relative maximum value of 94.8%, outperforming baselines, with 85% of predictions in the high-confidence range

[0.9, 1]

. Ablation studies and visualization analyses confirm the contributions of both channels and the contrastive mechanism. Overall, DCHGNN effectively integrates multimodal information, mitigates sparsity and cold-start issues, and provides robust and accurate algorithm recommendations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances and Challenges in Neural Networks and Applications)

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22 pages, 1953 KB

Open AccessReview

Ecological Restoration in Laurentian Great Lakes Wetlands: A Literature Review

by Dominique Rumball, Scott M. Reid and Nicholas E. Mandrak

Diversity 2025, 17(11), 797; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17110797 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

The Laurentian Great Lakes basin, the largest surface freshwater ecosystem in the world, is heavily impacted by anthropogenic stressors including wetland degradation and loss. Ecological restoration has been identified as a tool to conserve and manage Great Lakes wetlands where studies undergo planning, [...] Read more.

The Laurentian Great Lakes basin, the largest surface freshwater ecosystem in the world, is heavily impacted by anthropogenic stressors including wetland degradation and loss. Ecological restoration has been identified as a tool to conserve and manage Great Lakes wetlands where studies undergo planning, action, and evaluation stages. A review of 57 studies (1967–2023) on Great Lakes coastal and inland wetlands was conducted to determine when and where ecological restoration is occurring, what approaches are being taken, and how effective they are. Restoration occurred most in coastal wetlands located in the United States of America and Lake Erie. The most implemented monitoring designs were control-impact and before-after-control-impact designs. A common ecological objective of restoration was altering species composition for invasive species management. Studies targeting changes in biological communities integrated ecological theory well within the three stages of restoration. Variable restoration effectiveness was detected, where a mix of ecological objectives were targeted and monitored through many study designs. Future restoration efforts would benefit from greater financial and monitoring investments (especially during the planning stage), continued integration of ecological theory, development of lake-specific benchmarks to assess restoration success, and a collaborative approach that includes practitioner knowledge and Traditional Ecological Knowledge. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecological Restoration, Functioning and Conservation of Coastal Wetlands)

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17 pages, 5125 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Machine Learning and Structure-Based Virtual Screening Identifies Natural Product Targeting 50S Ribosome Inhibitory Activity Against Cutibacterium acnes

by Jixing Liu, Henry H. Y. Tong, Hang Zheng, Miriam Iun Fan Lei and Shu Li

Molecules 2025, 30(22), 4433; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30224433 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

Acne vulgaris is a prevalent inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous unit in which Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes) contributes to lesion initiation and persistence, supporting antibacterial interventions as a component of clinical management. Given the essential role of the 50S large ribosomal [...] Read more.

Acne vulgaris is a prevalent inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous unit in which Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes) contributes to lesion initiation and persistence, supporting antibacterial interventions as a component of clinical management. Given the essential role of the 50S large ribosomal subunit—particularly 23S rRNA sites in the peptidyl transferase center and nascent peptide exit tunnel—in C. acnes protein synthesis and viability, targeting the 50S offers an effective path to lead discovery for acne treatment. Here, we present an integrated computational–experimental workflow to identify anti-C. acnes candidates from a 186,659-compound natural product library. Curated 50S/23S ligands trained and validated two ML-QSAR regression models built on different molecular fingerprints (MACCS keys and PubChem 2D) to predict anti-C. acnes activity and rapidly triage the library. Compounds were further screened by ADMET filtering and structure-based docking to 23S rRNA pockets, followed by cluster and interaction analysis. Among six experimental hits, three compounds exhibited MICs against C. acnes of ≤8 μg/mL, with tripterin, a pentacyclic triterpenoid, being the most potent (0.5–2 μg/mL across two acne-relevant strains). Collectively, these results indicate that a 50S ribosomal-focused, multistage computational screening workflow, integrated with in vitro assays, efficiently prioritizes compounds with quantifiable anti-C. acnes activity across a broad range of natural products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Computational Approaches in Chemical Biology)

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21 pages, 27049 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating Rich Visual Feedback on Head-Up Displays for In-Vehicle Voice Assistants: A User Study

by Mahmoud Baghdadi, Dilara Samad-Zada and Achim Ebert

Multimodal Technol. Interact. 2025, 9(11), 114; https://doi.org/10.3390/mti9110114 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

In-vehicle voice assistants face usability challenges due to limitations in delivering feedback within the constraints of the driving environment. The presented study explores the potential of Rich Visual Feedback (RVF) on Head-Up Displays (HUDs) as a multimodal solution to enhance system usability. A [...] Read more.

In-vehicle voice assistants face usability challenges due to limitations in delivering feedback within the constraints of the driving environment. The presented study explores the potential of Rich Visual Feedback (RVF) on Head-Up Displays (HUDs) as a multimodal solution to enhance system usability. A user study with 32 participants evaluated three HUD User Interface (UI) designs: the AR Fusion UI, which integrates augmented reality elements for layered, dynamic information presentation; the Baseline UI, which displays only essential keywords; and the Flat Fusion UI, which uses conventional vertical scrolling. To explore HUD interface principles and inform future HUD design without relying on specific hardware, a simulated near-field overlay was used. Usability was measured using the System Usability Scale (SUS), and distraction was assessed with a penalty point method. Results show that RVF on the HUD significantly influences usability, with both content quantity and presentation style affecting outcomes. The minimal Baseline UI achieved the highest overall usability. However, among the two Fusion designs, the AR-based layered information mechanism outperformed the flat scrolling method. Distraction effects were not statistically significant, indicating the need for further research. These findings suggest RVF-enabled HUDs can enhance in-vehicle voice assistant usability, potentially contributing to safer, more efficient driving. Full article

29 pages, 5173 KB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Intersection Efficiency: A Comparative Analysis of Converting Single-Lane Roundabout to Turbo Roundabout

by Kristián Čulík, Alica Kalašová, Peter Fabian and Ján Ondruš

Sensors 2025, 25(22), 7002; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25227002 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

This paper evaluates the operational and safety performance of a conventional single-lane roundabout (SLR) and a turbo roundabout (TR) using a mixed-methods approach. Field traffic counts and turning-movement matrices were collected at the studied intersection in Pezinok (Slovakia). The article describes capacity calculations [...] Read more.

This paper evaluates the operational and safety performance of a conventional single-lane roundabout (SLR) and a turbo roundabout (TR) using a mixed-methods approach. Field traffic counts and turning-movement matrices were collected at the studied intersection in Pezinok (Slovakia). The article describes capacity calculations according to national guidelines (TP 100 and TP 102) and the development of a calibrated and validated microsimulation model. Alternative designs—the existing SLR and a proposed TR conversion—were compared under observed morning and afternoon peak-hour conditions. Performance was assessed using standard operational indicators (delay, queue length, degree of saturation) and qualitative consideration of conflict points and weaving behavior. Simulation results for the case study indicate that the TR design reduced average delays and queue lengths and removed internal weaving compared with the SLR for the tested traffic distributions. However, the observed benefits are conditional: they depend on traffic volumes and turning-movement patterns, and may be reduced under very high total flows or when pedestrian and cyclist impacts are significant. Implications for applicability and limitations of TRs are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Vehicular Sensing)

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23 pages, 5612 KB

Open AccessArticle

New Energy-Absorbing Materials Obtained by Valorisation Raw Materials from the Polyurethane Biofoam Chemical Recycling

by Elżbieta Malewska, Michał Kucała, Maria Kurańska, Krzysztof Polaczek, Tomasz Prociak and Aleksander Prociak

Recycling 2025, 10(6), 210; https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling10060210 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

In the described studies, raw material from chemically recycled petrochemical foam and biobased polyurethane foams (100% of rapeseed oil polyol were used in polyol premix) were utilised in order to obtain viscoelastic foams. The recycled foams exhibited differences in chemical structure, resulting in [...] Read more.

In the described studies, raw material from chemically recycled petrochemical foam and biobased polyurethane foams (100% of rapeseed oil polyol were used in polyol premix) were utilised in order to obtain viscoelastic foams. The recycled foams exhibited differences in chemical structure, resulting in the formation of four different repolyols. The obtained repolyols were employed as replacements for 10 to 30 wt.% of the petrochemical polyol in the mixture utilised to produce viscoelastic polyurethane foams. It was determined that the chemical structure of the polyol utilised for the foam’s initial production influences the properties of the repolyols obtained and thus also the properties of the viscoelastic foams obtained using them. It was found that foams obtained with the addition of 10 wt.% repolyols were characterized by the best properties among the obtained modified foams, comparable or even better than in the case of petrochemical reference foam. The apparent density of such foams was about 70 kg/m³. Depending on the type of repolyol used, the hardness of the foams ranged from 2 to 8 kPa, and the comfort factor was between 2.5 and 5.0. The foams obtained were characterised by their ability to absorb energy, as evidenced by a resilience of no more than 10% in most cases. However, increasing the percentage of repolyol in the reaction mixture caused too many changes in the structure of the polymer chains, disrupting the arrangement of rigid and elastic segments, which caused the hardness to increase significantly, and the foams were therefore more susceptible to permanent deformation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Circular Economy in Interdisciplinary Perspective: Valorization of Raw Materials, Sustainable Products, and Pro-Ecological Industrial Developments)

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13 pages, 1669 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Diffusion of Triplet Excitons in Perylenediimide Derivative Crystals

by Changyu Gao, Hongyan Shi, Jiafan Qu, Bo Gao and Chunfeng Hou

Photonics 2025, 12(11), 1132; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12111132 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

Perylenediimide derivatives are materials that exhibit singlet fission (SF), capable of absorbing a single photon to generate multiple triplet excitons. This exciton multiplication process holds the potential to surpass the Shockley-Queisser limit. To effectively harness the energy of triplet excitons, they must possess [...] Read more.

Perylenediimide derivatives are materials that exhibit singlet fission (SF), capable of absorbing a single photon to generate multiple triplet excitons. This exciton multiplication process holds the potential to surpass the Shockley-Queisser limit. To effectively harness the energy of triplet excitons, they must possess sufficient diffusion capability. However, the diffusion of triplet excitons in perylenediimide derivatives has rarely been studied. In this work, we synthesized perylenediimide derivative crystals (C5) and fabricated composites (C5-Pe-QDs) by incorporating surface-ligand-functionalized quantum dots (Pe-QDs) at varying concentrations. The Pe-QDs act as traps within the C5 crystals, capturing triplet excitons when they diffuse into their capture range. The experimental and computational results indicate that the diffusion coefficient of triplet excitons in C5 crystals is approximately 3.58 × 10⁻⁵ cm² s⁻¹, with a diffusion length of about 50.9 nm. Using Monte Carlo simulations, we estimated the triplet exciton capture probability by Pe-QDs under ideal distribution conditions to be around 79.5%. The above findings indicate that, in the C5-Pe-QDs composites, triplet excitons can efficiently diffuse to the quantum dots, providing a novel and viable pathway for the effective utilization of triplet exciton energy in silicon-based photovoltaic systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Optical Interaction Science)

40 pages, 3135 KB

Open AccessReview

From Fossil to Function: Designing Next Generation Materials for a Low Carbon Economy

by Morgan Alamandi

Sustainability 2025, 17(22), 10254; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172210254 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

The shift to a low carbon economy demands materials that minimize environmental impact while maintaining performance and scalability. This review examines sustainable alternatives across five key sectors; construction, polymers, functional materials, textiles, and electronics, and highlighting recent advances in low carbon cement, recyclable [...] Read more.

The shift to a low carbon economy demands materials that minimize environmental impact while maintaining performance and scalability. This review examines sustainable alternatives across five key sectors; construction, polymers, functional materials, textiles, and electronics, and highlighting recent advances in low carbon cement, recyclable polymers, and bio based coatings. We assess trade offs such as cost, durability, supply chain risk, and lifecycle emissions. Instead of listing emerging solutions, the paper emphasizes a unified design framework focused on performance alignment, green chemistry, criticality avoidance, and end-of-life planning. Enabling tools including machine learning, autonomous labs, lifecycle informed screening, and multiscale modeling, are also reviewed for their role in accelerating sustainable materials discovery. We highlight research gaps, methodological challenges in lifecycle data, and barriers to large scale deployment, aiming to guide more integrated and transparent material innovation. Full article

12 pages, 1223 KB

Open AccessArticle

Perceptual Demands in CrossFit^®: Convergent Validity of sRPE and the Relative Role of Session Phases in a Prospective Observational Study

by Eladio Domínguez-Antuña, David Suárez-Iglesias, Juan Rodríguez-Medina, Alba Niño and Jose A. Rodríguez-Marroyo

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(22), 12159; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152212159 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the convergent validity and reliability of the session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) in complete CrossFit^® sessions by comparing it with a weighted RPE measure (RPE_W) obtained from different session phases. Twenty-four [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to examine the convergent validity and reliability of the session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) in complete CrossFit^® sessions by comparing it with a weighted RPE measure (RPE_W) obtained from different session phases. Twenty-four recreational practitioners (13 men and 11 women; age 34.5 ± 8.3 years; height 172.9 ± 11.2 cm; body mass 76.2 ± 15.2 kg) completed 28 standardized sessions (~60 min) consisting of warm-up, strength/skill, Workout of the Day (WOD), and cooldown phases. Phase-specific RPE values were collected after each session component, and a global sRPE was recorded ~30 min post-session. Results showed that RPE_W (5.8 ± 1.5) was significantly lower than sRPE (6.8 ± 1.4; p < 0.001, d = 0.69), resulting in a higher training load estimated by sRPE (+15.5%). Bland–Altman analysis revealed a positive bias and wide limits of agreement, while relative reliability was moderate to good (ICC = 0.73–0.77). Multiple regression analysis indicated that WOD RPE explained 70% of the variance in sRPE (R² = 0.70, p < 0.001), confirming its role as the primary perceptual determinant. In conclusion, sRPE represents a valid, simple, and cost-effective tool for monitoring internal load in CrossFit^®. However, it tends to overestimate RPE_W and shows substantial interindividual variability, limiting its precision for individualized monitoring. Coaches and practitioners should therefore interpret sRPE values with caution, especially considering the strong influence of the final session phase. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sports Science and Biomechanics)

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20 pages, 25859 KB

Open AccessArticle

Improved Assessment and Prediction of Groundwater Drinking Quality Integrating Game Theory and Machine Learning in the Nyangchu River Basin, Southwestern Qinghai–Tibet Plateau

by Xun Huang, Xiyong Wu, Weiting Liu, Denghui Wei, Ying Wang, Hua Wu, Yangshuang Wang, Boyi Zhu, Qili Hu, Yunhui Zhang and Wei Wang

Toxics 2025, 13(11), 985; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13110985 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

To address the limitations of traditional groundwater quality assessment and prediction methods, this study integrates game theory and machine learning to investigate the drinking quality of groundwater in the southwestern Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. The results showed that the groundwater in the study area is [...] Read more.

To address the limitations of traditional groundwater quality assessment and prediction methods, this study integrates game theory and machine learning to investigate the drinking quality of groundwater in the southwestern Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. The results showed that the groundwater in the study area is generally weakly alkaline (mean pH: 8.08) and dominated by freshwater (mean TDS: 302.58 mg/L), with hardness levels mostly ranging from soft to medium. Major cations follow the concentration order: Ca²⁺ > Na⁺ > Mg²⁺ > K⁺; anions are in the sequence of HCO₃⁻ > SO₄²⁻ > Cl⁻. The hydrochemical type is mainly Ca-HCO₃. A few samples exceed the limit values specified in the Groundwater Quality Standard. Through multivariate statistical analysis, ion ratio analysis, and saturation index calculations, water-rock interaction is identified as the primary factor influencing groundwater chemistry. It consists of carbonate dissolution and silicate weathering, accompanied by cation exchange. The water quality index improved based on game theory, integrated subjective weights (from analytic hierarchy process) and objective weights (from entropy-weighted method), shows that the overall groundwater quality in the study area is good: 95.97% of the samples are high-quality water (WQI ≤ 50), more than 99% of the samples have a WQI < 150, which is suitable as drinking water sources; only 0.81% of the samples are of extremely poor quality, presumably related to local pollution. Linear regression achieved the best performance (R² = 0.99, RMSE≈0.00) with strong stability, followed by support vector machines (test R² = 0.98), while the extreme gradient boosting model showed overfitting. This study provides a scientific basis for groundwater management in river basins. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Water-Soil Pollution Control and Environmental Management)

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15 pages, 1312 KB

Open AccessArticle

Distribution, Sources, and Risks of Heavy Metal Contamination in Farmland Soils Surrounding Typical Industrial Areas of South Shanxi Province, China

by Ying Zhao, Yirong Ren and Fei Wang

Toxics 2025, 13(11), 984; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13110984 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

This research investigated the characteristics and risks associated with heavy metal contamination in farmland soils surrounding an industrial aggregation area in Yuncheng City, southern Shanxi Province. It analyzed the concentrations and spatial accumulation patterns of eight heavy metal elements, employed principal component analysis [...] Read more.

This research investigated the characteristics and risks associated with heavy metal contamination in farmland soils surrounding an industrial aggregation area in Yuncheng City, southern Shanxi Province. It analyzed the concentrations and spatial accumulation patterns of eight heavy metal elements, employed principal component analysis (PCA) to identify sources, and assessed both the ecological and health risks. The results revealed the following: (1) The mean concentrations of Pb, Cd, As, Hg, Cr, Zn, Cu, and Ni in the study area were 26.1, 0.29, 13.4, 0.05, 61.4, 72.94, 27.15, and 32.33 mg·kg⁻¹, respectively. These concentrations were elevated above local background levels but remained within Chinese regulatory thresholds for agricultural soil. According to the geoaccumulation index, only Cd was classified as slightly polluted, while the other elements were essentially uncontaminated. The Nemerow comprehensive pollution index indicated light pollution. The potential ecological risk index identified Cd and Hg as the primary contributors to ecological risk, indicating moderate contamination. (2) Source apportionment results revealed that As, Cr, and Ni originated from industrial–natural sources; Cd, Zn, and Cu were linked to industrial production; and Pb and Hg were attributed to mining and traffic sources. (3) Health risk assessments suggested that non-carcinogenic risks for adults and children (0.28 and 0.51, respectively) were within safe limits. However, the carcinogenic risk for children (1.02 × 10⁻⁴) exceeded the acceptable threshold, while the level for adults (4.67 × 10⁻⁵) remained acceptable. This study provides a scientific basis for preventing, controlling and remediating local heavy metal contamination in soil. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pollutants in Soil and Groundwater, Effects and Strategies for Comprehensive Risk Assessment)

20 pages, 4640 KB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental and Simulation Studies on Bird Strike Impact of Carbon Fiber Composite Laminates with Different Ply Directions

by Baixu Chen, Changqing Su, Feng Li, Rufeng Wang, Xin Zhao and Lili Jiang

Aerospace 2025, 12(11), 1017; https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace12111017 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

Composite materials are widely used in aircraft due to their high specific strength and stiffness, superior impact resistance, and excellent fatigue performance. Bird strikes can inflict severe damage to critical aircraft components such as the fuselage, engines, and wings, thereby compromising flight safety. [...] Read more.

Composite materials are widely used in aircraft due to their high specific strength and stiffness, superior impact resistance, and excellent fatigue performance. Bird strikes can inflict severe damage to critical aircraft components such as the fuselage, engines, and wings, thereby compromising flight safety. Aircraft certification regulations require that all components demonstrate a specified level of bird strike resistance before aircraft installation. Given these requirements, this study focused on the use of carbon fiber composite laminates in aircraft components. By varying impact velocity, impact angle, and ply orientation, the study investigated the resulting patterns of bird-strike impact behavior in composite materials. The derived patterns provide a theoretical reference for further research into the impact mechanics of composite materials subjected to bird strikes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Aeronautics)

30 pages, 1702 KB

Open AccessReview

Summarizing the Role of Selected Adipokines in Parkinson’s Disease: What Is Known About Leptin, Adiponectin, Resistin, Visfatin, and Progranulin in Neurodegeneration?

by Jan Milanowski, Marta Pawłowska, Alina Woźniak and Karolina Szewczyk-Golec

Molecules 2025, 30(22), 4431; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30224431 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide. It is characterized by the accumulation of α-synuclein, and its symptoms arise from the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, contributing to the development of both motor (MS) and non-motor [...] Read more.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide. It is characterized by the accumulation of α-synuclein, and its symptoms arise from the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, contributing to the development of both motor (MS) and non-motor (NMS) symptoms. The detailed pathomechanism of the disease progression is unknown, although microglia activation and ongoing neuroinflammation are thought to play key roles. It is known that adipokines have a wide-ranging impact on various processes, including those implicated in PD. We have analyzed a series of studies regarding the significance and involvement of leptin, adiponectin, resistin, visfatin, and progranulin in neurodegeneration. Available evidence suggests that adipokines modulate PD pathology through their effects on inflammation, oxidative stress, or α-synuclein accumulation. Thus, the examined adipokines may serve as potential targets for PD treatment or as biomarkers of disease progression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants in Degenerative Conditions)

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15 pages, 706 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on the Acceptance of Smart Cane Technology Among Chinese Older Adults

by Yibing Chen, Yi An, Zihao Chen, Dingbang Luh and Tiansheng Xia

Healthcare 2025, 13(22), 2934; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13222934 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: Although smart products improve older adults’ quality of life, their acceptance and usage of smart assistive devices remain relatively low, and the influencing factors remain unclear. Methods: This study takes canes, which are commonly used by older adults, as the research [...] Read more.

Background: Although smart products improve older adults’ quality of life, their acceptance and usage of smart assistive devices remain relatively low, and the influencing factors remain unclear. Methods: This study takes canes, which are commonly used by older adults, as the research object. To explore older adults’ acceptance of smart canes and the influencing factors, we constructed an integrated framework based on the extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), which incorporates multiple variables: Perceived Usefulness (PU), Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU), Attitude (ATT), Social Influence (SI), Safety Trust (ST), Self-Efficacy (SE), and Behavioral Intention (BI). A questionnaire survey was conducted to collect 232 valid responses, and structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed for data analysis. Results: The results indicate that factors including PU, PEOU, and SI have significant impacts on older adults’ ATT towards using smart canes, their SE, and BI. Among these factors, ATT and SE play a mediating role between PU, PEOU, SI, and BI in using smart canes. Conclusions: The practical implications of the current results are discussed with the aim of providing empirical evidence for the development and application of smart assistive devices for older adults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Technologies for Person-Centred Healthcare)

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18 pages, 3291 KB

Open AccessArticle

Screening-Identified Oxazole-4-Carboxamide KB-2777 Exhibits In Vitro Anti-Coronavirus Activity

by Bud Jung, Woonsung Na, Minjoo Yeom, Jong-Woo Lim, Hai Quynh Do, Geonhee Jang, Min-A Ban, Ji-eun Yang, Youngjoo Byun and Daesub Song

Pharmaceutics 2025, 17(11), 1477; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17111477 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Direct-acting antivirals vary by lineage and face rapid resistance. We identified the oxazole-4-carboxamide lead KB-2777 and aimed to define its in vitro activity across α/β-coronaviruses, time-of-addition (TOA) profile, host-response signatures, and combinability with benchmark DAAs. Methods: We tested KB-2777 (≤25 μM) against [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Direct-acting antivirals vary by lineage and face rapid resistance. We identified the oxazole-4-carboxamide lead KB-2777 and aimed to define its in vitro activity across α/β-coronaviruses, time-of-addition (TOA) profile, host-response signatures, and combinability with benchmark DAAs. Methods: We tested KB-2777 (≤25 μM) against HCoV-NL63 (LLC-MK2), HCoV-OC43 (Vero E6; MRC-5 for transcript profiling), and PEDV (Vero E6). We quantified extracellular viral RNA by RT-qPCR at 72 h (n = 3) and confirmed activity by spike-protein immunofluorescence (IFA), cytopathic effect (CPE) protection, and TCID₅₀. We compared TOA regimens (full, pre, co, post), evaluated combinations with nirmatrelvir (NL63) or GS-441524 (OC43) using ZIP scores, and profiled infection-context transcripts (IL6, IFNB1, ISG15, NRF2/antioxidant, UPR). Results: KB-2777 reduced viral RNA with EC₅₀ 5.27 μM (NL63), 1.83 μM (OC43), and 1.59 μM (PEDV) without cytotoxicity in the tested range. In NL63 post-treatment, inhibition was minimal at 24 h but clear at 48–72 h (EC₅₀ 2.42 μM at 48 h; 5.25 μM at 72 h). TCID₅₀ decreased at 48 h (12.5–25 μM, n = 3, p < 0.0001), and IFA/CPE corroborated antiviral activity. TOA ranked full > pre ≈ post > co. Combinations were additive to synergistic (ZIP 5.16 with nirmatrelvir; 8.40 with GS-441524). In OC43-infected MRC-5 cells, KB-2777 attenuated IL6, IFNB1, ISG15, and selected UPR transcripts, with limited changes in uninfected cells (n = 3). Conclusions: KB-2777 shows reproducible cell-based anti-coronavirus activity across α/β lineages, a TOA signature consistent with early post-entry host modulation, and favorable, non-antagonistic combinability with DAAs. These findings support target deconvolution, SAR/ADME optimization, and evaluation in primary airway and in vivo models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Nanotechnology Therapeutics)

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17 pages, 1477 KB

Open AccessArticle

Megakaryocytic Differentiation Regulates the Permissiveness and Antiviral Response of the Megakaryocytic Erythroid Progenitor to Dengue Virus

by Diego Sait Cruz-Hernández, Francisco Javier Sánchez-Peña, Marymar Cruz-Cruz, Darío de Jesús Guillén-Morales, Martha Cristina Castillo-Soriano, Elizabeth Cruz-Altamirano, Juan Alpuche, José Bustos-Arriaga, María de Los Ángeles Romero-Tlalolini, Honorio Torres-Aguilar, Juan Carlos Rodríguez-Alba and Sergio Roberto Aguilar-Ruíz

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(22), 11081; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262211081 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

Dengue virus (DENV) affects not only peripheral immune cells but also hematopoietic progenitors in the bone marrow, particularly megakaryocytic precursors, which contribute to the thrombocytopenia characteristic of the disease. In this study, we evaluated the relationship between the differentiation status of the megakaryocytic [...] Read more.

Dengue virus (DENV) affects not only peripheral immune cells but also hematopoietic progenitors in the bone marrow, particularly megakaryocytic precursors, which contribute to the thrombocytopenia characteristic of the disease. In this study, we evaluated the relationship between the differentiation status of the megakaryocytic lineage and its permissiveness and antiviral response to DENV. Our results demonstrate that the erythroid–megakaryocytic precursor (K562 cells) was more permissive to DENV infection than megakaryoblasts, as evidenced by immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, and quantification of viral particles. The antiviral response in K562 cells peaked at three days post-infection, with maximal expression of genes associated with the type I interferon (IFN-I) pathway. In vitro-induced differentiation of K562 cells reduced the initial susceptibility to DENV and enhanced the expression of Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and the type I interferon receptor (IFNAR1), accelerating and intensifying IFN-β secretion, and increasing the expression of OAS2 and IRF3. Furthermore, pretreatment of K562 cells with recombinant IFN-β significantly reduced viral replication from the first day post-infection. Collectively, these findings demonstrate for the first time that the differentiation status of erythroid–megakaryocytic progenitor critically shapes their antiviral response and underscore the central role of IFN-β in the early restriction of DENV infection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection 30th Anniversary of IJMS: Updates and Advances in Biochemistry)

17 pages, 2720 KB

Open AccessArticle

Resonant-Tunnelling Diode Reservoir Computing System for Image Recognition

by A. H. Abbas, Hend Abdel-Ghani and Ivan S. Maksymov

Electronics 2025, 14(22), 4471; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14224471 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

As artificial intelligence continues to push into real-time, edge-based and resource-constrained environments, there is an urgent need for novel, hardware-efficient computational models. In this study, we present and validate a neuromorphic computing architecture based on resonant-tunnelling diodes (RTDs), which exhibit the nonlinear characteristics [...] Read more.

As artificial intelligence continues to push into real-time, edge-based and resource-constrained environments, there is an urgent need for novel, hardware-efficient computational models. In this study, we present and validate a neuromorphic computing architecture based on resonant-tunnelling diodes (RTDs), which exhibit the nonlinear characteristics ideal for physical reservoir computing (RC). We theoretically formulate and numerically implement an RTD-based RC system and demonstrate its effectiveness on two image recognition benchmarks: handwritten digit classification and object recognition using the Fruit-360 dataset. Our results show that this circuit-level architecture delivers promising performance while adhering to the principles of next-generation RC, eliminating random connectivity in favour of a deterministic nonlinear transformation of input signals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced System Architectures and AI-Driven Innovations for Next-Generation Computing)

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18 pages, 1059 KB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Stallion Semen Cryopreservation: Selected Antioxidant Extracts and Sperm Freezability

by Raffaele Boni, Raffaella Ruggiero, Felisia De Luca, Graziano Preziosi, Maria Antonietta Ferrara, Angela Ostuni, Simone Guerriero, Alessandra Gallo, Carola Murano and Stefano Cecchini Gualandi

Antioxidants 2025, 14(11), 1363; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14111363 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

Cryopreservation of equine semen remains challenging due to pronounced individual variability in cryotolerance. Because freezing induces oxidative stress and spermatozoa are particularly susceptible to such damage, this study aimed to comparatively evaluate the effects of natural extracts from nutraceutical compounds with high antioxidant [...] Read more.

Cryopreservation of equine semen remains challenging due to pronounced individual variability in cryotolerance. Because freezing induces oxidative stress and spermatozoa are particularly susceptible to such damage, this study aimed to comparatively evaluate the effects of natural extracts from nutraceutical compounds with high antioxidant activity, specifically matcha, spirulina, and horseradish, as well as quercetin, a well-known antioxidant molecule. These compounds were added to the freezing extender, and semen from 12 Salernitano stallions (48 ejaculates in total) was analyzed. Several parameters were assessed, including sperm kinetics, bioenergetics, oxidative and nitrosative stress markers, and the sperm DNA fragmentation index, both before and after cryopreservation. Neither the natural extracts nor quercetin significantly improved sperm freezability, likely due to the high degree of inter-individual variability. Stallion age also had a significant effect on nearly all the parameters evaluated, although no significant interactions were observed between age and treatment for any of the sperm quality traits. In conclusion, supplementation of the freezing extender with matcha, spirulina, horseradish extracts, or quercetin did not significantly enhance stallion semen cryopreservation outcomes. Conversely, stallion age and individual variability had a marked effect on sperm cryotolerance, highlighting the need for customized and holistic strategies to optimize cryotolerance in individual stallions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress in Male Reproduction)

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15 pages, 2986 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Feasible Method for Evaluating Post-Stroke Knee Spasticity: Pose-Estimation-Assisted Pendulum Test

by Yun-Chien Yeh, Ching-Shiou Tang, Quang Hung Ho, Cheng-Yu Tsai and Jiunn-Horng Kang

Life 2025, 15(11), 1760; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15111760 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

Purpose: Post-stroke spasticity (PSS) substantially affects functional recovery and quality of life in stroke survivors. However, the current clinical assessment methods exhibit certain subjectivity and equipment limitations. Human pose estimation presents a promising alternative for objective and user-friendly spasticity assessment. Materials and Methods: [...] Read more.

Purpose: Post-stroke spasticity (PSS) substantially affects functional recovery and quality of life in stroke survivors. However, the current clinical assessment methods exhibit certain subjectivity and equipment limitations. Human pose estimation presents a promising alternative for objective and user-friendly spasticity assessment. Materials and Methods: A total of 20 stroke survivors with PSS underwent pendulum tests with smartphones from multiple angles to quantitatively assess knee muscle spasticity. Pose estimation was conducted using the AlphaPose and STCFormer algorithms, with simultaneous measurements using an electronic goniometer as a reference. Three pendulum parameters were evaluated: normalized relaxation index (P1), first maximum of oscillation (P2), and relaxation index at half swing (P3). Bland–Altman analyses were used to analyze the consistency between pose estimation and electronic goniometer measurements. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Spearman’s correlation analyses were conducted to evaluate agreement and reliability between electronic goniometer measurements and clinical evaluation. Results: P1 demonstrated the highest consistency between pose estimation and electronic goniometer measurements, with the highest ICC values (0.931 for AlphaPose and 0.911–0.94 for STCFormer). P1 and P3 differentiated between affected and unaffected limbs (p < 0.01) and demonstrated significant negative correlations with Modified Ashworth Scale scores, particularly for knee extensors (P1: ρ = −0.747 for AlphaPose and −0.781 for STCFormer; p < 0.01). P2 demonstrated low consistency and differential performance across all analyses. Conclusions: Video-based human pose estimation, particularly using P1, offers a reliable and objective method for evaluating PSS, demonstrating strong agreement with electronic goniometer measurements. This approach is clinically feasible for evaluating spasticity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Epidemiology)

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37 pages, 2783 KB

Open AccessReview

Modern Strategies for Osteoporosis Therapy: Current Status and Prospects for Targeted Intervention

by Vitalii Omelchenko, Vladimir Koval, Natalya Slazhneva, Natalya Bondarenko, Elizaveta Shatunova, Mariya Vorobyeva and Maxim Korolev

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(22), 11092; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262211092 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

Osteoporosis is becoming a “silent pandemic” because of its ever-increasing prevalence and the absence of clinical manifestations until a bone fracture happens. The purpose of this review is to summarize the actual data on the pathogenesis of osteoporosis and its treatment options. The [...] Read more.

Osteoporosis is becoming a “silent pandemic” because of its ever-increasing prevalence and the absence of clinical manifestations until a bone fracture happens. The purpose of this review is to summarize the actual data on the pathogenesis of osteoporosis and its treatment options. The disease develops through a multifactorial process involving an imbalance between bone remodeling and different factors like genetics, non-coding RNA regulation, osteoimmune dysregulation, oxidative stress, cellular senescence, and fat–bone interactions. Existing medications have beneficial effects by preserving and increasing bone density and reducing the risk of fractures. Among them, there are bisphosphonates, strontium ranelate, calcitonin, estrogen-progestin therapy, selective estrogen receptor modulators, and parathyroid hormone analogues. Otherwise, they suffer from certain disadvantages, such as adverse effects, including serious ones, and limitations associated with comorbidity. Targeting pathways underlying bone metabolism could significantly improve the therapeutic options and provide new tools in the fight against osteoporosis. We consider here targeted therapeutics that are already in clinical practice, as well as the most promising novel agents that are now under development: antibodies, siRNAs, aptamers, and small molecules. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Treatment of Osteoporosis)

24 pages, 7767 KB

Open AccessArticle

Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Active Fire in China (2003–2024): Regional Patterns and Land Cover Associations

by Wannan Wang and Chunjiao Wang

Fire 2025, 8(11), 445; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire8110445 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

Fire in China, driven by both natural and anthropogenic factors, significantly influences ecological stability. This study provides a comprehensive spatiotemporal analysis of active fires across China from 2003 to 2024 using MODIS Collection 6.1 active fire and land cover products. Our results reveal [...] Read more.

Fire in China, driven by both natural and anthropogenic factors, significantly influences ecological stability. This study provides a comprehensive spatiotemporal analysis of active fires across China from 2003 to 2024 using MODIS Collection 6.1 active fire and land cover products. Our results reveal a significant national decline in fire counts since 2016, accompanied by with a marked geographical shift in hotspots from East China to Northeast China. It clarifies that croplands and savannas are the main fire-prone land covers, yet they have also experienced the most substantial decline in fire counts. East China (46.8%) and Central China (27.1%) were the largest contributors to the reduction in cropland fire counts. Temporal displacement toward nighttime straw burning was observed in East China. The decline in average fire radiative power (FRP) of daytime agricultural fires indicates that straw burning bans effectively reduced both the frequency and intensity of fires. Persistent savanna and forest fires are highly clustered in Southern China, while new emerging grassland fires are concentrated in Western China. Persistent cropland fires overlap with emerging zones in Northeast and Central China. Our study can assist in optimizing targeted fire policies and supporting better fire risk management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fire Science Models, Remote Sensing, and Data)

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37 pages, 2180 KB

Open AccessReview

Recent Advances and Unaddressed Challenges in Biomimetic Olfactory- and Taste-Based Biosensors: Moving Towards Integrated, AI-Powered, and Market-Ready Sensing Systems

by Zunaira Khalid, Yuqi Chen, Xinyi Liu, Beenish Noureen, Yating Chen, Miaomiao Wang, Yao Ma, Liping Du and Chunsheng Wu

Sensors 2025, 25(22), 7000; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25227000 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

Biomimetic olfactory and taste biosensors replicate human sensory functions by coupling selective biological recognition elements (such as receptors, binding proteins, or synthetic mimics) with highly sensitive transducers (including electrochemical, transistor, optical, and mechanical types). This review summarizes recent progress in olfactory and taste [...] Read more.

Biomimetic olfactory and taste biosensors replicate human sensory functions by coupling selective biological recognition elements (such as receptors, binding proteins, or synthetic mimics) with highly sensitive transducers (including electrochemical, transistor, optical, and mechanical types). This review summarizes recent progress in olfactory and taste biosensors focusing on three key areas: (i) materials and device design, (ii) artificial intelligence (AI) and data fusion for real-time decision-making, and (iii) pathways for practical application, including hybrid platforms, Internet of Things (IoT) connectivity, and regulatory considerations. We provide a comparative analysis of smell and taste sensing methods, emphasizing cases where integrating both modalities enhances sensitivity, selectivity, detection limits, and reliability in complex environments like food, environmental monitoring, healthcare, and security. Ongoing challenges are addressed with emerging solutions such as antifouling/self-healing interfaces, modular cartridges, machine learning (ML)-assisted calibration, and manufacturing-friendly approaches using scalable microfabrication and sustainable materials. The review concludes with a practical roadmap advocating for the joint development of receptors, materials, and algorithms; establishment of open standards for long-term stability; implementation of explainable/edge AI with privacy-focused analytics; and proactive collaboration with regulatory bodies. Collectively, these strategies aim to advance biomimetic smell and taste biosensors from experimental prototypes to dependable, commercially viable tools for continuous chemical sensing in real-world applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nature Inspired Engineering: Biomimetic Sensors (2nd Edition))

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17 pages, 2089 KB

Open AccessArticle

Adsorption-Desorption of Selenium on Different Nanoscale Waste Materials in Contaminated Water

by Ahmed M. Mahdy, Nieven O. Fathi and Zhi-Qing Lin

Environments 2025, 12(11), 440; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12110440 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

Different sources of nanomaterials on the adsorption of selenium (Se) in aqueous solutions were evaluated, including nanoscale municipal drinking water treatment residues (nWTRs) and agricultural waste pomegranate peels (PNPs), in comparison with commercial carbon nanoparticles (CNPs). Different Se(IV) treatments and application doses of [...] Read more.

Different sources of nanomaterials on the adsorption of selenium (Se) in aqueous solutions were evaluated, including nanoscale municipal drinking water treatment residues (nWTRs) and agricultural waste pomegranate peels (PNPs), in comparison with commercial carbon nanoparticles (CNPs). Different Se(IV) treatments and application doses of each nanomaterial were evaluated. The Se adsorption kinetics were determined at different time intervals. The results showed that the Se sorption capacity of different nanomaterials and their mixtures varied significantly (p < 0.05). Se concentration, the application dosage of nanoparticles, and the interaction time of Se and nanoparticles in Se solutions significantly affect the efficiency of Se adsorption at pH 3.51. The sorption isotherm of Se varied amongst different nanomaterials. Se adsorption on CNPs, nWTRs-CNPs, nWTRs, PNPs-CNPs, nWTRs-PNPs, and PNPs at the 800 mg Se/L treatment was 79.93, 77.48, 76.00, 72.97, 70.49, and 68.16 mg Se/g sorbent, respectively. The H-type isotherm became dominant, indicating intensive interaction between Se and nanoparticles. With the Se treatment of 50 mg/L, the Se removal efficiency of CNPs, nWTRs-CNPs, nWTRs, PNPs-CNPs, nWTRs-PNPs, and PNPs was 100, 96, 93, 87, 85, and 80%, respectively, but became 100, 97, 95, 91, 88, and 85%, respectively, at a higher Se concentration of 800 mg/L. Increasing the application dosage of nanomaterials resulted in a significant increase in Se mass sorbed by the nanoparticles. Se adsorption was best predicted by the Langmuir isotherm model. The desorption rate of the Se mass sorbed by nanoparticles at 800 mg Se/L was 0.4% of the total Se adsorbed by CNPs, with 0.88% by nWTRs-CNPs and 1.69% by PNPs-CNPs, while higher Se desorption rates of 4.2, 7.3, and 17.6% were observed with nWTRs, nWTRs-PNPs, and PNPs, respectively. This study demonstrates that nanoscale municipal and agricultural solid waste materials can be effective in removing Se from contaminated water. Full article

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20 pages, 5809 KB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Glutenin/Gliadin Ratio and Maltodextrin on Structural and Functional Properties of Soy Protein Isolate–Wheat Gluten Protein Composite Gel

by Min Qu, Chang Ge, Sitong Li, Ying Zhu, Peixiu Jiang, Yuyang Huang, Bingyu Sun, Linlin Liu and Xiuqing Zhu

Gels 2025, 11(11), 916; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11110916 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

Enhancing the gel properties of soy protein isolate (SPI) is crucial for forming stable gel systems through interactions with other plant proteins and polysaccharides. This study investigated the contribution of different ratios of glutenin (Glu)/gliadin (Gli) and maltodextrin (MD) to SPI–wheat gluten protein [...] Read more.

Enhancing the gel properties of soy protein isolate (SPI) is crucial for forming stable gel systems through interactions with other plant proteins and polysaccharides. This study investigated the contribution of different ratios of glutenin (Glu)/gliadin (Gli) and maltodextrin (MD) to SPI–wheat gluten protein (WGP) composite gels. SPI-WGP composite gels were prepared by varying the Glu/Gli ratio (0:10, 3:7, 4:6, 5:5, 6:4, 7:3, and 10:0) and adjusting the MD addition level (0, 2, 4, and 6%). Subsequently, the textural properties, water-holding capacity (WHC), rheological behavior, secondary structure, intermolecular forces, and microstructure of the composite gels were characterized. Results indicated that adding 4% MD with a Glu/Gli ratio of 4:6, compared with the SPI control group gel, the WHC, gel strength, and β-sheet content of the composite gel increased by 37.9%, 164.5%, and 30.6%, respectively. Hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds became dominant after MD incorporation. Sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed that the two proteins interact with MD to form a supported, dense, and homogeneous gel system. Excess MD caused phase separation in the composite gel system, disrupting the gel structure. This study provides important references for the development and potential applications of SPI-WGP composite gels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Gel Analysis and Characterization)

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