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30 pages, 11826 KB

Open AccessArticle

Expression of Dystroglycanopathy-Related Enzymes, POMGNT2 and POMGNT1, in the Mammalian Retina and 661W Cone-like Cell Line

by Cristina Quereda, Violeta Gómez-Vicente, Mercedes Palmero and José Martín-Nieto

Biomedicines 2025, 13(11), 2759; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13112759 (registering DOI) - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background. Dystroglycanopathies (DGPs) constitute a set of recessive, neuromuscular congenital dystrophies that result from impaired glycosylation of dystroglycan (DG). These disorders typically course with CNS alterations, which, alongside gradual muscular dystrophy, may include brain malformations, intellectual disability and a panoply of ocular defects. [...] Read more.

Background. Dystroglycanopathies (DGPs) constitute a set of recessive, neuromuscular congenital dystrophies that result from impaired glycosylation of dystroglycan (DG). These disorders typically course with CNS alterations, which, alongside gradual muscular dystrophy, may include brain malformations, intellectual disability and a panoply of ocular defects. In this process, the protein products of 22 genes, collectively dubbed DGP-associated genes, directly or indirectly participate sequentially along a complex, branched biosynthetic pathway. POMGNT2 and POMGNT1 are two enzymes whose catalytic activity consists of transferring the same substrate, a molecule of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) to a common substrate, the O-mannosylated α subunit of DG. Despite their presumptive role in retinal homeostasis, there are currently no reports describing their expression pattern or function in this tissue. Purpose. This work focuses on POMGNT2 and POMGNT1 expression in the mammalian retina, and on the characterization of their distribution across retinal layers, and in the 661W photoreceptor cell line. Methods. The expression of POMGNT2 protein in different mammalian species’ retinas, including those of mice, rats, cows and monkeys, was assessed by immunoblotting. Additionally, POMGNT2 and POMGNT1 distribution profiles were analyzed using immunofluorescence confocal microscopy in retinal sections of monkeys and mice, and in 661W cultured cells. Results. Expression of POMGNT2 was detected in the neural retina of all species studied, being present in both cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions of the monkey and mouse, and in 661W cells. In the cytoplasm, POMGNT2 was concentrated in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and/or Golgi complex, depending on the species and cell type, whereas POMGNT1 accumulated only in the Golgi complex in both monkey and mouse retinas. Additionally, both proteins were present in the nucleus of the 661W cells, concentrating in the euchromatin and heterochromatin, as well as in nuclear PML and Cajal bodies, and nuclear speckles. Conclusions. Our results are indicative that POMGNT2 and POMGNT1 participate in the synthesis of O-mannosyl glycans added to α-dystroglycan in the ER and/or Golgi complex in the cytoplasm of mammalian retinal cells. Also, they could play a role in the modulation of gene expression at the mRNA level, which remains to be established, in a number of nuclear compartments in transformed retinal neurons. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inherited Retinal Diseases: From Pathomolecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Strategies, 2nd Edition)

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19 pages, 2031 KB

Open AccessArticle

Functional and In Silico Characterization of ALPL Gene Variants Reveals Genotype–Phenotype Correlations in Italian Hypophosphatasia Patients

by Giulia Casamassima, Anna Maria Grieco, Tommaso Biagini, Giorgia Buono, Luigia Cinque, Flavia Pugliese, Francesco Pio Guerra, Francesco Petrizzelli, Mario Mastroianno, Tommaso Mazza, Marco Castori, Alfredo Scillitani and Vito Guarnieri

Cells 2025, 14(22), 1768; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14221768 (registering DOI) - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background. Hypophosphatasia (HPP) is a rare genetic disorder caused by impaired tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (ALPL/TNSALP) activity that impacts the musculoskeletal and neurological systems. It is extremely variable, with up to six forms of increasing severity. The large phenotypic variability and the still [...] Read more.

Background. Hypophosphatasia (HPP) is a rare genetic disorder caused by impaired tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (ALPL/TNSALP) activity that impacts the musculoskeletal and neurological systems. It is extremely variable, with up to six forms of increasing severity. The large phenotypic variability and the still remaining high number of variants of uncertain significance (VUS) in the ALPL gene represent a conundrum for clinicians dealing with people suspected to be suffering from HPP. Methods. We applied a multi-faceted bench-based and high-throughput bioinformatics analysis to investigate the effect of 21 ALPL variants (18 deleterious—pathogenic or likely pathogenic—and 3 VUS) on the structure and function of the mutated encoded protein. The results were compared with available clinical and biochemical data. Results. Most variants were downregulated or not expressed by Western blot analysis. Impairment of the enzymatic activity was confirmed in vitro for all variants by a specific colorimetric enzymatic assay. In silico prediction was in line with functional data and allowed for preliminary categorization of variants based on their impact on both the overall stability of the protein complex and local structural alterations. Coherence among bioinformatics, experimental and clinical data was documented for more than 70% of the variants. Conclusions. Functional and in silico characterizations of ALPL variants in people with a suspicion of HPP offer integrative strategies to genotyping in assisting clinicians for diagnosis confirmation in doubtful cases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cellular Metabolism)

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14 pages, 2615 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Particle-Based Model of Endothelial Cell Dynamics in the Extracellular Matrix

by Kazuma Sakai, Tatsuya Hayashi, Jun Mada and Tetsuji Tokihiro

Complexities 2025, 1(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/complexities1010003 (registering DOI) - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

Branching structures such as vascular networks are representative morphological patterns in living systems, and they often arise from collective cell migration. Angiogenesis, the sprouting of new blood vessels from pre-existing ones, is a fundamental process in development. Experimental and theoretical studies have demonstrated [...] Read more.

Branching structures such as vascular networks are representative morphological patterns in living systems, and they often arise from collective cell migration. Angiogenesis, the sprouting of new blood vessels from pre-existing ones, is a fundamental process in development. Experimental and theoretical studies have demonstrated that sprout formation depends on the collective movements and shapes of endothelial cells, as well as the remodelling of the extracellular matrix. Many discrete models have been proposed to describe cell dynamics, successfully reproducing vascular patterns and collective behaviours. In this study, we present a two-dimensional mathematical model that represents each endothelial cell as an ellipse and incorporates the effects of the extracellular matrix. We performed computer simulations under two scenarios: invasion from a pre-formed sprout and collective advancement into an extracellular matrix region. The results show that the extracellular matrix helps maintain linear sprout extension and suppresses the formation of dispersed or curved branches, while elongated cell shapes promote sprouting more effectively than round cells. The model also reproduces experimentally observed behaviours such as tip-cell replacement and the mixing of cells within sprouts. These findings highlight the importance of integrating cell shape and extracellular matrix remodelling to understand early blood vessel formation. Full article

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29 pages, 685 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Geopolitical Risk on the Volatility of Wheat Futures: A Quantile ARDL Approach

by Roland Amagbo, Hélyette Geman and Ilaria Peri

Commodities 2025, 4(4), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/commodities4040028 (registering DOI) - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study looks at the impact of geopolitical risk on the volatility of wheat futures returns over the period 2012–2023, while controlling for inventories, shipping rates, and speculative activity. Using the volatility of CBOT first nearby futures returns, we apply a quantile regression [...] Read more.

This study looks at the impact of geopolitical risk on the volatility of wheat futures returns over the period 2012–2023, while controlling for inventories, shipping rates, and speculative activity. Using the volatility of CBOT first nearby futures returns, we apply a quantile regression approach to assess the impact of the variables on different parts of the volatility distribution. More specifically, we adopt the Quantile Autoregressive Distributed Lag (QARDL) model, which allows for examining the dynamic short- and long-run effects. We find that geopolitical risk has a non-linear, large positive effect on the top quartile of the distribution of wheat futures returns. We also show that the response of the volatility of wheat futures to shocks in the control variables is mostly non-linear across the conditional quantiles, significant in the tails and not around the median. Full article

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22 pages, 2157 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sponges as Habitat Formers on Mesophotic, Soft-Substrate Seafloors of the Eastern Mediterranean

by Caterina Stamouli, Vasilis Gerovasileiou and Eleni Voultsiadou

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(11), 2132; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13112132 (registering DOI) - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study aims to investigate the ecological role of sponges as habitat formers on soft-bottom habitats of the mesophotic zone. As habitat formers, sponges significantly enhance benthic habitat complexity and establish associations with a plethora of organisms consequently augmenting local biodiversity. This role [...] Read more.

This study aims to investigate the ecological role of sponges as habitat formers on soft-bottom habitats of the mesophotic zone. As habitat formers, sponges significantly enhance benthic habitat complexity and establish associations with a plethora of organisms consequently augmenting local biodiversity. This role becomes particularly critical in areas subjected to intensive bottom trawling, where sponges often comprise a substantial portion of the discarded material. The examination of 114 massive sponge specimens, belonging to 10 sponge species, which were collected as bycatch from bottom trawls in the Aegean and Ionian ecoregions, revealed a total of over 4600 associated individuals of 78 invertebrate taxa, with crustaceans, mollusks, and polychaetes being the dominant groups. The composition of sponge-associated communities showed strong similarities to previously reported cases from shallow water hard substrates of the eastern Mediterranean, while displaying host-specific differences likely influenced by sponge morphology. Although depth did not significantly affect species richness, Shannon diversity, or evenness, a decrease in abundance of associated invertebrates was observed in deeper samples, suggesting a depth-related pattern that deserves further investigation. By forming stable substrate “islands” in otherwise unstable soft substrate environments, sponges play a vital role in structuring benthic communities. Their removal through bottom trawling not only results in the loss of the sponges themselves, but also disrupts the diverse communities they support. We suggest that sponge-associated fauna should be recognized as part of the discarded bycatch and emphasize the need for broader assessments of sponge-mediated biodiversity across similar Mediterranean habitats to support effective management and conservation strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Marine Biology)

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50 pages, 3321 KB

Open AccessArticle

Residents’ Acceptance of Shared Autonomous Vehicles (SAVs) and Its Impact on Community Parking Demand Under Urban Regeneration: The Case of the Qintai Community in Wuhan, China

by Yujie Zhang, Yuan Zhuang, Rui Li and Jiayue Qi

Buildings 2025, 15(22), 4064; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15224064 (registering DOI) - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

Rapid urbanization and limited land resources have intensified parking shortages in China’s core and old urban districts, highlighting the tension between parking supply and public space. This study investigates the staged impacts of shared autonomous vehicles (SAVs) on private car ownership and parking [...] Read more.

Rapid urbanization and limited land resources have intensified parking shortages in China’s core and old urban districts, highlighting the tension between parking supply and public space. This study investigates the staged impacts of shared autonomous vehicles (SAVs) on private car ownership and parking demand within the context of urban renewal. Using a case study of Qintai Community in Wuhan, we combined resident surveys (135 valid samples), on-site parking facility assessments, and demand forecasting models to evaluate changes in parking requirements across different timeframes. Results indicate that SAVs can substantially reduce private car ownership and reshape parking demand structures, with short-term transitional pressures followed by long-term demand contractions. Furthermore, SAV adoption offers opportunities to reallocate parking land for multifunctional urban uses, alleviating land-use conflicts in high-density neighborhoods. The findings contribute to a dynamic framework for staged parking optimization, integrating technological innovation with community-level urban renewal strategies. This study underscores the importance of linking residents’ behavioral shifts with infrastructure adaptation, providing evidence-based guidance for sustainable urban transport and space management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue People-Centered Livability: Reconciling Subjective Well-Being with Urban and Rural Spatial Structures)

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17 pages, 1732 KB

Open AccessArticle

Adaptation Mechanisms of Understory Vegetation in Subtropical Plantations: Synergistic Drivers of Stand Spatial Structure and Soil Fertility

by Fenglin Zheng, Dehao Lu, Wenyi Ou, Sha Tan, Xiongjian Xu, Shucai Zeng and Lihua Xian

Plants 2025, 14(22), 3452; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14223452 (registering DOI) - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

Understory vegetation plays a pivotal role in enhancing forest biodiversity, and its restoration is crucial for sustainable forest development, energy flow, and nutrient cycling. However, the dynamics of the biomass, diversity, and species composition of understory vegetation in plantations in south China, along [...] Read more.

Understory vegetation plays a pivotal role in enhancing forest biodiversity, and its restoration is crucial for sustainable forest development, energy flow, and nutrient cycling. However, the dynamics of the biomass, diversity, and species composition of understory vegetation in plantations in south China, along with their key drivers, remain poorly understood. This study investigated four mature plantation types (Pinus massoniana, Pinus caribaea, Cunninghamia lanceolata, and mixed Chinese fir–broadleaf forests) in south China through plot surveys, environmental factor measurements, and structural equation modeling (SEM) to explore the diversity, biomass allocation patterns, and driving mechanisms of understory vegetation. The results demonstrated the following. (1) The introduced Caribbean pine forests exhibited higher shrub biomass than native Masson pine forests, which was driven by their high canopy openness favoring light-demanding species (e.g., Melicope pteleifolia, IV = 33.93%), but their low mingling degree limited herb diversity. (2) Masson pine forests showed superior shrub diversity due to their random spatial distribution and higher soil total potassium (TK) content. (3) Mixed Chinese fir–broadleaf forests achieved 24.50–66.06% higher herb biomass compared to coniferous monocultures, supported by high mingling degree, random spatial configuration, and phosphorus-potassium-enriched soil, with concurrently improved herb diversity. SEM revealed that stand structure (DBH, density, mingling degree) directly drove shrub diversity by regulating light availability, while herb biomass was primarily governed by soil total phosphorus (TP) and pH. Canopy-induced light suppression negatively affected herb diversity. We recommend optimizing stand density and canopy structure through thinning and pruning to enhance light heterogeneity alongside supplementing slow-release P fertilizers in P-deficient stands. This study provides theoretical support for the multi-objective management of south China plantations, emphasizing the synergistic necessity of stand structure optimization and soil amendment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Forest Environment and Ecology)

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32 pages, 1487 KB

Open AccessArticle

Trees, Deadwood and Tree-Related Microhabitats Explain Patterns of Alpha and Beta Saproxylic Beetle Diversity in Silver Fir-Beech Forests in Central Italy

by Francesco Parisi, Adriano Mazziotta and Davide Travaglini

Forests 2025, 16(11), 1715; https://doi.org/10.3390/f16111715 (registering DOI) - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

Forest structure, including trees, deadwood and tree-related microhabitats, is a key determinant of forest biodiversity. Their relative contribution in shaping local (alpha) biodiversity and its variation (beta) between sites remains unclear. We assessed how forest characteristics shape alpha and beta diversity of beetle [...] Read more.

Forest structure, including trees, deadwood and tree-related microhabitats, is a key determinant of forest biodiversity. Their relative contribution in shaping local (alpha) biodiversity and its variation (beta) between sites remains unclear. We assessed how forest characteristics shape alpha and beta diversity of beetle communities in mixed silver fir–beech forests within the Vallombrosa Nature Reserve (Tuscany, Italy). We sampled 47 circular plots recording single-tree attributes, deadwood volume and decay stage, and the occurrence of tree-related microhabitats. Beetle assemblages were sur-veyed using window flight traps, yielding over 11,000 individuals belonging to 187 species, 20% of those known from central-southern Italian forests, 58% of which were listed in the Italian Red List of Saproxylic Beetles and 10% of which were threatened. Statistical models (GLMs and GDMs) revealed that alpha diversity was driven by fi-ne-scale features, including tree species composition, microhabitats (cavities, bark, ep-iphytes) and deadwood diversity. In contrast, beta diversity was shaped by stand structure and inter-stand heterogeneity. Our results highlight the need for conserva-tion strategies that simultaneously maintain tree-level heterogeneity and secure varia-tion across the landscape. Management should therefore combine retention of micro-habitats and diverse deadwood substrates with promotion of structurally diverse, mixed stands to sustain beetle diversity at multiple spatial scales. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Species Diversity and Habitat Conservation in Forest)

18 pages, 3309 KB

Open AccessArticle

C9ORF72 Is Pivotal to Maintain a Proper Protein Homeostasis in Mouse Skeletal Muscle

by Francesca Sironi, Paola Parlanti, Cassandra Margotta, Jessica Cassarà, Valentina Bonetto, Caterina Bendotti, Massimo Tortarolo and Valentina Cappello

Cells 2025, 14(22), 1765; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14221765 (registering DOI) - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

The C9ORF72 gene mutation is a major cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Disease mechanisms involve both loss of C9ORF72 protein function and toxic effects from hexanucleotide repeat expansions. Although its role in neurons and the immune system is well studied, the impact [...] Read more.

The C9ORF72 gene mutation is a major cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Disease mechanisms involve both loss of C9ORF72 protein function and toxic effects from hexanucleotide repeat expansions. Although its role in neurons and the immune system is well studied, the impact of C9ORF72 deficiency on skeletal muscle is not yet well understood, despite muscle involvement being a key feature in ALS pathology linked to this mutation. This study examined skeletal muscle from C9ORF72 knockout mice and found a 19.5% reduction in large muscle fibers and altered fiber composition. Ultrastructural analysis revealed mitochondrial abnormalities, including smaller size, pale matrix, and disorganized cristae. Molecular assessments showed increased ex-pression of Atrogin-1, indicating elevated proteasomal degradation, and markers of enhanced autophagy, such as elevated LC3BII/LC3BI ratio, Beclin-1, and reduced p62. Mitochondrial quality control was impaired, with a 3.6-fold increase in PINK1, upreg-ulation of TOM20, reduced Parkin, and decreased PGC-1α, suggesting disrupted mi-tophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis. These changes led to the accumulation of damaged mitochondria. Overall, the study demonstrates that C9ORF72 is critical for maintaining muscle protein and mitochondrial homeostasis. While C9orf72-haploinsufficiency does not directly compromise muscle strength in mice, it may increase the vulnerability of skeletal muscle in C9ORF72-associated ALS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Autophagy and Neurodegeneration: Unveiling Cellular Pathways in ALS and Beyond)

22 pages, 5578 KB

Open AccessArticle

Real-Time Multi-Channel Epileptic Seizure Detection Exploiting an Ultra-Low-Complexity Algorithm–Hardware Co-Design Approach

by Andrea Vittimberga, Giovanni Nicolini and Giuseppe Scotti

Sensors 2025, 25(22), 6889; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25226889 - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

This paper presents an automated threshold-based multi-channel epileptic seizure detection algorithm designed for low-complexity hardware implementations. The algorithm relies on two discriminative, computationally simple time-domain features, based on power and amplitude variations, that enable accurate and timely detections due to their rapid adaptiveness [...] Read more.

This paper presents an automated threshold-based multi-channel epileptic seizure detection algorithm designed for low-complexity hardware implementations. The algorithm relies on two discriminative, computationally simple time-domain features, based on power and amplitude variations, that enable accurate and timely detections due to their rapid adaptiveness to fluctuations in neural activity. To ensure long-term functionality and high sensitivity, system thresholds are optimized through an offline calibration process that exploits the statistical analysis of patient-specific inter-ictal and ictal periods. The novelty of the approach lies in its multi-channel decision-making strategy, which enhances reliability against false alarms. The proposed algorithm is tested on multiple datasets to assess its adaptability to different recording conditions, achieving roughly 98% accuracy and over 98% sensitivity on both the EEG CHB-MIT dataset and the iEEG SWEC-ETHZ dataset, with average latencies of 3.37 s and 7.84 s, respectively. These results are comparable to, and in some cases outperform, several published machine-learning-based approaches. On the hardware side, FPGA synthesis highlights the minimal and scalable resource requirements of the proposed architecture, achieved through Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM) of both filtering and feature extraction. When compared to state-of-the-art proposals, the system emerges as an ideal candidate for real-time, resource-constrained hardware implementations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multi-sensor Fusion in Medical Imaging, Diagnosis and Therapy)

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24 pages, 6505 KB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Prototype of L-CADEL.v5 Elbow Assisting Device

by Sergei Kotov and Marco Ceccarelli

Designs 2025, 9(6), 126; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs9060126 (registering DOI) - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

A new version of the L-CADEL elbow joint assisting device is presented as version v5. The design is revised based on the experience of previous versions and on the requirements that consider the application for physical exercise for the elderly people at home. [...] Read more.

A new version of the L-CADEL elbow joint assisting device is presented as version v5. The design is revised based on the experience of previous versions and on the requirements that consider the application for physical exercise for the elderly people at home. A laboratory prototype has been created with lightweight, portable and easy-to-use functionality that is confirmed by lab test results. A web interface was developed to manage the device as well as to acquire and elaborate data. Results of lab tests are discussed to validate the design feasibility and to characterize the operation performance for future clinical assessments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bioengineering Design)

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41 pages, 2320 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Dual-Method Analysis of P-DfMA Adoption in the AEC Industry Through the TOE Framework: Insights from Interviews and Policy Analysis

by Layla Mujahed, Gang Feng and Jianghua Wang

Buildings 2025, 15(22), 4063; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15224063 (registering DOI) - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

The persistent fragmentation of the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry drives the pursuit of advanced and unified construction solutions. This study investigated the limited understanding and adoption of one of these solutions, the platform approach to design for manufacturing and assembly (P-DfMA) [...] Read more.

The persistent fragmentation of the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry drives the pursuit of advanced and unified construction solutions. This study investigated the limited understanding and adoption of one of these solutions, the platform approach to design for manufacturing and assembly (P-DfMA) within the AEC industry. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 14 design professionals from China and the UK to understand how they utilize this approach. Governmental policy documents were also analyzed to examine how they hinder or facilitate the adoption of P-DfMA. The results were mapped using the technology–organization–environment (TOE) framework. Challenges and adoption considerations were identified by a thematic analysis, supported by text-mining results from Voyant Tools, with the most frequent keywords visualized in charts. The findings indicate that P-DfMA adoption is conceptually fragmented within the AEC industry, with a gap between theory and practice. Technical limitations in organizational structuring and environmental misalignment hinder adoption. Challenges and considerations span five domains: design, digital, financial and procurement, organizational, and sustainability. This research offers novel insights gained by integrating multi-layered analyses of construction practice interviews and policy perspectives within the TOE framework, along with timely insights into the socio-technical dynamics shaping the future of the industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)

21 pages, 564 KB

Open AccessArticle

How Women with Endometriosis Use Social Media for Support and Self-Management: An Analysis of Reddit Content

by Alaina Loughran, Kirstie Daken, Carol du Plessis and Amy B. Mullens

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(11), 1706; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22111706 (registering DOI) - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

Women with endometriosis often experience insufficient knowledge and support regarding their condition within the healthcare system. Women use social media to obtain information, share personal experiences, and establish connections with others. This study examined how women with endometriosis-like symptoms use Reddit to seek [...] Read more.

Women with endometriosis often experience insufficient knowledge and support regarding their condition within the healthcare system. Women use social media to obtain information, share personal experiences, and establish connections with others. This study examined how women with endometriosis-like symptoms use Reddit to seek support and acquire knowledge for self-management, with three research questions guided by the Information–Motivation–Behavioural skills model. A total of 194 threads were analysed from the r/endo subreddit, and a reflexive thematic analysis was conducted. Three overarching themes were identified (information, motivation, and behavioural skills) and six subthemes emerged from the data (endometriosis experience, endometriosis medical care, personal life impacts, social existence impacts, management strategies negative, and management strategies positive). Findings highlight that Reddit functions as a source of shared knowledge, symptom validation, emotional support, supplementing gaps in traditional healthcare services. This study provides insights into how healthcare systems and professionals can support women with endometriosis, including timely diagnosis and management strategies, in addition to a framework for an endometriosis Information–Motivation–Behavioural skills model. Future research could expand on study findings by implementing this conceptualised model in a mixed-methods context to gain insight into women’s endometriosis experiences within healthcare systems to understand how they can be empowered and supported. Full article

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12 pages, 579 KB

Open AccessArticle

Acute Effects of Isometric Conditioning Activity with Different Rest Intervals Between Sets on Countermovement Jump Performance in Resistance-Trained Participants

by Agata Latocha, Piotr Misiak, Michał Krzysztofik and Jakub Jarosz

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(22), 11989; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152211989 (registering DOI) - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study investigated the acute effects of different rest intervals between sets of isometric conditioning activity (ICA) on countermovement jump (CMJ) performance. Fifteen resistance-trained males completed four conditions: three ICA protocols with 1, 2, or 3 min rest intervals between sets and a [...] Read more.

This study investigated the acute effects of different rest intervals between sets of isometric conditioning activity (ICA) on countermovement jump (CMJ) performance. Fifteen resistance-trained males completed four conditions: three ICA protocols with 1, 2, or 3 min rest intervals between sets and a control condition (CTRL). ICA was performed in the half-squat position at a 90° knee angle against an immovable barbell, with each protocol consisting of three sets of short maximal voluntary isometric contractions (3 × 3 s per set). CMJ performance was assessed before and at 3, 6, 9, and 12 min after ICA or CTRL. The results showed no significant effects of the ICA or rest interval on CMJ height or relative peak power. However, independent of rest duration, ICA induced transient alterations in jump mechanics, characterized by decreased stiffness at 9 min and reduced eccentric peak velocity at 6–12 min post-ICA. Similar fluctuations were observed in the CTRL condition, suggesting that these changes may reflect time-dependent variability rather than specific potentiation effects. In conclusion, the studied ICA protocols did not enhance CMJ height or power output, and the length of the rest interval did not influence the outcomes, indicating limited applicability of this approach in resistance-trained males. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sport Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism)

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18 pages, 5250 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Accuracy of COSMIC and KOMPSAT GNSS Radio Occultation Temperature and Pressure Measurements over the Philippines

by Karl Philippe A. Descalzo and Ernest P. Macalalad

Atmosphere 2025, 16(11), 1285; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16111285 (registering DOI) - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

Radio occultation (RO) is a technique used for measuring planetary atmosphere properties by orbiting satellites, like temperature, pressure, and water vapor. Typically using Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals, this technique is often assessed with atmospheric properties measured by radiosonde (RS) stations around [...] Read more.

Radio occultation (RO) is a technique used for measuring planetary atmosphere properties by orbiting satellites, like temperature, pressure, and water vapor. Typically using Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals, this technique is often assessed with atmospheric properties measured by radiosonde (RS) stations around the world. The aim of this study is to assess the radio occultation temperature and pressure profiles from the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate 2 (COSMIC-2) and Korean Multi-purpose Satellite 5 (KOMPSAT-5) satellites using data from collocated radiosonde stations over the Philippines. Their deviations are analyzed using their mean and standard deviations. COSMIC-2 and KOMPSAT-5 temperature and pressure from the atmPrf product are in good agreement with radiosondes above 5–10 km, where moisture is negligible. COSMIC-2 has good agreement with radiosonde stations in 2020. KOMPSAT-5 has good agreement with radiosonde stations in 2019–2020. For both satellites, the deviations are larger within the lower troposphere, compared to heights above ~5–10 km. For both years, KOMPSAT-5 deviations are higher during the summer season until 10 km. For COSMIC-2, deviations are higher during the summer and autumn seasons. The quality of these results shows COSMIC and KOMPSAT as possible high-quality applications for weather prediction. In addition to providing comparable high-precision data, radio occultation can provide more dense coverage of areas without radiosondes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Atmospheric Techniques, Instruments, and Modeling (2nd Edition))

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28 pages, 8775 KB

Open AccessArticle

Stability and Yield Performance of Durum Wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) Genotypes Across Environments in Southern Peru

by Alexandra Pacheco-Andrade, María Elena Torres, Hector Cántaro-Segura, Luis Díaz-Morales and Daniel Matsusaka

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(4), 127; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16040127 - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

Durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) underpins semolina value chains in water-limited regions, yet Peru remains import-dependent due to constrained local adaptation. We evaluated eleven elite lines plus the commercial variety ‘INIA 412 Atahualpa’ across three contrasting semi-arid sites in Arequipa (Santa Elena, [...] Read more.

Durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) underpins semolina value chains in water-limited regions, yet Peru remains import-dependent due to constrained local adaptation. We evaluated eleven elite lines plus the commercial variety ‘INIA 412 Atahualpa’ across three contrasting semi-arid sites in Arequipa (Santa Elena, San Francisco de Paula, Santa Rita) during 2023–2024 to identify genotypes maximizing performance and stability. Grain yield, thousand-kernel weight (TKW), hectoliter weight, and plant height were analyzed with combined analysis of variance (ANOVA), the additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) and genotype and genotype-by-environment (GGE) biplots, complemented by AMMI stability value (ASV) and weighted average of absolute scores and best yield index (WAASBY). Grain yield and hectoliter weight showed significant genotype × environment (G × E) interaction, while plant height was driven mainly by genotype and environment with limited interaction. For grain yield, AMMI (PC1: 55.2%) and GGE (PC1 + PC2: 90.2%) revealed crossover responses and three practical mega-environments: TD-053 “won” at San Francisco de Paula, TD-037 at Santa Elena, and TD-033 at Santa Rita. Additionally, WAASBY-integrated rankings favored TD-033 (93.7%) and TD-014 (84.72%), followed by TD-026/TD-020 (>57%), whereas TD-062 (9.1%) and TD-043/TD-061 underperformed. Quality traits highlighted TD-044 and TD-014 for high hectoliter weight and TD-014/TD-062 for high TKW with contrasting stability. Overall, TD-033 and TD-014 were adaptable across environments, providing selection guidance to strengthen Peru’s durum breeding pipeline under climate variability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Biochemistry and Genetics)

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19 pages, 4425 KB

Open AccessArticle

Geometric and Thermal-Induced Errors Prediction for Active Error Compensation in Machine Tools

by Walid Chaaibi, Abderrazak El Ouafi and Narges Omidi

J. Exp. Theor. Anal. 2025, 3(4), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/jeta3040037 - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

In this paper, an integrated geometric and thermal-induced errors prediction approach for active error compensation in machine tools is proposed and evaluated. The proposed approach is based on a hybrid of physical and neural network predictive modeling to drive an adaptive position controller [...] Read more.

In this paper, an integrated geometric and thermal-induced errors prediction approach for active error compensation in machine tools is proposed and evaluated. The proposed approach is based on a hybrid of physical and neural network predictive modeling to drive an adaptive position controller for real-time error compensation including geometric and thermal-induced errors. Error components are formulated as a three-dimensional error field in the time-space domain. This approach involves four key steps for its development and implementation: (i) simplified experimental procedure combining a multicomponent laser interferometer measurement system and sixteen thermal sensors for error components measurement, (ii) artificial neural network-based predictive modeling of both position-dependent and position-independent error components, (iii) tridimensional volumetric error mapping using rigid body kinematics, and finally (iv) implementation of the real-time error compensation. Assessed on a turning center, the proposed approach conducts a significant improvement of the machine accuracy. The maximum error is reduced from 30 µm to less than 3 µm under thermally varying conditions. Full article

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16 pages, 801 KB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Potential of Cupriavidus metallidurans and Ochrobactrum anthropi for ²⁴¹Am Bioaccumulation in Aqueous Solution

by Leandro Goulart de Araujo, Tania Regina de Borba, Rafael Luan Sehn Canevesi, Sabine Neusatz Guilhen, Edson Antonio da Silva and Júlio Takehiro Marumo

AppliedChem 2025, 5(4), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/appliedchem5040034 - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study explores, for the first time, the bioaccumulation of americium-241 (²⁴¹Am) by Cupriavidus metallidurans and Ochrobactrum anthropi, two bacterial strains previously investigated mainly for their interactions with other heavy metals and radionuclides. To the best of our knowledge, no [...] Read more.

This study explores, for the first time, the bioaccumulation of americium-241 (²⁴¹Am) by Cupriavidus metallidurans and Ochrobactrum anthropi, two bacterial strains previously investigated mainly for their interactions with other heavy metals and radionuclides. To the best of our knowledge, no prior studies have reported the use of these microorganisms for ²⁴¹Am removal from aqueous solutions. The effects of initial ²⁴¹Am concentration and solution pH on removal performance were evaluated through batch experiments. Kinetic analyses were performed using pseudo-first-order (PFO) and pseudo-second-order (PSO) models, with the PSO model providing a better fit, suggesting chemisorption as the rate-limiting step in the process. Initial ²⁴¹Am concentrations ranged from 75 to 300 Bq mL⁻¹, and both bacterial strains demonstrated comparable maximum bioaccumulation capacities of approximately 1.5 × 10⁻⁸ mmol g⁻¹. However, O. anthropi exhibited superior resistance to ²⁴¹Am, maintaining colony growth at activity levels up to 1200 Bq mL⁻¹, compared to a threshold of 400 Bq mL⁻¹ for C. metallidurans. These findings highlight the robustness and efficiency of these bacterial strains—particularly O. anthropic—in removing ²⁴¹Am from liquid radioactive waste, offering promising implications for bioremediation technologies. Full article

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13 pages, 1597 KB

Open AccessArticle

Gut Microbiota Affects Mouse Social Behavior via Hippuric Acid Metabolism

by Momona Tsukui, Sosuke Yagishita, Shinji Tokunaga, Shuji Wakatsuki and Toshiyuki Araki

Neurol. Int. 2025, 17(11), 185; https://doi.org/10.3390/neurolint17110185 - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder typically characterized by impaired social communication. Previous reports have postulated gut microbiota to be an important non-genetic factor affecting ASD-like phenotypes in mice, as germ-free (GF) mice show impaired social communication. Results: In this [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder typically characterized by impaired social communication. Previous reports have postulated gut microbiota to be an important non-genetic factor affecting ASD-like phenotypes in mice, as germ-free (GF) mice show impaired social communication. Results: In this study, we identified hippuric acid (HA) as a metabolite generated via a gut microbiome-dependent mechanism that plays a role in the acquisition of social behavior during mouse development. We discovered that oral or intraperitoneal HA administration to GF mice normalizes their social behavior. Furthermore, HA administration restored oxytocin expression in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and secretin expression in the subfornical organ, suggesting that HA may activate the secretin–oxytocin system to influence the social behavior of mice. Conclusions: These findings indicate that HA may serve as an important gut microbiome-dependent mediator affecting the brain mechanisms involved in regulating social behavior. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Exclusive Papers from the Editorial Board Members (EBMs) of Neurology International)

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21 pages, 3521 KB

Open AccessArticle

Valorisation of Recycled Cotton as Reinforcement in Recycled Polypropylene Composites

by Mariana Ichim, Emil Ioan Muresan, Gabriela Lisa, Florin Ciolacu and Adrian Cătălin Puițel

Textiles 2025, 5(4), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/textiles5040057 - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

The continuous rise in textile waste, driven by global population growth and the proliferation of fast fashion, has raised concerns about its efficient recycling and sustainable management. This study aims to assess the feasibility of recycling textile waste by incorporating recycled cotton fibres [...] Read more.

The continuous rise in textile waste, driven by global population growth and the proliferation of fast fashion, has raised concerns about its efficient recycling and sustainable management. This study aims to assess the feasibility of recycling textile waste by incorporating recycled cotton fibres as reinforcement in polypropylene-based composites. Specifically, it examines the mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties of composites composed of 50% recycled polypropylene and 50% reinforcing fibres (either virgin or recycled cotton), with and without the addition of 5% maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene as a compatibilizer to enhance fibre-matrix adhesion. Although the use of recycled cotton as reinforcement reduced the mechanical properties of the composite material, the addition of 5% compatibilizer improved these properties to levels comparable to those of composite reinforced with virgin cotton. Full article

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19 pages, 4889 KB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of the Microbiome and Virulence and Resistance Genes in the Howler Monkey (Alouatta seniculus) in Colombian Andean Forests

by Anyelo Florez, Angie Patiño-Montoya, Hernan Florez-Ríos, Madelaine Piedrahita, Juan Pablo Arias Marmolejo, Néstor Roncancio-Duque, Diana López-Alvarez and Andrés Castillo

Appl. Microbiol. 2025, 5(4), 129; https://doi.org/10.3390/applmicrobiol5040129 - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

The microbiome of howler monkeys is being studied as a potential indicator of forest health. This explorative research aimed to analyze the microbiome, antibiotic resistance genes, and virulence factors of the howler monkey (Alouatta seniculus) in two Colombian Andean forests. A [...] Read more.

The microbiome of howler monkeys is being studied as a potential indicator of forest health. This explorative research aimed to analyze the microbiome, antibiotic resistance genes, and virulence factors of the howler monkey (Alouatta seniculus) in two Colombian Andean forests. A total of six samples were collected from three monkeys in two different forests. The samples were processed and sequenced using 16S rRNA V3-V4 metabarcoding and shotgun metagenomics. No significant differences in microbial diversity were observed between locations. A total of 43 possible resistance genes were identified, 11 of which were associated with plasmids, while 66 virulence genes were detected. The bacterial genera with the highest number of resistance genes were Escherichia and Enterococcus, whereas Escherichia and Citrobacter exhibited the highest number of virulence factors. The bacteria were predominantly resistant to fluoroquinolones, macrolides and beta-lactams, while adherence was the dominant virulence mechanism. This exploratory study suggests that the locations provide similar habitats for howler monkeys and that the presence of resistance genes is primarily due to intrinsic bacterial resistance mechanisms and natural resistance in wild populations despite the environmental presence of bacterial genera with resistance genes and virulence factors. However, acquisition through interaction with domestic animals was not evaluated. Full article

18 pages, 6696 KB

Open AccessArticle

Establishing an Electron FLASH Platform for Preclinical Research in Low-Resource Settings

by Banghao Zhou, Lixiang Guo, Weiguo Lu, Mahbubur Rahman, Rongxiao Zhang, Varghese Anto Chirayath, Yang Kyun Park, Strahinja Stojadinovic, Marvin Garza and Ken Kang-Hsin Wang

Radiation 2025, 5(4), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/radiation5040033 - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: FLASH radiotherapy delivers ultra-high dose rates with normal tissue sparing, but mechanisms remain unclear. We present a streamlined workflow for establishing a LINAC-based electron FLASH (eFLASH) platform in low-resource settings without requiring vendor-proprietary hardware or software, or vendor-assisted modifications to broaden [...] Read more.

Background: FLASH radiotherapy delivers ultra-high dose rates with normal tissue sparing, but mechanisms remain unclear. We present a streamlined workflow for establishing a LINAC-based electron FLASH (eFLASH) platform in low-resource settings without requiring vendor-proprietary hardware or software, or vendor-assisted modifications to broaden accessibility for FLASH studies. Methods: A LINAC was converted to eFLASH with pulse control and monitoring. Automatic frequency control (AFC) was optimized to stabilize dose per pulse (DPP). Beam data were measured with EBT-XD films, and a Monte Carlo (MC) model was commissioned for in vivo dose calculation. We demonstrated in vivo dosimetry in planning studies of mouse whole-brain and rat spinal cord (C1–T2) irradiation. We further assessed the impact of AFC optimization on the FLASH spinal cord study. Results: AFC optimization stabilized DPP at ~0.6 Gy/pulse, reducing large fluctuations under the default setting. MC agreed with measurements within 2% for PDDs and profiles. MC planning showed uniform whole-brain irradiation with 6 MeV FLASH, while the spinal cord study exhibited up to 10% dose fall-off within 1 cm along the cord, suggesting potential dose-volume effects confounding FLASH sparing. Following AFC optimization, 50% of the C1–T2 cord reached >133 Gy/s, a 23% increase versus default. Conclusions: We demonstrated a cost-effective eFLASH platform and verified its accuracy for preclinical studies, expanding the accessibility of FLASH research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Radiation and Its Application in Oncology and Radiation Protection)

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17 pages, 10512 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Large-Scale Geostrophic Circulation Around Cuba: Insights from Altimeter Data

by Roberto Iacono, Massimiliano Palma, Ernesto Napolitano and Alain Muñoz Caravaca

Oceans 2025, 6(4), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/oceans6040075 - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

Due to the scarcity of in situ observations, the current description of the circulation around Cuba is far from complete. For example, the structure and variability of the flow through the Windward Passage, which hosts a significant fraction of the transport from the [...] Read more.

Due to the scarcity of in situ observations, the current description of the circulation around Cuba is far from complete. For example, the structure and variability of the flow through the Windward Passage, which hosts a significant fraction of the transport from the Atlantic to the Caribbean Sea, are still unclear. In this study, we use a recent, high-resolution Copernicus product based on satellite altimeter observations to obtain new insights into the large-scale geostrophic circulation around the eastern and southern coasts of Cuba. Among other results, we uncover a robust seasonal variability of the circulation around the Windward Passage, related to the presence of a cyclone to the south of the passage. Through most of the year the cyclone, with a companion anticyclone to the west, hinders the Atlantic inflow, but in autumn a strong stream crosses the western side of the passage and deeply penetrates the northern Caribbean Sea. The last part of the work deals with the time variability of the sea level in the Caribbean. We find that an apparent change in trend advocated in the recent literature has been reabsorbed in the last decade, yielding a local average sea level trend over the last thirty years in line with that for the global ocean. Full article

10 pages, 514 KB

Open AccessArticle

Multiplicity Distributions and the Frontier Between Soft and Hard Physics

by Henrique R. Martins-Fontes and Fernando S. Navarra

Physics 2025, 7(4), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/physics7040057 - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

The multiplicity distributions measured in proton–proton collisions at the LHC exhibit appealing new features. One of them is the appearance of a substructure—the so-called “shoulder”—at relatively large multiplicities. The most natural interpretation of this behavior is the existence of two particle-production mechanisms. The [...] Read more.

The multiplicity distributions measured in proton–proton collisions at the LHC exhibit appealing new features. One of them is the appearance of a substructure—the so-called “shoulder”—at relatively large multiplicities. The most natural interpretation of this behavior is the existence of two particle-production mechanisms. The final result is then a superposition of two distributions. In our recent paper, we assumed that the two production mechanisms are soft and semihard partonics scatterings. In this paper, we further discuss this assumption, and, in particular, we study the dependence of the results on the scale that separates soft from hard events. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Complexity in High Energy and Statistical Physics)

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16 pages, 854 KB

Open AccessReview

The Gut Microbiota–Metabolic Axis: Emerging Insights from Human and Experimental Studies on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus—A Narrative Review

by Mohammed Saad Alqahtani

Medicina 2025, 61(11), 2017; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61112017 - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

The rapidly advancing field of gut microbiota research has revealed its pivotal role in human health, with growing evidence implicating microbial dysbiosis in the development of metabolic diseases, particularly type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This narrative review synthesizes recent findings on the complex, [...] Read more.

The rapidly advancing field of gut microbiota research has revealed its pivotal role in human health, with growing evidence implicating microbial dysbiosis in the development of metabolic diseases, particularly type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This narrative review synthesizes recent findings on the complex, bidirectional relationship between the gut microbiota–metabolic axis and T2DM, drawing upon data from human and experimental studies published in the past decade. Patients with T2DM consistently demonstrate marked gut dysbiosis, characterized by reduced microbial diversity and depletion of beneficial butyrate-producing taxa such as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Roseburia intestinalis. In contrast, increases in pro-inflammatory bacteria including Escherichia-Shigella and Lactobacillus are commonly observed. Such compositional changes are linked to metabolic dysfunction through altered microbial metabolites, including elevated trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), which has been associated with insulin resistance and increased diabetes risk. Moreover, gut microbiota imbalances correlate with systemic inflammation, as indicated by higher levels of cytokines such as IFN-γ and IL-6. These findings underscore the gut microbiota’s central role in energy metabolism and inflammation in T2DM. Understanding these mechanisms could inform novel therapeutic and preventive strategies—such as microbiota-targeted dietary, probiotic, or pharmacologic interventions—to improve metabolic outcomes and enhance clinical management of diabetes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Gastroenterology & Hepatology)

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29 pages, 4689 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Chitosan Nanoparticle-Loaded Hydrogel and Lavandula Angustifolia Extract on Staphylococcus Aureus-Infected Wounds in a Rat Model: An Animal Study

by Farah Faraedon Mohidden Zardawi and Mohammed Qasim Yahya Malallah A. Al Atrakji

Polysaccharides 2025, 6(4), 102; https://doi.org/10.3390/polysaccharides6040102 - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: Chitosan and Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) exhibit antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects, making them potential candidates for managing infected wounds. This study investigated the therapeutic efficacy of a chitosan nanoparticle-loaded hydrogel, lavender extract, and their combination in treating Staphylococcus aureus-infected wounds in [...] Read more.

Background: Chitosan and Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) exhibit antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects, making them potential candidates for managing infected wounds. This study investigated the therapeutic efficacy of a chitosan nanoparticle-loaded hydrogel, lavender extract, and their combination in treating Staphylococcus aureus-infected wounds in rats. Methods: Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats (250–350 g, 8–10 weeks) were divided into six groups: healthy control, infected untreated, Fucidin, lavender extract, chitosan hydrogel, and chitosan–lavender combination. Wound healing was evaluated on days 3, 7, and 14 using clinical assessment, histopathology, and biochemical markers. Non-parametric statistical tests were applied, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: The chitosan–lavender group showed the most pronounced healing response, with significantly reduced WBC counts, lower levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and MDA, and enhanced SOD activity (p < 0.05). Histological analysis confirmed superior re-epithelialization, granulation tissue development, collagen deposition, and wound contraction in chitosan-based treatments, particularly their combination, compared to lavender or Fucidin alone (p < 0.001). Inflammatory infiltrates, angiogenesis, necrosis, and hemorrhage were also notably reduced across treated groups. Conclusion: Combining chitosan hydrogel with lavender extract exerts synergistic antibacterial and wound healing effects, offering a promising alternative therapy for infected wounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Bioactive Polysaccharides)

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14 pages, 1749 KB

Open AccessArticle

Delving into Unsupervised Hebbian Learning from Artificial Intelligence Perspectives

by Wei Lin, Zhixin Piao and Chi Chung Alan Fung

Mach. Learn. Knowl. Extr. 2025, 7(4), 143; https://doi.org/10.3390/make7040143 - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

Unsupervised Hebbian learning is a biologically inspired algorithm designed to extract representations from input images, which can subsequently support supervised learning. It presents a promising alternative to traditional artificial neural networks (ANNs). Many attempts have focused on enhancing Hebbian learning by incorporating more [...] Read more.

Unsupervised Hebbian learning is a biologically inspired algorithm designed to extract representations from input images, which can subsequently support supervised learning. It presents a promising alternative to traditional artificial neural networks (ANNs). Many attempts have focused on enhancing Hebbian learning by incorporating more biologically plausible components. Contrarily, we draw inspiration from recent advances in ANNs to rethink and further improve Hebbian learning in three interconnected aspects. First, we investigate the issue of overfitting in Hebbian learning and emphasize the importance of selecting an optimal number of training epochs, even in unsupervised settings. In addition, we discuss the risks and benefits of anti-Hebbian learning in model performance, and our visualizations reveal that synapses resembling the input images sometimes do not necessarily reflect effective learning. Then, we explore the impact of different activation functions on Hebbian representations, highlighting the benefits of properly utilizing negative values. Furthermore, motivated by the success of large pre-trained language models, we propose a novel approach for leveraging unlabeled data from other datasets. Unlike conventional pre-training in ANNs, experimental results demonstrate that merging trained synapses from different datasets leads to improved performance. Overall, our findings offer fresh perspectives on enhancing the future design of Hebbian learning algorithms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Learning)

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