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23 pages, 1293 KB

Open AccessArticle

Binary and Ternary Blends of Construction and Demolition Waste and Marble Powder as Supplementary Cementitious Materials

by Ana Mafalda Matos and Joana Sousa Coutinho

Sustainability 2025, 17(23), 10769; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172310769 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

Portland cement is widely used in construction, but it contributes significantly to global CO₂ emissions. This study evaluates the potential use of construction and demolition waste (CDW) and marble powder (MP) as supplementary cementitious materials, in line with circular economy goals. Both [...] Read more.

Portland cement is widely used in construction, but it contributes significantly to global CO₂ emissions. This study evaluates the potential use of construction and demolition waste (CDW) and marble powder (MP) as supplementary cementitious materials, in line with circular economy goals. Both wastes were ground finer than cement and characterised chemically and physically. Binary and ternary blends with 5% and 10% replacement were tested in pastes and mortars for fresh properties, mechanical performance, and durability. Setting time, soundness, and workability remained within standard limits. Compressive strength decreased moderately, with 28-day activity indices between 82 and 88%, confirming the low reactivity of the supplementary cementitious materials. Sorptivity decreased in all mixes, and chloride resistance improved in the 10CDW and 10MP blends. However, the ternary mix showed increased chloride migration. Carbonation depth increased in all mixes, indicating the need for protective measures in carbonation-prone environments. Replacing 10% of cement with CDW or MP can avoid 70–80 kg of CO₂ per tonne of binder and reduce landfill waste. These materials can be used as low-carbon fillers in cement-based systems, provided that their durability limitations are considered in design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Materials, Smart BIM and Comfortable Environments: Towards Sustainable Building)

18 pages, 950 KB

Open AccessArticle

Life Cycle Assessment of Reclaimed Water Irrigation in Organic Vineyards: Environmental Impacts and Water Stress Implications in La Rioja, Spain

by Adrián Agraso-Otero, Mar Vilanova de la Torre, María Malia Molleda, Ricardo Rebolledo-Leiva and Sara González-García

Agriculture 2025, 15(23), 2505; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15232505 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

Agriculture puts significant pressure on freshwater sources, which motivates the use of reclaimed water for irrigation as a promising alternative to reduce freshwater demand while also providing nutrients. This study applies Life Cycle Assessment to determine the environmental impacts of irrigating a DOCa [...] Read more.

Agriculture puts significant pressure on freshwater sources, which motivates the use of reclaimed water for irrigation as a promising alternative to reduce freshwater demand while also providing nutrients. This study applies Life Cycle Assessment to determine the environmental impacts of irrigating a DOCa La Rioja vineyard with reclaimed water in the cultivation of organic grapes (scenario A) and compares it with an irrigation practice that uses canal water combined with organic extra-fertilisation (scenario B), accounting for differences in wastewater treatment processes. Results show that scenario A reduces impacts in categories such as global warming (16.2%) and freshwater eutrophication (25.6%) compared with scenario B, primarily due to the lower emissions associated with reclaimed water treatment. Additionally, a water balance was performed for the plot, which indicated that current inputs currently exceed losses in the region, so water stress is not observed; however, this situation may change in the near future due to population growth and climate change. These findings underscore the need to enhance the efficiency of the reclaimed water production, primarily by optimising its energy requirements, to support sustainable water use in agricultural systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sustainable Viticulture)

17 pages, 7447 KB

Open AccessArticle

Modification of Polypropylene Fibers with Sodium Silicate: Enhancement of Pozzolanic Properties in Cement-Based Systems

by Yahya Kaya, Petek Balcı, Süleyman Özen, Ali Mardani and Ali Kara

Polymers 2025, 17(23), 3206; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17233206 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the effect of sodium-silicate-based chemical surface modification of polypropylene (PP) fibers on the mechanical and fresh-state properties of cementitious composites. The proposed method introduces silanol and siloxane groups onto the PP surface through a radical-assisted chlorination route, aiming to enhance [...] Read more.

This study investigates the effect of sodium-silicate-based chemical surface modification of polypropylene (PP) fibers on the mechanical and fresh-state properties of cementitious composites. The proposed method introduces silanol and siloxane groups onto the PP surface through a radical-assisted chlorination route, aiming to enhance fiber–matrix interfacial bonding. Modified fibers increased the polycarboxylate ether (PCE) demand by 100% compared to the control mixture, while unmodified PP fibers caused a 58% increase at equivalent workability. The incorporation of PP fibers resulted in limited changes in compressive strength (1-7%), whereas silicate-modified fibers led to notable late-age flexural strength gains of 10% (28 days) and 17% (56 days). Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses confirmed successful surface functionalization, while the heterogeneous silicate deposition still contributed positively to interfacial transition zone (ITZ) performance. Overall, sodium-silicate-modified PP fibers improve flexural behavior and interfacial bonding in cement-based systems, offering a promising approach for enhanced mechanical performance and sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Developments in Fiber-Reinforced Polymers and Their End-of-Life Management)

27 pages, 19129 KB

Open AccessArticle

Green Synthesis of AgNPs from Celtis africana: Biological and Catalytic Insights

by Amna N. Khan

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(23), 1821; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15231821 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

Celtis africana, a rare plant native to southwestern Saudi Arabia, was explored for the first time as a source for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Catechol-bearing phenolic amides in the aqueous leaf extract acted as both reducing and capping agents, enabling [...] Read more.

Celtis africana, a rare plant native to southwestern Saudi Arabia, was explored for the first time as a source for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Catechol-bearing phenolic amides in the aqueous leaf extract acted as both reducing and capping agents, enabling eco-friendly AgNP fabrication. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized using SEM, TEM, XRD, UV-Vis, and FTIR, revealing predominantly spherical nanoparticles with an average size of 9.28 ± 0.11 nm, a face-centered cubic crystalline structure, and a pronounced surface plasmon resonance at 424 nm. HPLC analysis confirmed the presence of caffeoyltryamine in the extract, while UV-Vis and FTIR indicated its attachment to the AgNP surface. The AgNPs exhibited broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus, MRSA and E. faecalis) and Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli, K. pneumoniae, S. typhimurium, and P. aeruginosa), as well as pathogenic fungi such as C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, and C. krusei with performance comparable to or exceeding that of AgNPs from Artemisia vulgaris, Moringa oleifera, and Nigella sativa. The MIC and MBC values for S. aureus, MRSA, E. coli, and S. typhimurium were consistently 6.25 µg/mL and 25 µg/mL, respectively, reflecting strong inhibitory and bactericidal effects at low concentrations. MTT assays demonstrated selective cytotoxicity, showing higher viability in normal human skin fibroblasts (HSF) than in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The AgNPs also displayed strong antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ = 5.41 µg/mL, DPPH assay) and efficient catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) and methylene blue (MB), with rate constants of 0.0165 s⁻¹ and 0.0047 s⁻¹, respectively, exceeding most reported values. These findings identify Celtis africana as a promising source for eco-friendly AgNPs with strong antimicrobial, antioxidant, and catalytic properties for broad biological and environmental applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy and Catalysis)

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21 pages, 896 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Biform Analysis of Coopetition in Green Co-Creation

by Yan Zhang, Yixiang Tian, Bo Liu and Yi Jin

Sustainability 2025, 17(23), 10770; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172310770 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

Green co-creation plays a vital role in promoting sustainability by engaging both firms and consumers in value creation, yet most studies examine competition and cooperation separately without considering their interplay. This study investigates the dynamics of coopetition in green co-creation by developing a [...] Read more.

Green co-creation plays a vital role in promoting sustainability by engaging both firms and consumers in value creation, yet most studies examine competition and cooperation separately without considering their interplay. This study investigates the dynamics of coopetition in green co-creation by developing a two-stage biform game that integrates competitive interaction and cooperative bargaining within a unified framework. The results show that (1) greater green co-creation efforts, representing deeper firm–customer interactions, improve both parties’ equilibrium outcomes; (2) cooperation leads to greater green effort investment than pure competition; and (3) when Nash bargaining conditions are satisfied, coopetition improves both individual profits and total welfare compared with sole competition. These findings highlight that coopetition not only strengthens mutual economic benefits, but also enhances sustainability performance by balancing competitive and cooperative forces. This study provides an analytical foundation for understanding firm–customer coopetition and offers actionable insights for advancing sustainable value creation in green supply chain management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Potential Solutions for Environmentally Friendly Supply Chain Transformation)

19 pages, 1940 KB

Open AccessArticle

Vibration Energy Harvesting Characteristics of Pyramid Sandwich Beams Under Periodic Elastic Constraints

by Weimin Xiao, Junjuan Zhao, Jingkai Nie, Shuai Jiang, Zhenkun Guo and Lei Shi

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(12), 659; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9120659 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

Vibration energy harvesting from ambient mechanical sources offers a sustainable alternative to batteries for powering low-power electronics in remote environments, yet challenges persist in achieving broadband efficiency, low-frequency operation, and concurrent vibration suppression. Here, we introduce a pyramidal piezoelectric sandwich beam (PPSB) with [...] Read more.

Vibration energy harvesting from ambient mechanical sources offers a sustainable alternative to batteries for powering low-power electronics in remote environments, yet challenges persist in achieving broadband efficiency, low-frequency operation, and concurrent vibration suppression. Here, we introduce a pyramidal piezoelectric sandwich beam (PPSB) with periodic elastic constraints, leveraging homogenized lattice truss cores for enhanced electromechanical coupling. Using Lagrange equations, we derive the coupled dynamics, validated against finite element simulations with resonant frequency errors below 3%. Compared to equivalent-stiffness uniform beams, the PPSB exhibits 3.42-fold higher voltage and 11.68-fold greater power output, attributed to optimized strain distribution and resonance amplification. Parametric analyses reveal trade-offs: increasing core thickness or spring stiffness elevates resonant frequencies but reduces voltage peaks due to stiffness–strain imbalances; conversely, a larger beam length, truss radius or tilt angle will reduce the natural frequency while increasing the output through inertia and shear enhancement. Piezoelectric constants and load resistance minimally affect mechanics but optimize electrical impedance matching. This single-phase, geometrically tunable design bridges gaps in multifunctional metamaterials, enabling self-powered sensors with vibration attenuation for aerospace, civil infrastructure, and biomedical applications, paving the way for energy-autonomous systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Composites Modelling and Characterization)

21 pages, 1009 KB

Open AccessArticle

Environmental DNA: A Preliminary Characterization of Invertebrate Biodiversity in a Sicilian River

by Manuela Mauro, Rosi De Luca, Mario Lo Valvo, Slobodanka Radovic, Aiti Vizzini, Grazia Orecchio, Francesco Longo, Vinicius Queiroz, Rosario Badalamenti, Claudio Gargano and Mirella Vazzana

Environments 2025, 12(12), 465; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12120465 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

Freshwater ecosystems are undergoing rapid species loss due to climate change and human impact. In this context, biomonitoring has become essential for species censusing and biodiversity conservation. In recent years, environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding has emerged as a powerful, non-invasive alternative to traditional [...] Read more.

Freshwater ecosystems are undergoing rapid species loss due to climate change and human impact. In this context, biomonitoring has become essential for species censusing and biodiversity conservation. In recent years, environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding has emerged as a powerful, non-invasive alternative to traditional sampling and morphological identification methods. This study is the first to apply eDNA analysis to the characterization of invertebrate communities in the Oreto River, Sicily (Italy). Water samples were collected at three points of the river (upstream, midstream, downstream), and eDNA was extracted for metabarcoding. Overall, the analysis identified 40 species belonging to different phyla, including Annelida, Arthropoda, Cnidaria, Mollusca, Porifera and Rotifera. Twelve species appear to be newly recorded in Sicily, including confirmed identifications (Simulium trifasciatum, Rotaria rotatoria, Euchlanis dilatata, Lecane clostero-cerca) and other potential new identifications (Microchironomus tener, Micropsectra pallidula, Tinodes dives, Philodina flaviceps, Buchholzia appendiculata, Lecane bulla, Drosophila incompta, Corynoneura coronata). The study also confirmed the presence of alien species (Physella acuta, Craspedacusta sowerbii). Furthermore, species composition varied among the three sampling points, with most taxa detected in the upstream section. These results provide a preliminary snapshot of the biodiversity of river invertebrates, highlighting the potential of eDNA to complement traditional methods. Full article

25 pages, 11169 KB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Infiltration Effect of Waterborne Polyurethane Cementitious Composite Slurry Penetration Grouting Under Vacuum Effect

by Chungang Zhang, Feng Huang, Yingguang Shi, Xiujun Sun and Guihe Wang

Polymers 2025, 17(23), 3205; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17233205 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

To address the issue of restricted grout diffusion caused by seepage effects during grouting in sandy soil layers, this study proposes an optimised grouting method for water-based polyurethane-cement composite grout (WPU-CS) under vacuum-pressure synergy. By establishing a porous medium flow model based on [...] Read more.

To address the issue of restricted grout diffusion caused by seepage effects during grouting in sandy soil layers, this study proposes an optimised grouting method for water-based polyurethane-cement composite grout (WPU-CS) under vacuum-pressure synergy. By establishing a porous medium flow model based on the mass conservation equation and linear filtration law, the influence mechanism of cement particle seepage effects was quantitatively characterised. An orthogonal test (L₉(3⁴)) optimised the grout composition, determining the optimal parameter combination as the following: water-to-cement ratio 1.5:1, polyurethane-to-cement ratio 5~10%, magnesium aluminium silicate content 1%, and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose content 0.15%. Vacuum permeation grouting tests demonstrated that compared to pure cement slurry, WPU-CS reduced filter cake thickness by 80%, significantly suppressing the leaching effect (the volume fraction

δ

of cement particles exhibited exponential decay with increasing distance

r

from the grouting end, and the slurry front velocity gradually decreased). Concurrently, the porosity

ϕ

in the grouted zone showed a gradient distribution (with more pronounced porosity reduction near the grouting end). When vacuum pressure increased from −10 kPa to −30 kPa, slurry diffusion distance rose from 11 cm to 18 cm (63.6% increase). When grouting pressure increased from 20 kPa to 60 kPa, diffusion distance increased from 8 cm to 20 cm (150% increase). The study confirms that synergistic control using WPU-CS with moderate grouting pressure and high vacuum effectively balances seepage suppression and soil stability, providing an innovative solution for efficient sandy soil reinforcement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Applications)

18 pages, 4151 KB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Optimal Operation of Heat Pump Drying System Throughout the Entire Drying Process Based on the Material Drying Characteristics

by Junlin Song, Peikun Zhang, Ramadan ElGamal, Gamal ElMasry, Sameh Kishk, Junfeng Peng, Chuanping Liu and Li Wang

Processes 2025, 13(12), 3883; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13123883 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the application of Heat Pump Drying (HPD) technology for drying agricultural products, aiming to address the practical inefficiency of HPD systems, which stems from the lack of an optimized operational strategy throughout the drying process. This study develops a mathematical [...] Read more.

This study investigates the application of Heat Pump Drying (HPD) technology for drying agricultural products, aiming to address the practical inefficiency of HPD systems, which stems from the lack of an optimized operational strategy throughout the drying process. This study develops a mathematical model for a closed-loop HPD system. Tomato slices were selected as the research subject, and hot air-drying experiments were performed to determine their drying characteristics. The mathematical model was then used to simulate the effect of material moisture content fluctuations on HPD system performance during drying. Based on these drying characteristics, an optimal operational strategy was proposed. The results show that dynamically adjusting parameters such as evaporation temperature and air bypass ratio during different drying stages can significantly improve the system’s Specific Moisture Extraction Rate (SMER) and facilitate energy-efficient operation throughout the drying process. The average SMER values of the HPD system under the optimized strategy were 2.59 kg∙kW⁻¹∙h⁻¹ and 3.46 kg∙kW⁻¹∙h⁻¹ at drying temperatures of 60 °C and 80 °C, respectively. Additionally, the optimized operation reduced total electrical consumption by 31.60% and 32.87% compared to the constant evaporation temperature mode. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Process Design and Performance Analysis of Heat Pumps)

18 pages, 1620 KB

Open AccessArticle

Low-Temperature Glass 3D Printing via Two-Photon and Single-Photon Polymerization of Oligo-Silsesquioxanes

by Liyuan Chen, Masaru Mukai, Yuki Hatta, Shoma Miura and Shoji Maruo

Polymers 2025, 17(23), 3204; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17233204 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

Recent advances in 3D printing of silica glass have highlighted the limitations of conventional stereolithography (SLA), which requires high-temperature sintering (≈1000 °C) and often uses slurry-based materials. To address these limitations, a sinterless approach using polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS)-based resin has gained attention, [...] Read more.

Recent advances in 3D printing of silica glass have highlighted the limitations of conventional stereolithography (SLA), which requires high-temperature sintering (≈1000 °C) and often uses slurry-based materials. To address these limitations, a sinterless approach using polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS)-based resin has gained attention, as it can form transparent fused silica at only 650 °C. However, previous POSS-based systems suffered from high shrinkage owing to the addition of organic monomers. In this study, a novel low-viscosity polymerizable POSS resin was synthesized without additional monomers, maintaining its sinterless properties while reducing shrinkage. Experimental results showed that our POSS resin has a silica content of 41%, with a shrinkage rate of only 36 ± 1%, which effectively reduced cracking and warping when calcinating large-volume models. It was demonstrated that this resin can be applied not only to high-resolution glass 3D printing with sub-200 nm line widths using two-photon polymerization, but also to low-cost glass 3D printing using single-photon polymerization. The 3D-printed objects can be converted into silica glass structures at significantly lower temperatures than traditional sintering, offering a promising route for efficient and precise glass manufacturing. Potential applications of our POSS resin include the production of multi-scale devices, such as microfluidic devices and optical components, and hybrid processing with semiconductors and MEMS and photonic devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Microfabrication and 3D/4D Printing)

23 pages, 357 KB

Open AccessReview

Early School Leaving by Design—Prevention, Intervention and Compensation—A Policy Analysis of Early School Leaving and Underachievement Interventions in Europe

by Martin Brown, Joe O’Hara, Sarah Gardezi, Gerry McNamara, John O’Hara, Geraldine French, Grainne McKenna, Aideen Cassidy, Anne Rowan and Michael McNamara

Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(12), 1618; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15121618 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to provide a comparative policy analysis of successful strategies that have been implemented across European countries to address early school leaving (ESL) and academic underachievement. Employing a transformative and multidimensional approach, the study examines systemic and local [...] Read more.

The purpose of this paper is to provide a comparative policy analysis of successful strategies that have been implemented across European countries to address early school leaving (ESL) and academic underachievement. Employing a transformative and multidimensional approach, the study examines systemic and local interventions that integrate cognitive and socio-emotional dimensions of learning. Using Eurostat data to categorise countries based on their ESL reduction progress, the analysis evaluates legislative frameworks, policy initiatives, and educational practices through the prevention, intervention, and compensation model. The findings identify common themes such as the expansion of early childhood education and care (ECEC), enhancement of guidance and counselling services, targeted support for socio-economically disadvantaged groups, inclusive policies for marginalised populations including Roma communities, and the development of vocational and second-chance education pathways. The paper highlights the critical importance of coherent and scalable policy design to reduce educational inequalities and contribute to achieving European Union ESL reduction targets by 2030. It advances policy discourse by emphasising the essential need for balanced preventive and compensatory measures to improve educational outcomes and to foster social inclusion across varied national contexts. Full article

17 pages, 2039 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Melting Methods and In-House Recycled Content on Climate Effects

by Anders E. W. Jarfors

J. Manuf. Mater. Process. 2025, 9(12), 398; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp9120398 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

Large functionally integrated casting and electrification are rapidly changing the high-pressure die-casting industry. The requirements for these new castings differ from those of the previous ones. Load-bearing capability, fatigue, ductility, and crashworthiness all increase, and the foundry’s readiness for this varies and is [...] Read more.

Large functionally integrated casting and electrification are rapidly changing the high-pressure die-casting industry. The requirements for these new castings differ from those of the previous ones. Load-bearing capability, fatigue, ductility, and crashworthiness all increase, and the foundry’s readiness for this varies and is challenging. At the same time, the carbon footprint needs to be reduced, meaning that recycled, secondary aluminium usage is required, making the challenge of attaining the required component performance significantly more difficult. The current paper examined the conditions and requirements to manage and reach the required targets, both from a material standpoint as well as from a climate impact and resource-efficiency perspective. Full article

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10 pages, 589 KB

Open AccessArticle

Cell-Free Genomic DNA Release into Serum of Wild Boar and Domestic Pigs Infected with Highly Virulent African Swine Fever Virus

by Ann Sofie Olesen, Louise Lohse and Graham J. Belsham

Pathogens 2025, 14(12), 1228; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14121228 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the cause of a severe hemorrhagic disease in domestic pigs and wild boar. Currently, a highly virulent genotype II ASFV is causing massive pig mortality worldwide. In its acute form, the disease is characterized by high fever, [...] Read more.

African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the cause of a severe hemorrhagic disease in domestic pigs and wild boar. Currently, a highly virulent genotype II ASFV is causing massive pig mortality worldwide. In its acute form, the disease is characterized by high fever, a range of non-specific clinical signs and cell death. In this study, we demonstrate a greatly elevated level (>1000-fold) of cell-free DNA (cfDNA), more specifically, fragmented host genomic DNA (gDNA), in serum from both wild boar and domestic pigs infected with a highly virulent genotype II ASFV. Increases were also observed, to a lesser extent, in the serum levels of mitochondrial DNA (between 4- to >500-fold). For comparison, release of the cytoplasmic enzyme, lactate dehydrogenase, which is a commonly used marker for cellular damage, was also found to be elevated in some animals, but with less consistency. These results indicate that gDNA in serum (i.e., cfDNA) can be a useful marker for cell death during infection with highly virulent variants of the virus, and could be a promising biomarker to elucidate the pathogenesis of ASFV infection in both domestic pigs and wild boar in future studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emergence and Control of African Swine Fever: Second Edition)

28 pages, 3327 KB

Open AccessArticle

Innovative Cost-Effective Embedded System to Enhance ECU Firmware Quality Through Remote Hybrid Testing in Automotive Domain

by Adrian Bogorin-Predescu, Stefan Titu, Aurel Mihail Titu, Dragos Florin Marcu, Diana Cristina Dragomir and Mihai Dragomir

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(23), 12736; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152312736 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

This paper addresses the challenge of ensuring quality control for electronic control units (ECUs) in the automotive industry. Traditional hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) systems, used for software quality assurance, are costly and not always readily available, leading to potential delays in software verification and release. [...] Read more.

This paper addresses the challenge of ensuring quality control for electronic control units (ECUs) in the automotive industry. Traditional hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) systems, used for software quality assurance, are costly and not always readily available, leading to potential delays in software verification and release. This paper investigates the factors causing these delays and proposes process task workflow optimization using a hybrid testing approach. This approach allows software developers to conduct early integration and system testing for embedded software, complementing the formal validation stage. To support this, the paper presents a novel piece of test equipment called TestBench, which utilizes inexpensive embedded hardware like the Arduino Mega2560, which can carry out the fundamental tasks needed to test the ECU. TestBench enables local testing, remote accessibility, and the monitoring of key parameters, including voltage current consumption, and the communication bus. It also facilitates fault injection for the evaluation of communication protocol robustness. By enabling earlier and more frequent testing, TestBench aims to enhance the quality of software developer outputs and the overall quality of ECU-embedded software. The system has the potential to significantly improve the testing process, making advanced testing capabilities more accessible and cost-effective for engineering teams and educational institutions. Full article

18 pages, 8946 KB

Open AccessArticle

Approximating the Performance of a Time-Domain Pulsed Induction EMI Sensor with Multiple Frequency-Domain FEM Simulations for Improved Modelling of Arctic Sea-Ice Thickness

by Becan Lawless, Danny Hills, Adam D. Fletcher and Liam A. Marsh

Sensors 2025, 25(23), 7317; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25237317 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

One of the key challenges with developing pulsed induction (PI) electromagnetic induction (EMI) sensors for use in the Arctic is the inaccessibility of the environment, which makes in situ testing prohibitively expensive. To mitigate this, sensor development can be streamlined through the creation [...] Read more.

One of the key challenges with developing pulsed induction (PI) electromagnetic induction (EMI) sensors for use in the Arctic is the inaccessibility of the environment, which makes in situ testing prohibitively expensive. To mitigate this, sensor development can be streamlined through the creation of a robust simulation strategy with which to optimize features such as coil turns and geometry. Building on work that previously presented a method for simulating an Arctic PI sensor via a time-domain finite element model (FEM), this paper presents a method for approximating a time-domain simulation with multiple frequency-domain simulations. A comparison between the fast Fourier transform (FFT) of a time-domain simulation and a collection of frequency-domain simulations is presented. These are validated against empirical data with a PI sensor over seawater, with an air gap used as a proxy for sea ice. Using the method described, a range of coils is simulated with dimensions from

0.5 \times 0.5

m up to

1.0 \times 2.0

m, demonstrating the ability of this approach to enable comparison of sensor performance over a wider parameter space. For a parametric sweep over 10 sensor-to-seawater lift-off distances, the improvement from the time-domain simulation (of a 402

μ

s window) to the frequency-domain simulation (comprising 100 discrete frequencies) represents a reduction in simulation time from 38,013 min to 141 min. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Magnetic Sensors and Their Applications: 2nd Edition)

17 pages, 3650 KB

Open AccessArticle

Coal Gasification Slag-Derived Ceramsite for High-Efficiency Phosphorus Removal from Wastewater

by Yu Li, Ruifeng Wang, Kexuan Shen, Yi Ye, Hui Liu, Zhanfeng Yang and Shengli An

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(23), 1822; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15231822 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

Coal gasification slag (CGS), an industrial solid waste produced during high-temperature (1200–1600 °C) coal gasification, was utilized as the primary raw material, combined with minor additions of coal gangue and calcium oxide, to synthesize ceramsite filter via high-temperature sintering (900–1160 °C) for phosphorus-containing [...] Read more.

Coal gasification slag (CGS), an industrial solid waste produced during high-temperature (1200–1600 °C) coal gasification, was utilized as the primary raw material, combined with minor additions of coal gangue and calcium oxide, to synthesize ceramsite filter via high-temperature sintering (900–1160 °C) for phosphorus-containing wastewater treatment. The resulting ceramsite was evaluated for compressive strength, apparent porosity, water absorption, mineral phase composition, hydrolysis properties, and phosphorus removal performance. Experimental results revealed that increasing sintering temperature and calcium oxide content shifted the dominant crystalline phases from anorthite and hematite to gehlenite, anorthite, wollastonite, and esseneite, promoting the formation of porous structures. This transition increased apparent porosity while reducing compressive strength. Under optimal conditions (1130 °C, 20 wt.% CaO, 1 h sintering), the ceramsite (CM-20-1130) exhibited an apparent porosity of 43.12%, compressive strength of 3.88 MPa, apparent density of 1.084 g/cm³, and water absorption of 33.20%. The high porosity and abundant gehlenite and wollastonite phases endowed CM-20-1130 with enhanced hydrolysis capacity. Static phosphorus removal experiments demonstrated a maximum phosphorus removal capacity of 2.77 mg/g, driven by the release of calcium and hydroxide ions from gehlenite and wollastonite, which form calcium-phosphate precipitates on the ceramsite surface, enabling efficient phosphorus removal from simulated wastewater. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials for Environment Energy Harvesting, Conversion and Application)

16 pages, 4227 KB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Drill Geometry on Adhesion Layer Formation and Tool Wear During Drilling of AFRP/Al7075-T6 Stacked Composites for Aircraft Industry Applications

by Jebaratnam Joy Mathavan, Choo Then Xiang, Muhammad Hafiz Hassan and Gérald Franz

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(12), 658; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9120658 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

Aramid Fiber Reinforced Plastic (AFRP) and aluminum alloy Al7075-T6 are widely used in the aerospace industry because they offer a high strength-to-weight ratio and reliable structural performance. However, drilling through stacked AFRP and Al7075-T6 materials in a single operation presents considerable challenges due [...] Read more.

Aramid Fiber Reinforced Plastic (AFRP) and aluminum alloy Al7075-T6 are widely used in the aerospace industry because they offer a high strength-to-weight ratio and reliable structural performance. However, drilling through stacked AFRP and Al7075-T6 materials in a single operation presents considerable challenges due to the differences in their mechanical and thermal properties. In this study, three types of customized twist drill bits were designed and fabricated to evaluate their effectiveness in single-shot drilling of these stacked materials. The drill geometries included the W-point design, the tapered web design, and the burnishing design. Each drill bit was tested using its own optimized drilling parameters to produce a total of one hundred holes. The aim was to determine which drill geometry provided the best overall performance in terms of tool wear and hole quality. After the drilling experiments, the tool tips were examined using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) to observe wear characteristics and analyze elemental composition. The analysis revealed that aluminum adhered to the cutting lips of all drill bits. The percentage of adhesion layer, known as percentage of adhesion layer (PAL), was calculated to assess the severity of material adhesion. In addition, the morphology of the produced chips and dust was analyzed to support the PAL results. The findings showed that the drill bit with the lowest PAL value demonstrated superior wear resistance, a longer tool life, and the ability to produce holes of higher quality when drilling AFRP and Al7075-T6 stacked materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Composites Manufacturing and Processing)

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16 pages, 681 KB

Open AccessArticle

3D Analysis of the Initial and End Positions of an Active and Passive Prone Hip Extension Test and Its Correlation with Lower Limb Isokinetic Neuromuscular Function of College Students: A Pilot Study

by José Lumini, Benjamin Hedirian, Pedro Fonseca, Andrea Ribeiro, André Chenu Schneider, António M. Monteiro and João Paulo Vilas-Boas

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(23), 12735; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152312735 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

Introduction: Manual therapists routinely evaluate changes in pain, movement, and function through clinical tests that support clinical reasoning. The Prone Hip Extension Test (PHET) is commonly used as a self-perturbation task to assess lumbopelvic control and hip motion patterns related to gait. Performing [...] Read more.

Introduction: Manual therapists routinely evaluate changes in pain, movement, and function through clinical tests that support clinical reasoning. The Prone Hip Extension Test (PHET) is commonly used as a self-perturbation task to assess lumbopelvic control and hip motion patterns related to gait. Performing the PHET actively and passively may reveal how voluntary activation and passive structures influence joint kinematics and contribute to force production. This study aimed to compare active and passive PHET execution and investigate how initial (IP) and final hip positions (FP) correlate with lower-limb neuromuscular function. Methods: Seven healthy volunteers (24.3 ± 3.4 years; 173.1 ± 7.5 cm; 72.1 ± 9.5 kg) without musculoskeletal conditions participated. Hip kinematics were recorded using a 12-camera Qualisys Oqus system (200 Hz) with 22 reflective markers, processed in Qualisys Track Manager 2.13 and exported to Visual3D. Participants performed three PHET trials in both IP and FP, with mean an-gles considered for analysis. Knee isokinetic performance was assessed on a Biodex System 4 at 180°/s and 300°/s for flexion and extension. Results: Significant differences between active and passive PHET emerged in the FP for rotational movements bilaterally (p = 0.02) and in IP adduction/abduction for both hips (right p = 0.03; left p = 0.02). No side-to-side differences were observed. Passive FP of the right hip showed multiple significant correlations with isokinetic flexion and extension parameters at 180°/s and 300°/s, particularly with torque/body weight, acceleration and deceleration times, and agonist/antagonist ratios (ρ ranging from −0.86 to 0.90). Conclusions: Meaningful differences exist between active and passive PHET performance, especially in frontal-plane IP and rotational FP measures. Additionally, passive FP strongly correlates with several neuromuscular variables, suggesting that PHET kinematics may reflect lower-limb isokinetic function. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports, Exercise and Healthcare)

35 pages, 3438 KB

Open AccessArticle

Observations Suggesting the Use of Manganese-Rich Oxidized Clay Iron Stone Concretions for Iron Production During the Early Roman Imperial Period in the Inner Barbaricum—A Multi-Method Approach

by Christian Helmreich, Florian Kobbe, Horst Kierdorf, Uwe Kierdorf and Martin Sauerwein

Minerals 2025, 15(12), 1274; https://doi.org/10.3390/min15121274 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

This article reports results of the geoarchaeological investigation of an early historical bloomery iron smelting site in northern Central Europe. Based on earlier field archaeological and experimental archaeological findings, which date back to an excavation in Sehnde (Hanover Region, Lower Saxony, Germany) in [...] Read more.

This article reports results of the geoarchaeological investigation of an early historical bloomery iron smelting site in northern Central Europe. Based on earlier field archaeological and experimental archaeological findings, which date back to an excavation in Sehnde (Hanover Region, Lower Saxony, Germany) in 2017, further experimental archaeological iron smelting experiments (furnace runs) have now provided information about the raw materials used in Sehnde during the Early Roman Imperial Period in Germania Magna (Inner Barbaricum) and the smelting process itself. The results of the present study suggest that no bog iron ore (BIOre) was smelted. Rather, manganese-rich carbonatic clay ironstone concretions (OCISCs) that had been oxidized by weathering and that were very rich in iron were apparently used as ores. Our study provides insights into metallurgical operations in the southern North German Plain during the Early Roman Imperial Period using a sampling and experimental archaeological test design created specifically for the local conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mineralogical and Geochemical Insights into Cultural Heritage Materials)

22 pages, 3823 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Crank-Nicolson Mixed Finite Element Scheme and Its Reduced-Order Extrapolation Model for the Fourth-Order Nonlinear Diffusion Equations with Temporal Fractional Derivative

by Jiahua Wang, Hong Li, Xuehui Ren and Xiaohui Chang

Fractal Fract. 2025, 9(12), 789; https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract9120789 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

This paper presents a Crank–Nicolson mixed finite element method along with its reduced-order extrapolation model for a fourth-order nonlinear diffusion equation with Caputo temporal fractional derivative. By introducing the auxiliary variable v = −ε²Δu + f(u), [...] Read more.

This paper presents a Crank–Nicolson mixed finite element method along with its reduced-order extrapolation model for a fourth-order nonlinear diffusion equation with Caputo temporal fractional derivative. By introducing the auxiliary variable v = −ε²Δu + f(u), the equation is reformulated as a second-order coupled system. A Crank–Nicolson mixed finite element scheme is established, and its stability is proven using a discrete fractional Gronwall inequality. Error estimates for the variables u and v are derived. Furthermore, a reduced-order extrapolation model is constructed by applying proper orthogonal decomposition to the coefficient vectors of the first several finite element solutions. This scheme is also proven to be stable, and its error estimates are provided. Theoretical analysis shows that the reduced-order extrapolation Crank–Nicolson mixed finite approach reduces the degrees of freedom from tens of thousands to just a few, significantly cutting computational time and storage requirements. Numerical experiments demonstrate that both schemes achieve spatial second-order convergence accuracy. Under identical conditions, the CPU time required by the reduced-order extrapolation Crank–Nicolson mixed finite model is only 1/60 of that required by the Crank–Nicolson mixed finite scheme. These results validate the theoretical analysis and highlight the effectiveness of the methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Numerical and Computational Methods)

28 pages, 3184 KB

Open AccessArticle

Amphibole-Based Constraints on Magmatic Evolution and Fe–Ti Oxide Enrichment in the Xiaohaizi Ultramafic–Mafic Intrusion, Bachu, Xinjiang, China

by Donghui Liu, Shigang Duan, Maohong Chen, Weicheng Wang, Jinmao Yin and Maihemuti Maimaiti

Minerals 2025, 15(12), 1275; https://doi.org/10.3390/min15121275 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

A large, low-grade Fe–Ti–V oxide deposit occurs within the Xiaohaizi Ultramafic–Mafic intrusion. Based on petrographic observations and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) of amphibole, this study examines the magmatic evolution and ore-forming processes of the intrusion through analyses of amphibole occurrence, mineral chemistry, and [...] Read more.

A large, low-grade Fe–Ti–V oxide deposit occurs within the Xiaohaizi Ultramafic–Mafic intrusion. Based on petrographic observations and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) of amphibole, this study examines the magmatic evolution and ore-forming processes of the intrusion through analyses of amphibole occurrence, mineral chemistry, and crystallization conditions. Five textural types of amphibole were identified: (i) inclusions, (ii) co-crystallization with early silicates, (iii) reaction rims, (iv) co-crystallization with late Fe–Ti oxides, and (v) phenocrysts. The amphiboles are calcic varieties, mainly composed of magnesio-hastingsite, kaersutite, and tschermakite. Crystallization occurred at temperatures of 901–1013 °C and pressures of 254–424 MPa, with ΔNNO values ranging from −1.3 to +2.8 and estimated melt H₂O contents of 3.3–7.1 wt.%, corresponding to crystallization depths of 9.6–16.0 km. Importantly, the crystallization interval of the Fe–Ti oxides is defined by these amphibole-assemblage conditions, as evidenced by their direct intergrowth. Integration of mineralogical and geochemical data indicates that the Xiaohaizi intrusion underwent five distinct stages of magmatic evolution. During these stages, the crystallization of Fe–Ti oxides was accompanied by notable fluctuations in oxygen fugacity and melt water content. These results suggest that fractional crystallization played a dominant role in ore formation, with possible late-stage liquid immiscibility observed at the mineral scale. Overall, this study proposes that the Xiaohaizi Fe–Ti–V oxide deposit represents a magmatic conduit-type ore-forming system developed within a crystal mush. The enrichment of Fe–Ti oxides is strongly associated with hydrous melts and elevated oxygen fugacity conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Mineral Deposits)

8 pages, 813 KB

Open AccessCommunication

Multilayer Haze-Assisted Luminescent Solar Concentrators for Enhanced Photovoltaic Performance

by Jae-Jin Lee, Tae-Woong Moon, Dong-Ha Kim and Suk-Won Choi

Materials 2025, 18(23), 5422; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18235422 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

Building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPVs) can benefit not only from transparent but also from opaque modules that maximize light capture. We present haze-assisted luminescent solar concentrators (HALSCs) that integrate scattering and luminescence in multilayer designs. Polymer–liquid crystal composites with embedded dyes form micron-scale domains that [...] Read more.

Building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPVs) can benefit not only from transparent but also from opaque modules that maximize light capture. We present haze-assisted luminescent solar concentrators (HALSCs) that integrate scattering and luminescence in multilayer designs. Polymer–liquid crystal composites with embedded dyes form micron-scale domains that act as broadband Mie scattering centers, while the dye provides spectral conversion. Monte Carlo ray-tracing simulations and experiments reveal that edge-emitted intensity increases with haze thickness but saturates beyond a threshold; segmenting the same thickness into multiple thinner layers enables repeated scattering, markedly enhancing side-guided emission. When coupled with crystalline silicon solar cells, multilayer HALSCs converted this optical advantage into enhanced photocurrent, with triple-layer devices nearly doubling output relative to transparent controls. These findings establish opacity–luminescence coupling and multilayer haze engineering as effective design principles, positioning HALSCs as practical platforms for advanced BIPVs and optical energy-management systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electronic and Photonic Materials)

24 pages, 1725 KB

Open AccessArticle

Biochemical and Temperature-Related Expression and Solubility of Domain-Truncated BPM1 Variants in Escherichia coli

by Karlo Miškec, Mateja Jagić, Lucija Markulin and Dunja Leljak-Levanić

Appl. Biosci. 2025, 4(4), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/applbiosci4040055 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

BPM1, a representative of the plant MATH-BTB protein family comprises three conserved domains—MATH, BTB, and BACK—that facilitate diverse protein–protein interactions central to developmental processes. However, recombinant production of BPM1 and its variants in Escherichia coli are frequently constrained by low solubility and poor [...] Read more.

BPM1, a representative of the plant MATH-BTB protein family comprises three conserved domains—MATH, BTB, and BACK—that facilitate diverse protein–protein interactions central to developmental processes. However, recombinant production of BPM1 and its variants in Escherichia coli are frequently constrained by low solubility and poor stability. In this study, we systematically optimized E. coli-based expression strategies to enable soluble production and purification of domain-truncated BPM1 variants (BPM1ΔBTB, BPM1ΔMATH, and BPM1ΔBACK). A combinatorial approach was employed: varying induction temperature, medium composition, affinity tag selection, bacterial strain, and solubility-enhancing supplements. Expression outcomes were highly dependent on specific parameter combinations. Notably, BPM1ΔBTB—previously the most recalcitrant variant—showed a marked solubility improvement when expressed as a GST fusion in E. coli Rosetta (DE3) cultivated in TB medium supplemented with MgCl₂. By contrast, BPM1ΔMATH and BPM1ΔBACK displayed enhanced solubility when expressed in BL21 (DE3) cultivated in 4 × YT medium instead Rosetta (DE3) in 2 × YT medium. Constructs with N-terminal His-tags consistently resulted in poor solubility or failed expression. These results establish a framework for producing otherwise insoluble BPM1 variants and highlight a broadly applicable strategy for handling unstable proteins through tailored E. coli expression systems. Full article

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19 pages, 3214 KB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Optimising Thermal Barrier Coating Removal Processes Based on Plasma Electrolysis Technology

by Chang Song, Hong Liu, Bo Song, Ben Wang and Jiangyun Xu

Coatings 2025, 15(12), 1407; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15121407 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

The efficient removal of failed yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) thermal barrier coatings from GH4169 superalloy substrates is crucial for aero-engine maintenance. This study investigates the application of plasma electrolytic technology for YSZ coating removal, systematically examining the effects of key process parameters. Through a [...] Read more.

The efficient removal of failed yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) thermal barrier coatings from GH4169 superalloy substrates is crucial for aero-engine maintenance. This study investigates the application of plasma electrolytic technology for YSZ coating removal, systematically examining the effects of key process parameters. Through a three-factor, five-level orthogonal experimental design, the influence of working voltage, solution temperature, and processing time on coating removal effectiveness was analyzed using range analysis. The results demonstrated that solution temperature exerted the most significant effect on coating removal rate, followed by working voltage, with processing time showing the least influence. The optimal parameter combination was determined as 265 V working voltage, 50 °C solution temperature, and 120 s processing time, achieving a maximum coating removal rate of 92.36%. The underlying mechanisms were elucidated through detailed characterization: at 250 V, micro-arc discharge enabled effective coating removal through combined physical bombardment and electrochemical dissolution, while at 300 V, arc discharge caused substrate damage with crater formation. Solution temperature critically affected process stability through its regulation of vapor-gaseous envelope characteristics and current behavior. Verification experiments confirmed that the optimized parameters achieved complete coating removal without substrate damage, preserving surface integrity for subsequent recoating processes. This research provides both theoretical foundation and practical parameters for plasma electrolytic removal of YSZ coatings on hot-section components. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plasma Coating and Interface Technology: New Horizons in Surface Science)

23 pages, 1348 KB

Open AccessReview

A Generalized AI View of Tricopeptide Repeats: What’s in a Name

by Sailen Barik

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(23), 11649; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262311649 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

Tricopeptide repeats refer to 30 or more amino acid (aa) repeats, of which the best studied ones are 34-aa and 35-aa long, named Tetratricopeptide and Pentatricopeptide repeats, respectively, and abbreviated as TPR and PPR. Recently, 37-aa and 38-aa repeats (Heptatricopeptide, HPR; Octatricopeptide, OPR) [...] Read more.

Tricopeptide repeats refer to 30 or more amino acid (aa) repeats, of which the best studied ones are 34-aa and 35-aa long, named Tetratricopeptide and Pentatricopeptide repeats, respectively, and abbreviated as TPR and PPR. Recently, 37-aa and 38-aa repeats (Heptatricopeptide, HPR; Octatricopeptide, OPR) have been reported, but 36-aa repeats or repeats outside the 34–38 range (such as 33-aa or 39-aa) are apparently missing. This review is an analytical discourse of the structural and functional commonalities as well as differences among all tricopeptide repeats. In structure, the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based prediction and experimental 3D structures revealed that regardless of the number of amino acids, these repeats are all alpha-helical in nature, whereby the tandem helices are joined by relatively flexible linkers or spacers to form a superhelix. In function, many tricopeptide repeats bind specific RNA, thus playing important roles in RNA processing and stability. The specificity is determined by the interaction between specific amino acid residues with the nucleotides in the RNA, while the helices offer a scaffold that holds the interacting residues in position. Detailed analysis of various known TPR and PPR revealed conserved amino acids at specific positions, such that they serve as signature motifs. Moreover, extra helices upstream or downstream of the repeat domains often maintain the continuum of the superhelical vortex. Evidently, the overall helicity and the presence of critical amino acid residues in strategic places are more important for the biological function of the tricopeptide repeats than the exact amino acid length of the repeat. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protein Structure and Its Interactions)

20 pages, 1608 KB

Open AccessArticle

Psychometric Validation and Factor Structure of the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire—Short Form in the Romanian Private Healthcare Context

by Bogdan C. Pana, Alin Maerean, Sergiu Ioachim Chirila, Ciprian Paul Radu, Dana Galieta Mincă, Vlad Ciufu, Adrian Mociu and Nicolae Ciufu

Healthcare 2025, 13(23), 3132; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13233132 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background: The Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire is a widely recognized and used self-reporting instrument designed to measure a person’s satisfaction with various aspects of their job, as well as to provide comparative values regarding general satisfaction and its components. Objective: This study first aimed [...] Read more.

Background: The Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire is a widely recognized and used self-reporting instrument designed to measure a person’s satisfaction with various aspects of their job, as well as to provide comparative values regarding general satisfaction and its components. Objective: This study first aimed to test and validate the psychometric properties of the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire–Short Form (MSQ-SF). Its second objective was to assess the job satisfaction levels of employees working within the organization and the factors influencing job satisfaction. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study analyzed the responses of 435 hospital staff members using the Romanian version of the MSQ-20 scale. Results: Exploratory Factor Analysis identified a three-factor structure: Task Enrichment, Autonomy Satisfaction, and Supervisory Relationships. The three-factor model with eight MSQ items discarded provided an excellent statistical fit. The MSQ-SF with a 20-item questionnaire has excellent Internal Consistency, with a Cronbach alpha of 0.935, 95% CI (0.926–0.944). Conclusions: The Romanian version of the MSQ-20 has excellent construct validity and consistency, and it provides reliable and comparable data on the health of the workforce. Full article

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