MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

15 pages, 5856 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Smart Personal Protective Equipment Hood Based on Dedicated Communication Protocol

by Mario Gazziro, Marcio Luís Munhoz Amorim, Marco Roberto Cavallari, João Paulo Carmo and Oswaldo Hideo Ando Júnior

Hardware 2025, 3(3), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/hardware3030008 (registering DOI) - 5 Aug 2025

Abstract

This project aimed to develop personal protective equipment (PPE) that provides full biological protection for the general public without the need for extensive training to use the equipment. With the proposal to develop a device guided by a smartphone monitoring application (to guide [...] Read more.

This project aimed to develop personal protective equipment (PPE) that provides full biological protection for the general public without the need for extensive training to use the equipment. With the proposal to develop a device guided by a smartphone monitoring application (to guide the user on the replacement of perishable components, ensuring their safety and biological protection in potentially contaminated places), the embedded electronics of this equipment were built, as well as their control system, including a smartphone app. Thus, a device was successfully developed to monitor and assist individuals in using an advanced PPE device. Full article

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8 pages, 2120 KiB

Open AccessPerspective

Axion Searches at the CERN SPS: From Their Dawn to Current Prospects

by Paolo Crivelli and Martina Mongillo

Condens. Matter 2025, 10(3), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/condmat10030042 (registering DOI) - 5 Aug 2025

Abstract

This mini-review traces the evolution of axion searches at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS), beginning with the early proposal by Guido Barbiellini in 1982 and culminating in the recent advances of the NA62 and NA64 experiments. We discuss the experimental strategies employed [...] Read more.

This mini-review traces the evolution of axion searches at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS), beginning with the early proposal by Guido Barbiellini in 1982 and culminating in the recent advances of the NA62 and NA64 experiments. We discuss the experimental strategies employed in early beam dump searches, the current status of axion and axion-like particle (ALP) searches at the CERN SPS and future directions. This review serves as a tribute to Guido Barbiellini’s scientific legacy and his visionary contributions to this field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Universe Observed With Particle Detectors: Celebrating the Scientific Legacy of Prof. Guido Barbiellini Amidei)

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2 pages, 145 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Editorial: Biometric Recognition—Latest Advances and Prospects

by Yunlong Wang, Zhaofeng He, Caiyong Wang, Jianze Wei and Min Ren

Electronics 2025, 14(15), 3108; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14153108 (registering DOI) - 5 Aug 2025

Abstract

We are pleased to present this Special Issue of Electronics, dedicated to exploring cutting-edge advancements in Biometric Recognition [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biometric Recognition: Latest Advances and Prospects)

19 pages, 1348 KiB

Open AccessReview

Immune Dysregulation Connecting Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Complications

by Katherine Deck, Christoph Mora, Shuoqiu Deng, Pamela Rogers, Tonya Rafferty, Philip T. Palade, Shengyu Mu and Yunmeng Liu

Life 2025, 15(8), 1241; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081241 (registering DOI) - 5 Aug 2025

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a prevalent metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and long-term cardiovascular complications. Another hallmark of T2D is disrupted hormonal homeostasis—marked by elevated levels of insulin and leptin and reduced adiponectin—which plays a crucial role in modulating immune [...] Read more.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a prevalent metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and long-term cardiovascular complications. Another hallmark of T2D is disrupted hormonal homeostasis—marked by elevated levels of insulin and leptin and reduced adiponectin—which plays a crucial role in modulating immune cell function. Individuals with T2D exhibit a skewed immune profile, with an elevated secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL17, and IL6, which are well-established drivers of vascular inflammation and dysfunction. Moreover, dysregulated metabolic hormones in T2D promote the acquisition of a pro-inflammatory phenotype in immune cells, suggesting that these hormones not only regulate energy balance but also serve as potent immune activators. Their dysregulation likely plays a significant—and perhaps underappreciated—role in the onset and progression of diabetic cardiovascular complications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogenic Mechanisms, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Hypertension: Insights and Implications)

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18 pages, 7363 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Agronomic Evaluation of Compost Formulations Based on Mining Tailings and Microbial Mats from Geothermal Sources

by María Jesús Puy-Alquiza, Miren Yosune Miranda Puy, Raúl Miranda-Avilés, Pooja Vinod Kshirsagar and Cristina Daniela Moncada Sanchez

Recycling 2025, 10(4), 156; https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling10040156 (registering DOI) - 5 Aug 2025

Abstract

This study, conducted in Mexico, evaluates the agricultural potential of three compost formulations BFS1, BFS2, and BFS3 produced from mining tailings and thermophilic microbial mats and collected from geothermal environments. The physicochemical characterization included pH, electrical conductivity (EC), macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, [...] Read more.

This study, conducted in Mexico, evaluates the agricultural potential of three compost formulations BFS1, BFS2, and BFS3 produced from mining tailings and thermophilic microbial mats and collected from geothermal environments. The physicochemical characterization included pH, electrical conductivity (EC), macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S), micronutrients (Fe, Zn, B, Cu, Mn, Mo, and Ni), organic matter (OM), and the carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio. All composts exhibited neutral pH values (7.38–7.52), high OM content (38.5–48.4%), and optimal C/N ratios (10.5–13.9), indicating maturity and chemical stability. Nitrogen ranged from 19 to 21 kg·t⁻¹, while potassium and calcium were present in concentrations beneficial for crop development. However, EC values (3.43–3.66 dS/m) and boron levels (>160 ppm) were moderately high, requiring caution in saline soils or with boron-sensitive crops. A semi-quantitative Compost Quality Index (CQI) ranked BFS3 highest due to elevated OM and potassium content, followed by BFS1. BFS2, while rich in nitrogen, scored lower due to excessive boron. One-way ANOVA revealed no significant difference in nitrogen (p > 0.05), but it did reveal significant differences in potassium (p < 0.01) and boron (p < 0.001) among formulations. These results confirm the potential of mining tailings—microbial mat composts are low-cost, nutrient-rich biofertilizers. They are suitable for field crops or as components in nursery substrates, particularly when EC and boron are managed through dilution. This study promotes the circular reuse of geothermal and industrial residues and contributes to sustainable soil restoration practices in mining-affected regions through innovative composting strategies. Full article

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23 pages, 3055 KiB

Open AccessArticle

RDPNet: A Multi-Scale Residual Dilated Pyramid Network with Entropy-Based Feature Fusion for Epileptic EEG Classification

by Tongle Xie, Wei Zhao, Yanyouyou Liu and Shixiao Xiao

Entropy 2025, 27(8), 830; https://doi.org/10.3390/e27080830 (registering DOI) - 5 Aug 2025

Abstract

Epilepsy is a prevalent neurological disorder affecting approximately 50 million individuals worldwide. Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals play a vital role in the diagnosis and analysis of epileptic seizures. However, traditional machine learning techniques often rely on handcrafted features, limiting their robustness and generalizability across [...] Read more.

Epilepsy is a prevalent neurological disorder affecting approximately 50 million individuals worldwide. Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals play a vital role in the diagnosis and analysis of epileptic seizures. However, traditional machine learning techniques often rely on handcrafted features, limiting their robustness and generalizability across diverse EEG acquisition settings, seizure types, and patients. To address these limitations, we propose RDPNet, a multi-scale residual dilated pyramid network with entropy-guided feature fusion for automated epileptic EEG classification. RDPNet combines residual convolution modules to extract local features and a dilated convolutional pyramid to capture long-range temporal dependencies. A dual-pathway fusion strategy integrates pooled and entropy-based features from both shallow and deep branches, enabling robust representation of spatial saliency and statistical complexity. We evaluate RDPNet on two benchmark datasets: the University of Bonn and TUSZ. On the Bonn dataset, RDPNet achieves 99.56–100% accuracy in binary classification, 99.29–99.79% in ternary tasks, and 95.10% in five-class classification. On the clinically realistic TUSZ dataset, it reaches a weighted F₁-score of 95.72% across seven seizure types. Compared with several baselines, RDPNet consistently outperforms existing approaches, demonstrating superior robustness, generalizability, and clinical potential for epileptic EEG analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Complexity, Entropy and the Physics of Information II)

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24 pages, 2357 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimized Intelligent Localization Through Mathematical Modeling and Crow Search Algorithms

by Tamer Ramadan Badawy and Nesreen I. Ziedan

Sensors 2025, 25(15), 4804; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25154804 (registering DOI) - 5 Aug 2025

Abstract

Localization has emerged as a critical problem over the past decades, with diverse techniques developed to address robot and mobile localization challenges across varied domains. However, existing localization methods still fall short of achieving the precision needed for certain high-demand applications. The proposed [...] Read more.

Localization has emerged as a critical problem over the past decades, with diverse techniques developed to address robot and mobile localization challenges across varied domains. However, existing localization methods still fall short of achieving the precision needed for certain high-demand applications. The proposed algorithm is designed to enhance localization accuracy by integrating mathematical modeling with the Crow Search Algorithm (CSA). The objective is to identify the most probable position within a designated search space. Anchored by a network of fixed points, the search area is initially defined. A mathematical approach is then applied to reduce this area by calculating the intersections between circles centered at each anchor point. Within this reduced area, an array of candidate points are selected, and their centroid is computed to serve as an initial estimate. The modified CSA iteratively improves upon this estimate by emulating the natural behavior of crows, updating its variables to converge on the optimal position. Experimental evaluations, conducted on both real and simulated datasets, demonstrate that the proposed algorithm leads to a better localization accuracy than existing methods. The proposed methodology achieves a significant accuracy improvement with an accuracy of 98%. These results confirm the effectiveness of our approach for applications that require high precision with minimal infrastructure and low computational complexity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Navigation and Positioning)

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17 pages, 12216 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Green/Blue Initiatives as a Proposed Intermediate Step to Achieve Nature-Based Solutions for Wildfire Risk Management

by Stella Schroeder and Carolina Ojeda Leal

Fire 2025, 8(8), 307; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire8080307 (registering DOI) - 5 Aug 2025

Abstract

Implementing nature-based solutions (NbSs) for wildfire risk management and other hazards has been challenging in emerging economies due to the high costs, the lack of immediate returns on investment, and stringent inclusion criteria set by organizations like the IUCN and domain experts. To [...] Read more.

Implementing nature-based solutions (NbSs) for wildfire risk management and other hazards has been challenging in emerging economies due to the high costs, the lack of immediate returns on investment, and stringent inclusion criteria set by organizations like the IUCN and domain experts. To address these challenges, this exploratory study proposes a new concept: green/blue initiatives. These initiatives represent intermediate steps, encompassing small-scale, community-driven activities that can evolve into recognized NbSs over time. To explore this concept, experiences related to wildfire prevention in the Biobío region of Chile were analyzed through primary and secondary source reviews. The analysis identified three initiatives qualifying as green/blue initiatives: (1) goat grazing in Santa Juana to reduce fuel loads, (2) a restoration prevention farm model in Florida called Faro de Restauración Mahuidanche and (3) the Conservation Landscape Strategy in Nonguén. They were examined in detail using data collected from site visits and interviews. In contrast to Chile’s prevailing wildfire policies, which focus on costly, large-scale fire suppression efforts, these initiatives emphasize the importance of reframing wildfire as a manageable ecological process. Lastly, the challenges and enabling factors for adopting green/blue initiatives are discussed, highlighting their potential to pave the way for future NbS implementation in central Chile. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nature-Based Solutions to Extreme Wildfires)

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20 pages, 4719 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Levosimendan vs. Dobutamine in Patients with Septic Shock: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis with Trial Sequential Analysis

by Edith Elianna Rodríguez, German Alberto Devia Jaramillo, Lissa María Rivera Cuellar, Santiago Eduardo Pérez Herran, David René Rodríguez Lima and Antoine Herpain

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(15), 5496; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14155496 (registering DOI) - 5 Aug 2025

Abstract

Introduction: Septic-induced cardiomyopathy (SICM) is a life-threatening condition in patients with septic shock. Persistent hypoperfusion despite adequate volume status and vasopressor use is associated with poor outcomes and is currently managed with inotropes. However, the superiority of available inotropic agents remains unclear. This [...] Read more.

Introduction: Septic-induced cardiomyopathy (SICM) is a life-threatening condition in patients with septic shock. Persistent hypoperfusion despite adequate volume status and vasopressor use is associated with poor outcomes and is currently managed with inotropes. However, the superiority of available inotropic agents remains unclear. This meta-analysis aims to determine which inotropic agent may be more effective in this clinical scenario. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted, including data from randomized clinical trials (RCTs) comparing levosimendan and dobutamine in patients with septic shock and persistent hypoperfusion. Summary effect estimates, including odds ratios (ORs), standardized mean differences (SMDs), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), were calculated using a random-effects model. Trial sequential analysis (TSA) was also performed. Results: Of 244 studies screened, 11 RCTs were included. Levosimendan was associated with a reduction in in-hospital mortality (OR 0.64; 95% CI: 0.47; 0.88) and ICU length of stay (SMD 5.87; 95% CI: –8.37; 20.11) compared with dobutamine. Treatment with levosimendan also resulted in significant reductions in BNP (SMD –1.87; 95% CI: –2.45; −1.2) and serum lactate levels (SMD –1.63; 95% CI: –3.13; −0.12). However, TSA indicated that the current evidence is insufficient to definitively confirm or exclude effects on in-hospital and 28-day mortality. Conclusions: Levosimendan may improve hemodynamics, tissue perfusion, and biomarkers, and may reduce in-hospital mortality and ICU length of stay in patients with SICM compared with dobutamine. However, TSA highlights the need for further studies to inform clinical practice and optimize inotrope selection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sepsis: Current Updates and Perspectives)

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62 pages, 2440 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Macroeconomic and Labor Market Drivers of AI Adoption in Europe: A Machine Learning and Panel Data Approach

by Carlo Drago, Alberto Costantiello, Marco Savorgnan and Angelo Leogrande

Economies 2025, 13(8), 226; https://doi.org/10.3390/economies13080226 (registering DOI) - 5 Aug 2025

Abstract

This article investigates the macroeconomic and labor market conditions that shape the adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies among large firms in Europe. Based on panel data econometrics and supervised machine learning techniques, we estimate how public health spending, access to credit, export [...] Read more.

This article investigates the macroeconomic and labor market conditions that shape the adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies among large firms in Europe. Based on panel data econometrics and supervised machine learning techniques, we estimate how public health spending, access to credit, export activity, gross capital formation, inflation, openness to trade, and labor market structure influence the share of firms that adopt at least one AI technology. The research covers all 28 EU members between 2018 and 2023. We employ a set of robustness checks using a combination of fixed-effects, random-effects, and dynamic panel data specifications supported by Clustering and supervised learning techniques. We find that AI adoption is linked to higher GDP per capita, healthcare spending, inflation, and openness to trade but lower levels of credit, exports, and capital formation. Labor markets with higher proportions of salaried work, service occupations, and self-employment are linked to AI diffusion, while unemployment and vulnerable work are detractors. Cluster analysis identifies groups of EU members with similar adoption patterns that are usually underpinned by stronger economic and institutional fundamentals. The results collectively suggest that AI diffusion is shaped not only by technological preparedness and capabilities to invest but by inclusive macroeconomic conditions and equitable labor institutions. Targeted policy measures can accelerate the equitable adoption of AI technologies within the European industrial economy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digital Transformation in Europe: Economic and Policy Implications)

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13 pages, 1534 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Proteins in Spermatogenic Cells After Paclitaxel Administration

by Suna Karadeniz Saygılı, Meryem Cansu Sahin, Fulya Yukcu and Senem Sanli

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2025, 47(8), 620; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb47080620 (registering DOI) - 5 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The aim of this research is to analyze the effect of paclitaxel on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in spermatogenic cells. Methods: In the study, spermatogonium (GC1) and spermatocyte (GC2) cell lines were used. The IC50 dose of paclitaxel was calculated using an [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The aim of this research is to analyze the effect of paclitaxel on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in spermatogenic cells. Methods: In the study, spermatogonium (GC1) and spermatocyte (GC2) cell lines were used. The IC50 dose of paclitaxel was calculated using an MTT assay. Each cell line was separated into two different groups: control (GC1-C, GC2-C) and paclitaxel-treated (GC1-P, GC2-P). The control cells were incubated under standard culture conditions. The paclitaxel group cells were incubated in culture medium containing the paclitaxel IC50 dose for 24 h. After the experiments, all groups were stained with GRP78, p-PERK, and p-eIF2α antibodies using semi-quantitative immunocytochemistry. Results: Paclitaxel showed cytotoxicity. In the experimental model of the paclitaxel-treated cells, all the markers showed elevated levels of immunoreactivity, indicating ER stress. Conclusions: Paclitaxel administration triggered ER stress in spermatogenic cells. Studies of ER-related stress mechanisms in spermatogenic cells with further advanced molecular analyses will be important for therapeutic strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmacological Activities and Mechanisms of Action of Natural Products)

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13 pages, 3882 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermal Damage Characterization of Detector Induced by Nanosecond Pulsed Laser Irradiation

by Zhilong Jian, Weijing Zhou, Hao Chang, Yingjie Ma, Xiaoyuan Quan and Zikang Wang

Photonics 2025, 12(8), 790; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12080790 (registering DOI) - 5 Aug 2025

Abstract

Experimental and simulation analysis was conducted on the effects of 532 nm nanosecond laser-induced thermal damage on the front-side illuminated CMOS detector. The study examined CMOS detector output images at different stages of damage, including point damage, line damage, and complete failure, and [...] Read more.

Experimental and simulation analysis was conducted on the effects of 532 nm nanosecond laser-induced thermal damage on the front-side illuminated CMOS detector. The study examined CMOS detector output images at different stages of damage, including point damage, line damage, and complete failure, and correlated these with microscopic structural changes observed through optical and scanning electron microscopy. A finite element model was used to study the thermal–mechanical coupling effect during laser irradiation. The results indicated that at a laser energy density of 78.9 mJ/cm², localized melting occurs within photosensitive units in the epitaxial layer, manifesting as an irreversible white bright spot appearing in the detector output image (point damage). When the energy density is further increased to 241.9 mJ/cm², metal routings across multiple pixel units melt, resulting in horizontal and vertical black lines in the output image (line damage). Upon reaching 2005.4 mJ/cm², the entire sensor area failed to output any valid image due to thermal stress-induced delamination of the silicon dioxide insulation layer, with cracks propagating to the metal routing and epitaxial layers, ultimately causing structural deformation and device failure (complete failure). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Lasers, Light Sources and Sensors)

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19 pages, 2795 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Can Biomarkers Predict Kidney Function Recovery and Mortality in Patients with Critical COVID-19 and Acute Kidney Injury?

by Noemí Del Toro-Cisneros, José C. Páez-Franco, Miguel A. Martínez-Rojas, Isaac González-Soria, Juan Antonio Ortega-Trejo, Hilda Sánchez-Vidal, Norma A. Bobadilla, Alfredo Ulloa-Aguirre and Olynka Vega-Vega

Diagnostics 2025, 15(15), 1960; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15151960 (registering DOI) - 5 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: COVID-19 is a systemic viral infection that may lead to serious complications including acute kidney injury that requires kidney replacement therapy. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate urinary SerpinA3 (uSerpinA3) excretion as a biomarker of kidney recovery at [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: COVID-19 is a systemic viral infection that may lead to serious complications including acute kidney injury that requires kidney replacement therapy. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate urinary SerpinA3 (uSerpinA3) excretion as a biomarker of kidney recovery at 90 days, and the mortality in patients with critical COVID-19 and AKI requiring kidney replacement therapy (KRT). Methods: The study included patients with critical COVID-19 on invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) requiring KRT. Blood and urine samples were obtained when KRT was initiated (day zero), and thereafter on days 1, 3, 7, and 14 post-replacement. uSerpinA3, kidney injury molecule-1 (uKIM-1), and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (uNGAL) were measured in urine, and interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in peripheral blood. In addition, metabolomics in sample days zero and 3, and in the survivors on sample day 90 was performed by employing gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Results: A total of 60 patients were recruited, of whom 29 (48%) survived hospitalization and recovered kidney function by day 90. In the survivors, 79% presented complete recovery (CRR) and the remaining (21%) recovered partially (PRR). In terms of uSerpinA3, levels on days 7 and 14 predicted CRR, with AUC values of 0.68 (p = 0.041) and 0.71 (p = 0.030), respectively, as well as mortality, with AUC values of 0.75 (p = 0.007) and 0.76 (p = 0.015), respectively. Among the other biomarkers, the excretion of uKIM-1 on day zero of KRT had a superior performance as a CRR predictor [(AUC, 0.71 (p = 0.017)], and as a mortality predictor [AUC, 0.68 (p = 0.028)]. In the metabolomics analysis, we identified four distinct profiles; the metabolite that maintained statistical significance in predicting mortality was p-cresol glucuronide. Conclusions: This study strongly suggests that uSerpinA3 and uKIM-1 can predict CRR and mortality in patients with critical COVID-19 and AKI requiring KRT. Metabolic analysis appears promising for identifying affected pathways and their clinical impact in this population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease: From Pathogenesis to Diagnostics)

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23 pages, 1757 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antifungal and Immunomodulatory Activities of Brazilian Savannah Solanum lypocarpum Tree-Associated Streptomyces Isolates

by Camila Bontempo Nunes, Kunal Ranjan, Fernando Pacheco Rodrigues, Marjorie de Carvalho Vieira Queiroz, Clara Luna Freitas Marina, Luis Alexandre Muehlmann, Anamélia Lorenzetti Bocca and Marcio José Poças-Fonseca

Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18(8), 1158; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18081158 (registering DOI) - 5 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Actinobacteria are one of the largest bacterial phyla. These microbes produce bioactive compounds, such as antifungals, antibiotics, immunological modulators, and anti-tumor agents. Studies on actinobacteria isolated from the Brazilian Savannah biome (Cerrado) are scarce and mostly address metagenomics or the search for [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Actinobacteria are one of the largest bacterial phyla. These microbes produce bioactive compounds, such as antifungals, antibiotics, immunological modulators, and anti-tumor agents. Studies on actinobacteria isolated from the Brazilian Savannah biome (Cerrado) are scarce and mostly address metagenomics or the search for hydrolytic enzyme-producing microbes. Solanum lycocarpum (lobeira) is a tree widely employed in regional gastronomy and pharmacopeia in Central Brazil. Methods: In this work, 60 actinobacteria isolates were purified from the rhizosphere of S. lycocarpum. Eight Streptomyces spp. isolates were selected for in vitro antifungal activity against Cryptococcus neoformans H99, the C. neoformans 89-610 fluconazole-tolerant strain, C. gattii NIH198, Candida albicans, C. glabrata, and C. parapsilosis. The ability of the aqueous extracts of the isolates to induce the in vitro secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), nitric oxide (NO), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-10 by murine macrophages was also evaluated. Results: All extracts showed antifungal activity against at least two yeast species. Streptomyces spp. LAP11, LDB2, and LDB17 inhibited C. neoformans growth by 40–93%. Most extracts (except LAP2) also inhibited C. gattii. None inhibited C. albicans, but all inhibited C. glabrata (40–90%). Streptomyces sp. LAP8 extract increased nitric oxide production by approximately 347-fold in murine macrophages, while LDB11 extract suppressed LPS-induced TNF-α production by 70% and simultaneously increased IL-10 secretion, suggesting immunosuppressive potential. Conclusions: The results revealed that Cerrado actinobacteria-derived aqueous extracts are potential sources of antifungal and immunomodulatory biocompounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biopharmaceuticals)

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Graphical abstract

15 pages, 304 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Upper Bound for the Weight of the Fine Uniformity

by Johnny Cuadro, Margarita Gary and Adolfo Pimienta

Mathematics 2025, 13(15), 2511; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13152511 (registering DOI) - 5 Aug 2025

Abstract

If

(X, U)

is a Hausdorff uniform space, we define the uniform weight

w (X, U)

as the smallest cardinal

κ

such that

U

has a basis of cardinality

κ

. An important topological cardinal of [...] Read more.

If

(X, U)

is a Hausdorff uniform space, we define the uniform weight

w (X, U)

as the smallest cardinal

κ

such that

U

has a basis of cardinality

κ

. An important topological cardinal of a Tychonoff space X is the number of cozero sets of X, which we denote as

z (X)

. It is known that

w (X, U) \leq z (X \times X)

for every compatible uniformity

U

of X. We do not know if

z (X \times X)

can be replaced by

z (X)

. We concentrate ourselves in

w (X, U_{n})

, where

U_{n}

is the fine uniformity of X, i.e., the one having the family of normal covers as a basis. We establish upper bounds for

w (X, U_{n})

using the character and pseudocharacter in extensions of

X \times X

or using the cardinal

z (X)

. We also find some generalizations of the equivalence:

w (X, U_{n}) = ℵ_{0}

if and only if X is metrizable and the set of non-isolated points of X is compact. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Topology and Foundations)

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10 pages, 1319 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Protease Enzyme Inhibitor Cream for the Prevention of Diaper Dermatitis After Gastrointestinal Surgery in Children: Lessons Learned from a Randomized Controlled Trial

by Demi Huijgen, Irene K. Schokker-van Linschoten, Hendt P. Versteegh, Johanneke G. H. Ruseler-van Embden, Leo M. C. van Lieshout, Jon D. Laman and Cornelius E. J. Sloots

Children 2025, 12(8), 1028; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12081028 (registering DOI) - 5 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background: Diaper dermatitis (DD) frequently occurs following pediatric gastrointestinal surgery and may lead to severe morbidity despite preventive measures. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of potato-derived protease enzyme inhibitor cream (PPEIC) in preventing DD after gastrointestinal surgery in children. Methods [...] Read more.

Background: Diaper dermatitis (DD) frequently occurs following pediatric gastrointestinal surgery and may lead to severe morbidity despite preventive measures. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of potato-derived protease enzyme inhibitor cream (PPEIC) in preventing DD after gastrointestinal surgery in children. Methods: In this double-blinded, single-center RCT, 30 patients under three years of age undergoing gastrointestinal surgery were randomized 1:1 to prevention using PPEIC or Panthenol cream (PC). The creams were applied after each diaper change for four weeks postoperatively. At two and four weeks, two observers evaluated photographs of the perianal region for the presence and severity of DD. The primary outcome was the severity of DD four weeks after surgery. Results: From November 2020 to March 2023, 30 patients were included. Two patients withdrew directly after randomization, resulting in 13 PPEIC and 15 PC patients. In total, nineteen patients (73.1%) developed DD—eight (66.7%) in the PPEIC group and 11 (78.6%) in the PC group (p = 0.665)—of whom twelve (63.2%) suffered severe DD. All DD cases developed within the first two weeks, resulting in half of the patients discontinuing the preventive cream before the four-week endpoint. Conclusions: This study highlights the significant issue of DD after gastrointestinal surgery, which affects 73.1% of diapered children despite prevention with PPEIC or PC. Although the study was unable to identify a superior preventive method, it offers valuable insights and goals for future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Surgery)

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20 pages, 3248 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study on the Hydrodynamic Analysis of a Floating Offshore Wind Turbine Under Focused Wave Conditions

by Hanbo Zhai, Chaojun Yan, Wei Shi, Lixian Zhang, Xinmeng Zeng, Xu Han and Constantine Michailides

Energies 2025, 18(15), 4140; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18154140 (registering DOI) - 5 Aug 2025

Abstract

The strong nonlinearity of shallow-water waves significantly affects the dynamic response of floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs), introducing additional complexity in motion behavior. This study presents a series of 1:80-scale experiments conducted on a 5 MW FOWT at a 50 m water depth, [...] Read more.

The strong nonlinearity of shallow-water waves significantly affects the dynamic response of floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs), introducing additional complexity in motion behavior. This study presents a series of 1:80-scale experiments conducted on a 5 MW FOWT at a 50 m water depth, under regular, irregular, and focused wave conditions. The tests were conducted under regular, irregular, and focused wave conditions. The results show that, under both regular and irregular wave conditions, the platform’s motion and mooring tension increased as the wave period became longer, indicating a greater energy transfer and stronger coupling effects at lower wave frequencies. Specifically, in irregular seas, mooring tension increased by 16% between moderate and high sea states, with pronounced surge–pitch coupling near the natural frequency. Under focused wave conditions, the platform experienced significant surge displacement due to the impact of large wave crests, followed by free-decay behavior. Meanwhile, the pitch amplitude increased by up to 27%, and mooring line tension rose by 16% as the wave steepness intensified. These findings provide valuable insights for the design and optimization of FOWTs in complex marine environments, particularly under extreme wave conditions. Additionally, they contribute to the refinement of relevant numerical simulation methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Wind, Wave and Tidal Energy Technologies in China)

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15 pages, 958 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Can Plantar Pressure Distribution During Gait Be Estimated from Quiet Stance in Healthy Individuals?

by Marta Mirando, Chiara Pavese, Valeria Pingue, Stefania Sozzi and Antonio Nardone

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(3), 301; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10030301 (registering DOI) - 5 Aug 2025

Abstract

Objectives: We assessed the difference between quiet stance and gait in the spatial distribution and intensity of foot plantar pressures and whether it is possible to estimate the distribution during gait from data obtained during stance. Methods: A total of 60 [...] Read more.

Objectives: We assessed the difference between quiet stance and gait in the spatial distribution and intensity of foot plantar pressures and whether it is possible to estimate the distribution during gait from data obtained during stance. Methods: A total of 60 healthy subjects with a mean age of 31.0 ± 9.4 years performed two trials for quiet stance and four trials for gait on a baropodometric walkway with their eyes open. Foot plantar pressures were recorded from 10 areas of the foot sole. Results: During quiet stance, the highest plantar pressure occurred at metatarsal heads (M2 to M4) and the medial (MH) and lateral halves of the heel (LH). During gait, the profile of plantar pressure values was like that during stance, but significantly higher. The differences concentrated at the big toe (T1), M2 to M4, MH, and LH, whilst toes (T2,3,4,5) and midfoot (MF) showed the smallest difference. A significant positive correlation was found between the corresponding areas of foot pressure during gait and stance. Conclusions: During quiet stance and gait, the overall profile of plantar pressure distribution was similar. During quiet stance, the subjects loaded more on the heels, in keeping with the known position of the center of pressure just in front of the ankles. During gait, higher pressures on the metatarsal areas are related to the forward propulsion of the center of mass. The correlation between the corresponding areas of foot pressure during gait and stance suggests that the pressure distribution during gait can partly be estimated from that during stance. This finding might be useful in most clinical settings when a single sensorized platform rather than a complete walkway is available. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Posture, Balance, and Gait: Assessment Techniques and Rehabilitation Strategies)

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20 pages, 1622 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Hemp Protein and Sea Buckthorn Extract on Quality and Shelf Life of Cooked-Smoked Sausages

by Kainar Bukarbayev, Sholpan Abzhanova, Lyazzat Baibolova, Gulshat Zhaksylykova, Talgat Kulazhanov, Vitalii Vasilenko, Bagila Jetpisbayeva, Alma Katasheva, Sultan Sabraly and Yerkin Yerzhigitov

Foods 2025, 14(15), 2730; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14152730 (registering DOI) - 5 Aug 2025

Abstract

Modern meat processing faces several challenges, including high resource consumption, environmental impact, and the need to enhance the nutritional and biological value of finished products. In this context, interest is growing in functional plant-based ingredients capable of improving the quality of meat products. [...] Read more.

Modern meat processing faces several challenges, including high resource consumption, environmental impact, and the need to enhance the nutritional and biological value of finished products. In this context, interest is growing in functional plant-based ingredients capable of improving the quality of meat products. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding 0.01% hemp protein powder and 0.01% sea buckthorn extract (based on the weight of unsalted raw material) on the nutritional, technological, and microbiological characteristics of cooked-smoked sausages. The results demonstrated an increase in total protein content, a 2.5-fold rise in tocopherol levels, as well as a 17.9% improvement in the Amino Acid Score of threonine and a 2.48% increase in the biological value of protein. Samples enriched with plant-based components exhibited enhanced organoleptic properties and greater storage stability over 36 days. In addition, extrusion parameters for the production of the protein additive were optimized, resulting in a stable functional ingredient. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Research on Extraction Technologies, Analysis Methods and Functional Evaluation of Food Active Components: 2nd Edition)

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18 pages, 4182 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Structural Design of a Multi-Stage Variable Stiffness Manipulator Based on Low-Melting-Point Alloys

by Moufa Ye, Lin Guo, An Wang, Wei Dong, Yongzhuo Gao and Hui Dong

Technologies 2025, 13(8), 338; https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies13080338 (registering DOI) - 5 Aug 2025

Abstract

Soft manipulators have garnered significant research attention in recent years due to their flexibility and adaptability. However, the inherent flexibility of these manipulators imposes limitations on their load-bearing capacity and stability. To address this, this study compares various variable stiffness technologies and proposes [...] Read more.

Soft manipulators have garnered significant research attention in recent years due to their flexibility and adaptability. However, the inherent flexibility of these manipulators imposes limitations on their load-bearing capacity and stability. To address this, this study compares various variable stiffness technologies and proposes a novel design concept: leveraging the phase-change characteristics of low-melting-point alloys (LMPAs) with distinct melting points to fulfill the variable stiffness requirements of soft manipulators. The pneumatic structure of the manipulator is fabricated via 3D-printed molds and silicone casting. The manipulator integrates a pneumatic working chamber, variable stiffness chambers, heating devices, sensors, and a central channel, achieving multi-stage variable stiffness through controlled heating of the LMPAs. A steady-state temperature field distribution model is established based on the integral form of Fourier’s law, complemented by finite element analysis (FEA). Subsequently, the operational temperatures at which the variable stiffness mechanism activates, and the bending performance are experimentally validated. Finally, stiffness characterization and kinematic performance experiments are conducted to evaluate the manipulator’s variable stiffness capabilities and flexibility. This design enables the manipulator to switch among low, medium, and high stiffness levels, balancing flexibility and stability, and provides a new paradigm for the design of soft manipulators. Full article

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18 pages, 1832 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On-Demand Maintenance Method Using Fault Prediction to Reduce Elevator Entrapment

by Tianshun Cui, Linlin Wu, Libin Wang, Zhiqun Luo, Yugang Dong and Qiang Wang

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(15), 8644; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15158644 (registering DOI) - 5 Aug 2025

Abstract

With the rapid growth of elevator installations, conventional scheduled maintenance struggles to meet the dual demands of ensuring operational safety and cost control. This study proposes an innovative on-demand maintenance method that aligns with the Chinese policy directives on elevator maintenance reform. First, [...] Read more.

With the rapid growth of elevator installations, conventional scheduled maintenance struggles to meet the dual demands of ensuring operational safety and cost control. This study proposes an innovative on-demand maintenance method that aligns with the Chinese policy directives on elevator maintenance reform. First, we conduct a historical fault cause analysis to identify the root causes of elevator entrapment incidents. Next, we establish an entrapment prediction model based on our historical data. Then, we design an elevator entrapment risk index report according to the prediction results. Finally, we formulate an on-demand maintenance plan that combines insights from the report with the conclusions of the cause analysis. Field implementation and comparative experiments demonstrate that the proposed on-demand maintenance method outperforms the scheduled one. The result shows significant reductions in accident and maintenance workload, justifying the practical value of this approach for the industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances and Innovation in Prognostics and Health Management)

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27 pages, 1491 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spent Nuclear Fuel—Waste to Resource, Part 1: Effects of Post-Reactor Cooling Time and Novel Partitioning Strategies in Advanced Reprocessing on Highly Active Waste Volumes in Gen III(+) UOx Fuel Systems

by Alistair F. Holdsworth, Edmund Ireland and Harry Eccles

J. Nucl. Eng. 2025, 6(3), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/jne6030029 (registering DOI) - 5 Aug 2025

Abstract

Some of nuclear power’s primary detractors are the unique environmental challenges and impacts of radioactive wastes generated during fuel cycle operations. Key benefits of spent fuel reprocessing (SFR) are reductions in primary high active waste (HAW) masses, volumes, and lengths of radiotoxicity at [...] Read more.

Some of nuclear power’s primary detractors are the unique environmental challenges and impacts of radioactive wastes generated during fuel cycle operations. Key benefits of spent fuel reprocessing (SFR) are reductions in primary high active waste (HAW) masses, volumes, and lengths of radiotoxicity at the expense of secondary waste generation and high capital and operational costs. By employing advanced waste management and resource recovery concepts in SFR beyond the existing standard PUREX process, such as minor actinide and fission product partitioning, these challenges could be mitigated, alongside further reductions in HAW volumes, masses, and duration of radiotoxicity. This work assesses various current and proposed SFR and fuel cycle options as base cases, with further options for fission product partitioning of the high heat radionuclides (HHRs), rare earths, and platinum group metals investigated. A focus on primary waste outputs and the additional energy that could be generated by the reprocessing of high-burnup PWR fuel from Gen III(+) reactors using a simple fuel cycle model is used; the effects of 5- and 10-year spent fuel cooling times before reprocessing are explored. We demonstrate that longer cooling times are preferable in all cases except where short-lived isotope recovery may be desired, and that the partitioning of high-heat fission products (Cs and Sr) could allow for the reclassification of traditional raffinates to intermediate level waste. Highly active waste volume reductions approaching 50% vs. PUREX raffinate could be achieved in single-target partitioning of the inactive and low-activity rare earth elements, and the need for geological disposal could potentially be mitigated completely if HHRs are separated and utilised. Full article

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21 pages, 3283 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Atypical Pressure Dependent Structural Phonon and Thermodynamic Characteristics of Zinc Blende BeO

by Devki N. Talwar and Piotr Becla

Materials 2025, 18(15), 3671; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18153671 (registering DOI) - 5 Aug 2025

Abstract

Under normal conditions, the novel zinc blende beryllium oxide (zb BeO) exhibits in a metastable crystalline phase, which is less stable than its wurtzite counterpart. Ultrathin zb BeO epifilms have recently gained significant interest to create a wide range of advanced high-resolution, high-frequency, [...] Read more.

Under normal conditions, the novel zinc blende beryllium oxide (zb BeO) exhibits in a metastable crystalline phase, which is less stable than its wurtzite counterpart. Ultrathin zb BeO epifilms have recently gained significant interest to create a wide range of advanced high-resolution, high-frequency, flexible, transparent, nano-electronic and nanophotonic modules. BeO-based ultraviolet photodetectors and biosensors are playing important roles in providing safety and efficiency to nuclear reactors for their optimum operations. In thermal management, BeO epifilms have also been used for many high-tech devices including medical equipment. Phonon characteristics of zb BeO at ambient and high-pressure P ≠ 0 GPa are required in the development of electronics that demand enhanced heat dissipation for improving heat sink performance to lower the operating temperature. Here, we have reported methodical simulations to comprehend P-dependent structural, phonon and thermodynamical properties by using a realistic rigid-ion model (RIM). Unlike zb ZnO, the study of the Grüneisen parameter γ(T) and thermal expansion coefficient α(T) in zb BeO has revealed atypical behavior. Possible reasons for such peculiar trends are attributed to the combined effect of the short bond length and strong localization of electron charge close to the small core size Be atom in BeO. Results of RIM calculations are compared/contrasted against the limited experimental and first-principle data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Heat Equation: The Theoretical Basis for Materials Processing)

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20 pages, 4576 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physical, Chemical, Mineralogical, and Toxicological Characterization of Active and Inactive Tailings in the Arequipa Region, Peru

by Dery Castillo, Karol Palma, Lizbeth Santander, Héctor Bolaños, Gregorio Palma and Patricio Navarro

Minerals 2025, 15(8), 830; https://doi.org/10.3390/min15080830 (registering DOI) - 5 Aug 2025

Abstract

Mining activity in Peru generates environmental liabilities with the potential to release toxic metals into the environment. This study conducted a comprehensive physical, chemical, mineralogical, and toxicological characterization of ten active and inactive tailings samples from the Arequipa region in southern Peru. Particle [...] Read more.

Mining activity in Peru generates environmental liabilities with the potential to release toxic metals into the environment. This study conducted a comprehensive physical, chemical, mineralogical, and toxicological characterization of ten active and inactive tailings samples from the Arequipa region in southern Peru. Particle size distribution analysis, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) followed by ICP-MS were employed. The results revealed variable particle size distributions, with the sample of Secocha exhibiting the finest granulometry. Chemically, 8 out of 10 samples exhibited concentrations of at least two metals surpassing the Peruvian Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) for soils with values reaching >6000 mg/kg of arsenic (Paraiso), 193.1 mg/kg of mercury (Mollehuaca), and 2309 mg/kg of zinc (Paraiso). Mineralogical analysis revealed the presence of sulfides such as arsenopyrite, cinnabar, galena, and sphalerite, along with uraninite in the Otapara sample. In the TCLP tests, 5 out of 10 samples released at least two metals exceeding the environmental standards on water quality, with concentrations up to 0.401 mg/L for mercury (Paraiso), 0.590 mg/L for lead (Paraiso), and 9.286 mg/L for zinc (Kiowa Cobre). These results demonstrate elevated levels of Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) in both solid and dissolved states, reflecting a critical geochemical risk in the evaluated areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Mineralogy and Biogeochemistry)

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16 pages, 2443 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Contralateral Structure and Molecular Response to Severe Unilateral Brain Injury

by Xixian Liao, Xiaojian Xu, Ming Li, Runfa Tian, Yuan Zhuang and Guoyi Gao

Brain Sci. 2025, 15(8), 837; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15080837 (registering DOI) - 5 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background: Severe damage to one side of the brain often leads to adverse consequences and can also cause widespread changes throughout the brain, especially in the contralateral area. Studying molecular changes in the contralateral cerebral hemisphere, especially with regard to genetic regulation, [...] Read more.

Background: Severe damage to one side of the brain often leads to adverse consequences and can also cause widespread changes throughout the brain, especially in the contralateral area. Studying molecular changes in the contralateral cerebral hemisphere, especially with regard to genetic regulation, can help discover potential treatment strategies to promote recovery after severe brain trauma on one side. Methods: In our study, the right motor cortex was surgically removed to simulate severe unilateral brain injury, and changes in glial cells and synaptic structure in the contralateral cortex were subsequently assessed through immunohistological, morphological, and Western blot analyses. We conducted transcriptomic studies to explore changes in gene expression levels associated with the inflammatory response. Results: Seven days after corticotomy, levels of reactive astrocytes and hypertrophic microglia increased significantly in the experimental group, while synapsin-1 and PSD-95 levels in the contralateral motor cortex increased. These molecular changes are associated with structural changes, including destruction of dendritic structures and the encapsulation of astrocytes by synapses. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis showed a significant increase in gene pathways involved in inflammatory responses, synaptic activity, and nerve fiber regeneration in the contralateral cortex after corticorectomy. Key transcription factors such as NF-κB1, Rela, STAT3 and Jun were identified as potential regulators of these contralateral changes. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) confirmed that the mRNA expression levels of Cacna1c, Tgfb1 and Slc2a1 genes related to STAT3, JUN, and NF-κB regulation significantly increased in the contralateral cortex of the experimental group. Conclusions: After unilateral brain damage occurs, changes in the contralateral cerebral hemisphere are closely related to processes involving inflammation and synaptic function. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Regulating Neuronal Function, Homeostasis, and Disease)

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15 pages, 2188 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research and Simulation Analysis on a Novel U-Tube Type Dual-Chamber Oscillating Water Column Wave Energy Conversion Device

by Shaohui Yang, Haijian Li, Yan Huang, Jianyu Fan, Zhichang Du, Yongqiang Tu, Chenglong Li and Beichen Lin

Energies 2025, 18(15), 4141; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18154141 (registering DOI) - 5 Aug 2025

Abstract

With the development of wave energy, a promising renewable resource, oscillating water column (OWC) devices, has been extensively studied for its potential in harnessing this energy. However, traditional OWC devices face challenges such as corrosion and damage from prolonged exposure to harsh marine [...] Read more.

With the development of wave energy, a promising renewable resource, oscillating water column (OWC) devices, has been extensively studied for its potential in harnessing this energy. However, traditional OWC devices face challenges such as corrosion and damage from prolonged exposure to harsh marine environments, limiting their long-term viability and efficiency. To address these limitations, this paper proposes a novel U-tube type dual chamber OWC wave energy conversion device integrated within a marine vehicle. The research involves the design of a U-tube dual-chamber OWC device, which utilizes the pitch motion of a marine vehicle to drive the oscillation of water columns within the U-tube, generating reciprocating airflow that drives an air turbine. Numerical simulations using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) were conducted to analyze the effects of various structural dimensions, including device length, width, air chamber height, U-tube channel width, and bottom channel height, on the aerodynamic power output. The simulations considered real sea conditions, focusing on low-frequency waves prevalent in China’s sea areas. Simulation results reveal that increasing the device’s length and width substantially boosts aerodynamic power, while air chamber height and U-tube channel width have minor effects. These findings provide valuable insights into the optimal design of U-tube dual-chamber OWC devices for efficient wave energy conversion, laying the foundation for future physical prototype development and experimental validation. Full article

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