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23 pages, 1909 KB

Open AccessArticle

Balancing Cost and Precision: An Experimental Evaluation of Sensors for Monitoring in Electrical Generation Systems

by Janeth Alcalá, J. Antonio Juárez, Víctor Cárdenas, Saida Charre-Ibarra, Juan González-Rivera and Jorge Gudiño-Lau

Sensors 2025, 25(22), 7052; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25227052 (registering DOI) - 18 Nov 2025

Abstract

The growing adoption of renewable energy conversion systems and smart infrastructures has increased the demand for accurate monitoring solutions to ensure system performance and reliability, as well as seamless integration with cloud-based platforms. Voltage and current sensing are central to this task; however, [...] Read more.

The growing adoption of renewable energy conversion systems and smart infrastructures has increased the demand for accurate monitoring solutions to ensure system performance and reliability, as well as seamless integration with cloud-based platforms. Voltage and current sensing are central to this task; however, sensor selection often involves a trade-off between cost and measurement precision. Rather than comparing technologies as equivalent options, this study investigates the practical impact of using low-cost versus high-precision sensors in electrical power generation monitoring. The evaluation includes representative low-cost sensors and high-precision alternatives based on instrumentation amplifiers and a closed-loop Hall-effect transducer. All sensors were characterized under controlled laboratory conditions and analyzed using statistical indicators, including MAE, RMSE, MAPE, and R². Results show that high-precision sensors achieved R² > 0.97 and MAPE < 4%, whereas low-cost sensors showed R² as low as 0.73 and errors exceeding 10% under dynamic irradiance conditions. Low-cost sensors present deviations of 5–8% in RMS measurement, while high-precision sensors maintain error below 1%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors Technology Applied in Power Systems and Energy Management)

21 pages, 8304 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Antibiotics (Streptomycin and Penicillin) in Ethanol Mist on the Surfaces of Model and Historical Leather from the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum

by Anna Wawrzyk, Dorota Rybitwa, Natalia Pydyn, Nel Jastrzębiowska, Aleksandra Papis, Lilianna Szyk-Warszyńska, Małgorzata Zimowska, Jacek Gurgul, Ada Bizacka and Sławomir Wilczyński

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(22), 12259; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152212259 (registering DOI) - 18 Nov 2025

Abstract

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of disinfection with penicillin and/or streptomycin, added to ethanol mist, on the surface properties of both model and historical leather materials from the collections of the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum (A-BSM) in Oświęcim, Poland. [...] Read more.

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of disinfection with penicillin and/or streptomycin, added to ethanol mist, on the surface properties of both model and historical leather materials from the collections of the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum (A-BSM) in Oświęcim, Poland. The experimental conditions involved application of 90% ethanol mist alone or with penicillin, streptomycin or a mixture of both antibiotics using an airbrush. Changes in the morphology, structure and chemical properties of the sample surfaces compared to non-exposed samples were evaluated using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), confocal microscopy (CM) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). Microscopic studies demonstrated that exposure to penicillin or the antibiotic mixture caused subtle smoothing and flattening of tested leathers and a significant reduction in contamination of biological and mineral origin. Decreases in fluorescence intensity and fluorescent layer thickness were also observed, which, according to the XPS results, may be caused by the removal of a large amount of surface deposits or the reveal of deeper leather layers that were previously covered with inorganic particles. Therefore, it can be concluded that the developed method of applying antibiotics in ethanol mist does not have any significant negative effect on the surface of model and historical leather. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cultural Heritage: Restoration and Conservation)

19 pages, 2125 KB

Open AccessArticle

Microstructure, Compression Properties and Wear Performance of Compacted Al10SiMg Alloy Powders Processed Through Suction Casting

by Mila Christy de Oliveira, Marcella Gaute Cavalcante Xavier, Danusa Araújo de Moura and José Eduardo Spinelli

Metals 2025, 15(11), 1261; https://doi.org/10.3390/met15111261 (registering DOI) - 18 Nov 2025

Abstract

Surplus out-of-spec Al powders, typically discarded, remain an underused resource. Their reuse via alternative consolidation routes is a sustainable path for AlSi10Mg alloy recycling, but studies on the feasibility of such routes remain scarce. This study proposes a novel route combining powder compaction [...] Read more.

Surplus out-of-spec Al powders, typically discarded, remain an underused resource. Their reuse via alternative consolidation routes is a sustainable path for AlSi10Mg alloy recycling, but studies on the feasibility of such routes remain scarce. This study proposes a novel route combining powder compaction (under 50 kN and 80 kN loads) and remelting/solidification via suction casting to assess the feasibility of producing dense parts with enhanced properties. Microstructure, mechanical properties (compression and Vickers microhardness), and tribological performance (ball-crater wear under dry and abrasive conditions) were evaluated. The proposed route produced dense AlSi10Mg parts with low porosity levels (≤0.2%) and refined dendritic microstructures (spacing between 2.4 and 4.6 µm). Increased cooling rates promoted microstructural refinement, while higher compaction loads improved densification. The refined microstructure samples achieved compressive strengths above 500 MPa. Remarkably, microstructural refinement led to significantly increased hardness, with values reaching ≥100 HV. The samples compacted at 50 kN and subjected to the highest cooling rate exhibited the lowest dry wear rate (2.3 × 10⁻⁴ mm³/N·m), comparable to additively manufactured AlSi10Mg (AM) samples, confirming the efficiency of this recycling route. The dry wear rates ranged from 2.3 to 3.9 × 10⁻⁴ mm³/N·m, reinforcing the inverse correlation between hardness and dry wear performance. Although abrasive wear resulted in a material loss approximately 3 times higher than dry wear, it preserved the same microstructural dependence: finer, harder, and denser samples exhibited better wear resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Metal Casting, Forming and Heat Treatment)

39 pages, 10254 KB

Open AccessArticle

Ecological Load and Migration of Heavy Metals in Soil Profiles in Wheat–Corn Rotation Systems

by Yi Zhang, Kunling Zheng, Yinxian Song, Tengjie Cui, Zhongyao Chen and Chunjun Tao

Agronomy 2025, 15(11), 2647; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15112647 (registering DOI) - 18 Nov 2025

Abstract

Heavy metal contamination in agricultural soils is a critical global concern, threatening ecosystem safety and food security. The wheat–corn rotation system, vital for food production in regions like Northern China, is particularly vulnerable. However, comprehensive studies investigating vertical migration, future dynamics under climate [...] Read more.

Heavy metal contamination in agricultural soils is a critical global concern, threatening ecosystem safety and food security. The wheat–corn rotation system, vital for food production in regions like Northern China, is particularly vulnerable. However, comprehensive studies investigating vertical migration, future dynamics under climate change, and predictive modeling of heavy metals within this system are still limited. This study combined field sampling of soil profiles (0–200 cm) with geochemical modeling (the PROFILE and SSCL models) and machine learning techniques (Multiple Regression, Neural Networks, and Random Forest). Key findings revealed that atmospheric deposition was the primary input source for most heavy metals, contributing 49.50–93.27%. The release rates (Rm) of heavy metals were significantly higher during the corn season than the wheat season and are projected to increase by 1.2–1.5 times under the RCP4.5 climate scenario. Vertical distribution analysis showed a significant accumulation of heavy metals in the middle soil layer (20–120 cm), with Arsenic (As) and Cadmium (Cd) exhibiting the strongest migration potential, posing a threat to groundwater. The Random Forest model demonstrated superior performance (R² > 0.95) in predicting heavy metal behavior, identifying Fed and soil TOC as the dominant controlling factors. This study provides a unique and significant contribution by integrating geochemical fate modeling with climate projections and advanced machine learning to offer a predictive, multi-faceted risk assessment framework, thereby supplying a scientific basis for targeted pollution control and sustainable soil management in wheat–corn rotation systems under a changing climate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Soil and Plant Nutrition)

16 pages, 2071 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of a Silicon Carbide Static Induction Transistor for High Frequency/High Temperature Sensor Interface Circuits: Measurements and Modeling

by Jonathon R. Grgat, Maximilian C. Scardelletti and Christian A. Zorman

Sensors 2025, 25(22), 7051; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25227051 (registering DOI) - 18 Nov 2025

Abstract

In this paper, we report on the characterization of a silicon carbide static induction transistor (SiC SIT) for potential use in sensor interface circuits that operate at frequencies up to 100 MHz and temperatures up to 400 °C. Measurements were performed to [...] Read more.

In this paper, we report on the characterization of a silicon carbide static induction transistor (SiC SIT) for potential use in sensor interface circuits that operate at frequencies up to 100 MHz and temperatures up to 400 °C. Measurements were performed to generate current–voltage curves, capacitive transistor characteristics, and high-frequency scattering parameters at temperatures between 25 and 400 °C. The measured data were used to extrapolate the transconductance, g_m, as a function of temperature and to develop a small signal model. Circuit simulation tools were used to generate scattering parameters, which were compared to the measured values. At 400 °C, the maximum difference between the measured and simulated scattering parameters for frequencies from 20 to 100 MHz were all less than 0.1 dB, indicating strong agreement between the model and measurement results. The average transition frequency, f_t, calculated from measured parameters was 197.8 MHz, which compares favorably to the simulated value from the model (200 MHz). This is also the first paper to report the characterization of a SiC SIT at temperatures above 100 °C. The high-temperature model is the first of its kind for a silicon carbide static induction transistor and the findings reported herein provide a platform to stimulate further development for sensor interface circuits that require transistors that operate at both high frequency and high temperature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronics and Sensors for Structure Health Monitoring)

17 pages, 715 KB

Open AccessArticle

‘Care Beyond Co-Residence’: A Qualitative Exploration of Emotional and Instrumental Care Gaps Among Older Adults in Migrant Households of Kerala

by Anu Mohan, Teddy Andrews Jaihind Jothikaran, Divya Sussana Patil and Lena Ashok

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(11), 1745; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22111745 (registering DOI) - 18 Nov 2025

Abstract

The convergence of youth migration and the nuclearization of families has altered conventional living arrangements in India, indicating a sharp rise in the number of families in which older adults live alone due to the outmigration of their adult children. This study aims [...] Read more.

The convergence of youth migration and the nuclearization of families has altered conventional living arrangements in India, indicating a sharp rise in the number of families in which older adults live alone due to the outmigration of their adult children. This study aims to explore the perceptions of left-behind older adults regarding long-distance care practices by their adult children and to describe the practical and functional care deficits that lead to vulnerability and unmet mental health care in migrant households. Twenty older adults above 65 years of age living alone or with a spouse for at least one year due to the out-migration of their adult children were selected purposively. The analysis revealed that distance from migrant children makes older adults feel anxious, miss their family togetherness, and experience increased loneliness and care gaps in later years, contributing to a multifaceted causality of vulnerability while aging alone. Narratives of distance care are often shaped by the bidirectional flow of care across generations through virtual and in-person means, where emotional and functional deprivations continue to challenge the quality of informal distant care among left-behind older adults. Mental health promotion among community-dwelling older adults is crucial for sustaining their functional capacity, thereby delaying psychological morbidities during aging. Full article

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14 pages, 1737 KB

Open AccessArticle

Classification of Speech and Associated EEG Responses from Normal-Hearing and Cochlear Implant Talkers Using Support Vector Machines

by Shruthi Raghavendra, Sungmin Lee and Chin-Tuan Tan

Audiol. Res. 2025, 15(6), 158; https://doi.org/10.3390/audiolres15060158 (registering DOI) - 18 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Speech produced by individuals with hearing loss differs notably from that of normal-hearing (NH) individuals. Although cochlear implants (CIs) provide sufficient auditory input to support speech acquisition and control, there remains considerable variability in speech intelligibility among CI users. As a [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Speech produced by individuals with hearing loss differs notably from that of normal-hearing (NH) individuals. Although cochlear implants (CIs) provide sufficient auditory input to support speech acquisition and control, there remains considerable variability in speech intelligibility among CI users. As a result, speech produced by CI talkers often exhibits distinct acoustic characteristics compared to that of NH individuals. Methods: Speech data were obtained from eight cochlear-implant (CI) and eight normal-hearing (NH) talkers, while electroencephalogram (EEG) responses were recorded from 11 NH listeners exposed to the same speech stimuli. Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifiers employing 3-fold cross-validation were evaluated using classification accuracy as the performance metric. This study evaluated the efficacy of Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithms using four kernel functions (Linear, Polynomial, Gaussian, and Radial Basis Function) to classify speech produced by NH and CI talkers. Six acoustic features—Log Energy, Zero-Crossing Rate (ZCR), Pitch, Linear Predictive Coefficients (LPC), Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCCs), and Perceptual Linear Predictive Cepstral Coefficients (PLP-CC)—were extracted. These same features were also extracted from electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings of NH listeners who were exposed to the speech stimuli. The EEG analysis leveraged the assumption of quasi-stationarity over short time windows. Results: Classification of speech signals using SVMs yielded the highest accuracies of 100% and 94% for the Energy and MFCC features, respectively, using Gaussian and RBF kernels. EEG responses to speech achieved classification accuracies exceeding 70% for ZCR and Pitch features using the same kernels. Other features such as LPC and PLP-CC yielded moderate to low classification performance. Conclusions: The results indicate that both speech-derived and EEG-derived features can effectively differentiate between CI and NH talkers. Among the tested kernels, Gaussian and RBF provided superior performance, particularly when using Energy and MFCC features. These findings support the application of SVMs for multimodal classification in hearing research, with potential applications in improving CI speech processing and auditory rehabilitation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Hearing)

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11 pages, 3273 KB

Open AccessArticle

Gastrocnemius Echo Intensity Is Associated with Walking Distance and Hemodynamic Improvements After Endovascular Therapy in Lower Extremity Artery Disease

by Satoshi Yuguchi, Yusuke Ochi, Yukari Sagata, Mitsuhiro Idesako, Shino Maeda and Masahito Taniguchi

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(22), 8189; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14228189 (registering DOI) - 18 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: This study aimed to validate the associations between the echo intensity (EI) of the gastrocnemius muscle before endovascular therapy (EVT) and post-EVT changes in the 6-min walk distance (6MWD), ankle–brachial index (ABI), and other skeletal muscle indicators in patients with lower [...] Read more.

Background: This study aimed to validate the associations between the echo intensity (EI) of the gastrocnemius muscle before endovascular therapy (EVT) and post-EVT changes in the 6-min walk distance (6MWD), ankle–brachial index (ABI), and other skeletal muscle indicators in patients with lower extremity artery disease (LEAD). Methods: A total of 29 male patients (mean age: 73.5 years) presenting with Fontaine stage II LEAD participated in this research. The EI of the gastrocnemius muscle before EVT was assessed using ultrasonography. Based on the tertiles of EI values, participants were categorized into low (n = 10), mid (n = 10), and high (n = 9) groups. The ABI, gastrocnemius thickness, EI, and 6MWD were examined before EVT, at discharge, and at 6 months after EVT. Both cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons were conducted across the three groups before and after EVT. Results: Before EVT, the high group demonstrated lower gastrocnemius thickness (9.0 vs. 12.7 mm, p < 0.01) and shorter 6MWD (258 vs. 391 m, p < 0.05) than the low group. At 6 months after EVT, the high group demonstrated lower ABI than the low and mid groups. The low (from 391 to 467 m, p < 0.05) and mid (from 375 to 416 m, p < 0.05) groups exhibited improvements in 6MWD. However, the high group did not (from 258 to 312 m, p = 0.1). Conclusions: EI before EVT was associated with improvements in ABI and 6MWD in patients with LEAD after EVT. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Trends in Vascular and Endovascular Surgery)

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35 pages, 10120 KB

Open AccessArticle

Machine Learning-Powered Dynamic Fleet Routing Towards Real-Time Fuel Economy with Smart Weight Sensing and Intelligent Traffic Reasoning

by Jianyuan (Jeremy) Peng, Roger J. Jiao and Fan Zhang

Systems 2025, 13(11), 1033; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13111033 (registering DOI) - 18 Nov 2025

Abstract

Reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and fuel consumption remains a critical objective in courier fleet management. Dynamic routing, which continuously updates delivery routes in response to real-time conditions, offers a promising solution. However, its implementation is hindered by challenges in real-time data analytics [...] Read more.

Reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and fuel consumption remains a critical objective in courier fleet management. Dynamic routing, which continuously updates delivery routes in response to real-time conditions, offers a promising solution. However, its implementation is hindered by challenges in real-time data analytics and intelligent decision-making. This study addresses two underexplored, yet impactful, variables in dynamic fleet routing: (1) the changing weight of delivery trucks due to unloading at each stop and (2) traffic conditions on local roads, where most deliveries occur. We propose a machine learning-driven smart rerouting system that integrates real-time data analytics into a dynamic routing optimization framework focused on minimizing fuel consumption. Our approach consists of two key components. First, trucks are equipped to collect continuous real-time data on vehicle weight, which are analyzed using frequency domain techniques, and traffic conditions, which are interpreted via neural networks. Second, these data inform an optimization model that explicitly captures the relationship between fuel consumption, emissions, vehicle weight, and traffic dynamics. This model surpasses conventional capacitated vehicle routing approaches by embedding real-time reasoning into route planning. Extensive simulation studies demonstrate that the proposed system significantly reduces both GHG emissions and fuel consumption compared to traditional routing models, highlighting its potential for sustainable and cost-effective fleet operations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Logistics Systems Applications: Enhancing Efficiency and Adaptability)

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26 pages, 2236 KB

Open AccessArticle

Laser Trapping Technique for Measuring Ionization Energy and Identifying Hemoglobin Through Charge Quantification in Blood Samples

by Endris M. Endris, Deresse A. Adem, Horace T. Crogman and Daniel B. Erenso

Biophysica 2025, 5(4), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/biophysica5040056 (registering DOI) - 18 Nov 2025

Abstract

We present a proof-of-concept study using a laser trapping (LT) approach to characterize hemoglobin variants through controlled dielectric breakdown of red blood cell membranes. Using a 1064 nm infrared laser, we analyzed 62 cells from each of four hemoglobin types (Hb AS, Hb [...] Read more.

We present a proof-of-concept study using a laser trapping (LT) approach to characterize hemoglobin variants through controlled dielectric breakdown of red blood cell membranes. Using a 1064 nm infrared laser, we analyzed 62 cells from each of four hemoglobin types (Hb AS, Hb FA, Hb FSC, Hb AC), measuring the ionization time, cell area, and trap displacement to calculate the apparent threshold ionization energy (TIE*) and apparent threshold radiation dose (TRD*). Post-ionization trajectories and radiation intensity measurements provided charge distribution profiles for each variant. Our results indicate variant-specific differences in TRD* and charge-to-volume ratios across adults and infants (p < 0.05), while the TIE* values remained largely consistent. Charge analysis revealed statistically significant variation between some groups, suggesting that TRD* and charge-based parameters may offer sensitive markers of hemoglobin heterogeneity. This work demonstrates the feasibility of laser trapping as a complementary single-cell method for hemoglobin analysis. While limited in sample size, the approach highlights the potential of TIE* and TRD* measurements for differentiating hemoglobin variants and suggests future applications in hemoglobinopathy screening and diagnostic research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biophysical Methods to Study Membrane Models, Cells, and Tissues)

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15 pages, 2020 KB

Open AccessArticle

3D Human Reconstruction from Monocular Vision Based on Neural Fields and Explicit Mesh Optimization

by Kaipeng Wang, Xiaolong Xie, Wei Li, Jie Liu and Zhuo Wang

Electronics 2025, 14(22), 4512; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14224512 - 18 Nov 2025

Abstract

Three-dimensional Human Reconstruction from Monocular Vision is a key technology in Virtual Reality and digital humans. It aims to recover the 3D structure and pose of the human body from 2D images or video. Current methods for dynamic 3D reconstruction of the human [...] Read more.

Three-dimensional Human Reconstruction from Monocular Vision is a key technology in Virtual Reality and digital humans. It aims to recover the 3D structure and pose of the human body from 2D images or video. Current methods for dynamic 3D reconstruction of the human body, which are based on monocular views, have low accuracy and remain a challenging problem. This paper proposes a fast reconstruction method based on Instant Human Model (IHM) generation, which achieves highly realistic 3D reconstruction of the human body in arbitrary poses. First, the efficient dynamic human body reconstruction method, InstantAvatar, is utilized to learn the shape and appearance of the human body in different poses. However, due to its direct use of low-resolution voxels as canonical spatial human representations, it is not possible to achieve satisfactory reconstruction results on a wide range of datasets. Next, a voxel occupancy grid is initialized in the A-pose, and a voxel attention mechanism module is constructed to enhance the reconstruction effect. Finally, the Instant Human Model (IHM) method is employed to define continuous fields on the surface, enabling highly realistic dynamic 3D human reconstruction. Experimental results show that, compared to the representative InstantAvatar method, IHM achieves a 0.1% improvement in SSIM and a 2% improvement in PSNR on the PeopleSnapshot benchmark dataset, demonstrating improvements in both reconstruction quality and detail. Specifically, IHM, through voxel attention mechanisms and Mesh adaptive iterative optimization, achieves highly realistic 3D mesh models of human bodies in various poses while ensuring efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Computer Vision and 3D Reconstruction)

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25 pages, 2921 KB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Application of a Portable Chestnut-Harvesting Device

by Dezhi Ren, Ruiqiang Wang, Zefei Zhang, Guolong Li, Wanyuan Huang and Wei Wang

Agriculture 2025, 15(22), 2382; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15222382 - 18 Nov 2025

Abstract

To solve the problems of high resistance, high contents of impurities and high harvest damage rates commonly encountered in chestnut harvesting, a novel lightweight simplified chestnut harvester was proposed that can simultaneously perform picking, soil removal and collection. The key component of the [...] Read more.

To solve the problems of high resistance, high contents of impurities and high harvest damage rates commonly encountered in chestnut harvesting, a novel lightweight simplified chestnut harvester was proposed that can simultaneously perform picking, soil removal and collection. The key component of the harvester is the pickup drum device, which is mainly composed of a pickup claw and drum. Compared with traditional claw harvesters, the picking and impurity removal functions are combined into one. As the pickup drum device is very important in chestnut harvesters, its key components were designed and optimized in this study. According to the structure and working principle of the pickup, a mechanical simulation model based on the discrete element method (DEM) and RecurDyn 2023 was established. Through theoretical calculations and single- and multi-factor simulation tests, the optimal combination of the working parameters of the pickup drum device was obtained. The results showed that the optimal speed of the chestnut pickup drum was 45 rpm, the optimal forward speed of the chassis was 0.4 m/s, and the optimal claw length was 55 cm. A field verification test was carried out according to the optimal parameter combination. The results showed that the picking efficiency of chestnut picking device was 88.44%, and the error between this value and the simulation results (91.42%) was 1.95%—less than 3%—which verifies the correctness of the simulation model. This study provides a theoretical reference for the design and optimization of chestnut harvesters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Equipment and Automation Technology in Farmland Production)

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13 pages, 5588 KB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Threshold Voltage Drift for SiC MOSFET Under Avalanche Stress

by Haitao Zhang, Lin Cai, Chen Fan, Huipeng Liu, Su Yan, Rikang Zhao and Pengpeng Yuan

Electronics 2025, 14(22), 4511; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14224511 - 18 Nov 2025

Abstract

In this article, a dedicated testing system is developed to realize low-delay threshold voltage (V_TH) characteristic testing of silicon carbide (SiC) MOSFET devices after an avalanche stress. The developed low-delay testing system enables V_TH detection within milliseconds after the avalanche, [...] Read more.

In this article, a dedicated testing system is developed to realize low-delay threshold voltage (V_TH) characteristic testing of silicon carbide (SiC) MOSFET devices after an avalanche stress. The developed low-delay testing system enables V_TH detection within milliseconds after the avalanche, facilitating the study of V_TH drift behavior under different gate-source turn-off voltages (V_GS-OFF) and repeated avalanche events. Experimental results of 1200 V commercial devices indicate that after a single avalanche stress, V_TH drifts positively by about 0.11 V when V_GS-OFF is 0 V. However, if the avalanche stress is monitored at a negative bias of V_GS-OFF, V_TH exhibits a negative drift. The drift increases as a more negative gate bias is applied. When V_GS-OFF reaches 6 V, the V_TH drift saturates at approximately −0.226 V. After repeated avalanche cycles, the threshold drift does not saturate until V_GS-OFF is −10 V. Furthermore, verification shows that the V_TH drift is minimized when V_GS-OFF is −3 V. The absolute value of V_TH drift shows a non-monotonic variation with avalanche cycles: it starts to increase with the number of avalanche cycles, reaching a peak at approximately 1000 cycles, and further increasing the avalanche cycles. The magnitude of the drift gradually decreases after reaching a peak. TCAD simulations reveal that this phenomenon could be attributed to the ionization of donor/acceptor traps at the SiC/SiO₂ interface and the consequent modulation of channel hole concentration. After excitation by electric fields of varying intensities, the ionization of acceptor and donor traps undergoes differential changes, consequently leading to a non-monotonic drift in threshold voltage. Full article

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15 pages, 835 KB

Open AccessArticle

Acute Pulmonary Edema in COVID-19: Clinical Predictors, Long-Term Pulmonary Sequelae, and Mortality in a Romanian Cohort Study

by Diana-Maria Mateescu, Dragos-Mihai Gavrilescu, Andrei Marginean, Ioana-Georgiana Cotet, Elena-Cristina Guse, Camelia-Oana Muresan, Ana-Olivia Toma, Stela Iurciuc, Adrian-Cosmin Ilie and Alexandra Enache

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(22), 8188; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14228188 (registering DOI) - 18 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Acute pulmonary edema (APE) has emerged as an overlooked but life-threatening manifestation of COVID-19, reflecting the intersection of inflammatory, endothelial, and cardiac injury pathways. This study aimed to determine the incidence, independent predictors, and long-term pulmonary sequelae of APE in hospitalized COVID-19 [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Acute pulmonary edema (APE) has emerged as an overlooked but life-threatening manifestation of COVID-19, reflecting the intersection of inflammatory, endothelial, and cardiac injury pathways. This study aimed to determine the incidence, independent predictors, and long-term pulmonary sequelae of APE in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Materials and Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study including 127 consecutively admitted adults with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection at a tertiary-care center in Romania. Demographic, clinical, biochemical, and imaging data were analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression identified independent predictors of APE and in-hospital mortality, while three-month follow-up assessed pulmonary recovery and biomarker dynamics. Results: APE occurred in 36.2% of patients and was associated with a four-fold increase in in-hospital mortality (43.5% vs. 12.3%, p < 0.001). Elevated NT-proBNP, troponin I, and IL-6 levels independently predicted both APE occurrence and mortality. APE patients required more frequent ICU admission (52.2% vs. 18.5%, p < 0.001) and had longer hospital stays. At three months, 39% of APE survivors exhibited fibrotic CT changes, and 37% had restrictive ventilatory defects, correlating with persistently increased NT-proBNP and IL-6 concentrations. Conclusions: Acute pulmonary edema delineates a distinct cardio-inflammatory phenotype of COVID-19, driven by endothelial dysfunction and biomarker-elevated cardiac stress. Early biomarker-guided fluid management and structured multidisciplinary follow-up may mitigate both acute mortality and chronic pulmonary sequelae in post-COVID populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sequelae of COVID-19: Clinical to Prognostic Follow-Up)

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17 pages, 3901 KB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Shear Capacity of Horizontal Joints in Prefabricated Shear Walls

by Xuhong Shen, Jinhao Wang, Peng Liu, Jian Feng and Jianguo Cai

Buildings 2025, 15(22), 4160; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15224160 - 18 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the shear behavior of horizontal joints in prefabricated monolithic short-limb shear walls under static and low-cycle reversed cyclic loading, supported by finite-element simulations. Four specimens were tested to evaluate the influence of the bundled shear reinforcement ratio, initial reinforcement stress [...] Read more.

This study investigates the shear behavior of horizontal joints in prefabricated monolithic short-limb shear walls under static and low-cycle reversed cyclic loading, supported by finite-element simulations. Four specimens were tested to evaluate the influence of the bundled shear reinforcement ratio, initial reinforcement stress level, and loading protocol on shear capacity. The results show that increasing the bundled shear reinforcement ratio significantly enhanced both the yield and peak loads, with increases observed in the yield, peak, and failure loads. Conversely, a higher initial stress level in the reinforcement weakened the shear-friction mechanism, leading to a reduction in the load-carrying capacity. Compared to monotonic loading, low-cycle reversed cyclic loading accelerated crack propagation and cumulative damage, leading to a significant reduction in load-carrying and deformation capacities. Finite-element simulations, using the Concrete Damaged Plasticity (CDP) model, were in good agreement with experimental results, although the simulations slightly overestimated the ultimate capacity, confirming the model’s validity. Parametric analysis indicated that increasing axial tension progressively reduced the yield and peak loads, with the reduction in peak load being more pronounced, while the cracking load remained unchanged. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for the shear design and seismic performance evaluation of horizontal joints in prefabricated shear walls, offering valuable insights for future design improvements and modeling strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transformable and Modular Building Systems: Mechanics, Design, and Applications Innovations)

17 pages, 1027 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Genomics of Two Newly Sequenced Rodent-Derived and One Previously Reported Tick-Derived Borrelia garinii Strains from South Korea Reveals Plasmid Variation and Virulence Gene Diversity

by Hyungsuk Kang, Yeon-Joo Choi, Ji-Young Park, Kwangjun Lee and Won-Jong Jang

Pathogens 2025, 14(11), 1182; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14111182 - 18 Nov 2025

Abstract

Borrelia garinii is a spirochete associated with Lyme borreliosis and is widely distributed across Eurasia. Although its genomic features have been well characterized in Europe, genomic data from East Asian isolates remain limited. Two B. garinii strains, HN13 and HN18, were isolated from [...] Read more.

Borrelia garinii is a spirochete associated with Lyme borreliosis and is widely distributed across Eurasia. Although its genomic features have been well characterized in Europe, genomic data from East Asian isolates remain limited. Two B. garinii strains, HN13 and HN18, were isolated from a wild rodent (Apodemus agrarius) in South Korea and subjected to whole-genome sequencing and comparative genomic analysis. Their genomic features were compared with those of a tick-derived Korean strain 935 and additional global reference genomes. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that B. garinii strain HN18 clustered closely with French strains CIP103362 and 20047, whereas B. garinii strain HN13 showed high chromosomal similarity to the Korean strain 935. Both rodent-derived strains harbored plasmids carrying virulence-associated genes, including vlsE and vls silent cassettes, which were absent in B. garinii strain 935. This study provides new genomic insights into B. garinii circulating in East Asia and reveals host-associated plasmid variation linked to virulent potential. This study also suggests possible trans-Eurasian gene flow and underscores the need for continued genomic surveillance to better understand the evolution and epidemiology of Borrelia species. Full article

29 pages, 1729 KB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Synthesis of Novel Candidate CK1δ Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras (PROTACs)

by Malte Arnold, Temi Thompson, Lorraine Glennie, Mattes Hollnagel, Gopal Sapkota and Christian Peifer

Molecules 2025, 30(22), 4452; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30224452 - 18 Nov 2025

Abstract

The dysregulation of CK1 isoforms is linked to various types of diseases, including neurodegeneration and different types of neoplasia such as colon, pancreatic, breast, and ovarian cancer. For CK1 isoforms, a plethora of effective small molecule inhibitors are available. However, only a few [...] Read more.

The dysregulation of CK1 isoforms is linked to various types of diseases, including neurodegeneration and different types of neoplasia such as colon, pancreatic, breast, and ovarian cancer. For CK1 isoforms, a plethora of effective small molecule inhibitors are available. However, only a few degraders of CK1α and, more recently, proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) for CK1δ/CK1ε have been reported. In this study, we applied the PROTAC concept by harnessing molecular modelling to design and synthesize a series of candidate CK1δ-targeting PROTACs based on a highly specific and potent benzothiazole-based CK1δ inhibitor that we previously developed in our lab. In the present study, we established a modular synthetic platform to systematically generate a set of PROTAC degrader candidates consisting of the CK1δ-specific inhibitor scaffold, alkyl and PEG linker motifs with various lengths, and Cereblon (CRBN)-engaging pomalidomide and thalidomide derivatives as E3 ligase binders. We demonstrate that several PROTACs degrade CK1δ/ε in various cells. The most potent PROTAC P1d inhibits the phosphorylation of downstream substrates through CK1δ/ε degradation. We establish the requirement of CUL4A^CRBN and the proteasome for the P1d-mediated degradation of CK1δ/ε. Full article

35 pages, 4769 KB

Open AccessArticle

Intersectoral Labour Mobility in Europe as a Driver of Resilience and Innovation: Evidence from Granularity and Spatio-Temporal Modelling

by Cristina Lincaru, Camelia Speranta Pirciog, Adriana Grigorescu and Luise Mladen-Macovei

Sustainability 2025, 17(22), 10333; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172210333 - 18 Nov 2025

Abstract

Intersectoral labour mobility is a key driver of economic resilience and innovation in Europe. The redistribution of workers across sectors and regions enables economies to adapt to shocks, create flexibility and increase the rate of structural change. However, the dynamics of mobility have [...] Read more.

Intersectoral labour mobility is a key driver of economic resilience and innovation in Europe. The redistribution of workers across sectors and regions enables economies to adapt to shocks, create flexibility and increase the rate of structural change. However, the dynamics of mobility have not been adequately investigated across varying scales of sectoral granularity and spatio-temporal dimensions. This paper applies the Intersectoral Mobility Index (MI) to all European NUTS-2 areas from 2008 to 2020, utilising Eurostat Structural Business Statistics. Two levels of sectoral aggregation (NACE Rev. 2, 1-digit and 2-digit) are employed to compute MI, capturing both broad and fine-grained reallocations. Classical indices of structural change (NAV, Krugman, Shorrocks) are combined with spatio-temporal modelling in ArcGIS Pro, employing Space–Time Cubes, time-series exponential smoothing forecasts, time-series clustering and emerging hot spot analysis. Results indicate that MI distributions are positively skewed and heavy-tailed, with peaks coinciding with systemic crises (2009–2011, 2020). At the 2-digit level, MI values are significantly higher, revealing intra-sectoral changes obscured in aggregated data. A statistically significant downward trend in mobility suggests an increasing structural rigidity following the global financial crisis. Regional clustering highlights heterogeneity: a small number of regions, such as Bremen, Madeira and the Southern Great Plain, have sustained high or unstable mobility, while most exhibit convergent mobility and low reallocation. This paper contributes to the conceptualisation of MI as a dual measure of resilience and innovation preparedness. It underscores the importance of multi-scalar and spatio-temporal methods in monitoring labour market flexibility. The findings have policy implications, including the design of targeted reskilling programmes, proactive labour market policies and just transition plans to maintain regional resilience during the EU’s green and digital transitions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Do Businesses Increase Their Value by Adopting Innovative Sustainability Practices?)

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21 pages, 3953 KB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Evaluation of a Compact IoT-Enabled Microfarm for Decentralized Urban Agriculture Applied to the Cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus (Oyster Mushroom)

by Marlon O. A. Foffano, Ricardo C. Michel, Denise M. G. Freire and Elisa D. C. Cavalcanti

Sustainability 2025, 17(22), 10332; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172210332 - 18 Nov 2025

Abstract

We developed and evaluated a compact mushroom fruiting chamber equipped with Internet of Things technologies, designed to support decentralized urban agriculture. The system was constructed from a retrofitted glass-door refrigerator and integrated with Internet-connected sensors and a custom microcontroller to monitor and regulate [...] Read more.

We developed and evaluated a compact mushroom fruiting chamber equipped with Internet of Things technologies, designed to support decentralized urban agriculture. The system was constructed from a retrofitted glass-door refrigerator and integrated with Internet-connected sensors and a custom microcontroller to monitor and regulate temperature and humidity continuously. The control unit managed key variables, including temperature and relative humidity, during the cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus mushrooms. Experimental trials assessed the effectiveness of the IoT-based system in maintaining optimal growth conditions by dynamically adjusting parameters tailored to the fungus’s specific physiological requirements during fruiting. The prototype successfully maintained a stable cultivation environment, achieving an average temperature of 25.0 °C (±0.7 °C) and relative humidity of 90% (±8%). Under optimized conditions (18 °C, with the cultivation block plastic cover preserved), mushroom yield reached 230 ± 2 g per block, corresponding to a biological efficiency of 44% and an estimated productivity of up to 612.04 kg m⁻² per year. Furthermore, the system achieved a water footprint of only 4.39 L kg⁻¹ of fresh mushrooms, significantly lower than that typically reported for conventional cultivation methods. These results demonstrate the feasibility of an efficient, compact, and water-saving controlled environment for mushroom cultivation, enabled by IoT-based technologies and organic residue substrates. Remote monitoring and control capabilities support urban food security, reduce transport-related emissions, optimize water use, and promote sustainable practices within a circular economy framework. The system’s adaptability suggests potential scalability to other crops and urban agricultural contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Valorization of Renewable Resources for the Production of Biobased Products Through the Implementation of Circular Bioeconomy Principles: Second Edition)

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15 pages, 1865 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Development and Characterization of 169 gSSR Markers in the Invasive Plant Xanthium strumarium L.

by Junshuang Yin, Qingyao Bai, Yiting Mao, Hui Min, Chunsha Zhang, Yibo Sun, Xiaojia Zhang and Yulong Feng

Plants 2025, 14(22), 3522; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14223522 - 18 Nov 2025

Abstract

Xanthium strumarium L. is a plant species native to North America; however, it has become a serious invasive threat in northern China due to its great environmental adaptability in the colonized regions. Therefore, elucidating its genetic traits is crucial to understanding its adaptive [...] Read more.

Xanthium strumarium L. is a plant species native to North America; however, it has become a serious invasive threat in northern China due to its great environmental adaptability in the colonized regions. Therefore, elucidating its genetic traits is crucial to understanding its adaptive success. Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) comprise 1–6 nucleotides within plant genomes, which are available for evaluating the level of plant genetic diversity. However, the comprehensive analysis of high-coverage SSR markers in Xanthium is limited. This study identified 450,847 SSR loci in the X. strumarium genome. The number of SSR loci decreased with increasing SSR length within the range of 10–100 bp. Dinucleotide repeats constituted the majority (49.81%), totaling 221,154, with AT/TA motifs being the most frequent (66.62%). We developed 169 gSSR markers covering all X. strumarium chromosomes, with 5–15 markers per chromosome. Moreover, the number of different alleles (Na), number of effective alleles (Ne), Shannon’s information index (I), observed heterozygosity (Ho), expected heterozygosity (He), and polymorphism information content (PIC) were varied from 1.2 to 3.3, 1.077 to 2.385, 0.087 to 0.903, 0 to 1, 0.056 to 0.558, and 0.161 to 0.853, respectively. This marks the first systematic development of high-coverage SSR markers in the genus Xanthium, which increases the number of available SSR markers and reveals the molecular foundation of adaptation to invasion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Molecular Biology)

22 pages, 1771 KB

Open AccessReview

Review of Numerical Modeling Methods of Transpiration Cooling Within Aerospace Applications

by Waziri Yasir Abdullahi, Jiancheng Zhao, Guobin Zhao, Wenxiong Xi and Jian Liu

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(22), 12257; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152212257 - 18 Nov 2025

Abstract

Among the various active cooling methods, transpiration cooling currently attracts significant attention because of its efficient cooling effect and less coolant consumption, in applications such as the combustion chamber of the rockets, turbine blades, leading edges of a hypersonic vehicle, etc. With the [...] Read more.

Among the various active cooling methods, transpiration cooling currently attracts significant attention because of its efficient cooling effect and less coolant consumption, in applications such as the combustion chamber of the rockets, turbine blades, leading edges of a hypersonic vehicle, etc. With the development of advanced manufacturing technology and extremely high thermal protection demand, transpiration cooling has become more promising in the future thermal management of aerospace high-temperature components. Compared with other CFD simulations, the calculation of transpiration cooling is more complex, which couples heat transfer and fluid flow in porous media, phase change, etc. This work reviews the mathematical modeling of transpiration cooling in aerospace applications, which mainly includes four aspects: structural modeling of porous media, heat transfer modeling, turbulence modeling, and phase change modeling. For each aspect, the modeling details are provided and the advantage and limitations of each modeling method is summarized. Finally, this paper analyzes the current challenges and future research directions for transpiration cooling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Aerospace Science and Engineering)

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22 pages, 1098 KB

Open AccessReview

Circulating microRNAs and Plasma Gelsolin as Biomarkers of Sepsis: Molecular Insights and Prospects for Precision Medicine

by Mircea Stoian, Leonard Azamfirei, Sergio Rares Bandila, Adina Stoian, Dragoș-Florin Babă and Claudia Bănescu

Biomolecules 2025, 15(11), 1621; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom15111621 - 18 Nov 2025

Abstract

Sepsis is a major medical emergency, characterized by a dysfunctional immune response to infection, which often progresses to multiple organ failure and death. Early diagnosis and prognostic evaluation present significant challenges due to limitations in the specificity and sensitivity of traditional biomarkers. This [...] Read more.

Sepsis is a major medical emergency, characterized by a dysfunctional immune response to infection, which often progresses to multiple organ failure and death. Early diagnosis and prognostic evaluation present significant challenges due to limitations in the specificity and sensitivity of traditional biomarkers. This narrative review summarizes recent evidence on the potential of circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) such as miR-150, miR-146a, miR-223, miR-155, miR-122, and miR-4772-5p and plasma gelsolin (pGSN) as diagnostic and prognostic markers in sepsis. We discuss mechanisms involved and their potential for integration with artificial intelligence (AI) in personalized medicine. PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases were searched for relevant literature. Original research, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses focused on the diagnostic or prognostic value of circulating miRNAs or pGSN in sepsis were included; opinion papers and case reports were excluded. Altered expression of certain circulating microRNAs correlates with disease severity and mortality. Among circulating microRNAs (miRNAs), miR-122 and miR-150 have become the most consistently validated biomarkers in clinical studies, associated with sepsis severity and death rates. Additionally, other miRNAs such as miR-146a, miR-155, and miR-223 play roles in modulating immune and endothelial responses, highlighting the complex regulation of sepsis pathophysiology. Low pGSN concentrations at admission are associated with severe sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome, and serve as an independent predictor of mortality. Preclinical studies suggest that supplementation with exogenous pGSN could increase survival. AI algorithms show promising results for early sepsis detection and optimization of therapeutic decisions. However, combining circulating miRNAs and plasma gelsolin (pGSN) into AI-based models is still an exploratory idea that needs prospective validation, assay standardization, and multicenter studies before it can be used clinically. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanisms of RNA Regulation in Inflammation)

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21 pages, 1396 KB

Open AccessArticle

Two-Stage Hybrid Optimization of Topology and Infill Density in Polymer Extrusion Additive Manufacturing for Lightweight High-Integrity Structures

by Kedarnath Rane, Andrew Bjonnes, Dickon Walker and Sampan Seth

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(22), 12258; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152212258 - 18 Nov 2025

Abstract

Material Extrusion (MEX) additive manufacturing offers a versatile platform for producing lightweight, structurally optimized components. This study investigates the simultaneous optimization of topology and infill density using three polymer composite materials, PPA-CF, PAHT-CF, and ABS, selected for their mechanical performance, cost efficiency, and [...] Read more.

Material Extrusion (MEX) additive manufacturing offers a versatile platform for producing lightweight, structurally optimized components. This study investigates the simultaneous optimization of topology and infill density using three polymer composite materials, PPA-CF, PAHT-CF, and ABS, selected for their mechanical performance, cost efficiency, and printability. Cylindrical specimens were fabricated with nine mass retention levels (100% to 33%) by systematically varying topology and infill parameters. Compression testing was conducted to assess stiffness, deformation behavior, and structural integrity under simulated operational loads. Results show that combining topology optimization with variable infill density can significantly reduce material usage and manufacturing time while maintaining mechanical reliability across all three materials. PAHT-CF demonstrated the highest strength-to-weight performance, while ABS offered cost-effective alternatives for less demanding applications. The study establishes clear relationships between design strategies and material behavior, enabling the production of net-shape satellite support structures with fewer design iterations and improved throughput. These findings support the adoption of resource-efficient manufacturing practices and provide a framework for sustainable, low- to mid-volume production in high-value manufacturing industries. Overall, the integration of design and material optimization advances the potential of additive manufacturing for scalable, cost-effective, and environmentally conscious aerospace solutions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Systems and Tools for Optimal Design in Mechanical Engineering and Their Practical Applications)

33 pages, 2772 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Evaluating the Clinical Efficacy of Membrane-Assisted Regenerative Therapy in Peri-Implantitis Management: A Comprehensive Review Incorporating Systematic Review Evidence

by Young Joon Cho, Yong Tak Jeong, Hyun Nyun Woo, Hyun Woo Cho, Min Gu Kang, Sung-Min Hwang and Jae-Mok Lee

Materials 2025, 18(22), 5227; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18225227 (registering DOI) - 18 Nov 2025

Abstract

Peri-implantitis (PI) is characterized by inflammatory tissue destruction and alveolar bone loss surrounding dental implants, posing clinical challenges. To promote bone regeneration, clinicians often use resorbable or non-resorbable membranes in combination with bone grafts or biologic agents. Despite their widespread application in PI [...] Read more.

Peri-implantitis (PI) is characterized by inflammatory tissue destruction and alveolar bone loss surrounding dental implants, posing clinical challenges. To promote bone regeneration, clinicians often use resorbable or non-resorbable membranes in combination with bone grafts or biologic agents. Despite their widespread application in PI management, the clinical efficacy of these approaches remains uncertain. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the role of membrane-assisted regenerative therapy in the management of PI. A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA 2020) guidelines, with the protocol registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251089276). Sixty-nine studies met the inclusion criteria. The primary outcomes assessed were bone-fill gain and reduction in probing pocket depth (PPD). Although some studies reported improved bone-fill and PPD reduction with membrane-assisted regenerative therapy, the findings were not consistently significant. Future research should validate the clinical efficacy of membranes through well-designed randomized trials and develop advanced decontamination techniques and implant surface modifications that could enhance treatment predictability and patient outcomes. Overall, while membranes show potential clinical value in regenerative therapy, their necessity remains uncertain owing to variability in the current evidence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Oral Application (3rd Edition))

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20 pages, 3959 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Mechanical and Durability Properties of Marble Waste-Modified Rigid Pavement Material

by Ifeyinwa Ijeoma Obianyo, Maurice Simon Nwaforcha, Kudu Yusuf, Abdulganiyu Sanusi, Abubakar Dayyabu, Musa Umar Kolo and Azikiwe Peter Onwualu

Buildings 2025, 15(22), 4159; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15224159 - 18 Nov 2025

Abstract

One of the environmental concerns today is the increasing amount of waste generated from marble quarrying and processing. This study evaluates the mechanical and durability properties of marble waste-modified rigid pavement material. A series of laboratory tests was conducted to obtain the properties [...] Read more.

One of the environmental concerns today is the increasing amount of waste generated from marble quarrying and processing. This study evaluates the mechanical and durability properties of marble waste-modified rigid pavement material. A series of laboratory tests was conducted to obtain the properties of marble waste-modified rigid pavement material. The slump value decreases as the percentage of marble waste increases. As the percentage of marble waste increases, the dry density gradually decreases from 2770 kg/m³ to 2590 kg/m³. Comparison of the 7-day and 28-day compressive strength indicates that replacing the gravel with marble waste resulted in early strength gain, making it suitable for use in conditions that require early strength gain. The scanning electron microscopy results indicated higher calcium content for the 10% marble waste sample, which is responsible for the cementation and supports the higher compressive strength obtained for the sample at 7 days of curing, due to early strength gain. The study is the first to show the synergistic effect of marble waste on early strength and durability in rigid pavements. These findings showed that marble waste can be used as a modifier in rigid pavement materials. The study contributes to Sustainable Development Goals 9 and 11. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)

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13 pages, 852 KB

Open AccessArticle

Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor-Mediated Disruption of Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Integrity by Dioxin Isomers

by Hideki Kakutani and Teruyuki Nakao

Toxics 2025, 13(11), 993; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13110993 (registering DOI) - 18 Nov 2025

Abstract

The intestinal epithelium constitutes a critical barrier that protects the host from luminal toxins. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), including dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls, are ubiquitous aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligands. However, their effects on intestinal barrier integrity remain poorly understood. We examined [...] Read more.

The intestinal epithelium constitutes a critical barrier that protects the host from luminal toxins. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), including dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls, are ubiquitous aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligands. However, their effects on intestinal barrier integrity remain poorly understood. We examined representative POPs in vitro (using human Caco-2 monolayers) and in vivo (using a mouse jejunal loop model). Measurements of transepithelial electrical resistance, fluorescein isothiocyanate–dextran permeability, and cytotoxicity revealed that 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) impaired barrier function at non-cytotoxic concentrations. This effect was accompanied by increased ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity and subsequently reversed by the AhR antagonist CH223191, indicating AhR dependence. Mechanistically, TCDD suppressed claudin-1, claudin-4, and zonula occludens-1 expression while upregulating the transcription factor Slug, consistent with junctional remodeling. In vivo, TCDD enhanced systemic dextran leakage and reduced claudin-4 expression in jejunal epithelia. These findings identify intestinal barrier disruption as a sensitive toxicological endpoint of POP exposure and provide mechanistic insight into the link between environmental pollutants and gastrointestinal dysfunction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) Hazards and Challenges)

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23 pages, 1337 KB

Open AccessArticle

Siberian Tarragon: A Promising Source of Flavone O-Glycosides and Methylated Flavanone Aglycones in North Asian Accessions of Artemisia dracunculus

by Daniil N. Olennikov, Nina I. Kashchenko and Nadezhda K. Chirikova

Horticulturae 2025, 11(11), 1393; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11111393 - 18 Nov 2025

Abstract

Artemisia dracunculus L., commonly known as tarragon, is a popular culinary herb and a valuable source of bioactive extracts and phytocompounds. Its wide distribution across regions of the Northern Hemisphere demonstrates the species’ high adaptability to diverse growing conditions and has led [...] Read more.

Artemisia dracunculus L., commonly known as tarragon, is a popular culinary herb and a valuable source of bioactive extracts and phytocompounds. Its wide distribution across regions of the Northern Hemisphere demonstrates the species’ high adaptability to diverse growing conditions and has led to the development of chemoraces that differ in chemical composition. North Asian populations of A. dracunculus remain poorly studied, and plants growing in Siberia have not yet been examined. Given the vast areas occupied by tarragon, the species is a promising candidate for industrial use. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) profiling identified 80 compounds in Siberian tarragon samples, including hydroxycinnamates (HCys), coumarins, flavonoid aglycones (FlAs), and glycosides (FlGs). Among these, 62 phenolics were reported for the first time as A. dracunculus metabolites, highlighting the uniqueness of the North Asian accessions, particularly in their diversity of flavone O-glycosides and methylated flavanone aglycones. The highest levels of HCy, FlA, and FlG were 21.84, 52.53, and 54.44 mg/g, respectively, yielding a total phenolic content of 128.81 mg/g in the dry plant material—a high value. The concentrations of certain compounds exceeded 1%, making tarragon a noteworthy source of rare metabolites, including naringenin 7-O-methyl ester, thermopsoside, tilianin, and naringenin 7,4′-di-O-methyl ester. Thus, the existing knowledge of the chemical profile of tarragon has been expanded by new data on phenolic compounds from the North Asian populations of the species, which may be used to develop new A. dracunculus varieties with improved metabolic profiles and bioactive properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Phytochemical Properties and Bioactive Compounds of Horticultural Crops)

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