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11 pages, 463 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of the Menstrual Cycle on Glycemic Control in Women with Type 1 Diabetes and the Potential Role of AHCL Systems

by Angelo Milioto, Chiara Gulisano, Giordano Spacco, Giulia Siri, Benedetta Caccia, Maria Grazia Calevo, Nicola Minuto, Davide Carlo Maggi, Marta Bassi and Francesco Cocchiara

Diabetology 2025, 6(6), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/diabetology6060053 - 6 Jun 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle can affect glycemic control in women with type 1 diabetes (T1D), especially during the luteal phase, when increased insulin resistance may lead to prolonged hyperglycemia. Advanced Hybrid Closed-Loop (AHCL) systems could help manage these hormone-driven [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle can affect glycemic control in women with type 1 diabetes (T1D), especially during the luteal phase, when increased insulin resistance may lead to prolonged hyperglycemia. Advanced Hybrid Closed-Loop (AHCL) systems could help manage these hormone-driven fluctuations. This study aimed to assess glycemic control across menstrual phases and explore the role of AHCL systems in counteracting the related glucose variability. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted including women with T1D and regular menstrual cycles (study group) and women on estroprogestin therapy (control group). Each group was subdivided by insulin delivery method (AHCL vs. non-AHCL). Glycemic metrics and insulin requirements were compared between the follicular and luteal phases, and between groups. Results: The study included 94 women (62 in the study group, 32 in the control group). In the study group, glycemic control worsened during the luteal phase, with increased average glucose, glycemic variability, and time above range > 250 mg/dL (+0.93%, p = 0.03) and reduced time in range 70–180 mg/dL. These changes were more pronounced among AHCL users, who also showed a significant increase in bolus insulin. No phase-related differences were observed in the control group or among non-AHCL users. Significantly higher insulin needs during the follicular phase were found in the study group compared with the controls. Conclusions: This study confirmed a worsening in glycemic control in women affected by T1D during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, suggesting a need for more tailored management. The clear efficacy of AHCL systems in counteracting hormone-related glycemic fluctuations has not been proved, highlighting the need for further research in larger, more homogeneous cohorts. Full article

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35 pages, 1512 KiB

Open AccessReview

Linking Lipid Metabolism and Immune Function: New Insights into Chronic Respiratory Diseases

by Stanislav Kotlyarov

Pathophysiology 2025, 32(2), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathophysiology32020026 - 6 Jun 2025

Abstract

Lipids play important roles in maintaining pulmonary structure, performing physiological functions and controlling the immune status of the lung. There is increasing evidence that lipid metabolism and immune activity are closely linked and that dysfunction in lipid metabolism contributes to the development and [...] Read more.

Lipids play important roles in maintaining pulmonary structure, performing physiological functions and controlling the immune status of the lung. There is increasing evidence that lipid metabolism and immune activity are closely linked and that dysfunction in lipid metabolism contributes to the development and progression of chronic respiratory diseases such as COPD and asthma. These diseases are characterized by metabolic and immune dysregulation, with lipid mediators playing a key role in both the development and resolution of inflammation. In this regard, lipid metabolic pathways are attracting increasing attention as promising targets for biomarker detection and therapeutic intervention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Systemic Pathophysiology)

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24 pages, 964 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Designing a Sustainable Supply Chain Network for Perishable Products Integrating Internet of Things and Mixed Fleets

by Lihong Pan, Xialian Li and Miyuan Shan

J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res. 2025, 20(2), 137; https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer20020137 - 6 Jun 2025

Abstract

Designing a sustainable supply chain network for perishable products is challenging due to their short shelf life and sensitivity to environmental conditions. These factors necessitate strict quality control and efficient logistics. The emergence of Internet of Things (IoT) technology has significantly improved supply [...] Read more.

Designing a sustainable supply chain network for perishable products is challenging due to their short shelf life and sensitivity to environmental conditions. These factors necessitate strict quality control and efficient logistics. The emergence of Internet of Things (IoT) technology has significantly improved supply chain operations by enabling real-time monitoring of environmental conditions. This helps maintain product quality and ensures timely deliveries. Additionally, using mixed fleets—comprising both electric and conventional vehicles—can reduce carbon emissions without compromising operational reliability. While previous studies have explored the application of IoT to enhance delivery efficiency and the use of mixed fleets to address environmental concerns, few have examined both technologies within a unified modeling framework. This study proposes a sustainable multi-period supply chain network for perishable products that integrates IoT technology and mixed fleets into an optimization framework. We develop a multi-objective location-inventory-routing model. The first objective minimizes total costs, including production, facility operation, inventory, transportation, carbon emissions, IoT deployment, and energy use. The second objective aims to maximize service levels, which are measured by product quality and on-time delivery. The model is solved using the Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II). A case study based on real-world data demonstrates the model’s effectiveness. Sensitivity analysis indicates that balancing the emphasis on quality and delivery reliability leads to improved cost and service performance. Furthermore, while total costs steadily increase with higher demand, service levels remain stable, showcasing the model’s robustness. These results provide practical guidance for managing sustainable supply chains for perishable products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digitalization and Sustainable Supply Chain)

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23 pages, 521 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Digital Transformation and Enterprise Innovation Capability: From the Perspectives of Enterprise Cooperative Culture and Innovative Culture

by Tao Liu, Jiaxuan Leng, Shunyu Zhu and Rong Fu

J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res. 2025, 20(2), 136; https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer20020136 - 6 Jun 2025

Abstract

Enterprise digital transformation has emerged as a key strategy for enhancing innovation capacity in the age of the digital economy. This article aims to analyze the influence mechanism of digital transformation on corporate innovation and evaluate the mediating function of corporate innovation and [...] Read more.

Enterprise digital transformation has emerged as a key strategy for enhancing innovation capacity in the age of the digital economy. This article aims to analyze the influence mechanism of digital transformation on corporate innovation and evaluate the mediating function of corporate innovation and cooperative cultures between digital transformation and corporate innovation capability. This work builds a panel data model based on data from Chinese A-share listed businesses from 2012 to 2021, empirically analyzes it using the Tobit model and the fixed effects model with instrumental variables technique, and uses the mediation effect test to uncover the course of action. According to the report, digital transformation significantly enhances creativity capability; second, corporate collaborative and innovation cultures mediate the relationship between digital transformation and innovation outcomes, and cultural capital becomes a crucial link; and third, the influence of digital transformation on corporate innovation capability is greater in state-owned enterprises, non-monopoly industries, and high-tech industries. According to the study, businesses should work to realize the dual-wheel drive of “technological investment + cultural cultivation” and establish an open and collaborative innovation ecosystem, while the government should intensify the development of digital infrastructure, enhance the supporting system, encourage cultural construction and talent supply, and create an environment that supports the synergistic development of digitization and innovation. Full article

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11 pages, 626 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Bioturbation by Earthworms on Litter Flammability in Young and Mature Afforested Stands

by Aneta Martinovská, Ondřej Mudrák and Jan Frouz

Fire 2025, 8(6), 225; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire8060225 - 6 Jun 2025

Abstract

The quantity, quality, and accumulation rate of plant litter play a key role in forest floor flammability and, by extension, fire regimes. The varying foliage properties of different tree species also determine litter’s decomposition and its accumulation on the forest floor. The removal [...] Read more.

The quantity, quality, and accumulation rate of plant litter play a key role in forest floor flammability and, by extension, fire regimes. The varying foliage properties of different tree species also determine litter’s decomposition and its accumulation on the forest floor. The removal of litter by soil fauna, i.e., bioturbation, depends on both the dominant tree species and the successional stage of the forest stand. This research involved laboratory mesocosm experiments aiming to determine the effects of litter quality and earthworm activity on the flammability of the forest floor material at different successional ages. The mesocosms simulated the planting of four tree species (the broadleaf species Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. (Black alder) and Quercus robur L. (English oak) and the conifers Picea omorika (Pančić) Purk. (Serbian spruce) and Pinus nigra J.F. Arnold (Austrian pine)) at a reclamation site near Sokolov (NW Czechia). The mesocosms contained litter from these different tree species, placed directly on overburden soil (immature soil) or on well-developed Oe and A layers (mature soil), inoculated or not inoculated with earthworms, and incubated for 4 months. The surface material in the mesocosms was then subjected to simulated burn events, and the fire path and soil temperature changes were recorded. Burn testing showed that litter type (tree species) and soil maturity significantly influenced flammability. Pine had longer burning times and burning paths and higher post-burn temperatures than those of the other tree species. The immature soil with earthworms had significantly shorter burning times, whereas in the mature soil, earthworms had no effect. We conclude that earthworms have a significant, immediate effect on the litter flammability of immature soils. Full article

3 pages, 148 KiB

Open AccessBook Review

Placed in a Global Overview of Literature on Honey Identification. Book Review: El-Labban, M. Beekeeper’s Guide for Pollen Identification of Honey, 2nd Revised Ed.; Northern Bee Books: Hebden Bridge, UK, 2023; ISBN: 978-9953-0-5184-0

by Henry Hooghiemstra

Quaternary 2025, 8(2), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/quat8020030 - 6 Jun 2025

Abstract

Melissopalynology, the study of honey, is a flourishing area within palynological research [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Exclusive Collection: Papers from the Editorial Board Members (EBMs) of Quaternary)

16 pages, 2041 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Real-Time Image Semantic Segmentation Based on Improved DeepLabv3+ Network

by Peibo Li, Jiangwu Zhou and Xiaohua Xu

Big Data Cogn. Comput. 2025, 9(6), 152; https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc9060152 - 6 Jun 2025

Abstract

To improve the performance of the image semantic segmentation algorithm and make the algorithm achieve a better balance between accuracy and real-time performance when segmenting images, this paper proposes a real-time image semantic segmentation model based on an improved DeepLabv3+ network. First, the [...] Read more.

To improve the performance of the image semantic segmentation algorithm and make the algorithm achieve a better balance between accuracy and real-time performance when segmenting images, this paper proposes a real-time image semantic segmentation model based on an improved DeepLabv3+ network. First, the MobileNetV2 model with less computational overhead and number of parameters is selected as the backbone network to improve the segmentation speed; then, the Feature Enhancement Module (FEM) is introduced to several shallow features with different scale sizes in MobileNetV2, and then these shallow features are fused to improve the utilization rate of the model encoder on the edge information, to retain more detailed information and to improve the network’s feature representation ability for complex scenes; finally, to address the problem that the output feature maps of Atrous Spatial Pyramid Pooling (ASPP) module do not pay enough attention to detailed information after merging, the FEM attention mechanism is introduced on the feature maps processed by the ASPP module. The algorithm in this study achieves 76.45% for mean intersection over union (mIoU) accuracy with 29.18 FPS real-time performance in the PASCAL VOC2012 Augmented dataset; and 37.31% mIoU accuracy with 23.31 FPS real-time performance in the ADE20K dataset. The experimental results show that the algorithm in this study achieves a good balance between accuracy and real-time performance, and its image semantic segmentation performance is significantly improved compared to DeepLabv3+ and other existing algorithms. Full article

14 pages, 2119 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Identification and Antimicrobial Resistance Characteristics of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolated from Captive Wild and Migratory Birds

by Muhammad Mujahidul Islam, Md Bashir Uddin, Hemayet Hossain, Milton Roy, Ruhena Begum, Piash Kumer Ghosh, Md. Mahfujur Rahman, Ho-Seong Cho and Md. Mukter Hossain

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 556; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060556 - 6 Jun 2025

Abstract

The emergence and dissemination of antibiotic-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae, particularly those are extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producers, thought to pose a serious threat to global health. This study aimed to isolate and identify the ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae from captive wild and migratory birds in [...] Read more.

The emergence and dissemination of antibiotic-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae, particularly those are extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producers, thought to pose a serious threat to global health. This study aimed to isolate and identify the ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae from captive wild and migratory birds in Bangladesh along with their antimicrobial resistance characteristics. In this investigation, standard bacteriological methods were used to detect K. pneumoniae in 219 fecal samples. The positive isolates were confirmed by PCR and antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by disk diffusion method. K. pneumoniae was detected in 93 (42.47%, 95% CI: 35.8–49.3) out of 219 fecal samples. The prevalence of K. pneumoniae was higher in captive wild birds (50%; 40/80) compared to migratory birds (38.1%; 53/139). The isolates showed high resistance to ampicillin (69.9%) and streptomycin (64.5%). Conversely, the highest sensitivity was recorded for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (84.95%), followed by levofloxacin (79.57%) and gentamicin (69.89%). Molecular screening revealed that all positive isolates harbored bla_TEM-1&2 encoding genes, with 45.2% and 15.1% carried bla_SHV-1 and bla_OXA-1,4&30, respectively. Additionally, resistance genes strA (30.1%), tetA (9.7%), and sul1 (9.7%) were detected. The Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) index ranged from 0.18 to 0.64, with 63.4% of isolates classified as MDR. The isolation of MDR and ESBL producing K. pneumoniae from captive wild and migratory birds suggests that these birds may serve as reservoirs for the spread of these bacteria, potentially impacting public health in the study region. Full article

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22 pages, 3416 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Driven Discovery of a Fe²⁺-Dependent Chitin Deacetylase from Bacillus pumilus B866 with Enhanced Thermostability

by Tongjian Li, Yuetong Fu, Xinrong Xiao, Yiran Wang, Yang Sun and Ling Jiang

Fermentation 2025, 11(6), 327; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation11060327 - 6 Jun 2025

Abstract

Chitin deacetylase (CDA) plays a pivotal role in converting chitin to chitosan, yet industrial applications remain constrained by low enzymatic activity, instability under process conditions, and insufficient understanding of metalloenzyme activation mechanisms. Addressing these challenges, we conducted a genome-driven investigation of 151 salt-tolerant [...] Read more.

Chitin deacetylase (CDA) plays a pivotal role in converting chitin to chitosan, yet industrial applications remain constrained by low enzymatic activity, instability under process conditions, and insufficient understanding of metalloenzyme activation mechanisms. Addressing these challenges, we conducted a genome-driven investigation of 151 salt-tolerant Bacillus strains to identify robust CDAs tailored for industrial demands. Genomic analysis revealed 120 strains harboring CDA genes, with Bacillus pumilus B866 exhibiting the highest native activity (105.93 U/mL). Through systematic medium optimization—identifying lactose, yeast extract, and FeSO₄ as critical components—CDA production in B866 surged to 191.32 U/mL, a 2.39-fold increase over baseline. Heterologous expression of BpCDA in E. coli yielded a recombinant enzyme (123.27 U/mL) with superior thermostability (retaining > 42.9% activity after 24 h at 55 °C) and broad pH adaptability (>81.4% activity at pH 7.0–9.0). Notably, BpCDA demonstrated unique Fe²⁺-dependent activation (186.4% activity enhancement at 1 mM), contrasting with Mg²⁺-dependent systems in prior studies. Comparative genomic and pan-genome analyses underscored evolutionary adaptations linked to saline–alkaline niches, while biosynthetic gene cluster profiling revealed strain-specific metabolic potentials independent of genome size. This study resolves critical limitations in CDA performance by integrating genome mining, targeted screening, and metalloenzyme engineering, establishing a scalable platform for sustainable chitin valorization. The optimized BpCDA, with its industrial-compatible stability and novel activation mechanism, represents a significant advancement toward efficient, eco-friendly chitosan production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Microorganisms and Industrial/Food Enzymes, 2nd Edition)

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13 pages, 1412 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Electromagnetic Response Measurement System for Continuous Monitoring of Meat Aging

by Dairoku Muramatsu and Yukino Sasaki

Foods 2025, 14(12), 2016; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14122016 - 6 Jun 2025

Abstract

The aging of dry meat enhances its flavor and tenderness; however, continuous internal quality monitoring throughout the aging process is challenging. We developed and validated a novel electromagnetic response measurement system for meat aging that enables continuous bioimpedance monitoring under stable, optimal temperature/humidity [...] Read more.

The aging of dry meat enhances its flavor and tenderness; however, continuous internal quality monitoring throughout the aging process is challenging. We developed and validated a novel electromagnetic response measurement system for meat aging that enables continuous bioimpedance monitoring under stable, optimal temperature/humidity conditions. The system comprises a temperature-controlled dry aging fridge and a newly designed puncture-type semi-rigid coaxial probe, allowing for minimally invasive internal measurements over a broad frequency range. The probe achieved stable measurements across 10 kHz to 10 MHz, and its small diameter (1.25 mm) enabled almost non-destructive internal sensing. Beef and pork samples were monitored over 14 days via multi-channel bioimpedance measurements. After an initial stabilization period, bioimpedance steadily decreased throughout aging. This decline reflected progressive increases in tissue conductivity as cell membranes broke down and intracellular fluids leaked out. High-frequency measurements (e.g., around 10 MHz) were more sensitive to environmental disturbances. Periodic defrost cycles in the chamber caused temporary impedance dips at these frequencies, highlighting the influence of short-term temperature/humidity fluctuations. The system enables long-term continuous measurement without removing samples from the fridge, thus maintaining aging conditions during monitoring. Overall, the system enables the stable, long-term, and multi-channel electromagnetic monitoring of meat quality under optimal aging conditions—a capability not achieved in previous studies. This new method offers a minimally invasive, frequency-resolved approach for assessing meat quality evolution during aging. This advance demonstrates a new approach for tracking meat quality changes during dry aging. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Food Engineering and Technology)

16 pages, 1384 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transition Metal (II) Coordination Chemistry Ligated by a New Coplanar Tridentate Ligand, 2,6-Bis(5-isopropyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)pyridine

by Kiyoshi Fujisawa, Yurika Minakawa and David James Young

Inorganics 2025, 13(6), 189; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13060189 - 6 Jun 2025

Abstract

Transition metal (II) complexes stabilized by 2,6-di(pyrazol-3-yl)pyridine as a novel coplanar tridentate nitrogen-donor ligand have been reported for their unusual structures and photoluminescent properties. In this work, the ligand 2,6-bis(5-isopropyl-1H-pyrazole-3-yl)pyridine (denoted as L) and its transition metal (II) halogenido complexes [...] Read more.

Transition metal (II) complexes stabilized by 2,6-di(pyrazol-3-yl)pyridine as a novel coplanar tridentate nitrogen-donor ligand have been reported for their unusual structures and photoluminescent properties. In this work, the ligand 2,6-bis(5-isopropyl-1H-pyrazole-3-yl)pyridine (denoted as L) and its transition metal (II) halogenido complexes viz [ZnCl₂(L)] (1), [ZnBr₂(L)] (2), [CuCl₂(L)] (3), and [CuCl(L)(thf)](PF₆) (4) were synthesized and characterized by single crystal X-ray crystal analysis. Its structures contained N–H groups in its pyrazole rings and hydrogen bonds between these N–H donors and the coordinated halogenide ions and lattice solvent molecules. Tautomers between 3-pyridyl and 5-pyridyl substitutes were also observed. In L, the N–H group at the pyrazole nitrogen was located adjacent to the pyridine ring to form hydrogen bonds with adjacent pyrazoles. However, on complexation, the H atoms at the pyrazole nitrogens are shifted remotely to the pyridine. The zinc (II) complexes [ZnCl₂(L)] (1) and [ZnBr₂(L)] (2) possessed distorted trigonal pyramidal structures in the solid state. By comparison, the copper (II) complexes [CuCl₂(L)] (3) and [CuCl(L)(thf)](PF₆) (4) adopted square pyramidal geometry with a Jahn–Teller distortion resulting from their d⁹ electron configurations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series in “Featuring Ligands and Their Applications in Coordination Chemistry”, 2nd Edition)

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15 pages, 1002 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identifying Areas with Low Access to the COVID-19 Vaccine: A New Objective Framework Incorporating Mobility Data

by Defeng Tao, Joseph Agor, Jessina McGregor, Trevor Douglass, Andrew Gibler and Hector A. Vergara

Healthcare 2025, 13(12), 1368; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13121368 - 6 Jun 2025

Abstract

Background: The disparities observed in COVID-19 vaccine access at the early stages of vaccine distribution highlight the need for vaccine distribution plans that consider equitable access. Strategies to identify areas with low access to vaccines that use a single pre-specified distance or time [...] Read more.

Background: The disparities observed in COVID-19 vaccine access at the early stages of vaccine distribution highlight the need for vaccine distribution plans that consider equitable access. Strategies to identify areas with low access to vaccines that use a single pre-specified distance or time as a threshold to define accessibility may not represent reality. We propose a novel mobility data-driven (MDD) definition to identify areas that have low access to the COVID-19 vaccine. Methods: We collected geospatial mobility data for our MDD approach to determine areas of low access. We identified census tracts in Oregon with low access to the COVID-19 vaccine through two approaches—(1) an adapted United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) food desert definition and (2) our proposed MDD framework. Ten spatial and social measures of access were utilized to compare these two approaches. Results: Compered with USDA, low-access census tracts identified by the MDD definition have a lower spatial accessibility; higher rates of poverty, unemployment, uninsured individuals, and a population without high school diplomas; and a low per capita income. Moreover, we found that the proportion of older populations, as well as American Indian and Alaskan Native populations, as identified in the MDD low-access census tracts, is higher than that in the USDA definition. Conclusions: We believe that the new proposed framework using mobility data can identify more representative areas that have low access to COVID-19 vaccines. Our proposed framework provides a starting point for achieving the goal of the equitable distribution of resources. Full article

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9 pages, 2457 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Raising Awareness of Intraoperative Diagnostic Challenges to Prevent Misdiagnosis and Overtreatment: Laparoscopic Management of Rare Cotyledonoid Dissecting Leiomyoma Mimicking Ovarian Tumour

by Kathy Nguyen and Tanushree Rao

Healthcare 2025, 13(12), 1367; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13121367 - 6 Jun 2025

Abstract

Cotyledonoid dissecting leiomyoma (CDL), also known as Sternberg tumour, is a rare variant of leiomyoma that can be easily mistaken for a malignant neoplasm on clinical and radiological examination, posing a diagnostic challenge for clinicians. Background: Although the tumour can extend to neighbouring [...] Read more.

Cotyledonoid dissecting leiomyoma (CDL), also known as Sternberg tumour, is a rare variant of leiomyoma that can be easily mistaken for a malignant neoplasm on clinical and radiological examination, posing a diagnostic challenge for clinicians. Background: Although the tumour can extend to neighbouring organs, it typically does not invade them and is considered benign. Therefore, it is essential to recognise and differentiate this leiomyoma variant from other malignancies to avoid misdiagnosis and overtreatment. Methods: This report depicts a unique case of CDL misdiagnosed as an ovarian tumour in a woman in her late 50s with post-menopausal bleeding and pelvic pressure. We initially planned and proceeded with a diagnostic laparoscopy and laparoscopic oophorectomy of the right ovarian mass, during which an intraoperative surprise of a retroperitoneal mass was explored and subsequently biopsied. Results: The final histopathology confirmed the presence of the rare fibroid variant CDL. The accompanying surgical video is among the first to feature a laparoscopic surgery of CDL and details the intraoperative findings and laparoscopic resection techniques utilised in this case. Conclusions: Given its rarity and non-specific clinical and radiological findings, diagnosing CDL pre-operatively can be challenging. This case prompts recognition and awareness of CDL and highlights the importance of careful consideration of uncommon differential diagnoses and thorough intraoperative exploration, with the goal of preventing the misdiagnosis and, consequently, overtreatment of unknown masses. Full article

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16 pages, 996 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Arduino-Based, Portable Weather Monitoring System, Remotely Usable Through the Mobile Telephony Network

by Ioannis Michailidis, Petros Mountzouris, Panagiotis Triantis, Gerasimos Pagiatakis, Andreas Papadakis and Leonidas Dritsas

Electronics 2025, 14(12), 2330; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14122330 - 6 Jun 2025

Abstract

The article describes an Arduino-based, portable, remotely usable weather monitoring station capable of measuring temperature, relative humidity, pressure, and carbon monoxide (CO) concentration and transmitting the collected data to the Cloud through the mobile telephony network. The main modules of the station are [...] Read more.

The article describes an Arduino-based, portable, remotely usable weather monitoring station capable of measuring temperature, relative humidity, pressure, and carbon monoxide (CO) concentration and transmitting the collected data to the Cloud through the mobile telephony network. The main modules of the station are as follows: a DHT11 sensor for temperature and relative humidity sensing, a BMP180 sensor for pressure monitoring (with temperature compensation), a MQ7 sensor for the monitoring of the CO concentration, an Arduino Uno board, a GSM SIM900 module, and a buzzer, which is activated when the temperature exceeds 35 °C. The station operates as follows: the Arduino Uno board gathers the data collected by the sensors and, by means of the GSM SIM900 module, it transmits the data to the Cloud by using the mobile telephony network as well as the ThingSpeak software which is an open-code IoT application that, among others, enables saving and recovering of sensing and monitoring data. The main novelty of this work is the combined use of the GSM network and the Cloud which enhances the portability and usability of the proposed system and enables remote collection of data in a straightforward way. Additional merits of the system are the easiness and the low cost of its development (owing to the easily available, low-cost hardware combined with an open-code software) as well as its modularity and scalability which allows its customization depending on specific application it is intended for. The system could be used for real-time, remote monitoring of essential environmental parameters in spaces such as farms, warehouses, rooms etc. Full article

10 pages, 501 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Energy Levels, Lifetimes, and Transition Properties for N iii – v

by Meichun Li, Juan Du, Kaijian Huang and Wenxian Li

Atoms 2025, 13(6), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/atoms13060049 - 6 Jun 2025

Abstract

We present excitation energies, transition wavelengths, electric dipole (E1) transition rates, oscillator strengths, line strengths, and lifetimes for the 86 lowest states up to and including

1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 7 f

in N iii, the 125 lowest states up [...] Read more.

We present excitation energies, transition wavelengths, electric dipole (E1) transition rates, oscillator strengths, line strengths, and lifetimes for the 86 lowest states up to and including

1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 7 f

in N iii, the 125 lowest states up to and including

1 s^{2} 2 s 7 f

in N iv, and the 53 lowest states up to

1 s^{2} 8 g

in N v using the multiconfiguration Dirac–Hartree–Fock (MCDHF) and relativistic configuration interaction (RCI) methods. The computed results are then compared with data from the Atomic Spectra Database of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST-ASD), experimental results, and other theoretical studies. For all levels in N iii – v, the root mean square energy differences from the NIST values are 130, 103, and 6

{cm}^{- 1}

, respectively. Compared to previous multiconfiguration Hartree–Fock and the Breit–Pauli (MCHF-BP) calculations, 89.3%, 98.5%, and 100% of the

log (g f)

values for N iii – v agree within 5%, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atomic and Molecular Data and Their Applications: ICAMDATA 2024)

18 pages, 646 KiB

Open AccessReview

Heavy Metal Poisoning and Its Impacts on the Conservation of Amazonian Parrots: An Interdisciplinary Review

by Marina Sette Camara Benarrós, Ketelen Ayumi Corrêa Sakata, Brenda Juliane Silva dos Santos and Felipe Masiero Salvarani

Biology 2025, 14(6), 660; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14060660 - 6 Jun 2025

Abstract

Amazonian parrots (Psittacidae) are essential to ecosystem balance. Already vulnerable to habitat fragmentation and weak environmental regulations, they are now increasingly threatened by heavy metal contamination. This review synthesizes evidence on the sources, transgenerational bioaccumulation, and physiological impacts of metals such as mercury [...] Read more.

Amazonian parrots (Psittacidae) are essential to ecosystem balance. Already vulnerable to habitat fragmentation and weak environmental regulations, they are now increasingly threatened by heavy metal contamination. This review synthesizes evidence on the sources, transgenerational bioaccumulation, and physiological impacts of metals such as mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), and arsenic (As) in these birds. Anthropogenic activities, including illegal gold mining, agricultural intensification, and urban expansion, release metals that biomagnify along food webs. Parrots, as long-lived, high-trophic consumers, accumulate metals in vital tissues, leading to severe neurotoxic effects, immunosuppression, reproductive failure, and reduced survival. Furthermore, maternal transfer of contaminants to eggs exacerbates genetic erosion and threatens population viability. While biomonitoring tools and habitat restoration have been proposed, current strategies are insufficient against the synergistic pressures of pollution and climate change. Addressing heavy metal exposure is critical to conserving Amazonian biodiversity and safe-guarding ecosystem services. Future efforts should prioritize multidisciplinary predictive models, bioremediation actions, and the strengthening of international environmental governance to ensure the survival of these sentinel species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress in Wildlife Conservation, Management and Biological Research)

23 pages, 1664 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Seeing the Unseen: Real-Time Micro-Expression Recognition with Action Units and GPT-Based Reasoning

by Gabriela Laura Sălăgean, Monica Leba and Andreea Cristina Ionica

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(12), 6417; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15126417 - 6 Jun 2025

Abstract

This paper presents a real-time system for the detection and classification of facial micro-expressions, evaluated on the CASME II dataset. Micro-expressions are brief and subtle indicators of genuine emotions, posing significant challenges for automatic recognition due to their low intensity, short duration, and [...] Read more.

This paper presents a real-time system for the detection and classification of facial micro-expressions, evaluated on the CASME II dataset. Micro-expressions are brief and subtle indicators of genuine emotions, posing significant challenges for automatic recognition due to their low intensity, short duration, and inter-subject variability. To address these challenges, the proposed system integrates advanced computer vision techniques, rule-based classification grounded in the Facial Action Coding System, and artificial intelligence components. The architecture employs MediaPipe for facial landmark tracking and action unit extraction, expert rules to resolve common emotional confusions, and deep learning modules for optimized classification. Experimental validation demonstrated a classification accuracy of 93.30% on CASME II, highlighting the effectiveness of the hybrid design. The system also incorporates mechanisms for amplifying weak signals and adapting to new subjects through continuous knowledge updates. These results confirm the advantages of combining domain expertise with AI-driven reasoning to improve micro-expression recognition. The proposed methodology has practical implications for various fields, including clinical psychology, security, marketing, and human-computer interaction, where the accurate interpretation of emotional micro-signals is essential. Full article

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10 pages, 262 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Decreased Bone Mineral Density Is Associated with Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Asymptomatic Non-Diabetic Postmenopausal Women

by Jehona Ismaili, Afrim Poniku, Venera Berisha-Muharremi, Arlind Batalli, Rina Tafarshiku, Michael Y. Henein and Gani Bajraktari

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(12), 4033; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14124033 - 6 Jun 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Estrogen deficiency is strongly related to osteoporosis, but its role in the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD), particularly in postmenopausal women, is unclear. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between osteopenia and subclinical atherosclerosis in asymptomatic non-diabetic [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Estrogen deficiency is strongly related to osteoporosis, but its role in the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD), particularly in postmenopausal women, is unclear. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between osteopenia and subclinical atherosclerosis in asymptomatic non-diabetic postmenopausal women. Methods: This prospective study included 117 consecutive postmenopausal women (mean age 59 ± 7 years) referred from the outpatient Rheumatology Clinic of the University Clinical Centre of Kosovo, recruited between September 2021 and December 2022. Clinical, biochemical, bone mineral density (BMD), carotid ultrasound and coronary CT angiography data were analyzed. Subclinical atherosclerosis was diagnosed as the presence of carotid plaques and/or increased intima-media thickness (CIMT) > 1.0 mm. Results: Of the 117 studied women, 83 (71%) had osteopenia or osteoporosis (T-score < −1 SD), who had higher prevalence of carotid artery plaques (27.7 vs. 8.8%, p = 0.019), compared to those with normal BMD. They were, also, older (p < 0.001), had a longer duration of menopause (p = 0.004) and higher CAC scores (p < 0.019), compared to those without plaques. In multivariate analysis [odds ratio 95% confidence interval], age [1.244 (1.052–1.470), p = 0.001], osteoporosis [0.197 (0.048–0.806), p = 0.024] and CAC score > 10 HU [0.174 (0.058–0.806), p = 0.006] were independently associated with the presence of carotid plaques. Conclusions: Reduced BMD is highly prevalent in asymptomatic non-diabetic postmenopausal women and is associated with a high prevalence of subclinical carotid atherosclerosis. Age, osteoporosis and CAC score > 10 HU were independently associated with atherosclerotic carotid plaque formation. These findings highlight the potential pathophysiological link between osteoporosis and subclinical atherosclerosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Endocrinology & Metabolism)

14 pages, 5556 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Biofabricating Three-Dimensional Bacterial Cellulose Composites Using Waste-Derived Scaffolds

by Jula Kniep, Manu Thundathil, Kurosch Rezwan and Ali Reza Nazmi

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(12), 6396; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15126396 - 6 Jun 2025

Abstract

Microorganisms metabolising low-value carbon sources can produce a diverse range of bio-based and biodegradable materials compatible with circular economy principles. One such material is bacterial cellulose (BC), which can be obtained in high purity through the fermentation of sweetened tea by a Symbiotic [...] Read more.

Microorganisms metabolising low-value carbon sources can produce a diverse range of bio-based and biodegradable materials compatible with circular economy principles. One such material is bacterial cellulose (BC), which can be obtained in high purity through the fermentation of sweetened tea by a Symbiotic Culture of Bacteria and Yeast (SCOBY). In recent years, there has been a growing research interest in SCOBYs as a promising solution for sustainable material design. In this work, we have explored a novel method to grow SCOBYs vertically using a waste-based scaffold system. Waste sheep wool and cotton fabric were soaked in a SCOBY infusion to serve as scaffolds, carrying the infusion and facilitating vertical growth through capillary forces. Remarkably, vertical membrane growth up to 5 cm above the liquid–air interface (LAI) was observed after just one week. Membranes with different microstructures were found in sheep wool and cotton, randomly oriented between the scaffold fibre, resulting in a high surface area. This study demonstrated that vertical growth in scaffolds is possible, proving the concept of a new method of growing composite materials with potential high-value applications in biomedicine, energy storage, or filtration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Biomaterials and Bio-Composites Across Disciplines: Design, Characterization and Applications)

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18 pages, 3440 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Evaluation of a Metal Polyhedron as a Rigid Node for Bamboo Joinery in Sustainable Construction

by Gonzalo Díaz-García and Marlon Farfán-Córdova

Buildings 2025, 15(12), 1971; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15121971 - 6 Jun 2025

Abstract

This study evaluates the effectiveness of rigid node connection prototypes for joining bamboo, in response to the growing need for sustainable construction solutions. Considering the superior mechanical properties of bamboo, including its flexibility and strength, the research focuses on the design and testing [...] Read more.

This study evaluates the effectiveness of rigid node connection prototypes for joining bamboo, in response to the growing need for sustainable construction solutions. Considering the superior mechanical properties of bamboo, including its flexibility and strength, the research focuses on the design and testing of nine connection prototypes subjected to compression, shear, and tensile tests in a laboratory. The results obtained demonstrate that the prototypes significantly exceed the established minimum strength criteria, with average maximum loads of 62.19 kN in compression tests, 10.16 kN in shear tests, and 25.41 kN in tensile adhesion tests. These findings not only confirm the viability of bamboo as a sustainable construction material but also highlight the need to develop efficient connection methods that integrate bamboo’s flexibility with the strength of other materials. Through these connections, bamboo presents itself as a solid alternative to address housing deficits and promote responsible construction practices. The research suggests continuing additional studies to strengthen knowledge about bamboo’s behavior in different construction contexts, thereby contributing to a more sustainable future in building. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Resistance and Vulnerability Assessments of Building Structures)

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15 pages, 1329 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Low-Carbon Smart Campus Created by the Strategic Usage of Space—A Case Study of Korea University

by Da Yeon Park and Mi Jeong Kim

Buildings 2025, 15(12), 1972; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15121972 - 6 Jun 2025

Abstract

In the context of the building sector, university campus buildings play a crucial role in promoting a green economic transition toward carbon neutrality, as universities are among the largest emitters of greenhouse gases. This research proposed a strategy for the operation and management [...] Read more.

In the context of the building sector, university campus buildings play a crucial role in promoting a green economic transition toward carbon neutrality, as universities are among the largest emitters of greenhouse gases. This research proposed a strategy for the operation and management of university campuses that focused on reducing energy consumption by optimizing the utilization of building spaces. To gather empirical data, a case study was conducted to examine the energy consumption of campus buildings based on their characteristics at Korea University. The results indicated that effective space utilization, achieved through the efforts of stakeholders, led to a reduction in heating and cooling energy consumption. To achieve this, the study classified university buildings by considering both physical variables and human-centered factors that affect energy consumption, analyzed space usage behavior, and compared heating and cooling energy consumption across buildings. This study expands current knowledge because its approach differs from previous research, which has generally focused on using simulation tools to analyze factors associated with the physical aspects of buildings—such as the energy performance of a building envelope or the energy-efficiency of facility systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Architectural Design Innovations for Health and Wellness: Leveraging AI and Digital Technologies)

25 pages, 10108 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Superiority of Fault-Caused-Speed-Fluctuation-Based Dynamics Modeling: An Example on Planetary Gearbox with Cracked Sun Gear

by Xiaoqing Yang, Guolin He, Canyi Du, Lei Xu, Junjie Yu, Haiyang Zeng and Yanfeng Li

Machines 2025, 13(6), 500; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines13060500 - 6 Jun 2025

Abstract

A planetary gear fault generates periodic speed fluctuations, which significantly influence its vibration signal. It is a necessity to explore the vibration modulation features of gear faults to provide an effective indicator for fault detection. Therefore, a superior rigid-flexible coupling dynamics model of [...] Read more.

A planetary gear fault generates periodic speed fluctuations, which significantly influence its vibration signal. It is a necessity to explore the vibration modulation features of gear faults to provide an effective indicator for fault detection. Therefore, a superior rigid-flexible coupling dynamics model of a planetary gearbox involving the fault-caused speed fluctuation is developed, where the meshing stiffness under the impact of fault-caused speed fluctuation is innovatively deduced utilizing the potential energy method; then, the meshing stiffness is substituted into the rigid dynamics model to calculate the excitation forces. Transfer path functions from excitation locations to the sensor installed on the housing are obtained by considering the modal parameters of the flexible housing. Finally, the excitation forces are combined with their transfer path functions to calculate the vibration signal. The fault modulation features of the cracked sun gear deduced by the superior dynamics model emerge surrounding the meshing frequency and its harmonics, as well as the resonance ranges, which can be a reliable sign for identifying faults. The experiment conducted on a single-stage planetary gearbox confirms the validity and superiority of the proposed model, which holds significant value for guiding fault detection and prognosis in planetary gearboxes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Signal Processing Methods and Deep Neural Networks for Machine Fault Diagnosis)

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11 pages, 1071 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Functional Outcomes and Activity Levels in Patients After Internal Hemipelvectomy for Primary Sarcoma Involving the Bony Pelvis

by Burkhard Lehner, Jakob Bollmann, Andreas Geisbüsch and Nicholas Andreas Beckmann

Diagnostics 2025, 15(12), 1452; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15121452 - 6 Jun 2025

Abstract

Background: Internal hemipelvectomies are rare procedures for primary musculoskeletal sarcomas of the bony pelvis. There is a sparse amount of data on functional outcomes and activity levels in postoperative patients. The aim of this study was to investigate functional outcomes, including sport activity [...] Read more.

Background: Internal hemipelvectomies are rare procedures for primary musculoskeletal sarcomas of the bony pelvis. There is a sparse amount of data on functional outcomes and activity levels in postoperative patients. The aim of this study was to investigate functional outcomes, including sport activity levels, and the impact of tumor grade, resection margins, adjuvant therapies, pelvic reconstruction, and patient age at the time of surgery. Methods: Patients who underwent internal hemipelvectomy at our clinic between 1995 and 2019, with a minimum follow-up of 12 months, were assessed using the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society Score (MSTS), the Toronto Extremity Salvage Score (TESS), the Oxford Hip Score (OHS), and the University of Los Angeles Activity Scale (UCLA AS). Results: Our cross-sectional study included 29 patients (14 male, 15 female; 15 with chondrosarcoma, 8 with Ewing’s sarcoma, 2 with osteosarcoma, 2 with chordoma, and 2 with other sarcomas) with a median follow-up of 8.7 years (range: 12 months to 25.4 years; interquartile range (IQR): 13.1 years). The median MSTS was 16 (range: 1–30; IQR: 9), median TESS was 75.8% (range: 12.9–100%; IQR: 31.7%), median OHS was 35 (range: 10–48; IQR: 16), and median UCLA AS was 5 (range: 1–9; IQR: 3). Tumor grade, resection margins, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and pelvic reconstruction had no significant effect on functional outcomes. Patient age at the time of surgery had a statistically significant effect on all measured outcome parameters, although all parameters exhibited a wide range and large IQR, likely reflecting the small, heterogeneous patient cohort. Conclusions: Surviving patients who underwent internal hemipelvectomy for primary musculoskeletal sarcomas of the pelvic bone demonstrated overall moderate to good functional outcomes and moderate sport activity levels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bone Tumours: From Molecular Pathology to Clinical Practice)

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13 pages, 1679 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hydrogen Peroxide Bleaching Induces a Dual Enhancement of Liquid Permeability and Fungal Resistance in Bamboo Through Microstructural Engineering

by Dandan Xu, Sheng He, Weiqi Leng, Yuhe Chen and Haiyang Quan

Forests 2025, 16(6), 964; https://doi.org/10.3390/f16060964 - 6 Jun 2025

Abstract

Bamboo, as a sustainable and renewable biomass resource, possesses significant application prospects along with underutilized potential. However, challenges such as mildew infestation, insect damage, and discoloration during processing and utilization negatively impact its service life and economic value. This study proposes a simplified [...] Read more.

Bamboo, as a sustainable and renewable biomass resource, possesses significant application prospects along with underutilized potential. However, challenges such as mildew infestation, insect damage, and discoloration during processing and utilization negatively impact its service life and economic value. This study proposes a simplified hydrogen peroxide bleaching method for bamboo processing, resulting in bleached materials with uniform coloration and improved mildew resistance. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of bleached bamboo showed significantly reduced starch and protein inclusions, expanded intercellular spacing, partial fiber detachment, and localized structural deformation in treated bamboo. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses revealed substantial lignin degradation in hydrogen peroxide-treated samples. The color difference (ΔE) was measured at 13.65 between treated and untreated samples, confirming effective bleaching efficacy. The mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) analysis revealed enhanced porosity accompanied by diameter enlargement in treated bamboo. Antifungal assessments indicated that hydrogen peroxide bleaching delayed the onset of mold colonization and significantly enhanced the mildew resistance of bamboo substrates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecological Research in Bamboo Forests: 2nd Edition)

23 pages, 2716 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Calibration and Validation of the BMWP Index for the Assessment of Fluvial Systems in High Andean Mining Areas of Peru

by Manuel Emilio Hora Revilla, Alberto Ronal Gabriel Aguilar, José Luis Polo Corro, José Manuel Marchena Dioses, Eugenia López-López and Jacinto Elías Sedeño-Díaz

Water 2025, 17(12), 1724; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17121724 - 6 Jun 2025

Abstract

The High Andean region of Peru, characterized by a complex orography, has unique and highly biodiverse ecosystems. This region has several headwater basins that play a critical role in the hydrological cycle, providing diverse ecosystem services essential to sustain biodiversity and supply water [...] Read more.

The High Andean region of Peru, characterized by a complex orography, has unique and highly biodiverse ecosystems. This region has several headwater basins that play a critical role in the hydrological cycle, providing diverse ecosystem services essential to sustain biodiversity and supply water to human communities. Despite the importance of this region, it faces significant human intervention, particularly mining activities, which affect basin headwaters and jeopardize water security. This study aimed to calibrate the Biological Monitoring Working Party (BMWP) index to evaluate water quality in High Andean rivers in Peru affected by mining activities, using aquatic macroinvertebrates as bioindicators. We used a 15-year dataset (2008 to 2023) from three headwater basins in the High Andean region; this dataset included physicochemical water quality parameters, trace metals, and aquatic macroinvertebrates. The BMWP was calibrated for the High Andean region of Peru with this dataset (BMWP/PeIAZIM); afterward, it was validated to assess water quality in an area influenced by mining activities in this region. The results allowed us to differentiate between aquatic macroinvertebrate families tolerant to mining pollution and highly sensitive families. The sites heavily affected by mining activity returned very low BMWP/PeIAZIM scores; sites with no mining impact had the highest scores. These findings indicate that the calibrated index can be used for water resource management in the High Andean region, contributing to the conservation of its ecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biodiversity of Freshwater Ecosystems: Monitoring and Conservation)

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25 pages, 26766 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Friction Stir Processing Travel Speed on the Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Performance of As-Cast Hypoeutectic Al-5Si Alloy

by Basma El-Eraki, Mahmoud F. Y. Shalaby, Ahmed El-Sissy, Abeer Eisa, Sabbah Ataya and Mohamed M. El-Sayed Seleman

Crystals 2025, 15(6), 546; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst15060546 - 6 Jun 2025

Abstract

This study’s novelty lies in providing first-time insights into the isolated role of Friction Stir Processing (FSP) travel speed on microstructure evolution and mechanical performance (micro-hardness, tensile properties, impact energy, and wear behavior) specifically in hypoeutectic as-cast Al-5 wt.% Si alloys, addressing a [...] Read more.

This study’s novelty lies in providing first-time insights into the isolated role of Friction Stir Processing (FSP) travel speed on microstructure evolution and mechanical performance (micro-hardness, tensile properties, impact energy, and wear behavior) specifically in hypoeutectic as-cast Al-5 wt.% Si alloys, addressing a critical unaddressed gap in previous works (typically on near-eutectic compositions of Si > 6.5 wt.%). FSP, a solid-state technique, is highly effective for enhancing the properties of cast materials. The FSP was conducted at a fixed rotational speed of 1330 rpm and various travel speeds (26, 33, 42, and 52 mm/min). The FSP improves the mechanical properties of as-cast Al-5Si alloy by refining its grain structure. This leads to higher hardness, ultimate tensile strength (UTS), yield strength (YS), and strain at fracture and toughness compared to the as-cast condition. The specimen processed at 26 mm/min achieved the highest values of YS, UTS, toughness, and wear resistance. The fracture surfaces of the tensile and impact test specimens were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and discussed. Results indicated that the fracture surfaces revealed a transition from predominantly brittle fracture in the as-cast alloy to ductile fracture at 26 mm/min, changing to a mixed fracture mode at 52 mm/min. These findings underscore the critical importance of optimizing FSP travel speed to significantly tailor and enhance the mechanical performance of as-cast hypoeutectic Al-5Si alloys for industrial applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Light Alloys and Their Applications)

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