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25 pages, 12056 KB  
Article
Boiling Phenomena and Heat Transfer Enhancement Effect on Micro/Nanoporous Sintered Copper Surfaces
by Dong Ju Lee, Young Jae Yang, Dong-Wook Jerng and Dong Eok Kim
Fluids 2025, 10(11), 303; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids10110303 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025
Abstract
This study experimentally investigated boiling phenomena and heat transfer enhancement on sintered Cu micro/nanoporous surfaces under saturated pool boiling conditions. To evaluate the effects of the combined micro/nanostructures, microporous Cu layers and pillar-integrated surfaces were fabricated using micro-sized (diameter <75 mm) metal powder [...] Read more.
This study experimentally investigated boiling phenomena and heat transfer enhancement on sintered Cu micro/nanoporous surfaces under saturated pool boiling conditions. To evaluate the effects of the combined micro/nanostructures, microporous Cu layers and pillar-integrated surfaces were fabricated using micro-sized (diameter <75 mm) metal powder sintering, while nanostructures were formed through thermal oxidation. Boiling experiments revealed that the boiling heat transfer coefficient (BHTC) and critical heat flux (CHF) of the microporous Cu surfaces surpassed those of the reference surface SiO2. The microporous pillar surface exhibited the best performance, demonstrating enhancements of approximately 2.7-fold and 7.3-fold in CHF and BHTC, respectively. High-speed imaging attributed this improvement to increased nucleation site density, rapid detachment and generation of small bubbles, efficient surface rewetting by capillary wicking, and liquid–vapor pathway separation enabled by the pillar geometry. Distinct transient temperature peaks and recoveries were observed on the oxidized pillar surfaces. Despite temporary overheating, strong capillary wicking from the superhydrophilic nanostructures recovered to the nucleate-boiling regime, which suppressed irreversible dryout and extended the boiling performance beyond the smooth surface CHF by 2.1 times. The results revealed that increasing the nucleation site density, enhancing the capillary-driven liquid supply, and ensuring effective separation of the vapor and liquid pathways improved the boiling heat transfer in multiscale porous structures. The sintered Cu micro/nanoporous surfaces demonstrated stable and efficient heat transfer across a wide range of heat fluxes, highlighting their potential for advanced thermal management applications and realizing optimally designed high-performance boiling surfaces. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Heat and Mass Transfer)
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16 pages, 2012 KB  
Article
A Spatio-Temporal Assessment of Industrial Water Use in African Countries
by Edwin Kipkirui, Jianfu Zhao, Sha Lu, Duncan Onyango Mbuge and Tao Wang
Water 2025, 17(22), 3313; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17223313 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025
Abstract
Africa’s industries have been developing at a pace more rapid than other continents, including Asia, over the past two to three decades. This research investigated the industrial water use in 1987–2017 in twenty major African countries, representing 77% of the population and 81% [...] Read more.
Africa’s industries have been developing at a pace more rapid than other continents, including Asia, over the past two to three decades. This research investigated the industrial water use in 1987–2017 in twenty major African countries, representing 77% of the population and 81% of the GDP in Africa. A decoupling analysis of industrial water use from economic growth was also carried out, and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was conducted. The key findings included the following: (i) HCA could divide the patterns of the countries’ water use into four groups. The group of Algeria, Tunisia, Angola, and Morocco exhibited the highest average industrial water use per capita in 2017. (ii) An expansive negative decoupling became more significant during the 10-year period from 2008 to 2017. (iii) Population growth, economic development, and industrial structure played a prominent role in driving industrial water use over the past two decades. (iv) Technological advancements in water conservation varied across countries and periods. Some countries, including Kenya, South Africa, Ghana, Egypt, and Tunisia, witnessed a more rapid increase in water withdrawal from 2008 to 2017, but less significant progress in water-saving technologies. This research might be informative for decision-makers to formulate sustainable water policies in line with Africa’s sustainable agenda by the year of 2063. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social, Cultural, and Economic Factors Directly and Indirectly Influencing Water Resources and Conservation Outcomes)
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14 pages, 37937 KB  
Communication
Unlocking the Tumor Microenvironment: Innovations in Multiplex Immunohistochemistry
by Bipin Gupta, George Yang and Marc Key
Cells 2025, 14(22), 1819; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14221819 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025
Abstract
The immune control of cancer growth is an area of active investigation. In this study, we demonstrated the feasibility of using standard immunohistochemistry methods in conjunction with a set of newly developed chromogens to demonstrate immune cell markers in a multiplex staining system. [...] Read more.
The immune control of cancer growth is an area of active investigation. In this study, we demonstrated the feasibility of using standard immunohistochemistry methods in conjunction with a set of newly developed chromogens to demonstrate immune cell markers in a multiplex staining system. Immune infiltrating cells in breast cancer were identified using antibodies to CD20 (B-cells), CD3 (T-cells), and CD163 (macrophages). Additionally, the tumor compartment was identified using cytokeratin (AE1/AE3), and Ki67 was used to determine the proliferation index. These stains showed a significant immune cell infiltrate surrounding and within the tumors. B-cells, T-cells, and macrophages were abundant at the tumor periphery, particularly in areas where tertiary lymphoid structures were also present. In contrast, B-cells were significantly reduced within the tumor interior compared to an abundant infiltrate of T-cells and macrophages. Patterns of B-cell, T-cell, and macrophage infiltration were identified. Depending upon the particular set of markers chosen for analysis, a simple visual examination, without the aid of computer-assisted imaging systems, was sufficient to differentiate up to five different markers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spatial Biology: Decoding Cellular Complexity in Tissues)
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23 pages, 7034 KB  
Article
Four-Dimensional Printing of Auxetic Structures Using Nanocellulose-Reinforced PLA/PETG Blends
by Karima Bouguermouh, Mohamed Habibi, Amal Megdich, Luc Laperrière and Daniel Monplaisir
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(11), 637; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9110637 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025
Abstract
This study explores the development of 4D-printed smart structures based on PLA/PETG (75/25) polymer blends reinforced with nanocellulose (0–3 wt%), processed using fused filament fabrication (FFF). Both conventional U-shaped specimens and anti-tri-chiral auxetic architectures were fabricated to evaluate the effects of nanocellulose on [...] Read more.
This study explores the development of 4D-printed smart structures based on PLA/PETG (75/25) polymer blends reinforced with nanocellulose (0–3 wt%), processed using fused filament fabrication (FFF). Both conventional U-shaped specimens and anti-tri-chiral auxetic architectures were fabricated to evaluate the effects of nanocellulose on mechanical performance and shape memory behavior. Tensile tests demonstrated that nanocellulose reinforcement enhanced both strength and stiffness, with the highest values observed at 2 wt% (tensile strength of 56 MPa and Young’s modulus of 3.3 GPa). In standard U-shaped samples, all compositions showed excellent shape fixity and recovery (100%). For auxetic structures, shape memory behavior and deformation response varied with nanocellulose content. Notably, 2 wt% nanocellulose yielded the highest shape recovery ratio (90.8%) and fixity (99.8%), indicating improved elasticity and structural responsiveness. Meanwhile, 1 wt% nanocellulose resulted in the highest energy absorption and more controlled deformation under compression, suggesting enhanced energy dissipation and stress distribution. A slight decrease in performance at 3 wt% is attributed to nanocellulose agglomeration and reduced polymer chain mobility. These findings highlight nanocellulose as a multifunctional additive that enables fine-tuning of mechanical and functional properties in 4D-printed structures. Depending on the intended application whether focused on energy absorption, mechanical strength, or shape recovery nanocellulose content can be strategically adjusted. This approach opens pathways for designing responsive materials suited for biomedical engineering, adaptive devices, and advanced environmental technologies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing of Composites)
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21 pages, 1015 KB  
Article
Investigating the Role of Exercise in Improving Bone Health Among Elderly Women with Osteopenia
by Kyriaki Kotsili, Vasiliki Michou, Nikolaos Koutlianos, Anastasios Dalkiranis, Evangelia Kouidi and Asterios Deligiannis
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(4), 451; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10040451 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to examine the impact of a 4-month multicomponent exercise program on bone and functional health in older women with osteopenia. Methods: Thirty women with osteopenia, aged 66.96 ± 5.71 years, were randomly assigned to two groups. The [...] Read more.
Background: This study aimed to examine the impact of a 4-month multicomponent exercise program on bone and functional health in older women with osteopenia. Methods: Thirty women with osteopenia, aged 66.96 ± 5.71 years, were randomly assigned to two groups. The exercise group (Group A) participated in a combined exercise training program for 4 months, while the control group (Group B) remained untrained. All participants underwent bone density testing using DEXA, along with biochemical testing for bone metabolism and mineral exchange. This included measuring serum levels of calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D, alkaline phosphatase, parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and estrogen. Functional capacity was assessed using various tests, including the 6 min distance (6MWD) test, the Timed Up and Go test (TUG), the 30 s Sit-to-Stand test (30 s-STS), and the Berg Balance Scale. Results: At the end of the study, repeated measures analysis showed a significant effect of time, group, and the interaction between time and group on the average scores of the 6MWD, TUG, 30 s-STS, and Berg Balance Scale for Group A. In terms of DEXA measurements, there were significant effects of time, group, and their interaction on average scores of Bone Mineral Density (BMD) and the right total hip T-score for Group A. Additionally, a statistically significant interaction between time and group was observed for lumbar spine BMD (p = 0.006). A significant group effect was also noted on the total left hip T-score (p = 0.033). Conclusions: A 4-month multicomponent exercise program can improve bone health and functional capacity in older women with osteopenia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health and Performance Through Sports at All Ages: 4th Edition)
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18 pages, 3548 KB  
Article
Spatial and Environmental Drivers of Summer Growth Variability and Adaptive Mechanisms of Euphausia crystallorophias in the Amundsen Sea and Its Adjacent Regions
by Jialiang Yang, Lingzhi Li, Shuai Li, Guoqing Zhao, Xin Rao, Shuai Chen, Hewei Liu, Fengyuan Shen, Hongliang Huang and Ziyi Wang
Animals 2025, 15(22), 3345; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15223345 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025
Abstract
Ice krill (Euphausia crystallorophias) play a key role in the Antarctic coastal ecosystem, yet its spatial growth variability remains poorly understood. This study examined 5298 krill individuals from 52 stations across the Amundsen Sea, transitional waters, and the Ross Sea, collected [...] Read more.
Ice krill (Euphausia crystallorophias) play a key role in the Antarctic coastal ecosystem, yet its spatial growth variability remains poorly understood. This study examined 5298 krill individuals from 52 stations across the Amundsen Sea, transitional waters, and the Ross Sea, collected between 2020 and 2024. Length–weight relationships (LWR) were constructed to derive the condition factor a and the allometric growth exponent b, followed by regional comparisons and environmental response analyses using boxplots, redundancy analysis (RDA), and generalized additive models (GAM). Boxplots revealed that a was significantly higher in the Amundsen Sea and transitional zone than in the Ross Sea, while b was highest and most variable in the Amundsen Sea. RDA indicated that a was primarily associated with depth, latitude, mean temperature, and mean salinity, whereas b was influenced by sea surface temperature, chlorophyll-a, sea ice concentration, and longitude. GAM further showed nonlinear responses of a to mean temperature, mean salinity, and depth, with peaks near −0.5 °C, 34.2 PSU, and 3500 m, respectively. These results suggest that krill in deep, cold, and less-productive transitional zone allocate more energy to body condition (high value a), while those in warmer, moderately productive regions like the Amundsen Sea invest more in structural growth (high value b). This study provides new insights into the environmentally driven growth strategies of ice krill and contributes to understanding its ecological adaptability under changing climatic and oceanographic conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Changes in Population Characteristics of Marine and Freshwater Organisms and Their Environmental Driving Factors)
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27 pages, 1084 KB  
Article
Smarter Technologies, Innovation, and Managerial Capabilities Driving Hotel Sustainability: The Integration of Resource-Based View and Dynamic Capabilities Perspective
by Ahmed Hassan Abdou
Tour. Hosp. 2025, 6(5), 252; https://doi.org/10.3390/tourhosp6050252 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025
Abstract
While prior research has examined the role of smart technologies (e.g., IoT and AI) in sustainability, the combined influence of IoT, AI, and organizational capabilities on hotel sustainable performance, particularly through the mediating roles of data-driven decision-making and innovation capability, remains underexplored. This [...] Read more.
While prior research has examined the role of smart technologies (e.g., IoT and AI) in sustainability, the combined influence of IoT, AI, and organizational capabilities on hotel sustainable performance, particularly through the mediating roles of data-driven decision-making and innovation capability, remains underexplored. This study investigates how the integration of smart technologies, specifically the Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI), as well as dynamic managerial capabilities focusing on data-driven decision-making (DDM) and innovation capability (IC), enhances hotel sustainable performance (HSP) within the context of Saudi Arabia’s hospitality sector. Grounded in the Resource-Based View (RBV) and Dynamic Capabilities Theory (DCT), the research develops and tests a conceptual model that explores both the mediating roles of DDM and IC in the link between IoT and HSP and the moderating role of AI application in the relationships between IoT and DDM, IC, and HSP. Using data collected from 312 managers of four- and five-star hotels across Saudi Arabia, the study employed Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to examine the hypothesized relationships. The results reveal that IoT has a significant positive effect on HSP, DDM, and IC. Further, the IoT-HSP relationship is partially mediated by both DDM and IC. Furthermore, AI significantly strengthens the relationships between IoT and DDM, IoT and IC, and IoT and HSP, highlighting AI’s crucial role as an enabler of digital transformation and sustainability. The findings extend the RBV and DCT by demonstrating how technological resources, when combined with dynamic managerial capabilities, lead to superior sustainability outcomes. Practically, the study emphasizes that hotels must pair digital adoption with employee training, innovation culture, and AI-powered analytics to enhance HSP. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Data-Driven Insights in Tourism and Hospitality: Smart Technologies and Data Science)
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20 pages, 1051 KB  
Review
Relative and Absolute Decoupling: Conceptual Confusions, Policy Consequences, and a Multi-Level Synthesis
by Bashkim Cerkini, Roberta Bajrami and Kaltrina Bajraktari
Economies 2025, 13(11), 336; https://doi.org/10.3390/economies13110336 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025
Abstract
Relative and absolute decoupling between economic growth and environmental pressures is one of the most contested topics in ecological economics. This article situates the decoupling debate within a philosophical and normative framework, building on recent critical contributions and on empirical evidence that challenges [...] Read more.
Relative and absolute decoupling between economic growth and environmental pressures is one of the most contested topics in ecological economics. This article situates the decoupling debate within a philosophical and normative framework, building on recent critical contributions and on empirical evidence that challenges the green growth narrative. Through a critical analysis of key methodologies, including the TDI, LMDI decomposition, the CAPRO ratio, and MRIO models, it shows that the choice of indicators is not neutral but carries implicit assumptions about progress, ecological limits, and climate justice. The review of empirical results indicates that robust, sustained absolute decoupling is rare and often undermined by rebound effects, outsourcing, or temporary crisis-driven contractions, whereas relative decoupling dominates. On this basis, the article advances a multi-level decoupling synthesis that integrates empirical indicators with normative thresholds such as planetary boundaries, sufficient absolute decoupling, and climate justice, thereby reframing sustainability assessment from the narrow question of technical feasibility to the broader issue of ecological and ethical legitimacy. Full article
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18 pages, 768 KB  
Review
How Does Maternal Immune Activity Affect Fetal Survival and Brain Development? The Critical Roles of IL-17A and Microglia
by Asumi Kubo, Sara Kamiya, Sae Sanaka, Kenyu Nakamura, Kyoko Kishi and Tetsuya Sasaki
Neuroglia 2025, 6(4), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/neuroglia6040045 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025
Abstract
Maternal immune activation (MIA) during pregnancy has been associated with increased risk of fetal loss and neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring. This review summarizes recent findings on the effects of MIA on fetal survival and microglial phenotype. Studies using polyinosinic–polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)-induced MIA mouse [...] Read more.
Maternal immune activation (MIA) during pregnancy has been associated with increased risk of fetal loss and neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring. This review summarizes recent findings on the effects of MIA on fetal survival and microglial phenotype. Studies using polyinosinic–polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)-induced MIA mouse models have revealed the crucial role of interleukin-17A (IL-17A) in mediating these effects. Overexpression of RORγt, a key transcription factor for IL-17A production, enhances poly(I: C)-induced fetal loss, possibly due to increased placental vulnerability. Intraventricular administration of IL-17A in fetal brains activates microglia and alters their localization, particularly in periventricular regions and the medial cortex. These activated microglia may contribute to abnormal synaptic pruning and excessive phagocytosis of neural progenitor cells, potentially leading to long-term neurodevelopmental abnormalities. The insights gained from MIA research have important clinical implications, including the potential for early identification of high-risk pregnancies and the development of novel preventive and therapeutic strategies. Future research should focus on elucidating the roles of other cytokines, determining critical periods of MIA susceptibility, and translating findings to human populations, while carefully considering ethical implications and the need for appropriate risk communication. Full article
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11 pages, 469 KB  
Article
Objective Analysis of Reading Ability Using an Eye Tracker in Intermittent Exotropia
by Dong Hyun Kim, Jeong-Min Hwang and Hee Kyung Yang
Life 2025, 15(11), 1778; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15111778 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: This study’s objective was to analyze the reading ability in patients with intermittent exotropia using an eye tracker and determine how the clinical characteristics of intermittent exotropia may affect reading ability. Methods: We compared the reading speed (LPS; letters per [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: This study’s objective was to analyze the reading ability in patients with intermittent exotropia using an eye tracker and determine how the clinical characteristics of intermittent exotropia may affect reading ability. Methods: We compared the reading speed (LPS; letters per second) of 25 intermittent exotropia patients to 25 age-matched normal controls who were 13 years old or older with best-corrected visual acuities of ≥20/25. Correlations between reading ability and clinical characteristics of intermittent exotropia were evaluated. Results: Reading speed was significantly slower in the intermittent exotropia group (6.1 ± 0.81 LPS) than in the control group (6.8 ± 1.11 LPS, p = 0.014). The Newcastle control scores, Mayo Clinic office-based scale and the patients’ deviation angle were not significantly related to reading speed (p = 0.132, 0.197, and 0.807, respectively). Fixation disparity score measured with an eye tracker during the reading task showed a statistically significant negative correlation with reading speed (Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient = −0.458, p = 0.028). Conclusions: Reading speed was slower in patients with intermittent exotropia compared to age-matched controls without strabismus. Only objective fusional control scores measured with an eye tracker showed significant correlation with the reading speed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physiology and Pathology)
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15 pages, 1958 KB  
Article
Comparative Effects of Various Plasticizers on the Physicochemical Characteristics of Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) Film for Food Packaging
by Siwar Taamallah, Sabrine Douiri, Sherif M. A. S. Keshk, Rim Ben Arfi, Achraf Ghorbal, Khaled Charradi, Rached Ben Hassen, Hamadi Attia and Dorra Ghorbel
Polymers 2025, 17(22), 3071; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17223071 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025
Abstract
This work examined the effects of four plasticizers, glycerol (GLY), potassium phosphate (PHOS), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and soy lecithin (SL), on the structural, surface, thermal, optical, and mechanical properties of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) films. FTIR spectra demonstrated that these plasticizers maintained the PHB molecular [...] Read more.
This work examined the effects of four plasticizers, glycerol (GLY), potassium phosphate (PHOS), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and soy lecithin (SL), on the structural, surface, thermal, optical, and mechanical properties of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) films. FTIR spectra demonstrated that these plasticizers maintained the PHB molecular structure, while X-ray diffraction data proved that PHB crystallinity decreased upon adding SL, GLY, and PHOS. Under SEM, we discovered several defects in the plasticized samples, most of which were holes of distinct sizes and forms. The thermal analyses evaluated the impact of plasticization on PHB thermal processability, demonstrating that the material’s thermal stability improved, easing thermal processing due to the reduced melting peak temperatures (Tm) caused by all the additives assessed. While PEG, GLY, and PHOS reduced the hydrophilicity of the film, SL enhanced its affinity to water, as shown by the contact angle measurements. Reduced transparency resulted from adding 20% plasticizers with an increase of 345% in elongation at break and a decrease of 67% in elastic modulus compared to pristine PHB. Thus, SL proved to be the most promising of the four plasticizers used in terms of mechanical properties, crucial for PHB-based films for food packaging. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Packaging: Sustainable Innovations and Alternatives to Fossil-Based Materials)
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10 pages, 564 KB  
Article
Cardiovascular Surgery in Conflict Zones: Insights from 2169 Cases in Wartime Yemen
by Anwar Al Sayani, Abdlnasser Munibari, Tayeb Bafadhl, Eiman Andragiri, Yasser Elghoneimy and Mohammed Al-Hariri
Emerg. Care Med. 2025, 2(4), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/ecm2040054 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025
Abstract
Background: This study represents the first registry to assess patients’ clinical characteristics and key predictors of 30-day post-cardiovascular surgery mortality in wartime Yemen. Methods: This study retrospectively analyzed 2169 patients who underwent cardiac surgery. Comprehensive patient data were extracted from Nabdh Al-Hayat Cardiac [...] Read more.
Background: This study represents the first registry to assess patients’ clinical characteristics and key predictors of 30-day post-cardiovascular surgery mortality in wartime Yemen. Methods: This study retrospectively analyzed 2169 patients who underwent cardiac surgery. Comprehensive patient data were extracted from Nabdh Al-Hayat Cardiac Center registries across Hadhramaut Governorate, Republic of Yemen, over 7 years from 2018 to 2024. Results: The study cohort comprised predominantly adult patients, with 69% aged 18 years and above, while 31% were under 18 years of age. The overall survival rate was high (95%), yet 5% of the patients experienced 30-day postoperative mortality. Cold cardioplegia and certain solution types were associated with increased mortality. Heart failure and ventricular dysfunction accounted for most mortality, though non-cardiac factors, such as cerebral hemorrhage and multi-organ failure, contributed as well. Conclusions: While Yemen’s crises have devastated healthcare delivery, the 30-day postoperative mortality data highlight the resilience of coordinated efforts. However, current standards remain far from universal benchmarks, highlighting the urgent need to rebuild local capacity and ensure equitable access to cardiac surgical services nationwide. Full article
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18 pages, 3418 KB  
Article
The Spatial Distribution and Bioaccumulation of Anatoxin-A in Hulun Lake
by Shiyu Li, Rui Liu, Shuhao Guo, Xiaoxuan Chen, Wenxue Wu, Bo Pang, Zixuan Liu, Haiming Ying, Yanlong Zhang, Yuanyuan Zhang and Chengxue Ma
Toxics 2025, 13(11), 996; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13110996 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025
Abstract
The intensification of eutrophication in global water bodies has exacerbated the occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms, whose secondary metabolites can have detrimental effects on animals, humans, and ecosystems. This study analyzed and statistically evaluated the species composition and distribution of phytoplankton, assessed the concentration [...] Read more.
The intensification of eutrophication in global water bodies has exacerbated the occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms, whose secondary metabolites can have detrimental effects on animals, humans, and ecosystems. This study analyzed and statistically evaluated the species composition and distribution of phytoplankton, assessed the concentration of anatoxin-a (ATX-a) in environmental and biological samples (n = 261), and explored the spatial distribution and bioaccumulation of ATX-a in Hulun Lake (Inner Mongolia, China). In late July 2024, the cyanobacteria Dolichospermum spp. comprised 85.5% of the total phytoplankton density. ATX-a levels were vertically distributed with higher concentrations in deeper water (3 m; 146.69 ± 11.84 ng·L−1) and sediments (3.28 ± 0.45 ng·g−1 dry weight) as compared to surface layers (0.5 m; 132.46 ± 8.19 ng·L−1). In fish, bioaccumulation of ATX-a was greatest in the liver (2.37 ± 1.85 ng·g−1), followed by intestinal contents (1.83 ± 0.74 ng·g−1), with minimal accumulation in muscle tissues (1.74 ± 0.77 ng·g−1). ATX-a levels were higher in smaller fish (minnows) than larger fish (Predatory carp, Gibel carp, and European carp). Additionally, all fish tissue samples contained ATX-a, suggesting that aquatic organisms were continuously exposed to ATX-a throughout the summer. A biodilution of ATX-a was observed from phytoplankton (384.82 ± 176.82 ng·L−1) to zooplankton (1.27 ± 0.12 ng·g−1), followed by biomagnification from zooplankton to fish. Full article
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15 pages, 749 KB  
Article
On the Solvability of Some Systems of Nonlinear Difference Equations
by Jawharah Ghuwayzi AL-Juaid
Symmetry 2025, 17(11), 2006; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17112006 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to find formulas for the solutions of the nonlinear system of difference equations related to symmetry [...] Read more.
The aim of this paper is to find formulas for the solutions of the nonlinear system of difference equations related to symmetry Pn+1=TnTn−2−Pn−3−Tn,Tn+1=PnPn−2±Tn−3±Pn, where the initial conditions P−3,P−2,P−1,P0,T−3,T−2,T−1, and T0 are arbitrary real numbers. Moreover, the theoretical results are verified through several numerical examples, which are simulated and graphically illustrated using mathematical programs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Nonlinear Systems and Symmetry/Asymmetry)
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13 pages, 3593 KB  
Article
Environmental Conditions and Mite Vectors Shape the Spatiotemporal Patterns of Scrub Typhus in Guangdong Province, Mainland China
by Peiwei Fan, Tian Ma, Ze Meng, Fangyu Ding, Shuai Chen, Mengmeng Hao, Jiaqi Li, Jun Zhuo, Jiping Dong, Wenqi Xie, Qian Wang, Tingting Kang, Kai Sun, Genan Wu, Yongqing Bai, Canjun Zheng and Dong Jiang
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(11), 326; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10110326 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025
Abstract
Scrub typhus has emerged as a life-threatening and increasingly prevalent vector-borne disease. While the spatial and temporal distributions of scrub typhus have been studied by the research community, the main driving factors that influence the spatiotemporal patterns of the disease remain under investigation. [...] Read more.
Scrub typhus has emerged as a life-threatening and increasingly prevalent vector-borne disease. While the spatial and temporal distributions of scrub typhus have been studied by the research community, the main driving factors that influence the spatiotemporal patterns of the disease remain under investigation. Using Guangdong Province as a case study, we combined monthly scrub typhus case data from 2010 to 2019 and environmental and vector-related datasets with a Bayesian hierarchical mixed model to elucidate the spatiotemporal characteristics of the disease. This study revealed that the most highly endemic areas of scrub typhus are concentrated in the western and southern parts of Guangdong Province. A distinct bimodal pattern of scrub typhus was observed, with peaks typically occurring from May to July and October to November. The fitted model indicated that forest, cropland, and chigger mites were positively associated with scrub typhus transmission. Furthermore, climate and vectors were identified as key factors shaping the bimodal seasonal patterns of scrub typhus. Despite data-related limitations, including the treatment of population as a time-invariant variable and the binary simplification of vector suitability, sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of the model, offering valuable insights for scrub typhus prevention in Guangdong. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Vector-Borne Diseases)
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28 pages, 1142 KB  
Article
Attitudinal Indicator Model for Disability Inclusion in Higher Education: Advancing Sustainable Development Goals in El Salvador
by Carlos Alberto Echeverría Mayorga and Marta Irene Flores Polanco
Sustainability 2025, 17(22), 10379; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172210379 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025
Abstract
This study validates an empirical model of attitudinal indicators to assess the inclusion of students with physical motor disabilities in higher education. Grounded in the tripartite model of attitude and framed within the social model of disability, the research employed the SACIE-R scale [...] Read more.
This study validates an empirical model of attitudinal indicators to assess the inclusion of students with physical motor disabilities in higher education. Grounded in the tripartite model of attitude and framed within the social model of disability, the research employed the SACIE-R scale to measure emotional, cognitive, and behavioral predispositions among 384 faculty members from private universities in El Salvador, selected through stratified sampling. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) identified three latent dimensions—concerns and general attitudes, inclusive feelings, and cognitive–affective tension—explaining 56.36% of the variance, with strong reliability (Cronbach’s α = 0.876). Chi-square tests revealed significant attitudinal differences by age, sex, training, and institutional affiliation. The resulting model translates latent predispositions into observable indicators of inclusive teaching competencies, providing a diagnostic and evaluative tool for higher education institutions. Beyond the Salvadoran context, the framework demonstrates potential scalability across Latin American systems with comparable socio-educational conditions. Importantly, the model contributes to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 4, SDG 10, and SDG 16) by supporting inclusive and equitable quality education, reducing structural inequalities, and informing governance policies grounded in human rights. Findings highlight persistent attitudinal barriers and limited faculty preparedness, underscoring the need for sustainable institutional strategies. This research advances the debate on educational sustainability by linking faculty attitudes to long-term policy development, capacity-building, and institutional accountability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovation and Sustainability in Inclusive Education)
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23 pages, 3971 KB  
Article
Evaluation of an Efficient Ring-Based Total Order Protocol in a Fairness-Controlled Environment
by Agbaeze Ejem, Cosmas Ifeanyi Nwakanma, Ejem Agwu Ejem and Juliet Nnenna Odii
Digital 2025, 5(4), 64; https://doi.org/10.3390/digital5040064 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025
Abstract
Crash-tolerant systems rely on total order protocols to ensure consistent request execution across replicated servers. The Logical Clock and Ring (LCR) protocol employs a ring-based, leaderless design that provides a high throughput but suffers latency inefficiencies under a high message concurrency due to [...] Read more.
Crash-tolerant systems rely on total order protocols to ensure consistent request execution across replicated servers. The Logical Clock and Ring (LCR) protocol employs a ring-based, leaderless design that provides a high throughput but suffers latency inefficiencies under a high message concurrency due to its use of vector clocks and a fixed last-process rule for ordering concurrent messages. This paper presents the Daisy Chain Total Order Protocol (DCTOP), an enhanced version of LCR that integrates Lamport logical clocks for message sequencing and introduces dynamic last-process identification based on sender activity to accelerate message stabilisation and delivery. A modified fairness-control mechanism further balances message distribution among processes. The simulation results show that the DCTOP achieves an over 40% latency reduction compared to LCR while maintaining the same fairness and throughput across various cluster configurations. Full article
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15 pages, 1641 KB  
Article
Photosynthesis and Spatial Distribution of Surface Phytoplankton in the Yangtze Estuary and Adjacent Waters During Spring
by Haojie Hu, Jing Xia, Xiu Gao, Wenlian Huang, Jiuyi Pan, Zhi Chen and Ji Li
Biology 2025, 14(11), 1628; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14111628 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025
Abstract
Chlorophyll fluorescence provides direct insights into the physiological status of algae, contributing to the understanding of the marine carbon cycle. However, in situ measurements of phytoplankton photosynthetic physiology remain relatively scarce in the Yangtze River Estuary (YRE), an ecosystem under intense anthropogenic pressure. [...] Read more.
Chlorophyll fluorescence provides direct insights into the physiological status of algae, contributing to the understanding of the marine carbon cycle. However, in situ measurements of phytoplankton photosynthetic physiology remain relatively scarce in the Yangtze River Estuary (YRE), an ecosystem under intense anthropogenic pressure. Consequently, quantifying composition and physiological status variations of phytoplankton in this region is critical for understanding their ecological functions and responses. Spring cruise revealed that the warm and high-salinity oceanic region exhibited a greater abundance of dinoflagellates and chrysophytes, while the lower-salinity plume region was characterized by higher abundances of chlorophytes and cryptophytes. Diatoms dominated across all regions. The highest chlorophyll a concentration (6.3 μg/L) was observed in the oceanic region. Chlorophyll fluorescence indicated that the warm offshore community was more active, suggesting favorable phytoplankton growth. As temperature decreased and seawater mixed, the maximum relative electron transport rate (rETRmax) and the minimal saturated light intensity (Ik) decreased, yet the overall community remained healthy. Despite the plume delivering abundant nutrients, phytoplankton activity was relatively low due to the cold spring water temperature. This study will provide a foundation for understanding phytoplankton dynamics under anthropogenic influences in the YRE and the adjacent East China Sea, supporting algal bloom monitoring and early warning efforts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biology, Ecology and Management of Aquatic Macrophytes and Algae—2nd Edition)
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17 pages, 3850 KB  
Article
Traceable and Biocompatible Carbon Dots from Simple Precursors: A Pre-Deployment Safety Baseline
by Christian Silva-Sanzana, Plinio Innocenzi, Luca Malfatti, Federico Fiori, Francisca Blanco-Herrera, Juan Hormazabal, María Victoria Gangas, Oscar Diaz and Iván Balic
Agrochemicals 2025, 4(4), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/agrochemicals4040020 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are promising for agro-environmental applications; however, clear connections between synthesis, photophysical properties, size, and biosafety are often not well established. In this study, we map these relationships for glucose–arginine CDs (GA-CDs). By using microwave and hydrothermal routes at precursor ratios [...] Read more.
Carbon dots (CDs) are promising for agro-environmental applications; however, clear connections between synthesis, photophysical properties, size, and biosafety are often not well established. In this study, we map these relationships for glucose–arginine CDs (GA-CDs). By using microwave and hydrothermal routes at precursor ratios of 1:3, 1:9, and 1:15, we produced sub-10 nm nanoparticles (analyzed by dynamic light scattering and atomic force microscopy) that exhibit tunable absorption and emission properties, as well as surface properties (demonstrated through UV–Vis spectroscopy, 3D photoluminescence, and FTIR analysis). The hydrothermal 1:9 condition yielded the narrowest size distribution and red-shifted photoluminescence. Across biological models spanning plants, insects, plant-growth-promoting bacteria (PGPR), and human cells, GA-CDs were well tolerated, with no adverse changes detected in plant stress markers, aphid feeding behavior or fecundity, or PGPR growth. In A549 cells, viability remained stable up to a concentration of 0.125 mg mL−1, while exposure to 0.5 mg mL−1 reduced viability, establishing a practical operating range. These results provide a clearer picture of how the structure and properties of carbon dots derived from arginine and glucose are correlated to their safety. The GA-CDs are, therefore, useful, and traceable tools for agro-environmental research. The findings support their use as biocompatible nanomaterials for studying interactions among plants, insects, and microbes in agriculture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Fungicides and Bactericides)
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23 pages, 7595 KB  
Article
Multiscale Coronary Arterial Network Generation and Hemodynamics Using Patient-Specific Fractional Myocardial Blood Volume
by Mostafa Mahmoudi, Arutyun Pogosyan, Amirhossein Arzani and Kim-Lien Nguyen
Bioengineering 2025, 12(11), 1274; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12111274 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. Although 90% of the intramyocardial blood volume resides in the microvasculature, clinical imaging methods cannot visualize the microvascular coronary network in vivo, and non-invasive hemodynamic estimates overlook patient-specific microcirculatory contributions. Herein, we [...] Read more.
Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. Although 90% of the intramyocardial blood volume resides in the microvasculature, clinical imaging methods cannot visualize the microvascular coronary network in vivo, and non-invasive hemodynamic estimates overlook patient-specific microcirculatory contributions. Herein, we present a multiscale framework to extend the epicardial coronary tree and generate 1D microvascular networks in the myocardium based on ferumoxytol-enhanced magnetic resonance coronary imaging and fractional myocardial blood volume (fMBV) maps. Synthetic arterial networks were constructed from MRI data belonging to three swine, four healthy volunteers, and one IHD patient using a modified multistage, adaptive constrained constructive optimization approach. Hemodynamic simulations were performed in synthetic arterial networks. Morphological parameters were compared with empirical models. In 126 arterial networks (n = 6000 terminal segments per subject per seed; six seeds per coronary vessel), the morphometry was strongly correlated with empirical data (r > 0.87), with low variability (CoV < 0.01) across multiple rounds of network simulations. Mixed-effects models and a Dynamic Time Warping analysis confirmed robustness and repeatability. In the IHD patient, simulated arterial networks (n = 15) reproduced tissue-dependent morphological and functional signatures consistent with coronary autoregulation in scar and hypoperfused tissues. The findings establish an early potential for patient-specific microvascular network synthesis and hemodynamic simulations from MRI data. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biomedical Engineering and Biomaterials)
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14 pages, 607 KB  
Article
Shear Bond Strength of Biointeractive Restorative Materials to NeoMTA Plus and Biodentine
by Zübeyde Uçar Gündoğar, Gül Keskin and Merve Yaman Küçükersen
Polymers 2025, 17(22), 3070; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17223070 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025
Abstract
Background: The bonding compatibility between calcium silicate-based bioceramic cements and restorative materials is critical for long-term success in pediatric dentistry. This study compared the shear bond strength (SBS) of contemporary biointeractive restorative materials to two widely used bioceramics, NeoMTA Plus (NM) and Biodentine [...] Read more.
Background: The bonding compatibility between calcium silicate-based bioceramic cements and restorative materials is critical for long-term success in pediatric dentistry. This study compared the shear bond strength (SBS) of contemporary biointeractive restorative materials to two widely used bioceramics, NeoMTA Plus (NM) and Biodentine (BD). Methods: Eighty acrylic resin blocks with standardized cavities were filled with either NM or BD (n = 40 each) and subdivided into four restorative groups: nanohybrid composite (Filtek Ultimate), giomer (Beautifil II), bioactive restorative (Activa BioActive Restorative), and high-viscosity glass ionomer cement (Fuji IX GP Extra) (n = 10 each). All restorations followed a standardized etch-and-bond protocol. SBS was measured using a universal testing machine, and failure modes were assessed under a stereomicroscope. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD (p < 0.05). Results: BD exhibited significantly higher SBS values than NM (p < 0.001). In the BD group, Filtek Ultimate and Beautifil II achieved the highest and statistically comparable SBS, outperforming Activa BioActive Restorative and Fuji IX GP Extra (p < 0.05). In the NM group, no significant differences were found among materials. Adhesive failures predominated in NM (85%), while BD showed more cohesive failures (50%). Conclusions: Biodentine demonstrated superior bonding stability to restorative materials, with composite resin and giomer performing best. Giomer’s bioactivity and ion release make it a viable alternative to composite resin in suitable clinical contexts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymers in Restorative Dentistry: 2nd Edition)
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66 pages, 9255 KB  
Review
Recent Advances in Polymer-Coated Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles: From Design to Promising Applications
by Refia Atik, Rafiqul Islam, Melissa Ariza Gonzalez, Pailinrut Chinwangso and T. Randall Lee
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(22), 1744; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15221744 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025
Abstract
The integration of polymer coatings with metal and metal oxide nanoparticles represents a significant advancement in nanotechnology, enhancing the stability, biocompatibility, and functional versatility of these materials. These enhanced properties make polymer-coated nanoparticles key components in a wide range of applications, including biomedicine, [...] Read more.
The integration of polymer coatings with metal and metal oxide nanoparticles represents a significant advancement in nanotechnology, enhancing the stability, biocompatibility, and functional versatility of these materials. These enhanced properties make polymer-coated nanoparticles key components in a wide range of applications, including biomedicine, catalysis, environmental remediation, electronics, and energy storage. The unique combination of polymeric materials with metal and metal oxide cores results in hybrid structures with superior performance characteristics, making them highly desirable for various technological innovations. Polymer-coated metal and metal oxide nanoparticles can be synthesized through various methods, such as grafting to, grafting from, grafting through, in situ techniques, and layer-by-layer assembly, each offering distinct control over nanoparticle size, shape, and surface functionality. The distinctive contribution of this review lies in its systematic comparison of polymer-coating synthesis approaches for different metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, revealing how variations in polymer architecture and surface chemistry govern their stability, functionality, and application performance. The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of research on polymer-coated nanoparticles, including metals such as gold, silver, copper, platinum, and palladium, as well as metal oxides like iron oxide, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, and aluminum oxide. This review highlights their design strategies, synthesis methods, characterization approaches, and diverse emerging applications, including biomedicine (e.g., targeted drug delivery, gene delivery, bone tissue regeneration, imaging, antimicrobials, and therapeutic interventions), environmental remediation (e.g., antibacterials and sensors), catalysis, electronics, and energy conversion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Metallic and Metal Oxide Nanohybrids and Their Applications)
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13 pages, 289 KB  
Article
Persistence in Stock Returns: Robotics and AI ETFs Versus Other Assets
by Fekria Belhouichet, Guglielmo Maria Caporale and Luis Alberiko Gil-Alana
J. Risk Financial Manag. 2025, 18(11), 655; https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm18110655 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025
Abstract
This paper examines the long-memory properties of the returns of exchange-traded funds (ETFs) that provide exposure to companies operating in the fields of artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics listed on the US market, along with other assets such as the WTI crude oil [...] Read more.
This paper examines the long-memory properties of the returns of exchange-traded funds (ETFs) that provide exposure to companies operating in the fields of artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics listed on the US market, along with other assets such as the WTI crude oil price (West Texas Intermediate), Bitcoin, the S&P 500 index, 10-year US Treasury bonds, and the VIX volatility index. The data frequency is daily and covers the period from 1 January 2023 to 23 June 2025. The adopted fractional integration framework is more general and flexible than those previously used in related studies and allows for a detailed assessment of the degree of persistence in returns. The results indicate that all return series exhibit a high degree of persistence, regardless of the error structure assumed, and that, in general, a linear model adequately captures their dynamics over time. These findings suggest that newly developed AI- and robotics-themed ETFs do not provide investors with additional hedging or diversification benefits compared to more traditional assets, nor do they create new challenges for policymakers concerned with financial stability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Economics and Finance)
15 pages, 1774 KB  
Article
Soil and Environmental Consequences of Spring Flooding in the Zhabay River Floodplain (Akmola Region)
by Madina Aitzhanova, Sayagul Zhaparova, Manira Zhamanbayeva and Assem Satimbekova
Sustainability 2025, 17(22), 10378; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172210378 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025
Abstract
Floods increasingly threaten semiarid regions, yet their long-term soil ecological impacts remain underdocumented. This study quantifies the hydrologic change and flood-induced soil transformation on the Zhabay River floodplain (Akmola, Kazakhstan) using integrated field, laboratory, and remote sensing data. Gauge records (2012–2024) were analyzed; [...] Read more.
Floods increasingly threaten semiarid regions, yet their long-term soil ecological impacts remain underdocumented. This study quantifies the hydrologic change and flood-induced soil transformation on the Zhabay River floodplain (Akmola, Kazakhstan) using integrated field, laboratory, and remote sensing data. Gauge records (2012–2024) were analyzed; inundation was mapped from a 0.30 m DEM (Digital Elevation Model) merging SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission), Landsat 8/Sentinel 2, and UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) photogrammetry (NDWI (Normalized Difference Water Index) > 0.28) and validated with 54 in situ depths (MAE (Mean Absolute Error) 0.17 m). Soil samples collected before and after floods were analyzed for texture, bulk density, pH, Eh, macronutrients, and heavy metals. Annual maxima increased by 0.08 m yr−1, while extreme floods became more frequent. Thresholds of ≥0.5 m depth and >7 days duration marked compaction onset, whereas >1 m and ≥12 days produced maximum organic carbon loss and Zn/Ni enrichment. The combination of high-resolution DEMs, ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) analysis, and soil microbial monitoring provides new operational indicators of soil degradation for Central Asian steppe floodplains. Findings contribute to SDG 13 (Climate Action) and SDG 15 (Life on Land) by linking flood resilience assessment with sustainable land-use planning. Full article
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24 pages, 8096 KB  
Article
Diversity and Selection of Superior Algarrobos (Neltuma pallida) Phenotypes in the Natural Dry Forests of Peru for Sustainable Conservation and Genetic Improvement
by Sebastian Casas-Niño, Juan Rodrigo Baselly-Villanueva, Evelin Judith Salazar-Hinostroza, Sheyla Yanett Chumbimune-Vivanco, William Nauray, Nery Tirabante-Terrones, Max Ramirez Rojas and Flavio Lozano-Isla
Diversity 2025, 17(11), 802; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17110802 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025
Abstract
Neltuma pallida (algarrobo) is a keystone species of the Peruvian dry forest whose persistence is threatened by overexploitation and habitat degradation, making its conservation and genetic improvement a national priority. This study aimed to identify outstanding phenotypes of N. pallida through phenotypic characterization [...] Read more.
Neltuma pallida (algarrobo) is a keystone species of the Peruvian dry forest whose persistence is threatened by overexploitation and habitat degradation, making its conservation and genetic improvement a national priority. This study aimed to identify outstanding phenotypes of N. pallida through phenotypic characterization in the regions of Piura and Tumbes in northern Peru. A stratified random sampling design was applied, establishing forest plots in 13 localities and evaluating 631 adult individuals. Dendrometric and phenotypic traits were recorded together with physiographic, climatic, and edaphic variables obtained from soil analyses and geographic information systems. Phenotypic differentiation among populations was assessed using the index PST, which quantifies between- and within-population variance components. High morphological variability was detected across populations, with significant differences in tree height, diameter, and fruit production, largely explained by environmental heterogeneity, particularly soil fertility and organic matter. The PST values, ranging from 0.83 to 0.98, revealed strong phenotypic divergence among populations, suggesting adaptive differentiation rather than neutral variation. Eight superior individuals were identified as potential candidates for inclusion in a germplasm bank to support breeding and restoration programs. This study provides a scientific basis for the sustainable management and conservation of N. pallida in the arid ecosystems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biodiversity Conservation)
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21 pages, 447 KB  
Article
Enhancing Intrusion Detection for IoT and Sensor Networks Through Semantic Analysis and Self-Supervised Embeddings
by Yanshen Liu and Yinfeng Guo
Sensors 2025, 25(22), 7074; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25227074 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025
Abstract
As cyber threats continue to grow in complexity and sophistication, the need for advanced network and sensor security solutions has never been more urgent. Traditional intrusion detection methods struggle to keep pace with the sheer volume of network traffic and the evolving nature [...] Read more.
As cyber threats continue to grow in complexity and sophistication, the need for advanced network and sensor security solutions has never been more urgent. Traditional intrusion detection methods struggle to keep pace with the sheer volume of network traffic and the evolving nature of attacks. In this paper, we propose a novel machine learning-driven Intrusion Detection System (IDS) that improves intrusion detection through a comprehensive analysis of multidimensional data. Transcending traditional feature extraction methods, the system introduces geospatial context features and self-supervised semantic features that provide rich contextual information for enhanced threat identification. The system’s performance is validated on a carefully curated dataset from China Mobile, containing over 100 K records, achieving an impressive 98.5% accuracy rate in detecting intrusions. The results highlight the effectiveness of ensemble learning methods and underscore the system’s potential for real-world deployment, offering a significant advancement in the development of intelligent cybersecurity tools that can adapt to the ever-changing landscape of cyber threats. Furthermore, the proposed framework is extensible to IoT and wireless sensor networks (WSNs), where resource constraints and new attack surfaces demand lightweight yet semantically enriched IDS solutions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensor Networks and Communication with AI)
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13 pages, 245 KB  
Article
High Prevalence of Food Insecurity and Associated Risk Factors in Chilean and Immigrant Women from South-Central Chile
by Alejandra Rodríguez-Fernández, Juana María Delgado-Saborit, Paula Carrasco, Gabriela Cormick, Marcela Ruiz-de la Fuente and Eduard Maury-Sintjago
Foods 2025, 14(22), 3973; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14223973 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025
Abstract
Food insecurity (FI) is a major public health problem that disproportionately affects women, especially if they are migrants. In Chile, there is limited data on how gender and migration status intersect to explain vulnerability to FI. A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted among [...] Read more.
Food insecurity (FI) is a major public health problem that disproportionately affects women, especially if they are migrants. In Chile, there is limited data on how gender and migration status intersect to explain vulnerability to FI. A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted among 2124 women of childbearing age (1062 Chilean and 1062 immigrants) residing in south-central Chile. Biosociodemographic variables were collected through a structured questionnaire, and FI was assessed using the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS). Multivariate logistic regression models were applied to estimate risk factors using odds ratios (OR). Overall, 39.2% of women experienced some degree of FI, with prevalence significantly higher among immigrants (49%) compared to Chileans (29%). Severe FI was twice as frequent in immigrant women (18.1% vs. 9.2%). The risk factor of FI in the total sample included immigrant status (OR = 2.61; 95% CI: 2.15–3.17), low socioeconomic status (OR = 2.25; 1.77–2.87), having children (OR = 1.82; 1.49–2.23), being head of household (OR = 1.53; 1.25–1.87), not having a job (OR = 1.27; 1.02–1.58), and suffering from depression (OR = 2.11; 1.66–2.67). Subgroup analyses confirmed similar determinants in both groups, with not having a job being relevant mainly for immigrants and age acting as a protective factor among Chileans. FI is highly prevalent among women in south-central Chile, particularly among immigrants. Structural determinants such as socioeconomic status, having children, being the head of the household, and depression increase vulnerability. Policies must integrate gender and migration perspectives, promoting access to adequate food, employment, childcare, and mental health support. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Food Security and Healthy Nutrition)
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