MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

21 pages, 13194 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Normalization-Calibration Model for Multi-Source Ground-Based FPAR Observations in Mountainous Forests

by Yongxin Cai, Ainong Li, Jinhu Bian, Zhengjian Zhang, Limin Chen, Xiaohan Lin, Yi Deng, Xi Nan, Guangbin Lei and Amin Naboureh

Remote Sens. 2025, 17(23), 3797; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17233797 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2025

Abstract

The fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (FPAR) is a key physiological variable for characterizing vegetation structure and associated matter and energy exchange processes. Accurate and effective monitoring of FPAR is essential for understanding ecosystem functioning. However, systematic biases among existing ground-based observation [...] Read more.

The fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (FPAR) is a key physiological variable for characterizing vegetation structure and associated matter and energy exchange processes. Accurate and effective monitoring of FPAR is essential for understanding ecosystem functioning. However, systematic biases among existing ground-based observation techniques hinder the effective integration of FPAR data, limiting its potential for spatial scaling. This study selected five ground-based observation techniques, FPARnet, LAI-NOS, LAINet, LAI-2200, and digital hemispherical photography (DHP), based on the existing FPAR and LAI observation techniques at Wanglang Station, to develop a PAI_e-LAI-FPAR conversion model using the Beer–Lambert law. The correlation and consistency of FPAR derived from different observation techniques were comparatively analyzed. On this basis, a normalization-calibration model based on regression was developed for FPAR_LAI-NOS, FPAR_LAI-2200, and FPAR_DHP, using FPAR_FPARnet as the reference. Comparative analysis results show that FPAR_LAI-NOS and FPAR_FPARnet, as well as FPAR_LAI-2200 and FPAR_DHP with FPAR_LAI-NOS, exhibit good correlation and consistency (R ≥ 0.9, RMSE_obs ≤ 0.08). However, FPAR_LAINet shows a relatively weak correlation with FPAR_FPARnet (R = 0.12). After normalization-calibration, the consistency among multi-source FPAR observations was significantly improved (R remains unchanged, and the average RMSE_obs decreases by approximately 7.8%. The sample points are more closely aligned along the y = x line after calibration). This study provides a practical reference for the normalization-calibration of FPAR observations in mountainous forests based on multi-source ground-based observation techniques. Full article

10 pages, 788 KB

Open AccessArticle

Identifying S3 and S2 as Key Pain-Sensitive Targets in High-Frequency Ultrasound Therapy for Sacroiliitis

by Itay Goor-Aryeh, Paz Kelmer, Ruth Gur, Tal Harel, Roee Sheinfeld, Oded Jacobi and Lior Ungar

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(23), 8314; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14238314 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Sacroiliitis is a painful inflammatory disorder of the sacroiliac joint, estimated to account for up to 25% of chronic low back pain. Treatment options are often limited, and many patients continue to experience symptoms despite conservative or interventional management. High-Intensity Focused ultrasound [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Sacroiliitis is a painful inflammatory disorder of the sacroiliac joint, estimated to account for up to 25% of chronic low back pain. Treatment options are often limited, and many patients continue to experience symptoms despite conservative or interventional management. High-Intensity Focused ultrasound (HIFU) has emerged as a novel noninvasive neuromodulation technique. However, the contribution of individual lumbosacral nerve branches (L5–S3) to pain generation during such interventions remains unclear. This study aimed to characterize the distribution of pain-related interruptions during HIFU procedures, with a particular focus on identifying the most pain-sensitive targets. Methods: Eight patients with clinically confirmed sacroiliitis underwent HIFU ablation targeting the L5–S3 branches. Procedural data, including the total number of sonications and interruptions due to pain, were prospectively recorded. Statistical analyses were performed using chi-square tests, including overall distribution testing, pairwise branch comparisons, and an aggregated comparison of S3 versus all other branches combined. Effect sizes were calculated using Cohen’s w. Results: Across 243 sonications, 162 interruptions (66.7%) occurred due to pain. Interruptions were unevenly distributed: 81% occurred at S2 and S3, with S3 alone accounting for 42%. S3 showed significantly more interruptions than L5 (p = 0.0022), S1 (p = 0.0150), S2 (p = 0.0055), and all other branches combined (p < 0.001; w = 0.58, large effect). S2 also demonstrated greater sensitivity than L5 (p = 0.003) and S1 (p = 0.001). Subdivision analysis revealed uniformly high sensitivity across S3, whereas S1 and S2 displayed heterogeneous patterns. Conclusions: HIFU stimulation revealed disproportionate pain sensitivity in sacral branches, with S3—and to a lesser extent S2—emerging as dominant contributors. These findings provide new insight into sacroiliitis pathophysiology and suggest prioritization of S3 in targeted interventional management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Orthopedics)

24 pages, 7847 KB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Stability and Reactivity of Carbonated Steel Slag Powder as a Supplementary Cementitious Material

by Longteng Zhang, Haihe Yi, Whengyu Du, Dachao Jiang, Yonghua Jiao, Hongyi Zhao and Tian Su

Coatings 2025, 15(12), 1368; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15121368 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2025

Abstract

In order to address the poor volume stability and low reactivity of steel slag powder (SS) as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM), this study investigates a microbial-assisted carbonation method for its enhancement. Using untreated SS as a control, we compared the performance and [...] Read more.

In order to address the poor volume stability and low reactivity of steel slag powder (SS) as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM), this study investigates a microbial-assisted carbonation method for its enhancement. Using untreated SS as a control, we compared the performance and microstructure of carbonated steel slag powder (CSS) and bio-mineralized steel slag powder (BSS). Results indicate that, compared to CSS, BSS exhibits a more significant reduction in the content of f-CaO and f-MgO (from 6.25% and 3.19% to 0.8% and 1.36%, respectively) and a greater improvement in 7-day and 28-day activity indices (from 59% and 72% to 78% and 87%), leading to markedly enhanced volume stability and reactivity. Calculations show that each ton of BSS can sequester 114.2 kg of CO₂, and it achieves a cement replacement ratio exceeding 30%. The utilization of BSS as an SCM not only addresses the inherent technical challenges of steel slag powder but also creates dual environmental benefits through emission reduction and active carbon sequestration, demonstrating significant potential for advancing the low-carbon transition in the construction materials industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Aspects in Colloid and Interface Science)

17 pages, 1337 KB

Open AccessArticle

Thermoplastic Network Formation as a Method for Stabilizing Salt Hydrate Particles

by Elena Averina, Hartmut Fischer, Olaf C. G. Adan and Hendrik P. Huinink

Molecules 2025, 30(23), 4519; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30234519 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2025

Abstract

Thermochemical energy storage (TCES) utilizes chemical reactions to store thermal energy, offering a promising solution for efficient energy management. However, a significant challenge in application of TCES materials, particularly with crystal-to-crystal chemical transformations, is the mechanical degradation of reactive particles during repeated cycles [...] Read more.

Thermochemical energy storage (TCES) utilizes chemical reactions to store thermal energy, offering a promising solution for efficient energy management. However, a significant challenge in application of TCES materials, particularly with crystal-to-crystal chemical transformations, is the mechanical degradation of reactive particles during repeated cycles connected with the constant re-modeling of crystals due to consecutive hydration–dehydration steps. This degradation leads to increased pressure drops in packed beds due to swelling and fracturing of salt particles, complicating their practical application. To address this issue, this study investigates the effect of a polymeric network as stabilizing element within TCES particles to enhance mechanical stability. Using potassium carbonate hydrate (K₂CO₃·1.5H₂O) as a model thermochemical material and thermoplastic polymers for reinforcement, composite particles were developed to resist disintegration over multiple cycles. The incorporation of polymeric networks from polyamide (PA11), polyetherimide (PEI) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) resulted in improved mechanical properties at relatively high porosity, which contributes to higher hydration rate. The developed stabilization method is compatible with existing scalable particle production methods like tableting and compacting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in European Materials Chemistry)

20 pages, 2193 KB

Open AccessArticle

Reliability Analysis of Residential Photovoltaic Systems Across Five Climatic Zones: Performance, Degradation, and Fault Trends

by Mahmoud Dhimish, Romênia Vieira and Peter Behrensdorff Poulsen

Energies 2025, 18(23), 6125; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18236125 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study analyses the long-term reliability of 100 residential PV systems monitored for 7–11 years across 33 countries and five climate zones. System performance was evaluated using the temperature-corrected performance ratio (PR_Tcorr), following IEC 61724-1, while annual degradation rates were [...] Read more.

This study analyses the long-term reliability of 100 residential PV systems monitored for 7–11 years across 33 countries and five climate zones. System performance was evaluated using the temperature-corrected performance ratio (PR_Tcorr), following IEC 61724-1, while annual degradation rates were calculated using RdTools, which separates long-term trends from interannual variability. Inverter and MPPT reliability were assessed through a defined fault-likelihood metric, representing the percentage of time the measured AC or DC power fell more than 15% below the manufacturer-reported expected power for at least two consecutive intervals. The results show a strong association between climate conditions and system performance. Mediterranean climates record the highest PR_Tcorr (0.84 ± 0.02), while desert regions show the lowest values (0.73 ± 0.04). Annual degradation rates range from −0.69 ± 0.15%/year in Mediterranean climates to −3.13 ± 0.64%/year in desert climates. Inverter fault likelihood is highest in desert regions (4.05%) and lowest in temperate climates (1.5%), while MPPT fault likelihood ranges from 10.25% in desert zones to 5.4% in Mediterranean zones. By integrating PR_Tcorr, long-term degradation trends, and inverter/MPPT fault behavior within a cross-climate framework, the study provides an evidence-based understanding of how environmental stressors shape PV system reliability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Photovoltaic Modules and Devices)

24 pages, 1489 KB

Open AccessReview

Diagnostic Methods for Bovine Coronavirus: A Review of Recent Advancements and Challenges

by Jie Dong, Xiaoxiao He, Zhanyong Wei and Shijun Bao

Viruses 2025, 17(12), 1533; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17121533 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2025

Abstract

Bovine coronavirus(BCoV) is a significant pathogen causing substantial economic losses in the cattle industry through increased calf mortality, reduced growth performance, and decreased milk yield. Rapid and accurate diagnostic methods are therefore essential for controlling BCoV transmission. Current diagnostic methods comprise two primary [...] Read more.

Bovine coronavirus(BCoV) is a significant pathogen causing substantial economic losses in the cattle industry through increased calf mortality, reduced growth performance, and decreased milk yield. Rapid and accurate diagnostic methods are therefore essential for controlling BCoV transmission. Current diagnostic methods comprise two primary categories: conventional techniques and cutting-edge innovations. Conventional approaches, including molecular methods like RT-PCR/qRT-PCR and immunological assays such as ELISA and neutralization tests, remain the main diagnostic methods. However, they are limited by laboratory dependency as well as the necessary balance between speed and sensitivity. These limitations have promoted the development of innovative methods, including isothermal amplification, CRISPR/Cas systems, droplet digital PCR, and integrated platforms. This review comprehensively analyzes the advantages, limitations, and applications of current diagnosticmethods, highlighting integrated platforms such as RPA-CRISPR-LFA and microfluidics-based LFA. These innovations bridge critical performance gaps by enhancing sensitivity and specificity while enabling field application, demonstrating significant potential as next-generation point-of-care diagnostics for managing this economically critical pathogen. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Viruses)

16 pages, 5625 KB

Open AccessArticle

Indirect Detection of Target Tracking and Strike Capability in High-Energy Laser Systems

by Meng Qin, Sichün Zheng, Zhengke Song, Zhejun Feng and Changqing Cao

Photonics 2025, 12(12), 1149; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12121149 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2025

Abstract

To address the significant challenges associated with achieving precise target tracking and engagement of high-energy laser systems operating under complex atmospheric conditions, this study proposes an indirect detection strategy based on the characteristics of the laser spot. The core principle of this method [...] Read more.

To address the significant challenges associated with achieving precise target tracking and engagement of high-energy laser systems operating under complex atmospheric conditions, this study proposes an indirect detection strategy based on the characteristics of the laser spot. The core principle of this method involves analyzing the two-dimensional scattered-spot distribution formed after the laser beam interacts with the target surface, encompassing morphological variations and energy concentration patterns to indirectly characterize of target surface features. Furthermore, a multidimensional coupled model was developed, integrating atmospheric transmission effects, tracking-strike errors, and strike efficiency. This model is designed to systematically enhance the laser system’s tracking accuracy and strike effectiveness evaluation by incorporating the attenuation and distortion of laser propagation through atmospheric turbulence and aerosols, along with tracking and pointing error algorithms. The research quantifies the influence of atmospheric factors (such as visibility and turbulence intensity) on laser propagation and further elucidates how these parameters impact tracking and strike effectiveness, thereby offering new technical insights for target perception and performance evaluation of laser systems operating under complex environmental conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photodetectors for Next-Generation Imaging and Sensing Systems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 1155 KB

Open AccessArticle

Standard Visual and Ordinal Coronary Calcium Scoring on PET/CT: Agreement with Agatston Scoring and Prognostic Implications

by Sehyun Pak, Hye Joo Son, Dongwoo Kim, Jung Won Moon, Yoo Na Kim, Ji Young Woo, Min-Kyung Kang, Dong-Ok Won and Suk Hyun Lee

Diagnostics 2025, 15(23), 2969; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15232969 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: Visual assessment of coronary artery calcium (CAC) on ungated chest CT has been described previously. However, its reliability and clinical utility remain uncertain, particularly in PET/CT studies that use low-dose, low-slice CT and are susceptible to respiratory artifacts. Methods: We [...] Read more.

Background: Visual assessment of coronary artery calcium (CAC) on ungated chest CT has been described previously. However, its reliability and clinical utility remain uncertain, particularly in PET/CT studies that use low-dose, low-slice CT and are susceptible to respiratory artifacts. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 106 patients (median age, 66 years [interquartile range, 60–75 years]; 67 men [63.2%]) who underwent PET/CT and electrocardiogram (ECG)-gated chest CT within a 90-day interval. Six readers (three radiologists and three nuclear medicine physicians) independently assessed CAC on PET/CT using a standard four-point visual scale and a 0–12 ordinal scale based solely on written instructions. Agatston scoring was also performed. Interobserver agreement and concordance with ECG-gated chest CT Agatston score categories were calculated. Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) were recorded over a median follow-up of 3.5 years. Results: Interobserver agreement was good for both the standard visual (κ = 0.761) and ordinal (κ = 0.779) scales. Concordance with ECG-gated CT Agatston categories was higher for standard visual (κ = 0.849) and ordinal (κ = 0.750) scoring than for PET/CT Agatston categories (κ = 0.464). Both qualitative scales tended to underestimate CAC categories compared with ECG-gated CT; however, severe CAC on PET/CT predicted MACE (hazard ratios: 4.41 standard visual; 6.59 ordinal), and the ordinal scale significantly stratified MACE-free survival (p = 0.047). Conclusions: Standard visual and ordinal CAC scoring on the ungated CT portion of PET/CT is quick, reproducible, closely mirrors ECG-gated-CT Agatston grading, and offers prognostic value for future MACE in cancer patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of PET/CT in Clinical Diagnostics)

13 pages, 1933 KB

Open AccessBrief Report

Comparing Surgical Stress in Children Undergoing Open and Laparoscopic Inguinal Hernioplasty—A Single Center’s Prospective Study Results

by Charikleia Demiri, Ioannis Spyridakis, Stavros Iliadis, Anastasia Giannakou, Maria Bantadaki and Christos Kaselas

Children 2025, 12(12), 1588; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12121588 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: Inguinal hernioplasty in the pediatric population is a common minor injury operation. Whether the surgical approach alters perioperative stress responses remains uncertain. The aim of this study was to compare early inflammatory and endocrine stress markers after open (OIH) and laparoscopic inguinal [...] Read more.

Background: Inguinal hernioplasty in the pediatric population is a common minor injury operation. Whether the surgical approach alters perioperative stress responses remains uncertain. The aim of this study was to compare early inflammatory and endocrine stress markers after open (OIH) and laparoscopic inguinal hernioplasty (LIH). Methods: A single-center prospective observational study with 1:1 allocation between 2021 and 2023. Otherwise healthy children, scheduled for elective unilateral indirect inguinal hernia repair, were assigned to open or laparoscopic hernioplasty. Blood samples were collected at five time points, measuring levels of white blood cells, cortisol, MDA, ferritin, albumin, and CRP. Analyses used two-way repeated measures ANOVA with Greenhouse–Geisser correction and Bonferroni-adjusted planned contrasts at 24 h. Results: Thirty-two children aged from 2.4 months to 11 years with a mean age of 3.8 years (± 2.46 Standard Deviation, SD) were randomized equally. Operative times were longer in the laparoscopic group [01:07 (±00:20-SD)]; [open group operative duration: 00:41 (±00:16-SD), (p < 0.01)]; discharge on postoperative day 1 was universal. The group × time interaction was not significant for CRP, cortisol, MDA, albumin, or ferritin. WBC showed a modest interaction consistent with an earlier postoperative rise after laparoscopy (p = 0.006). No surgical site infections or recurrences occurred over a 2-year follow-up. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that LIH and OIH in children have a comparable impact on the inflammatory response. LIH is a safe and effective alternative to the traditional open repair method regarding operative stress. To validate these findings and assess the long-term implications of each surgical approach on children's pathophysiology, further research is warranted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Surgery)

19 pages, 10073 KB

Open AccessArticle

BMP-7 Treatment Ameliorates PTEN-Akt Mediated Apoptosis and Adverse Cardiac Remodeling in Ponatinib-Induced Cardiotoxicity

by Jonatas M. Rolando and Dinender K. Singla

Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18(12), 1776; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18121776 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Ponatinib (PON) is a potent anticancer drug widely used to treat chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Although many cancer survivors benefit from such therapies, managing drug-induced side effects, especially cardiotoxicity, remains a major challenge. Despite its prevalence, the exact mechanisms underlying PON-induced cardiotoxicity [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Ponatinib (PON) is a potent anticancer drug widely used to treat chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Although many cancer survivors benefit from such therapies, managing drug-induced side effects, especially cardiotoxicity, remains a major challenge. Despite its prevalence, the exact mechanisms underlying PON-induced cardiotoxicity have not been thoroughly investigated. Additionally, the potential of Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7 (BMP-7) to alleviate these cardiotoxic effects has yet to be explored. Methods: To address these essential questions, we conducted a study using C57BL/6 mice. Mice were treated with PON (25 mg/kg cumulative dosage) or a combination of PON and BMP-7 (600 μg/kg), alongside a suitable control group. Heart function was assessed by echocardiography. Different techniques were performed to evaluate the apoptotic pathway. Histological staining was performed to investigate structural changes. Results: PON treatment increased apoptotic cell death (increased expression of BAX and caspase-3) in the heart through the PTEN/Akt signaling pathway. Further, PON treatment led to increased cardiac hypertrophy, adverse remodeling, and reduced cardiac function. Importantly, BMP-7 markedly reduced PON-induced apoptosis (increased Bcl2 expression) and its downstream effects. Conclusions: These results suggest that BMP-7 might inhibit PON-induced cardiotoxicity. Furthermore, our findings pave the way for future translational studies with BMP-7, which can demonstrate the therapeutic potential of BMP-7 in a clinical setting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Cardio-Oncology: Mechanisms of Cardiotoxicity and Therapeutic Options for Old and New Anticancer Drugs)

32 pages, 3538 KB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Simulation Study on Fire Resistance Performance of Prefabricated Shear Walls Connected by Sleeve Grouting

by Yanan Wang, Weitong Deng, Hongchen Wang and Xuehua Li

Buildings 2025, 15(23), 4225; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15234225 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2025

Abstract

As a critical element within the prefabricated structural system, the prefabricated shear wall connected by sleeve grouting is renowned for its superior mechanical performance and high construction efficiency. It is widely applied in mid- and high-rise buildings. However, under fire conditions, not only [...] Read more.

As a critical element within the prefabricated structural system, the prefabricated shear wall connected by sleeve grouting is renowned for its superior mechanical performance and high construction efficiency. It is widely applied in mid- and high-rise buildings. However, under fire conditions, not only do the material properties degrade, but the structural connections may also fail, significantly compromising the structural stability and safety. Therefore, this study delves into the fire resistance performance of such prefabricated shear walls. The research primarily focuses on analyzing fire resistance characteristics, including deformation patterns, lateral and axial deformations, fire resistance limits, and other performance metrics, for both prefabricated and cast-in-place shear walls subjected to three hours of single-sided fire exposure. Additionally, a parametric analysis is performed. The results reveal that, after three hours of single-sided fire exposure, the temperature distribution patterns at the mid-width and mid-height sections of the prefabricated shear wall generally resemble those of the cast-in-place wall, displaying arch-shaped and strip-shaped distributions, respectively. However, due to the presence of sleeves, higher temperatures are observed near the sleeve areas in the prefabricated wall, along with a more extensive high-temperature zone. Throughout the three-hour fire exposure, both types of shear walls demonstrated satisfactory structural stability and thermal insulation performance, meeting the requirements for a first-level fire resistance rating (3 h). Nevertheless, greater axial and lateral deformations were noted in the prefabricated shear wall. Key factors influencing the fire resistance performance of the sleeve-connected prefabricated shear wall include the axial compression ratio, longitudinal reinforcement diameter, protective layer thickness, and height-to-thickness ratio. Specifically, axial deformation is found to be directly proportional to the axial compression ratio and height-to-thickness ratio, while inversely proportional to the longitudinal reinforcement diameter and protective layer thickness. Lateral deformation is directly proportional to the axial compression ratio and longitudinal reinforcement diameter, and exhibits a trend of initially increasing and then decreasing with an increase in protective layer thickness, and initially decreasing and then increasing with an increase in the height-to-thickness ratio. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Foundation Treatment and Building Structural Performance Enhancement)

24 pages, 7669 KB

Open AccessArticle

New Records of Marine Mollusca from the Culuccia Peninsula (NW Sardinia, Italy)

by Paolo Mariottini, Carlo Smriglio, Marco Oliverio, Sabrina Rossi and Andrea Di Giulio

Diversity 2025, 17(12), 809; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17120809 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2025

Abstract

The aim of this work is to update the checklist of the marine malacofauna of the Culuccia Peninsula (NW Sardinia, Italy), based on research carried out over two years by SCUBA and free diving in all the main marine habitats of the peninsula. [...] Read more.

The aim of this work is to update the checklist of the marine malacofauna of the Culuccia Peninsula (NW Sardinia, Italy), based on research carried out over two years by SCUBA and free diving in all the main marine habitats of the peninsula. We provide here new records, all accompanied by in situ images of living animals or photographs of shells. In some cases, ecological and systematic notes are provided. With the new records of 39 species (27 gastropods and 12 bivalves), a total of 295 taxa belonging to the classes Bivalvia (84), Gastropoda (199), Polyplacophora (11), and Scaphopoda (1) have been listed from this Sardinian high-biodiversity spot. Two alien species already reported, Pinctada radiata (Leach, 1814) and Bursatella leachii Blainville, 1817, can now be considered to be well established. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Mediterranean Biodiversity, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 1057 KB

Open AccessArticle

Biophilic Architecture in the Livable City of Melbourne CBD

by Chaniporn Thampanichwat, Tarid Wongvorachan, Panyaphat Somngam, Taksaporn Petlai, Limpasilp Sirisakdi, Pakin Anuntavachakorn, Suphat Bunyarittikit and Wacharapong Prasarnklieo

Sustainability 2025, 17(23), 10485; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172310485 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2025

Abstract

Amid continuous urban population growth and urbanization’s environmental and social challenges, livable cities have become a key priority for governments. Among the various factors influencing urban livability, architectural design integrating natural elements plays a critical role. Melbourne consistently ranks as one of the [...] Read more.

Amid continuous urban population growth and urbanization’s environmental and social challenges, livable cities have become a key priority for governments. Among the various factors influencing urban livability, architectural design integrating natural elements plays a critical role. Melbourne consistently ranks as one of the world’s most livable cities, with its Central Business District (CBD) serving as its core. Since a previous study has highlighted a research gap concerning the role of architecture in livable cities and indicated that the characteristics of biophilic architecture remain unclear, this study addresses the following question: What are the attributes of biophilic architecture in the CBD of the livable city of Melbourne? Subsequently, buildings exhibiting characteristics of Biophilic architecture were surveyed, and photographs capturing the most representative aspects of each building were documented. These characteristics were then coded and analyzed using statistics. The study found that Biophilic architecture is extremely rare in Melbourne’s CBD, with only four of 6375 properties (0.06%) identified as such. The most prominent attributes include connection to nature, natural color tones, and light modulation shaped by the city’s grid layout and strong sunlight. However, the dominance of concrete structures and heritage regulations constrains formal diversity. While Melbourne may not provide abundant examples, its context offers valuable insight into how urban form and policy shape biophilic expression. Future studies should extend this comparative approach to other cities to better understand context-specific adaptations of biophilic design. Full article

18 pages, 2117 KB

Open AccessReview

Docking in the Dark: Insights into Protein–Protein and Protein–Ligand Blind Docking

by Muhammad Sohaib Roomi, Giulia Culletta, Lisa Longo, Walter Filgueira de Azevedo, Jr., Ugo Perricone and Marco Tutone

Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18(12), 1777; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18121777 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2025

Abstract

Blind docking predicts binding interactions between two molecular entities without prior knowledge of the binding site. This approach is essential because it explores the entire surface of the receptor to identify potential interaction sites. Blind docking widely works for both protein–protein and ligand–protein [...] Read more.

Blind docking predicts binding interactions between two molecular entities without prior knowledge of the binding site. This approach is essential because it explores the entire surface of the receptor to identify potential interaction sites. Blind docking widely works for both protein–protein and ligand–protein interaction studies. In protein–protein blind docking, the method aims to predict the correct orientation and interface of two proteins forming a complex. Protein blind docking is particularly valuable in studying transient interactions, protein–protein recognition, signaling pathways, tentative and significant biomolecular assemblies where structural data is limited. Ligand–protein blind docking discovers potential binding pockets across the entire protein surface. It is frequently applied in early-stage drug discovery, especially for novel or poorly characterized targets. The method helps identify allosteric sites or novel binding regions that are not evident from known structures. Overall, blind docking provides a versatile and powerful tool for studying molecular interactions, enabling discovery even in the absence of detailed structural information. In this scenario, we reported a timeline of attempts to improve this kind of computational approach with ML and hybrid approaches to obtain more reliable predictions. We dedicate two main sections to protein–protein and protein-ligand blind docking, presenting the reliability and caveats for each approach and outlining potential future directions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drug Target Exploration and Drug Design & Development Based on Small Molecule)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

12 pages, 584 KB

Open AccessArticle

Occurrence and Multi-Locus Genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in Bamaxiang Pigs in Bama Yao Autonomous County of Guangxi Province, China

by Qiaoyu Li, Wenjing Zeng, Sifan Wang, Xuanru Mu, Hui Xu, Yange Lin, Mingxin Lv, Yilong Li, Xingang Yu and Yang Hong

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(12), 1114; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12121114 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: Giardia duodenalis is one of the most prevalent protozoan pathogens, commonly infecting a wide range of hosts including humans, livestock, companion animals, and wildlife globally. The Bamaxiang pig (Sus scrofa domesticus), a native livestock variety from China’s Guangxi region, holds [...] Read more.

Background: Giardia duodenalis is one of the most prevalent protozoan pathogens, commonly infecting a wide range of hosts including humans, livestock, companion animals, and wildlife globally. The Bamaxiang pig (Sus scrofa domesticus), a native livestock variety from China’s Guangxi region, holds significant importance in Bama Yao Autonomous County. This breed not only supports regional meat production systems but also fulfills dual roles as human companions and valuable subjects for biomedical investigations. The aim of present study was to investigate the prevalence of G. duodenalis and assess its genetic characteristics. A total of 311 fresh fecal samples were collected from three farms in Bama Yao Autonomous County. The presence and genetic diversity of G. duodenalis were determined by nested PCR and sequence analysis of the glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), β-giardin (bg) and triose phosphate isomerase (tpi) genes. Results: The total occurrence rate of G. duodenalis in Bamaxiang Pigs was 17.36% (54/311). Among different age groups, suckling piglets exhibited the highest infection rate at 24.29% (17/70). The infection rates in the sows, fattening pigs, and weaned piglets were 20.88% (19/91), 14.10% (11/78), and 9.72% (7/72), respectively (p < 0.05). Phylogenetic analysis of sequences from three genetic loci identified two G.duodenalis genetic assemblages, namely assemblages A and E. Among them, assemblage A (n = 31) was the predominant genotype across the three farms, followed by the assemblage E (n = 21) and mixed assemblage A/E (n = 2) infections. Conclusions: This study represents the first report demonstrating that G. duodenalis infection is prevalent in Bamaxiang pigs, with variable positivity rates across different growth stages. The zoonotic assemblage A was the predominant assemblage, suggesting a potential risk of transmission to humans through close contact with this specific pig breed. The results provide basic data for controlling infections in Bamaxiang pigs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Detection of Parasitic Diseases in Livestock)

38 pages, 1861 KB

Open AccessReview

Nanotechnology and Agricultural Sustainability: A Review

by Siqi Zeng, Noman Shakoor and Yukui Rui

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(23), 1755; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15231755 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2025

Abstract

Nanotechnology plays a crucial role in promoting precision agriculture and environmental management. This review integrates the latest advances in nanotechnology in the fields of pollution detection, agrochemicals, and stress resistance, and quantifies the significant enhancements brought by nanomaterials (NMs). NMs used in biosensors [...] Read more.

Nanotechnology plays a crucial role in promoting precision agriculture and environmental management. This review integrates the latest advances in nanotechnology in the fields of pollution detection, agrochemicals, and stress resistance, and quantifies the significant enhancements brought by nanomaterials (NMs). NMs used in biosensors enable highly sensitive, low detection limit, and highly accurate detection of environmental pollution, plant growth status, and soil conditions, while achieving precise drug delivery and reducing environmental pollution. Furthermore, NMs can be combined with agrochemicals or directly act on plants to promote growth, reduce pests and diseases, and enhance stress resistance by altering plant physiological processes and microbial functions. This review focuses on the application value of nanotechnology in detection, smart chemicals, and stress resistance, and analyzes current challenges and risks in technology, biosafety, regulatory challenges, and scalability. Finally, it points out future directions for utilizing nanotechnology to advance smart agriculture, precision agriculture, and green bio-industrialization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanotechnology in Agriculture)

28 pages, 879 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrating the CRA into the IoT Lifecycle: Challenges, Strategies, and Best Practices

by Miguel Ángel Ortega Velázquez, Iris Cuevas Martínez and Antonio J. Jara

Information 2025, 16(12), 1017; https://doi.org/10.3390/info16121017 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2025

Abstract

The European Union’s Cyber Resilience Act (CRA) introduces a complex set of binding lifecycle security obligations, presenting a significant compliance challenge for the Internet of Things (IoT) industry. This study addresses this challenge by developing a comprehensive CRA mapping framework specifically tailored to [...] Read more.

The European Union’s Cyber Resilience Act (CRA) introduces a complex set of binding lifecycle security obligations, presenting a significant compliance challenge for the Internet of Things (IoT) industry. This study addresses this challenge by developing a comprehensive CRA mapping framework specifically tailored to the IoT sector. The core contribution is a detailed lifecycle-based checklist that translates the regulation’s legal mandates into an actionable blueprint for manufacturers. Beyond the checklist itself, this paper’s core contribution is a transparent two-phase methodology. The first phase provides a structured pipeline to translate dense legal text (from CRA Articles 13–14 and its annexes) into atomic testable engineering requirements. The second phase builds a quantitative rating tree using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to weigh these requirements, providing a consistent and evidence-based scoring rubric. By synthesizing the complex regulatory landscape and the technical state of the art, this paper operationalizes the CRA’s requirements for governance, secure design, vulnerability management, and conformity assessment. The framework is validated in the TRUEDATA case, yielding a weighted readiness score and a sensitivity analysis that underpin the reliability of the findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cyber Security in IoT)

9 pages, 892 KB

Open AccessBrief Report

Genomic Characterization of a Class 2/1 Hybrid Integron-Driven Multidrug-Resistant Proteus mirabilis SH-8 of Swine Origin

by Xinyu Wang, Hui Su, Nuo Xu, Donghui Tang, Sibo Liu, Jiarui Lin, Wanli Sha, Baishuang Yin and Wenlong Dong

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(12), 1113; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12121113 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2025

Abstract

Objective: P. mirabilis is a Gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium. In this study, the SH-8 strain of P. mirabilis was isolated from swine-derived samples, and its antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and transmission mechanisms were systematically characterized. Methods: The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of strain [...] Read more.

Objective: P. mirabilis is a Gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium. In this study, the SH-8 strain of P. mirabilis was isolated from swine-derived samples, and its antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and transmission mechanisms were systematically characterized. Methods: The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of strain SH-8 were determined by the broth microdilution method, with genomic features analyzed through whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Results: P. mirabilis SH-8 exhibited resistance to multiple antimicrobial agents. Its genome consists of a single chromosome (3,993,987 bp; GC content 38.8%) and one plasmid. WGS identified 21 distinct ARGs in this strain, along with a class 2/1 hybrid integron. Furthermore, a heatmap analysis of resistance genes from 29 P. mirabilis isolates of diverse origins revealed a striking similarity between the resistance gene profile of SH-8 and those of other strains. Conclusions: The MDR exhibited by P. mirabilis SH-8 is primarily attributed to integron-mediated resistance gene clusters within its genome, which may pose challenges for treating opportunistic infections caused by this bacterium. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Biomedical Sciences)

13 pages, 1110 KB

Open AccessArticle

Relationship Between Mast Cell Population of Microenvironment and Prognosis in Colorectal Cancer

by Neşe Yeldir, Ebru Engin Delipoyraz, Aslı Çakır and Ahmet Bilici

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(23), 8312; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14238312 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: Mast cells are integral components of the tumor microenvironment and have been implicated in the regulation of tumor progression in various malignancies. The association between inflammation and colorectal cancer (CRC) development has become increasingly recognized. Depending on the tumor microenvironment, mast cells [...] Read more.

Background: Mast cells are integral components of the tumor microenvironment and have been implicated in the regulation of tumor progression in various malignancies. The association between inflammation and colorectal cancer (CRC) development has become increasingly recognized. Depending on the tumor microenvironment, mast cells may exert either pro-tumorigenic or antitumorigenic functions. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between stromal mast cell density and prognostic factors in patients with CRC. Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, 81 patients who underwent curative surgical resection for CRC were analyzed. Immunohistochemical staining for mast cell tryptase (MCT) was performed on paraffin-embedded tumor specimens. Mast cells were quantified in regions of hot spots within the tumor stroma. Patients were categorized as high mast cell density (MCC-H, ≥22 cells/HPF) or low mast cell density (MCC-L, <22 cells/HPF). Associations with clinicopathological parameters were assessed using chi-square or Fisher’s exact tests. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were analyzed using Kaplan–Meier estimates and log-rank tests. Independent prognostic factors were identified using multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression, with hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) reported. Results: ROC analysis identified an MCC cut-off of 22 cells/HPF (AUC = 0.61; sensitivity = 0.67, specificity = 0.52) for mortality prediction. Multivariate analysis revealed lymph node involvement (HR: 1.41, 95% CI: 1.03–1.94, p = 0.033) and macroscopic tumor perforation (HR: 0.15, 95% CI: 0.04–0.55, p = 0.004) as independent predictors of PFS. High MCC (≥22) independently predicted improved OS (HR: 0.07, 95% CI: 0.006–0.87, p = 0.039). A significant association was observed between OS, MCC, and lymph node stage. Conclusions: Stromal mast cell count is an independent prognostic factor for overall survival in patients with CRC. Our findings suggest that MCC may serve as a reliable prognostic biomarker following surgical resection and could aid in postoperative risk stratification. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Oncology)

17 pages, 672 KB

Open AccessReview

Age Versus Immunity: Dietary Influences on Immunosenescence

by Karolina Daniłowska, Natalia Picheta, Julia Piekarz, Dominika Żyła, Katarzyna Zych, Katarzyna Szklener and Sławomir Mańdziuk

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(23), 8313; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14238313 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: Immunosenescence, or the age-related weakening of the immune system, leads to greater susceptibility to chronic diseases, infections, and metabolic disorders. This process involves changes in the number and function of lymphocytes, increased levels of inflammatory markers, and modifications to the gut [...] Read more.

Background: Immunosenescence, or the age-related weakening of the immune system, leads to greater susceptibility to chronic diseases, infections, and metabolic disorders. This process involves changes in the number and function of lymphocytes, increased levels of inflammatory markers, and modifications to the gut microbiome. In recent years, increasing importance has been placed on diet—both functional, rich in bioactive ingredients, and conventional, often pesticide-laden—as a factor modulating immune system aging. Methods: This paper provides a literature review on the effects of dietary components on immunosenescence. Results from 2010 to 2025 and from clinical and experimental studies on substances such as curcumin, butyrate, vitamin D3, omega-3 fatty acids, and conventional products containing pesticides were analyzed. Their impact on the microbiome, intestinal barrier integrity, inflammatory biomarkers, and the overall immune response was considered. Results: Numerous beneficial effects of functional foods were identified. Curcumin increases microbiota diversity and lowers C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNF-α) levels. Butyrate supports remission in inflammatory bowel disease by reducing Interleukin (IL) 6 and TNF-α levels. Vitamin D3 lowers inflammatory markers and reduces calprotectin in inflammatory bowel disease. Omega-3 fatty acids modulate microbiome composition and improve lipid profiles. In contrast, conventional foods high in pesticides lead to dysbiosis, intestinal barrier damage, and increased pro-inflammatory cytokines. Conclusions: Diet is a key factor in modulating immunosenescence. Functional foods can support the microbiome and reduce chronic inflammation, while conventional foods may exacerbate the aging process of the immune system. Further clinical research is needed to develop dietary recommendations to support immunity in older adults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges and Advances in Geriatrics and Gerontology)

15 pages, 5633 KB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Hepatotoxicity of Benzophenone-3 at Environmental Concentration in Postpartum Mice

by Huai-Fan Zhai, Ya-Nan Tian, Yu-Xin Sheng, Ya-Jia Pu, Yan-Rong Gao, Jia-Yi Chen, Jia-Di Liu, Jia Ma, Hai-Ming Xu, Peng-Bin Yang and Hong-Mei Li

Toxics 2025, 13(12), 1014; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13121014 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2025

Abstract

Benzophenone-3 (BP-3), a widely used ultraviolet absorber in various scenarios, exhibits estrogenic toxicity at environmental concentrations—as demonstrated in our prior work. Given the importance of hepatic metabolism and the limitations of previous hepatotoxicity research (high-dose models, lack of mammalian data, etc.), we evaluated [...] Read more.

Benzophenone-3 (BP-3), a widely used ultraviolet absorber in various scenarios, exhibits estrogenic toxicity at environmental concentrations—as demonstrated in our prior work. Given the importance of hepatic metabolism and the limitations of previous hepatotoxicity research (high-dose models, lack of mammalian data, etc.), we evaluated BP-3’s hepatic effects on postpartum mice at environmentally relevant levels. Postpartum mice were exposed to BP-3 via drinking water from postpartum day 1 (PPD1) to PPD35. Groups solvent control (0.001% DMSO), 10–1000 nM BP-3, and diethylstilbestrol (DES) were established. Basic growth performance, histopathological changes, and a range of molecular indicators were assessed. The results showed that BP-3 exposure induced dose-dependent increases in liver weight, histopathological alterations (sinusoidal dilation, hepatocyte edema, and necrosis), and significant upregulation of oxidative stress markers (Ros, Mda), chemokines (Ccl27a/b), and inflammatory factors (Tnf-α, Il-6, Nf-κb) at the mRNA level (all p < 0.05). Conversely, levels of antioxidant enzymes (Cat, Sod1/2) and anti-inflammatory factor Ho-1 were markedly decreased (p < 0.05). A clear dose-effect relationship was confirmed using the Integrated Biomarker Response (IBR) framework. This pioneering study establishes the hepatotoxicity of environmentally relevant BP-3 levels in mammals and offers methodological insights for endocrine disruptor assessment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Risk Assessment of Emerging Pollutants—an Integration of Exposure Estimation and Mechanism-Based Toxicity Study)

17 pages, 3922 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evolution and Vaccine Strain Match of HA and NA Genes of Influenza A/H3N2 Subtype in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2020–2023

by Noorah A. Alkubaisi, Ibrahim M. Aziz, Mohamed A. Farrag, Reem M. Aljowaie, Asma N. Alsaleh, Fatimah N. Alanazi and Fahad N. Almajhdi

Vaccines 2025, 13(12), 1184; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13121184 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Although several studies have shed light on the epidemiology of the influenza A/H3N2 subtype in Saudi Arabia, the knowledge regarding the molecular epidemiology and genetic diversity of the A/H3N2 subtype in the Riyadh region is still significantly restricted. Thus, the current [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Although several studies have shed light on the epidemiology of the influenza A/H3N2 subtype in Saudi Arabia, the knowledge regarding the molecular epidemiology and genetic diversity of the A/H3N2 subtype in the Riyadh region is still significantly restricted. Thus, the current research intends to investigate the molecular epidemiology and circulation patterns of the influenza A/H3N2 subtype in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, over the past 9 years. Methods: A total of 380 nasopharyngeal aspirate samples (NPAs) (winter seasons 2020–2023) were screened for the presence of A/H3N2 subtype. Results: Sixty-five samples (17.11%) were found to be positive for the influenza A virus (IAV). A/H3N2 subtype 35 (9.21%) slightly predominated over A/H1N1 pdm09 30 (7.89%), the incidence rate was high in males (16.47%), and the most affected group was the 0–4 age group (14, 14.75%). The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the majority of Riyadh A/H3N2 samples were categorized into the sub-clades 3c.2a1b.1a and 3c.2a1b.1b, which did not exhibit any exclusive clustering with the vaccine strains. Out of the 20 amino acid substitutions detected in the HA1 domain of A/H3N2 strains, 9 were not found in any of the vaccine strains. The HA protein from the Riyadh samples has 8–11 N-glycosylation sites, some of which have been recorded in vaccine strains, yet are lacking in all strains analyzed in this study. Conclusions: As a result, the flu vaccines administered in Saudi Arabia might need to be reevaluated to incorporate additional vaccine strains that are more pertinent to those currently circulating in the recent epidemic seasons in Saudi Arabia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Influenza Virus Infections, Vaccines and Diagnosis)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 497 KB

Open AccessArticle

Deriving Hermite–Hadamard-Type Inequalities via Stochastic k-Caputo Fractional Derivatives

by Ymnah Alruwaily, Raouf Fakhfakh, Ghadah Alomani, Rabab Alzahrani and Abdellatif Ben Makhlouf

Fractal Fract. 2025, 9(12), 757; https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract9120757 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2025

Abstract

By leveraging the concept of k-Caputo fractional derivatives for stochastic processes, in this paper, we derive a generalized Hermite–Hadamard inequality tailored to n-times differentiable convex stochastic processes, providing a powerful tool for analyzing systems governed by fractional dynamics in probabilistic settings. [...] Read more.

By leveraging the concept of k-Caputo fractional derivatives for stochastic processes, in this paper, we derive a generalized Hermite–Hadamard inequality tailored to n-times differentiable convex stochastic processes, providing a powerful tool for analyzing systems governed by fractional dynamics in probabilistic settings. Additionally, we establish two new integral identities that serve as the foundation for developing midpoint- and trapezium-type inequalities for

(n + 1)

-times differentiable convex stochastic processes. These results not only enrich the theoretical underpinnings of fractional calculus, but also offer practical implications for modeling and understanding complex systems with memory and randomness. The proposed framework opens new avenues for future research in stochastic analysis and fractional calculus, with potential applications in fields such as financial mathematics, engineering, and physics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section General Mathematics, Analysis)

12 pages, 2725 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Ka-Band CMOS Transmit/Receive Amplifier with Embedded Switch for Time-Division Duplex Applications

by Peng Gu, Jiajun Zhang and Dixian Zhao

Micromachines 2025, 16(12), 1309; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16121309 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2025

Abstract

Time-division duplex (TDD) transceivers have found broad utility in millimeter-wave 5G communication, radar and imaging applications. The co-design of the switch and transmit/receive (T/R) amplifiers becomes essential in optimizing the passive loss and chip size. This work presents a Ka-band T/R amplifier with [...] Read more.

Time-division duplex (TDD) transceivers have found broad utility in millimeter-wave 5G communication, radar and imaging applications. The co-design of the switch and transmit/receive (T/R) amplifiers becomes essential in optimizing the passive loss and chip size. This work presents a Ka-band T/R amplifier with an embedded switch topology. The amplification cores from the TX and RX channels reuse the matching network to the T/R common port, and the full combination of switching and matching structures is enabled within a compact two-winding transformer. Implemented in 40 nm CMOS technology, the proof-of-concept Ka-band T/R amplifier occupies a core chip area of 0.163 mm

^{2}

. Experimental results show that it achieves a peak gain of 17.2 dB with a −3 dB bandwidth of 22.6–30.2 GHz in TX mode and a peak of 17.1 dB with a −3 dB bandwidth of 23.4–31.0 GHz in RX mode. The compact size and wideband gain response make the proposed T/R amplifier suitable for Ka-band TDD applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section E：Engineering and Technology)

12 pages, 1470 KB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Stress Distribution and Its Impact on Reliability of SiO₂-Based Inorganic Chiplet Gap Filling

by Ziyang Ding, Shaowei Liu, Chen Lin, Tianze Zheng, Lihui Xu, Qiuhan Hu, Tailong Shi and Liyi Li

Micromachines 2025, 16(12), 1310; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16121310 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2025

Abstract

Inorganic gap filling technology is an effective method to improve reliability and heterogeneous integration density in 2.5D and 3D integration. It uses plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) to deposit silicon dioxide (SiO₂) filler layers in gaps between chiplets. This technology is [...] Read more.

Inorganic gap filling technology is an effective method to improve reliability and heterogeneous integration density in 2.5D and 3D integration. It uses plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) to deposit silicon dioxide (SiO₂) filler layers in gaps between chiplets. This technology is used to replace the Epoxy Mold Compound (EMC) commonly used in traditional packaging. However, as an inorganic filling material, SiO₂ poses reliability challenges such as cracking and peeling during or after deposition. Furthermore, there lacks quantitative characterization and modeling of the microscale mechanical properties, thermal stress distribution, and fracture failure risk in the filler layer. By combining nanoindentation technology with three-point bending tests, this study reports a comprehensive characterization route for quantitative characterization of mechanical behavior of the filler. A finite element method (FEM) model was also established to predict the thermomechanical reliability of the gap filling process. Raman spectroscopy measured data confirm the model’s reliable predictive ability. The results reveal the impact of filler thickness on the stress. The microscale SiO₂ mechanical characterization method and the thermal stress and fracture risk FEM prediction model in this study not only address the limitations of traditional testing and simulation but also provide support for process optimization and structural design of gap filling in high-density 2.5D/3D packaging. This work promotes the understanding of inorganic filling process reliability in chiplet integration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Interconnect and Packaging, 3rd Edition)

24 pages, 4875 KB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Stage-Divided Flood-Limited Water Level Under Pre-Release Rules During Flood Season

by Hui Yu, Xinggen Liu, Changyan Li, Yongwen Wang and Qiang Hu

Water 2025, 17(23), 3348; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17233348 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2025

Abstract

Flood Limited Water Level (FLWL) serves as the core control parameter for the synergistic optimization of flood control operation and beneficial water utilization efficiency in reservoirs during the flood season. Addressing the critical issue of insufficient adaptability in static control schemes, this study [...] Read more.

Flood Limited Water Level (FLWL) serves as the core control parameter for the synergistic optimization of flood control operation and beneficial water utilization efficiency in reservoirs during the flood season. Addressing the critical issue of insufficient adaptability in static control schemes, this study innovatively proposes a staged dynamic FLWL regulation model based on pre-release rules. This methodology combines hydrometeorological division theory with frequent flood control mechanisms and establishes a dual-threshold control equation with safe pre-release discharge (q_pre) and effective pre-release duration (t_pre) as sensitive factors. The dynamic FLWL scheme is designed to ensure that no additional risk is imposed on the reservoir and its upstream/downstream regions, and it incorporates a set of hierarchical rules for the strategic pre-release and standard safety modes. Taking the Wuxikou Reservoir in Jiangxi Province as a case study, the safe pre-release discharge value under regular flood conditions and the effective pre-release duration are determined. Additionally, a dynamic FLWL control model is developed according to the reservoir’s characteristics. The verification results demonstrate the significant benefits of the dynamic FLWL model in reducing peak water levels and shortening flood duration. Compared with the original operation plan, the proposed model effectively lowers the maximum water level of the reservoir by 10% and simultaneously shortens the duration of high water levels by nearly 24 h. The research results provide a reference for the efficient utilization of water resources in reservoir basins in monsoon humid areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flood Risk Identification and Management, 2nd Edition)

22 pages, 3863 KB

Open AccessArticle

Youngimonas ophiurae sp. nov., a Quorum-Quenching Marine Bacterium Isolated from a Brittle Star in the South China Sea, and Reclassification of Lutimaribacter litoralis as Youngimonas litoralis comb. nov

by Zengzhi Liu, Meng Zhang, Qiliang Lai, Shanshan Xu and Ying Xu

Microorganisms 2025, 13(12), 2661; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13122661 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2025

Abstract

Two novel bacterial strains, designated S70^T and S69A, were isolated from a marine brittle star collected in the South China Sea. These strains are Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, aerobic, and rod-shaped. A phylogenomic analysis indicated that strains S70^T and S69A formed a distinct [...] Read more.

Two novel bacterial strains, designated S70^T and S69A, were isolated from a marine brittle star collected in the South China Sea. These strains are Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, aerobic, and rod-shaped. A phylogenomic analysis indicated that strains S70^T and S69A formed a distinct branch with Youngimonas vesicularis CC-AMW-E^T and Lutimaribacter litoralis JCM 17792^T. The DNA G+C content of both strains was 61.5%. The digital DNA–DNA hybridization values with the closest relatives were 21.8, and 21.2%, respectively. Furthermore, the average nucleotide identity (ANIb) values between strain S70^T and these two reference strains were 74.9% and 74.6%, respectively, both well below the 95–96% threshold for dividing prokaryotic species. The major fatty acids of strain S70^T were summed feature 8 (C_18:1 ω6c and/or C_18:1 ω7c). Functional genomic analysis revealed that strain S70^T possesses potential for hydrocarbon degradation and may play a significant role in sulfur metabolism. Additionally, strain S70^T exhibited broad-spectrum AHL-degrading activity and, most notably, significantly inhibited soft rot caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum in potato tuber assays. Genomic comparisons further support the reclassification of Lutimaribacter litoralis into the genus Youngimonas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Microbiology)

Recent Articles

Open Access Journals

Highly Accessed Articles

Latest Books

News

Blog Posts

Topics

Selected Special Issues

Selected Collections

Journals by Subject

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI