MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

15 pages, 316 KB

Open AccessReview

Platelets in Dry Eye Disease: A Narrative Review of Biological Mechanisms and Therapeutic Applications Derived from Platelets

by Marco Zeppieri, Caterina Gagliano, Alessandro Avitabile, Antonino Maniaci, Francesco Cappellani, Riccardo Foti, Giosuè Giordano Incognito, Dalila Incognito and Roberta Foti

Life 2025, 15(11), 1785; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15111785 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: Platelets have conventionally been viewed as cellular fragments crucial for hemostasis; nonetheless, their extensive secretome of cytokines and growth factors has been increasingly acknowledged as a significant regulator of inflammation and tissue healing at the ocular surface. Aims: The objective of this [...] Read more.

Background: Platelets have conventionally been viewed as cellular fragments crucial for hemostasis; nonetheless, their extensive secretome of cytokines and growth factors has been increasingly acknowledged as a significant regulator of inflammation and tissue healing at the ocular surface. Aims: The objective of this narrative review is to synthesize existing knowledge of platelet biology with new findings about the therapeutic use of platelet-derived products in dry eye disease (DED). Methods: A qualitative review of the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases up to June 2025 identified preclinical, translational, and clinical studies assessing platelet-rich plasma (PRP), plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF), platelet lysate, and autologous serum tears for dry eye disease (DED) and associated ocular surface disorders. Results: Platelet-derived formulations have exhibited reliable immunomodulatory and regenerative effects by diminishing inflammatory signaling, lowering cytokine expression, and facilitating epithelial and neurotrophic restoration. Clinical investigations have indicated enhancements in tear film stability, corneal staining, and patient-reported symptoms, especially in cases of moderate-to-severe or refractory illness. Nonetheless, methodological diversity, inconsistent preparation techniques, and restricted sample sizes have impeded comparability among experiments. Conclusions: Platelet-derived treatments constitute a biologically viable and clinically promising strategy for the management of dry eye disease (DED). Future research must emphasize the standardization of preparation protocols, the identification of predictive biomarkers such as transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), nerve growth factor (NGF), and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), as well as the design of multicenter randomized controlled trials to guarantee reproducible, GMP-compliant clinical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Biology and Functions of Platelets: Emerging Challenges)

14 pages, 702 KB

Open AccessArticle

Are Putative Beta-Lactamases Posing a Potential Future Threat?

by Patrik Mlynarcik, Veronika Zdarska and Milan Kolar

Antibiotics 2025, 14(11), 1174; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics14111174 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: Antimicrobial resistance is a growing global health threat, with beta-lactamases playing a central role in resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics. Building on our previous survey of 2340 putative beta-lactamases, we conducted an in-depth analysis of 129 prioritized candidates (70–98.5% amino acid identity to [...] Read more.

Background: Antimicrobial resistance is a growing global health threat, with beta-lactamases playing a central role in resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics. Building on our previous survey of 2340 putative beta-lactamases, we conducted an in-depth analysis of 129 prioritized candidates (70–98.5% amino acid identity to characterized enzymes) detected in 102 bacterial genera across 13 phylogenetic classes from environmental, animal, and human sources worldwide. Methods: We applied a motif-centric assessment of class-defining catalytic residues, evaluated the genomic context using a heuristic Index of Proximal Mobility (IPM) derived from the two immediately adjacent open reading frames, and examined the phylogenetic placement. AI-based substrate predictions were generated at a restricted scope as exploratory evidence. Results: Candidates spanned all Ambler classes (A–D); preservation of catalytic motifs was common and consistent with potential catalytic activity. Twelve of 129 (9.3%) loci had nearby mobile-element types (e.g., insertion sequences, integrases, transposases) and scored High IPM, indicating genomic contexts compatible with horizontal gene transfer. We also observed near-identical class A enzymes across multiple genera and continents, frequently adjacent to mobilization proteins. Conclusions: We propose a reproducible, bias-aware, early warning framework that prioritizes candidates based on motif integrity and mobility context. The framework complements existing surveillance (GLASS/EARS-Net) and aligns with a One Health approach integrating human, animal, and environmental reservoirs. Identity thresholds and IPM are used for inclusion and contextual prioritization, rather than as proof of function or mobility; AI-based predictions serve as hypothesis-generating tools. Experimental studies will be essential to confirm enzymatic activity, mobility, and clinical relevance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Mechanism and Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance)

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17 pages, 1781 KB

Open AccessArticle

Between-Limb Asymmetry Assessment During a Double-Leg Drop Jump Task After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction—A Musculoskeletal Modelling Approach

by Rodrigo B. Mateus, Sílvia Cabral, Chris Richter and António P. Veloso

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(22), 12347; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152212347 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025

Abstract

Approximately two-thirds of athletes who are submitted to Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction (ACLR) never return to their preinjury level of performance, potentially due to muscle strength deficiencies or altered loading patterns during landing or jumping tasks. This study aimed to estimate individual muscle [...] Read more.

Approximately two-thirds of athletes who are submitted to Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction (ACLR) never return to their preinjury level of performance, potentially due to muscle strength deficiencies or altered loading patterns during landing or jumping tasks. This study aimed to estimate individual muscle forces during a double-leg drop jump task, and assess sagittal plane between-limb asymmetries in muscle forces and ground reaction forces using a musculoskeletal modelling approach, in athletes who underwent ACLR. Thirty male field-sport athletes (age: 18–35 years; mass: 84.3 ± 12.3 kg; height: 180.2 ± 8.4 cm) post-ACLR (39.8 ± 3.9 weeks) using patellar or quadriceps tendon grafts were tested. Scaled musculoskeletal models were implemented in OpenSim, and muscle forces were estimated using the Computed Muscle Control optimization method. The contralateral limb exhibited greater vertical ground reaction forces across most of the rebound phase (d = 2.01). Compared with the contralateral limb, the ACLR limb showed reduced quadriceps (d = 1.72), soleus (d = 0.95), and gluteus maximus (d = 0.83) forces, indicating deficits in knee extensor, plantarflexor, and hip extensor neuromuscular function. Smaller asymmetries were found for the gluteus medius (d = 0.60) and hamstrings (d = 0.72), while other muscles showed symmetrical activation patterns. These results reveal persistent between-limb asymmetries in muscle recruitment and loading up to nine months post-ACLR, emphasizing the importance of targeted rehabilitation to restore symmetrical neuromuscular control during explosive movements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Approaches of Physical Therapy-Based Rehabilitation)

26 pages, 2702 KB

Open AccessArticle

RecovGait: Occluded Parkinson’s Disease Gait Reconstruction Using Unscented Tracking with Gated Initialization Technique

by Chiau Wen Yeong, Tee Connie, Thian Song Ong, Nor Izzati Saedon, Ahmad Al-Khatib and Mahmoud Farfoura

Sensors 2025, 25(22), 7100; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25227100 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025

Abstract

Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder disease that worsens over time and involves the deterioration of nerve cells in the brain. Gait analysis has emerged as a promising tool for early detection and monitoring of Parkinson’s disease. However, the accurate classification of Parkinsonian [...] Read more.

Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder disease that worsens over time and involves the deterioration of nerve cells in the brain. Gait analysis has emerged as a promising tool for early detection and monitoring of Parkinson’s disease. However, the accurate classification of Parkinsonian gait is often compromised by missing body keypoints, particularly in critical regions like the hip and legs that are important for motion analysis. In this study, we propose RecovGait, a novel method that combines a gated initialization technique with unscented tracking to recover missing human body keypoints. The gated initialization provides initial estimates, which are subsequently refined through unscented tracking to enhance reconstruction accuracy. Our findings show that missing keypoints in the hips and legs significantly affect the classification result, with accuracy dropping from 0.8043 to 0.5217 in these areas. By using the gated initialization with an unscented tracking method to recover these occluded keypoints, we achieve an MAPE value as low as 0.4082. This study highlights the impact of hip and leg keypoints on Parkinson’s disease gait classification and presents a robust solution for mitigating the challenges posed by occlusions in real-world scenarios. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Sensors for Gait, Posture, and Health Monitoring)

17 pages, 3550 KB

Open AccessArticle

Chemically Defined, Efficient Megakaryocyte Production from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

by Jae Eun Kim, Yeonmi Lee, Yonghee Kim, Sae-Byeok Hwang, Yoo Bin Choi, Jongsuk Han, Juyeol Jung, Jae-woo Song, Je-Gun Joung, Jeong-Jae Ko and Eunju Kang

Cells 2025, 14(22), 1835; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14221835 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025

Abstract

Platelet shortage poses a significant barrier to research and transfusion therapies because native megakaryocytes (MKs) are scarce in blood. To overcome this limitation, pluripotent stem cell–derived MKs (PSC-MKs) offer a standardized, donor-independent platform for research and therapeutic development, including disease modeling and ex [...] Read more.

Platelet shortage poses a significant barrier to research and transfusion therapies because native megakaryocytes (MKs) are scarce in blood. To overcome this limitation, pluripotent stem cell–derived MKs (PSC-MKs) offer a standardized, donor-independent platform for research and therapeutic development, including disease modeling and ex vivo platelet production. Here, we report a chemically defined, feeder-free protocol to generate MKs from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). The protocol combines the small molecule MPL agonist Butyzamide, macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), and three-dimensional (3D) suspension culture, achieving high efficiency and reproducibility. Butyzamide replaced recombinant thrombopoietin (TPO), yielding comparable CD41⁺/CD42b⁺ populations and enhanced polyploidization. M-CSF accelerated nuclear lobulation and induced 4N MKs, while 3D culture increased yield, cell size, and substrate detachment. Multiple independent assays confirmed mature MK hallmarks, multi-nuclei, demarcation membranes, granules, and elevated mitochondrial respiration. Single-cell RNA sequencing outlined a continuous trajectory from early progenitors to functionally specialized MK subsets. This platform enables reliable MK supply for mechanistic studies and in vitro platelet production, advancing both basic research and therapeutic development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Cells from Pluripotent Stem Cells)

22 pages, 6298 KB

Open AccessArticle

Estimating Grazing Pressure from Satellite Time Series Without Reliance on Total Production

by Yan Shi, Jay Gao, Gary Brierley, Xilai Li and Jin-Sheng He

Remote Sens. 2025, 17(22), 3781; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17223781 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025

Abstract

Accurately assessing grazing impacts is essential for sustaining alpine grasslands. Conventional approaches often rely on total forage productivity, an indirect and uncertain proxy for forage availability. In this study, we propose a novel framework for estimating grazing pressure that integrates residual biomass with [...] Read more.

Accurately assessing grazing impacts is essential for sustaining alpine grasslands. Conventional approaches often rely on total forage productivity, an indirect and uncertain proxy for forage availability. In this study, we propose a novel framework for estimating grazing pressure that integrates residual biomass with grazing intensity, thereby overcoming the limitations and uncertainties inherent in total forage-based assessments. Our results reveal pronounced spatiotemporal variation in grazing intensity: lowland areas experienced the highest intensity early in the growing season, whereas upland areas became more heavily grazed later in the season. However, grazing intensity alone proved insufficient to explain grazing pressure or predict pasture degradation risk. Overlay analyses demonstrated that only 38.8% of high intensity areas identified as under high grazing pressure, and more than 40% of high intensity area exhibiting substantial aboveground biomass. These findings highlight the limited explanatory power of grazing intensity when considered in isolation. By explicitly incorporating standing biomass rather than relying merely on total production, the proposed framework reduces estimation uncertainty, enhances ecological realism, and provides a scalable, more accurate and practical tool for monitoring grassland utilization and degradation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ecological Remote Sensing)

26 pages, 4286 KB

Open AccessArticle

Coordinated Development of Water–Energy–Food–Ecosystem Nexus in the Yellow River Basin: A Comprehensive Assessment Based on Multi-Method Integration

by Jingwei Yao, Kiril Manevski, Finn Plauborg, Yangbo Sun, Lingling Wang, Wenmin Zhang and Julio Berbel

Water 2025, 17(22), 3331; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17223331 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025

Abstract

The Yellow River Basin serves as a critical ecological barrier and economic corridor in China, playing a pivotal role in national ecological security and sustainable development. This study develops a comprehensive evaluation framework grounded in the Water–Energy–Food–Ecosystem (WEFE) nexus, employing 25 indicators across [...] Read more.

The Yellow River Basin serves as a critical ecological barrier and economic corridor in China, playing a pivotal role in national ecological security and sustainable development. This study develops a comprehensive evaluation framework grounded in the Water–Energy–Food–Ecosystem (WEFE) nexus, employing 25 indicators across nine provinces and autonomous regions over the period 2000–2023. Utilizing a multi-method approach—including the entropy weight method, coupling coordination degree model, center of gravity migration analysis, principal component analysis, and obstacle factor diagnosis—the research investigates the coordinated development and dynamic interactions among the WEFE subsystems. Key findings include: (1) the calculated weights of the water, energy, food, and ecological subsystems were 0.3126, 0.1957, 0.1692, and 0.3225, respectively, indicating that ecological and water subsystems exert the greatest influence; (2) distinct growth patterns among subsystems, with the energy subsystem exhibiting the fastest growth rate (212%) and the water subsystem the slowest (4%); (3) a steady improvement in the overall coordination degree of the WEFE system, rising from 0.417 in 2000 to 0.583 in 2023—a 39.8% increase—with Henan (0.739) and Inner Mongolia (0.715) achieving the highest coordination levels in 2023, while Qinghai (0.434) and Ningxia (0.417) remained near imbalance thresholds; (4) complex spatial dynamics reflected by cumulative center of gravity migration distances of 678.2 km (water), 204.9 km (energy), 143.3 km (food), and 310.9 km (ecology) over the study period; and (5) identification of per capita water resources as the principal limiting factor to coordinated WEFE development, with an obstacle degree of 0.1205 in 2023, underscoring persistent water scarcity challenges. This integrated framework advances WEFE nexus analysis and provides robust, evidence-based insights to inform regional policy and resource management strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Water Management in Agricultural Irrigation)

10 pages, 783 KB

Open AccessArticle

Pathogenesis and Transmissibility of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronaviruses of African Origin in Alpacas

by Richard A. Bowen, Airn Hartwig, Anneliese Bruening, Audrey Walker and Malik Peiris

Viruses 2025, 17(11), 1524; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17111524 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025

Abstract

The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) remains a highly significant threat to global public health. Dromedary camels are the zoonotic source of human infection. All cases of zoonotic Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) have occurred in Middle Eastern countries despite MERS-CoV infection [...] Read more.

The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) remains a highly significant threat to global public health. Dromedary camels are the zoonotic source of human infection. All cases of zoonotic Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) have occurred in Middle Eastern countries despite MERS-CoV infection of camels being widespread in Africa. This disparity in the geographic burden of the disease may be due to genomic differences between MERS-CoV circulating in Middle Eastern countries (clades A and B) versus those infecting camels in Africa (clade C), although the precise genetic determinants of virulence remain to be elucidated. The objective of the studies reported here was to evaluate differences in the magnitude of virus shedding and in transmissibility of clades A/B and C viruses using alpacas as a surrogate for dromedary camels. We found that two of three African-origin, clade C strains of MERS-CoV induced very reduced levels of virus shedding and were transmitted inefficiently to contact control animals as compared to one other clade C virus and representative viruses from clade A and B. Lower virus titers in the nasopharynx may be associated with lower zoonotic transmission and human disease severity and may explain the observed epidemiology of MERS-CoV in Africa where zoonotic disease appears rare. These results add to our understanding of the transmission of different lineages of MERS CoV in camelids and zoonotic transmission. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Coronaviruses)

16 pages, 3188 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Pretreatment Methods for Obtaining Collagen Hydrolysates from the Swim Bladder of Totoaba macdonaldi and Their Negative Impact on Cancer Cells

by Evelin Martínez-Benavidez, Angélica María Vergara-Pineda, Jesús Cervantes-Martínez, José Leonardo Puch-Sánchez, Sandra Daniela Bravo, Ofelia Yadira Lugo-Melchor, Hugo S. García and Inocencio Higuera-Ciapara

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(22), 12345; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152212345 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025

Abstract

The search for therapeutic bioactive peptides has led to the utilization of marine byproducts as collagen sources. This study evaluated the effect of collagen hydrolysates (CH) obtained from the swim bladder (SB) of Totoaba macdonaldi on breast (MCF-7) and colorectal (Caco-2) adenocarcinoma cells [...] Read more.

The search for therapeutic bioactive peptides has led to the utilization of marine byproducts as collagen sources. This study evaluated the effect of collagen hydrolysates (CH) obtained from the swim bladder (SB) of Totoaba macdonaldi on breast (MCF-7) and colorectal (Caco-2) adenocarcinoma cells and on human dermal fibroblasts (CRL-1474), considering the need for less invasive and less toxic treatment alternatives. Two pretreatment methods for the SB were compared: (1) NaOH and butanol (SBPT), and (2) hexane (SBDF). The pretreated tissues underwent direct enzymatic hydrolysis using bromelain. The resulting hydrolysates were characterized by SDS-PAGE, Raman spectroscopy, and chromatographic profiling. Both pretreatments preserved the structure of type I collagen. Bromelain hydrolysis was efficient, yielding peptides with molecular weights below 20 kDa for CH-SBPT and below 10 kDa for CH-SBDF. CH of Totoaba macdonaldi significantly reduced MCF-7 and Caco-2 cells viability, particularly at 20 mg/mL. In CRL-1474 fibroblasts, CH-SBDF stimulated cell proliferation, while CH-SBPT had neutral effects. Hexane pretreatment is a viable alternative to NaOH, reducing processing steps without compromising yield or bioactivity. CH derived from Totoaba macdonaldi exhibit promising anticancer and regenerative properties, suggesting potential biomedical applications. Further research is needed to isolate specifically active peptides and elucidate their mechanisms of action. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Applied Biosciences and Bioengineering)

27 pages, 2036 KB

Open AccessArticle

Development of a Degradation Model for Lifespan Prediction: A Case Study on Grid-Scale Battery Energy Storage Systems in Thailand

by Nipon Ketjoy, Yodthong Mensin, Pornthip Mensin, Malinee Kaewpanha, Sunisa Khakhu, Chaphamon Chantarapongphan and Shahril Irwan Sulaiman

Batteries 2025, 11(11), 429; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries11110429 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025

Abstract

In this paper, we present a model for calculating the State of Health (SOH) of battery energy storage systems (BESSs) and battery capacity percentage, specifically tailored for grid-scale applications in Thailand. Unlike conventional models that rely on controlled laboratory data, the proposed approach [...] Read more.

In this paper, we present a model for calculating the State of Health (SOH) of battery energy storage systems (BESSs) and battery capacity percentage, specifically tailored for grid-scale applications in Thailand. Unlike conventional models that rely on controlled laboratory data, the proposed approach uses actual operating temperature data for both development and validation, enabling a more correct assessment of battery performance under the high-temperature conditions typical of tropical climates. A set of coefficients derived from real operating data was incorporated, and the SOH results deviated by only 0.05% from theoretical values, proving high predictive accuracy beyond laboratory settings. Our findings revealed that capacity degradation rates in Thailand are approximately 20–60% higher than under the best conditions. Over a 10-year warranty period, battery capacity declined to approximately 80% at the lowest temperature range, 60% at the average range, and 40% at the highest range. By calculating both SOH and remaining capacity, the model provides a practical tool for lifespan prediction and system planning. Based on these findings, it is recommended that thermal management systems support battery operating temperatures between 25 and 35 °C and limit cooling losses below 10%, thereby mitigating energy yield degradation and ensuring efficient BESS operation. These results highlight the importance of incorporating real environmental data into degradation modeling. Future studies should include long-term monitoring of operating temperatures and cooling demand, economic analyses to enhance operational efficiency, and evaluation of external heat loads, particularly from solar radiation, to further refine predictions for tropical climates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Batteries: Battery Health, Aging and Degradation Mechanisms)

29 pages, 7028 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Experimental Analysis of Wet-State Thermal Performance in Pipe Mineral Wool Insulation with Different Hydrophobic Treatments

by Alex Sinyavin, Aidar Hayrullin, Margarita Khusnutdinova, Julia Dyachuk, Aigul Haibullina, Vladimir Ilyin, Veronika Bronskaya and Dmitry Bashkirov

Energies 2025, 18(22), 6074; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18226074 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025

Abstract

Pipeline insulation is critical for energy-efficient building heating systems, as moisture ingress significantly degrades thermal performance and increases energy losses. This study experimentally evaluated how quality characteristics of mineral wool affect the thermal performance of pipe insulations (wired mats) at temperatures ranging from [...] Read more.

Pipeline insulation is critical for energy-efficient building heating systems, as moisture ingress significantly degrades thermal performance and increases energy losses. This study experimentally evaluated how quality characteristics of mineral wool affect the thermal performance of pipe insulations (wired mats) at temperatures ranging from 20 °C to 85 °C with moisture content up to 12% by weight. Thermal conductivity measurements were performed on two representative samples using the “guarded hot pipe” and direct water injections. Thermal conductivity measurements confirmed the expected increase with rising temperature and moisture content for both samples. In a dry state, quality parameters have practically no effect on the thermal conductivity (0.036–0.041 W∙m⁻¹·K⁻¹). In a low-temperature regime, the inferior quality sample (Sample A) at a maximum moisture content of 12% exhibited thermal conductivity of 0.042 W∙m⁻¹·K⁻¹, and the sample with the best hydrophobic treatment (Sample B) had a thermal conductivity of 0.050 W∙m⁻¹·K⁻¹. At an elevated temperature at a moisture content of 12%, Sample A and Sample B had thermal conductivity of 0.077 W∙m⁻¹·K⁻¹, and 0.109 W∙m⁻¹·K⁻¹, respectively. The results suggest that highly hydrophobic materials are advantageous only in high-temperature applications where rapid moisture removal occurs after short-term ingress, providing critical data for optimizing insulation selection and improving energy conservation in heating networks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research and Application of Building Thermal Insulation Materials)

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40 pages, 7970 KB

Open AccessReview

Review of Subionospheric VLF/LF Radio Signals for the Study of Seismogenic Lower-Ionospheric Perturbations

by Masashi Hayakawa

Atmosphere 2025, 16(11), 1312; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16111312 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025

Abstract

It has recently been recognized that the ionosphere is highly sensitive to pre-seismic effects, and the detection of ionospheric perturbations associated with earthquakes (EQs) is one of the most promising candidates for short-term EQ prediction. In this review, we focus on a possible [...] Read more.

It has recently been recognized that the ionosphere is highly sensitive to pre-seismic effects, and the detection of ionospheric perturbations associated with earthquakes (EQs) is one of the most promising candidates for short-term EQ prediction. In this review, we focus on a possible use of VLF/LF (very low frequency (3–30 kHz)/low frequency (30–300 kHz)) radio sounding of seismo-ionospheric perturbations to study seismogenic effects. Because an understanding of the early history in any area will provide a lot of crucial insights to the readers (especially to young scientists) working in the field of seismo-electromagnetics, we provide a brief history (mainly results reported by a Russian group of scientists) of the initial application of subionospheric VLF/LF propagation for the study of ionospheric perturbations associated with EQs, and then we present our first convincing evidence on the ionospheric perturbation for the disastrous Kobe EQ in 1995, with a new analysis method based on the shifts in terminator times in VLF/LF diurnal variations (minima in the diurnal variations in amplitude and phase). We then summarize our latest results on further evidence of seismo-ionospheric perturbations. Firstly, we present a few statistical studies on the correlation between VLF/LF propagation anomalies and EQs based on long-term data. Secondly, we showcase studies for a few large, recent EQs (including the 2011 Tohoku EQ). Building on those EQ precursor studies, we demonstrate scientific topics and the underlying physics that can be studied using VLF/LF data, highlighting recent achievements including the revolutionary perspective of lithosphere–atmosphere–ionosphere coupling (LAIC) (or how the ionosphere is perturbed due to the lithospheric pre-EQ activity), modulation in VLF/LF data by atmospheric gravity waves (AGWs), Doppler-shift observation, satellite observation of VLF/LF transmitter signals, etc., together with the recommendation of the application of new technologies such as artificial intelligence and critical analysis to VLF/LF analysis. Finally, we want to emphasize again the essential significance of the information on lower-ionospheric perturbations within LAIC studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Understanding Space Physics and Atmospheric Electricity with VLF/ELF Signals)

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15 pages, 4117 KB

Open AccessArticle

Case Study on Compression of Vibration Data for Distributed Wireless Condition Monitoring Systems

by Rick Pandey, Felix Grimm, Dominik Nille, Christoph Böckenhoff, Jonathan Gamez, Sebastian Uziel, Albert Dorneich, Tino Hutschenreuther and Silvia Krug

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(22), 12346; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152212346 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025

Abstract

To build robust condition monitoring solutions, it is important to identify signals that capture relevant information. However, how a degradation affects a given part of machinery might not be clear at the beginning. As a result, exploration measurement campaigns collecting large amounts of [...] Read more.

To build robust condition monitoring solutions, it is important to identify signals that capture relevant information. However, how a degradation affects a given part of machinery might not be clear at the beginning. As a result, exploration measurement campaigns collecting large amounts of data are needed for initial evaluation. Vibration signals are typical examples of such data. Although, for explorative measurement campaigns, the battery-powered wireless node brings extra flexibility in terms of positioning the sensor at the desired location and facilitates retrofitting, the limited energy posed by them is the major downside. Sending high-sampled data over wireless channels is costly energy-wise if all samples are to be sent. When multiple sensor nodes transmit real-time measurement data concurrently over a wireless channel, the risk of channel saturation increases significantly. Avoiding this requires identifying an optimal balance between sampling time, transmission duration, and payload size. This can be done by processing and compressing data before transmission, on the sensor node close to the data acquisition and later reconstructing the received samples on the central node. In this paper, we analyze two compression mechanisms to ensure a good compression ratio and still allow good signal reconstruction for later analysis. We study two approaches, one based on the Fast Fourier Transform and one on Singular Value Decomposition, and discuss the pros and cons of each variant. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Machinery Fault Diagnosis and Condition Monitoring)

20 pages, 6675 KB

Open AccessArticle

Track by Track: Revealing Sauropod Turning and Lateralised Gait at the West Gold Hill Dinosaur Tracksite (Upper Jurassic, Bluff Sandstone, Colorado)

by Anthony Romilio, Paul C. Murphey, Neffra A. Matthews, Bruce A. Schumacher, Lance D. Murphey, Marcello Toscanini, Parker Boyce and Zach Fitzner

Geomatics 2025, 5(4), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/geomatics5040067 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025

Abstract

Drone photogrammetry and per-step spatial analysis were used to re-evaluate the West Gold Hill Dinosaur Tracksite (Bluff Sandstone, Colorado), which preserves an exceptionally long sauropod pes trackway. Building on earlier segment-based descriptions, we reconstructed the entire succession at millimetre-level resolution and quantified turning [...] Read more.

Drone photogrammetry and per-step spatial analysis were used to re-evaluate the West Gold Hill Dinosaur Tracksite (Bluff Sandstone, Colorado), which preserves an exceptionally long sauropod pes trackway. Building on earlier segment-based descriptions, we reconstructed the entire succession at millimetre-level resolution and quantified turning and gait asymmetry within an integrated digital workflow (UAV photogrammetry, Blender-based landmarking, scripted analysis). Of 134 footprints previously reported, 131 were confidently identified along a mapped path of 95.489 m that records 340° cumulative anticlockwise reorientation. Traditional end-point tortuosity (direct distance/trackway length; DL/TL) yields a moderate ratio of 0.462, whereas our incremental analysis isolates a fully looped subsection (tracks 38–83) with tortuosity of 0.0001 (DL 0.005 m; TL 34.825 m), revealing extreme local curvature that global (end-to-end) measures dilute. Gauge varies substantially along the trackway: the traditional metric (single pes width) averages 32.2% (wide gauge) with numerous medium-gauge representatives, while footprint-specific (‘incremental’) gauge spans 23.1–71.0% (narrow/medium/wide gauges observed within the same trackway). Our tests for asymmetry quantified that left-to-right paces and steps are longer (p = 0.001 and 0.008, respectively), central trackway width is greater (p = 0.043), and pace angulation is lower (p = 0.040) than right-to-left. Behaviourally, these signals are consistent with right-side load-avoidance but remain speculative (alternative explanations may include habitual laterality, local substrate heterogeneity). The study demonstrates how UAV-enabled, fully digital, sequential analyses can recover intra-trackway variability and enhance behavioural understanding of extinct trackmakers from fossil trackways. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic 3D Documentation of Natural and Cultural Heritage)

24 pages, 2966 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Gap Junctions in MSC-EA.hy926 (An Endothelial Cell Model) Crosstalk Under Hypoxic Stress: Regulation of the Angiogenic Response

by Mariia Ezdakova, Diana Matveeva and Margarita Lobanova

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(22), 11239; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262211239 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025

Abstract

Effective communication between multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and endothelial cells (ECs) plays a critical role in the regulation of angiogenesis, especially under conditions of hypoxia. In addition to paracrine stimulation, direct intercellular contacts play an important role in the angiogenic interaction between [...] Read more.

Effective communication between multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and endothelial cells (ECs) plays a critical role in the regulation of angiogenesis, especially under conditions of hypoxia. In addition to paracrine stimulation, direct intercellular contacts play an important role in the angiogenic interaction between MSCs and ECs, making them an important target for modulating vascular network restoration under ischemic conditions. The aim of this study was to determine the contribution of gap junctions (GJs) to the angiogenic response of MSCs and the EA.hy926 cell line (an Endothelial Cell Model) under acute hypoxic stress. In a cell co-culture model at 0.1% O₂ using a specific GJ inhibitor (carbenoxolone), molecular, cellular, and functional tests were performed: assessment of viability, proliferation, migration, secretion of angiogenic mediators, and expression of crucial genes. GJ blockade was accompanied by decreases in the proliferation and migration activity and angiogenic potential of the conditioned medium in in vitro and in ovo tests. These data highlight the importance of the GJ in coordinating the angiogenic response in conditions of acute hypoxia and can be used to develop protocols for regenerative medicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells: Mechanisms and Applications in Tissue Regeneration)

34 pages, 5938 KB

Open AccessArticle

Data-Driven Sidetrack Well Placement Optimization

by Xiang Wang, Ming Li, Cheng Rui, Qi Guo, Yuhao Zhuang, Wenjie Yu and Tingting Zhang

Processes 2025, 13(11), 3756; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13113756 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025

Abstract

Sidetracking technology has become a relatively mature approach for redeveloping mature fields and restoring the productivity of old wells. However, the design of conventional sidetracking projects has largely relied on expert experience or numerical simulation, methods that are often time-consuming, labor-intensive, and subjective. [...] Read more.

Sidetracking technology has become a relatively mature approach for redeveloping mature fields and restoring the productivity of old wells. However, the design of conventional sidetracking projects has largely relied on expert experience or numerical simulation, methods that are often time-consuming, labor-intensive, and subjective. To overcome these limitations, this study proposes a data-driven optimization framework for sidetrack well placement. It utilizes machine learning techniques trained on a large-scale synthetic dataset generated from field-informed numerical simulations, to establish a robust machine-learning proxy model. Four predictive models—Linear Regression, Polynomial Regression, Random Forest, and a Backpropagation (BP) Neural Network—were systematically compared, among which the Random Forest model achieved the best predictive accuracy. After hyperparameter optimization, a robust prediction model for sidetracking performance was established, achieving a Mean Squared Error (MSE) of 0.0008 (Root Mean Squared Error, RMSE, of 0.0283) and an R² of 0.8059 on the test set. To further optimize well placement, a mathematical model was formulated with the objective of maximizing the production enhancement rate. Three optimization algorithms—the Multi-Level Coordinate Search (MCS), Differential Evolution (DE), and Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy (CMA-ES)—were evaluated, with the DE algorithm demonstrating superior performance. By integrating the optimized Random Forest predictor with the DE optimizer, a systematic methodology for sidetrack well placement optimization was developed. A field case study validated the approach, showing significant improvements, including a reduced water cut and an incremental cumulative oil production of 82.7 tons. This research demonstrates the simulation-based feasibility of intelligent sidetrack well placement optimization and provides practical guidance for future sidetracking development strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Improving Efficiency, Decarbonization, Modeling and Intelligent Operations of Modern Oilfield Development)

10 pages, 1403 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Laser Confocal Microscopy May Be a Useful Tool in Neuropathological Intraoperative Examination

by Deborah Dardano, Anna Bilotta, Gianmarco Gallucci, Carlo Gentile, Giuseppe Riganati, Antonio Veraldi, Domenico Policicchio, Maria Teresa Nevolo, Alberto V. Filardo, Anna Maria Lavecchia and Giuseppe Donato

Diagnostics 2025, 15(22), 2936; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15222936 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background and Clinical Significance: The paper investigates the use of the Histolog^® Scanner, a confocal microscopy–based device, as a potential tool for intraoperative neuropathological diagnosis of brain tumors. Traditional intraoperative diagnosis, relying on frozen sections and squash preparations, can introduce artifacts and [...] Read more.

Background and Clinical Significance: The paper investigates the use of the Histolog^® Scanner, a confocal microscopy–based device, as a potential tool for intraoperative neuropathological diagnosis of brain tumors. Traditional intraoperative diagnosis, relying on frozen sections and squash preparations, can introduce artifacts and consume valuable tissue. The Histolog^® Scanner offers a plug-and-play solution capable of acquiring high-resolution images of fresh tissue surfaces in minutes while preserving tissue for further histological or molecular analyses. Cases Presentation: Three clinical cases—two women and one-man, mean age 57.3 years—undergoing neurosurgery for distinct brain lesions were included. Tissue samples were immersed in fluorescent dye, rinsed, and immediately analyzed with the Histolog^® Scanner before standard intraoperative histopathology. In the first case, a glioblastoma wild-type, traditional methods struggled to define tumor margins, whereas the device provided rapid, detailed imaging to guide resection. In the second case, a meningioma, the scanner confirmed lesion identity quickly, eliminating the need for a cryostat and reducing artifacts. In the third case, a brain metastasis, integration with cytological apposition allowed simultaneous assessment of lesion margins and nature without freezing the tissue. Conclusions: The Histolog^® Scanner demonstrated multiple advantages: rapid intraoperative use, clear margin visualization, preservation of tissue for subsequent analyses, reduce unnecessary resection, thereby helping to lower the risk of recurrence. This device may complement standard intraoperative methods, enhancing diagnostic accuracy and influencing postoperative treatment planning. Overall, the Histolog^® Scanner represents an innovative tool combining speed, precision, and tissue preservation, suggesting a promising role in establishing a new standard for intraoperative neurosurgical diagnosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics)

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27 pages, 4765 KB

Open AccessData Descriptor

DLCPD-25: A Large-Scale and Diverse Dataset for Crop Disease and Pest Recognition

by Heng-Wei Zhang, Rui-Feng Wang, Zhengle Wang and Wen-Hao Su

Sensors 2025, 25(22), 7098; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25227098 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025

Abstract

The accurate identification of crop pests and diseases is critical for global food security, yet the development of robust deep learning models is hindered by the limitations of existing datasets. To address this gap, we introduce DLCPD-25, a new large-scale, diverse, and publicly [...] Read more.

The accurate identification of crop pests and diseases is critical for global food security, yet the development of robust deep learning models is hindered by the limitations of existing datasets. To address this gap, we introduce DLCPD-25, a new large-scale, diverse, and publicly available benchmark dataset. We constructed DLCPD-25 by integrating 221,943 images from both online sources and extensive field collections, covering 23 crop types and 203 distinct classes of pests, diseases, and healthy states. A key feature of this dataset is its realistic complexity, including images from uncontrolled field environments and a natural long-tail class distribution, which contrasts with many existing datasets collected under controlled conditions. To validate its utility, we pre-trained several state-of-the-art self-supervised learning models (MAE, SimCLR v2, MoCo v3) on DLCPD-25. The learned representations, evaluated via linear probing, demonstrated strong performance, with the SimCLR v2 framework achieving a top accuracy of 72.1% and an F1 score (

Macro F 1

) of 71.3% on a downstream classification task. Our results confirm that DLCPD-25 provides a valuable and challenging resource that can effectively support the training of generalizable models, paving the way for the development of comprehensive, real-world agricultural diagnostic systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Datasets in Intelligent Agriculture)

37 pages, 21762 KB

Open AccessArticle

Bumper Impact Test Damage and Static Structural Characterization in Hybrid Composite Aided by Numerical Simulation and Machine Learning Analysis

by Sugiri Sugiri, Mochamad Bruri Triyono, Yosef Budiman, Yanuar Agung Fadlullah, Rizal Justian Setiawan and Muhamad Riyan Maulana

Vehicles 2025, 7(4), 133; https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles7040133 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025

Abstract

Modern automotive design has increasingly embraced plastics for bumper construction; however, it can lead to material degradation. To overcome these limitations, the automotive industry is turning to fiber–resin material, namely carbon–epoxy composites. Our research focuses on determining the effects of fiber orientation and [...] Read more.

Modern automotive design has increasingly embraced plastics for bumper construction; however, it can lead to material degradation. To overcome these limitations, the automotive industry is turning to fiber–resin material, namely carbon–epoxy composites. Our research focuses on determining the effects of fiber orientation and angle alignment on the structural stress of the car bumper, examining the hybrid material (carbon–epoxy reinforced by CFRP) in static s Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vehicle Design Processes, 3rd Edition)

18 pages, 518 KB

Open AccessArticle

Physical Dramaturgy: An Embodied Approach to Exploring Shakespeare’s Text Through Devising and Collaborative Creation

by Doreen Bechtol

Humanities 2025, 14(11), 225; https://doi.org/10.3390/h14110225 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025

Abstract

This essay introduces an experiential process through which student actors can explore any Shakespearean play. Anne Bogart’s Viewpoints technique serves as the foundation for a creative process informed by devising exercises and physical composition. In this essay, I demonstrate how this physically based [...] Read more.

This essay introduces an experiential process through which student actors can explore any Shakespearean play. Anne Bogart’s Viewpoints technique serves as the foundation for a creative process informed by devising exercises and physical composition. In this essay, I demonstrate how this physically based dramaturgical process enables students to pay particular attention to the foundational elements that uniquely shape the story, such as time, space, sound, architecture, and gesture. This process gives student actors the agency to create material inspired by Shakespeare yet infused with their own imagination and curiosity. It allows students to wake up Shakespeare’s text in unexpected ways, embrace collaboration, and embody the richly detailed expression of Shakespeare’s poetic language. This essay aims to be a resource for educators and directors alike who are interested in a collaborative process that can either be integrated into rehearsals or serve as a foundation for classroom-based discussions. As such, this process can be mapped onto any classical or contemporary play, even though this essay features Shakespeare as the foundation for exploration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Shakespearean Performance: Contemporary Approaches, Findings, and Practices)

25 pages, 2019 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Self-Production of Semi-Communal Spaces in Informal Hillside Settlements: From Empirical Constructive Adaptation to the Social Production of Space—Case Study: “The Portals of Mirador” Arequipa, Perú

by Randall Sthuart Cardenas-Condori, Pamela Sheila Mamani-Carcausto, Edith Gabriela Manchego-Huaquipaco and Erick Arias-Sevillano

Buildings 2025, 15(22), 4207; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15224207 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025

Abstract

In Latin America, informal urbanization on hillsides has given rise to unique forms of occupation that combine constructive precariousness with social creativity. This study analyzes the Los Portales del Mirador settlement in Arequipa, Peru, from the theoretical framework of the social production of [...] Read more.

In Latin America, informal urbanization on hillsides has given rise to unique forms of occupation that combine constructive precariousness with social creativity. This study analyzes the Los Portales del Mirador settlement in Arequipa, Peru, from the theoretical framework of the social production of space of Lefebvre, examining how technical adaptations become social spaces. The research used methodological triangulation through urban cartography, a structured visual study of 548 lots, non-participatory observation, and 72 semi-structured interviews. The results identify specific settlement patterns and demonstrate how technical elements such as stairs, platforms, and retaining walls, initially designed for stabilization and accessibility, are progressively transformed into semi-communal spaces that facilitate encounters, strengthen neighborhood cohesion, and build collective identity. The study concludes that topography operates simultaneously as a limitation and a catalyst for social creativity, demonstrating how the self-production of space in informal contexts generates specific forms of sociability that challenge traditional dichotomies between public and private space. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Promoting the Social Sustainability of Urban Neighbourhoods)

17 pages, 5081 KB

Open AccessArticle

Drug Repositioning for HPV Clade-Specific Cervicouterine Cancer Using the OCTAD Pipeline

by Joel Ruiz-Hernández, Guillermo de Anda-Jáuregui and Enrique Hernández-Lemus

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(22), 11238; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262211238 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025

Abstract

Cervical cancer remains a major global burden largely caused by persistent infection with high risk human papillomavirus (HPV). Biological differences between HPV clade A7 and HPV clade A9 may influence tumor programs and clinical outcomes. To propose pharmacological candidates for repositioning, we applied [...] Read more.

Cervical cancer remains a major global burden largely caused by persistent infection with high risk human papillomavirus (HPV). Biological differences between HPV clade A7 and HPV clade A9 may influence tumor programs and clinical outcomes. To propose pharmacological candidates for repositioning, we applied an expression-based drug repurposing approach using the OCTAD (Open Cancer Therapeutic Discovery) framework. Disease transcriptional signatures were constructed for both HPV clades and compared with drug perturbation profiles to identify compounds showing inverse associations with the tumor related expression patterns, restricting the analysis to Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved agents. The screening identified 41 and 52 candidates for HPV clade A7 and HPV clade A9, respectively, and stronger transcriptomic reversal was associated with higher drug sensitivity in relevant cell lines. These candidates were enriched for pharmacologic classes such as histone deacetylase inhibitors, estrogen pathway modulators, and statins. Additional enriched categories also emerged, including antimetabolites, protein kinase inhibitors, proteasome inhibitors, antimalarials, and antimicrobial agents, several of which already show experimental activity in cervical cancer models. These findings reveal both shared and clade-associated vulnerabilities in HPV-driven cervical cancer and demonstrate the utility of expression-based repurposing for generating actionable hypotheses. The resulting drug lists provide a concise, biologically grounded resource to guide preclinical validation and rational exploration in cervical cancer HPV positive models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Challenges and Innovation in Gynecological Oncology)

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32 pages, 1195 KB

Open AccessReview

Microalgae-Based Strategies for Soil Health and Crop Productivity: Mechanisms, Challenges, and Pathways to Climate-Resilient Agriculture

by Wogene Solomon Kabato, Niguss Hailegnaw, Tesfatsion Ermias Chaffamo, Asish Samuel, Agampodi Gihan S. D. De Silva and Zoltán Molnár

Agronomy 2025, 15(11), 2669; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15112669 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025

Abstract

Microalgae hold significant potential as nature-based solutions in agriculture, offering benefits such as nitrogen fixation, enhanced nutrient cycling, stimulation of beneficial microbes, strengthening soil structure, and carbon sequestration. Yet, despite their potential, the role of microalgae, particularly through their interactions with soil systems, [...] Read more.

Microalgae hold significant potential as nature-based solutions in agriculture, offering benefits such as nitrogen fixation, enhanced nutrient cycling, stimulation of beneficial microbes, strengthening soil structure, and carbon sequestration. Yet, despite their potential, the role of microalgae, particularly through their interactions with soil systems, remains largely underexplored. Their ability to generate bioactive substances such as phytohormones, amino acids, and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) fosters soil aggregation, nutrient availability, water retention, biological soil crust, and soil restoration, which ultimately supports plant growth and productivity. Moreover, the thermochemical conversion of microalgal biomass into biochar offers an effective strategy to improve carbon sequestration while simultaneously enriching soil nutrient content, thereby increasing crop productivity. While microalgae-based products often demonstrate strong efficacy under laboratory and greenhouse conditions, their performance in the field remains constrained by soil physicochemical properties, ecological incompatibility, competition with native microbial communities, and environmental variability, leading to inconsistent outcomes and highlighting the need for soil-specific, field-relevant strategies. Furthermore, the lack of standardized and cost-effective cultivation, formulation, and processing, along with low biomass yield and energy-intensive production, continues to limit their large-scale adoption in agricultural systems. Therefore, this narrative review aimed to discuss the mechanisms of coupling microalgal biomass and biochar to enhance soil health and crop growth, while also addressing field-performance constraints. It provides a balanced view of the potential and challenges of microalgae-based technologies for sustainable soil management and crop productivity. Overall, microalgae possess significant potential to improve soil health, increase crop yields, and contribute to sustainable agriculture that can withstand climate challenges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant-Crop Biology and Biochemistry)

14 pages, 6418 KB

Open AccessArticle

Electron Scattering from Superheavy Elements: Copernicium and Oganesson

by Shruti Sarswat, Saumyashree Baral and Jobin Jose

Atoms 2025, 13(11), 94; https://doi.org/10.3390/atoms13110094 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025

Abstract

Superheavy elements are an ideal testbed for studying relativistic, exchange, and correlation effects in scattering phenomena. In this work, we investigate electron scattering from copernicium

(Z = 112)

and oganesson

(Z = 118)

atoms. Both the relativistic Dirac and [...] Read more.

Superheavy elements are an ideal testbed for studying relativistic, exchange, and correlation effects in scattering phenomena. In this work, we investigate electron scattering from copernicium

(Z = 112)

and oganesson

(Z = 118)

atoms. Both the relativistic Dirac and non-relativistic partial wave methods are employed to analyze the scattering dynamics, with the interaction between the projectile and target atom modeled within the framework of the optical potential approach. Our results demonstrate that relativistic, exchange, and correlation effects play a significant role in modifying the scattering cross-sections and scattering length, highlighting the influence of these interactions on the scattering processes from superheavy atomic systems. The work also attempts to identify common features of the scattering cross-section by comparing those of lighter elements in the same group. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Atomic, Molecular and Nuclear Spectroscopy and Collisions)

15 pages, 13785 KB

Open AccessArticle

SenseBike: A New Low-Cost Mobile-Networked Sensor System for Cyclists to Monitor Air Quality and Automatically Measure Passing Distances in Urban Traffic

by Andre Tenbeitel, Simone Arnold and Jens Rettkowski

Sensors 2025, 25(22), 7099; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25227099 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study presents the development and validation of a low-cost, open-source sensor system for cyclists that automatically detects vehicle overtaking events while simultaneously monitoring air quality. The system integrates multiple ultrasonic sensors for autonomous overtaking detection and distance measurement with environmental sensors that [...] Read more.

This study presents the development and validation of a low-cost, open-source sensor system for cyclists that automatically detects vehicle overtaking events while simultaneously monitoring air quality. The system integrates multiple ultrasonic sensors for autonomous overtaking detection and distance measurement with environmental sensors that record particulate matter, temperature, humidity, and GPS position. By combining these data streams, the system enables the analysis of correlations between traffic interactions and variations in particulate matter exposure under real-world cycling conditions. Test rides conducted in urban environments demonstrated that the system reliably identifies overtaking maneuvers and records corresponding environmental parameters. Elevated concentrations of particulate matter were observed during close vehicle passes and at traffic lights, highlighting moments of increased exposure to exhaust emissions. The automated detection mechanism eliminates the need for manual activation, ensuring complete and unbiased data collection. The modular design and energy-efficient operation of the system allow for flexible deployment in both mobile and stationary configurations. With its ability to objectively capture and relate safety and environmental data, the presented platform provides a foundation for large-scale field studies aimed at improving cyclist safety and understanding pollution exposure in urban traffic. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Vehicular Sensing)

15 pages, 732 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

The Impact of Sodium Glucose Co-Transporter 2 (SGLT-2) Inhibitors on Atherogenesis: A Systematic Review of Experimental and Clinical Evidence

by Filippo Luca Gurgoglione, Marco Covani, Laura Torlai Triglia, Giorgio Benatti, Davide Donelli, Michele Bianconcini, Emilia Solinas, Iacopo Tadonio, Andrea Denegri, Mattia De Gregorio, Gabriella Dallaglio, Alessandra Dei Cas, Riccardo C. Bonadonna, Luigi Vignali and Giampaolo Niccoli

Life 2025, 15(11), 1784; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15111784 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) have demonstrated significant benefits in cardiovascular outcomes trials, but their effect on atherosclerotic plaques remains unclear. This review aims to summarize the current evidence on the impact of SGLT2i on atherogenesis. Methods: A systematic search was conducted across [...] Read more.

Background: Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) have demonstrated significant benefits in cardiovascular outcomes trials, but their effect on atherosclerotic plaques remains unclear. This review aims to summarize the current evidence on the impact of SGLT2i on atherogenesis. Methods: A systematic search was conducted across PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases up to August 2025. Preclinical and clinical studies on the effect of SGLT2i on atherogenesis and atherosclerotic plaque extent and phenotype were included. Results: A total of 27 studies were included. Twenty-four studies examined in vitro and animal models of atherosclerosis exposed to SGLT2i, while three studies focused on the effects of SGLT2i on coronary plaques in patients with ischemic heart disease. SGLT2is modulate atherogenesis through multiple mechanisms: prevention and reversal of endothelial dysfunction, reduction in monocyte recruitment and promotion of anti-inflammatory macrophage polarization. Additionally, SGLT2is reduce inflammation and inhibit vascular calcification. Through these mechanisms, SGLT2is decrease plaque burden in both diabetic and non-diabetic atherosclerosis models. Furthermore, they reduce lipid content and macrophages accumulation while increasing fibrous cap thickness, thereby contributing to plaque stabilization. Conclusions: Preclinical and clinical evidence suggest that SGLT2is modulate every step of the atherogenic process, reduce atherosclerotic burden and promote coronary plaque stabilization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Research)

17 pages, 4189 KB

Open AccessArticle

Tree-Ring Reconstruction of Minimum Temperature Changes in the Northern Greater Khingan Mountains

by Jiabao Xu, Zhaopeng Wang, Dongyou Zhang, Xiangyou Li, Bingyun Du, Xinrui Wang, Kexin Song, Yuanhuan Xie and Zhikuan Liu

Forests 2025, 16(11), 1753; https://doi.org/10.3390/f16111753 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025

Abstract

We established a standardized tree-ring width chronology using 46 Mongolian pine (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica) tree-ring cores from the Tuqiang Forestry Bureau in the northern Greater Khingan Mountains (GKM). The average minimum temperature from May to July was significantly positively correlated [...] Read more.

We established a standardized tree-ring width chronology using 46 Mongolian pine (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica) tree-ring cores from the Tuqiang Forestry Bureau in the northern Greater Khingan Mountains (GKM). The average minimum temperature from May to July was significantly positively correlated with tree-ring width, indicating that it is the main climatic factor affecting tree growth in the study area. Based on this, the average minimum temperature sequence from May to July for the past 164 years in this region was reconstructed, and its reliability and stability were verified using the leave-one-out method. The reconstruction results revealed four warm periods and two cold periods in the northern GKM over the past 164 years. The four warm periods were from 1891 to 1897, 1902 to 1909, 1923 to 1931, and 2003 to 2023, and the two cold periods were from 1864 to 1880 and 1953 to 1992. The results of multi-window spectrum analysis and wavelet analysis showed that the reconstructed sequence had periodicities of 2.2–5.3 years, 11 years, 39 years, and 52 years, suggesting that the minimum temperature changes may be influenced by El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), and solar sunspot activities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tree-Ring Analysis: Response and Adaptation to Climate Change)

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