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16 pages, 2169 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Anti-Inflammatory and Skin Barrier Function Recovery Effects of Carica papaya Peel in Mice with Contact Dermatitis

by Seonah Park, Kyoungmin Sun, Yeojin Kim, Hyorhan Son, Jimi Lee, Soyeon Kim and Hyungwoo Kim

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(22), 11122; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262211122 (registering DOI) - 17 Nov 2025

Abstract

With growing concerns over the safety of synthetic substances, the development of plant-derived alternatives with minimal adverse effects has gained significant attention. Carica papaya L. peel contains a rich profile of bioactive compounds, including papain, flavonoids, and vitamin C, which exhibit potent antioxidant [...] Read more.

With growing concerns over the safety of synthetic substances, the development of plant-derived alternatives with minimal adverse effects has gained significant attention. Carica papaya L. peel contains a rich profile of bioactive compounds, including papain, flavonoids, and vitamin C, which exhibit potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of an ethanol extract of C. papaya peel (EECP) on inflammation and skin barrier dysfunction in a mouse model of contact dermatitis (CD) induced by 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB). Mice were treated by applying EECP at three different levels (60, 80, and 600 μg) to dorsal skin for six days. Skin lesion severity, skin color, skin barrier function (SBF, as indicated by water content and water-holding capacity (WHC)), histopathological abnormalities, cytokine levels, filaggrin and Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression, and phosphorylation of MAPK (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase) signaling molecules were assessed. EECP treatment significantly alleviated the CD-associated dermal symptoms induced by DNFB, including skin fissures, scabbing, roughness, changes in color, water content, and WHC, as well as petechiae. EECP also prevented histopathological abnormalities such as epidermal hyperplasia, spongiotic changes, and immune cell infiltration. In addition, EECP suppressed the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, viz. TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, and MCP-1. In addition, EECP restored filaggrin expression and inhibited ERK (Extracellular signal-regulated kinases) phosphorylation and ICAM-1 expression in HaCaT cells. In summary, C. papaya peel demonstrated therapeutic potential by effectively suppressing inflammation and restoring SBF. These findings support the potential use of EECP as a safe and effective botanical candidate for the treatment of CD and the promotion of overall skin health Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targeting of Inflammatory Complications)

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29 pages, 1027 KB

Open AccessArticle

Small Samples, Big Insights: A Methodological Comparison of Estimation Techniques for Latent Divergent Thinking Models

by Selina Weiss, Lara S. Elmdust and Benjamin Goecke

J. Intell. 2025, 13(11), 150; https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence13110150 (registering DOI) - 17 Nov 2025

Abstract

In psychology, small sample sizes are a frequent challenge—particularly when studying specific expert populations or using complex and cost-intensive methods like human scoring of creative answers—as they reduce statistical power, bias results, and limit generalizability. They also hinder the use of frequentist confirmatory [...] Read more.

In psychology, small sample sizes are a frequent challenge—particularly when studying specific expert populations or using complex and cost-intensive methods like human scoring of creative answers—as they reduce statistical power, bias results, and limit generalizability. They also hinder the use of frequentist confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), which depends on larger samples for reliable estimation. Problems such as non-convergence, inadmissible parameters, and poor model fit are more likely. In contrast, Bayesian methods offer a robust alternative, being less sensitive to sample size and allowing the integration of prior knowledge through parameter priors. In the present study, we introduce small-sample-size structural equation modeling to creativity research by investigating the relationship between creative fluency and nested creative cleverness with right-wing authoritarianism, starting with a sample size of N = 198. We compare the stability of results in frequentist and Bayesian SEM while gradually reducing the sample by n = 25. We find that common frequentist fit indexes degrade below N = 100, while Bayesian multivariate Rhat values indicate stable convergence down to N = 50. Standard errors for fluency loadings inflate 40–50% faster in frequentist SEM compared to Bayesian estimation, and regression coefficients linking RWA to cleverness remain significant across all reductions. Based on these findings, we discuss (1) the critical role of Bayesian priors in stabilizing small-sample SEM, (2) the robustness of the RWA-cleverness relationship despite sample constraints, and (3) practical guidelines for minimum sample sizes in bifactor modeling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis of a Divergent Thinking Dataset)

20 pages, 7285 KB

Open AccessArticle

Bending Characteristics of Hybrid Fiber Concrete Beams Reinforced with Steel–GFRP Hybrid Rebars

by Aref Abadel, Husain Abbas, Hussein Elsanadedy, Tarek Almusallam, Shehab Mourad and Yousef Al-Salloum

Buildings 2025, 15(22), 4146; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15224146 (registering DOI) - 17 Nov 2025

Abstract

The current study aims to investigate the effect of using hybrid bars on the bending characteristics of hybrid fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) beams. For this purpose, a series of flexural tests on FRC beams were conducted. Four FRC beams were fabricated, each with a [...] Read more.

The current study aims to investigate the effect of using hybrid bars on the bending characteristics of hybrid fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) beams. For this purpose, a series of flexural tests on FRC beams were conducted. Four FRC beams were fabricated, each with a section of 120 mm × 185 mm and an overall length of 1.5 m. The FRC beams’ tension reinforcement consisted of a hybrid configuration of steel and glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) rebars. The concrete mix included a hybrid fiber content of 1% by volume, with 0.75% for hooked-end steel fibers (SF) and 0.25% polypropylene fibers (PP). The simply supported FRC beams were tested under the action of two-point loads. The results demonstrated that the inclusion of hybrid fibers substantially improved the crack widening and propagation in FRC beams compared to normal concrete (NC) beams. The maximum load capabilities of the FRC beams surpassed those of the NC beams up to 13.2%. The GFRP bars further enhanced the beams’ load-carrying capacity with an observed increase of up to 42.5%, when compared to the steel-reinforced FRC beam (BFRC-3S). Additionally, hybrid reinforcement improved ductility, with increases of 39.1% and 167.1% when one or two GFRP bars were replaced by steel, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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32 pages, 2030 KB

Open AccessArticle

Time Perspective and ICT Use: A Descriptive Study with Secondary School Adolescents

by Duarte Gomes, Cristina Antunes and Ana Paula Monteiro

Societies 2025, 15(11), 315; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15110315 (registering DOI) - 17 Nov 2025

Abstract

The literature addresses Time Perspective and technology use among adolescents in various ways. However, the existing body of research remains limited, with gaps in both descriptive and comparative dimensions. Accordingly, this study aimed to describe and compare Time Perspective, the Use of ICT [...] Read more.

The literature addresses Time Perspective and technology use among adolescents in various ways. However, the existing body of research remains limited, with gaps in both descriptive and comparative dimensions. Accordingly, this study aimed to describe and compare Time Perspective, the Use of ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) and Social Media, and Attitudes Towards Technology among adolescents, considering sex, type of course, and school year. The sample comprised 433 secondary school students aged between 14 and 19 years. Two instruments were employed: the Time Perspective Inventory (TPI) and the Media and Technology Usage and Attitudes Scale for Portuguese Youth (MTUAS-PY). Participants were generally more oriented towards the past; specifically, greater Future Orientation was observed among male students, while Past Orientation was more prevalent in regular-education courses, and a more Negative View of the Future was found among students in vocational courses. Smartphone Use emerged as the highest-scoring dimension within ICT and Social Media Use, whereas Accessibility and Ease received the highest scores in Attitudes Towards Technology. This study provides a nuanced overview of the secondary school adolescent population and identifies significant differences when considering academic tracks. These findings raise important considerations for future research, both in terms of factorial analysis and comparative approaches. Full article

30 pages, 5680 KB

Open AccessArticle

Surface and Vertical Nutrient Profiles in the Northwestern Black Sea: Trends, Comparisons, and Sample Preservation Assessment

by Dan Vasiliu, Andra Bucșe, Florina Rădulescu, Florentina Fediuc and Sorin Balan

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(11), 2178; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13112178 (registering DOI) - 17 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study investigated the physicochemical properties and nutrient dynamics on the Romanian shelf of the northwestern Black Sea in July 2024, collecting data across 36 stations (13–1116 m depth) heavily influenced by Danube discharges. Vertical CTD profiling revealed a pronounced seasonal thermocline and [...] Read more.

This study investigated the physicochemical properties and nutrient dynamics on the Romanian shelf of the northwestern Black Sea in July 2024, collecting data across 36 stations (13–1116 m depth) heavily influenced by Danube discharges. Vertical CTD profiling revealed a pronounced seasonal thermocline and a deep-lying permanent halocline. The Cold Intermediate Layer (CIL) boundary, defined by the 8 °C isotherm, was absent, indicating warmer subsurface waters. Surface nutrient concentrations, particularly for nitrate (NO₃) and phosphate (PO₄), were considerably lower than peak eutrophication periods, approaching pre-1970s values, suggesting a positive trend due to reduced anthropogenic loading. They are also comparable to or lower than other coastal regions in the Black Sea. Vertical nutrient profiles confirmed the typical anoxic Black Sea structure, but with regional specifics: the PO₄ maximum was slightly deeper, and the NO₃ maximum position and concentration mirrored the pre-eutrophication period, further supporting reduced anthropogenic nitrogen input. Silicate (SiO₄) concentrations were consistently low throughout the water column, suggesting the northwest shelf functions as a SiO₄ sink compared to the southeastern Black Sea. Overall results indicate a shift towards a less eutrophic state on the Romanian shelf while highlighting the continued dominance of Danube-driven hydrodynamics. In addition to those investigations, this study assessed nutrient preservation techniques, finding that pasteurization was significantly superior to freezing for maintaining the stability of PO₄ and NOx (losses up to 20% and 47% for frozen samples, respectively) over six months. Though SiO₄ was stable under both methods, the freezing produced lower concentrations, possibly from incomplete depolymerization during thawing. These findings stress that pasteurization could be taken into consideration as a reliable preservation technique for long-term storage of nutrient samples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Chemical Oceanography)

23 pages, 5472 KB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Process and Quality of Prepacked Braised Meat Products

by Mingxia Zhao, Lili Zhang, Li Liang, Shihao Sun, Shuxing Chen, Lishui Chen and Yuyu Zhang

Foods 2025, 14(22), 3937; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14223937 (registering DOI) - 17 Nov 2025

Abstract

The processing technique critically determines the quality of prepackaged braised meat products. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of an innovative processing method against traditional methods on the product’s shelf-life and quality attributes. Results: no significant difference in shelf-life was observed between [...] Read more.

The processing technique critically determines the quality of prepackaged braised meat products. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of an innovative processing method against traditional methods on the product’s shelf-life and quality attributes. Results: no significant difference in shelf-life was observed between the experimental and control groups. However, the innovative method significantly improved product quality. The experimental group exhibited a redder and bluer color, significantly higher hardness (2–4 times, p < 0.01) and chewiness, alongside better moisture retention and meat yield. Sensory evaluation confirmed an overall preference for the experimental group (p < 0.05). Flavor profile analysis revealed a greater number and more stable retention of key flavor compounds (alcohols, ketones, and ethers) in the experimental group. The innovative processing method optimizes traditional techniques by significantly enhancing the physicochemical, textural, sensory, and flavor properties of prepackaged braised meat, without compromising shelf-life, providing a novel strategy for producing high-quality products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Preservation: Traditional and Modern Processes and Strategies)

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16 pages, 1302 KB

Open AccessArticle

Preoperative Risk Factors and Phenotypic Clustering in Periprosthetic Joint Infection: A Matched Case–Control Study

by Tarek Omar Pacha, Sophia K. Klett, Gabi von Lewinski, Maximilian Koblenzer, Hür Özbek, Jorge Mayor, Jan D. Clausen, Axel Gänsslen, Schayan Faraj Tabrizi, Stephan Sehmisch and Gökmen F. Aktas

Life 2025, 15(11), 1762; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15111762 (registering DOI) - 17 Nov 2025

Abstract

Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) remains one of the most serious complications after total joint arthroplasty. This retrospective 1:1 matched case–control study investigated preoperative predictors and patient phenotypes associated with PJI in 182 patients (91 cases, 91 controls) undergoing hip or knee arthroplasty between [...] Read more.

Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) remains one of the most serious complications after total joint arthroplasty. This retrospective 1:1 matched case–control study investigated preoperative predictors and patient phenotypes associated with PJI in 182 patients (91 cases, 91 controls) undergoing hip or knee arthroplasty between 2013 and 2024. Variables with skewed distributions were log-transformed, and multivariable logistic regression with LASSO regularization identified independent risk factors. Unsupervised K-means clustering was applied to perioperative features to explore data-driven patient phenotypes. Preoperative anemia (OR 5.91, p = 0.026), higher ASA score (OR 1.77, p = 0.033), and surgical delay (OR 1.67, p = 0.024) independently predicted infection, while age and CRP showed non-significant trends. The resulting five-variable preoperative model achieved an AUC of 0.718 (optimism-corrected AUC of 0.661) for infection prediction. Clustering analysis revealed three phenotypes: anemia-dominated, elderly but short-procedure, and high surgery duration with significantly different infection rates (χ² = 23.5, p < 0.001) but similar mortality (p = 0.068). This integrative approach combining regression-based prediction and phenotype discovery enables clinically interpretable, preoperatively applicable risk stratification. The findings identify anemia, comorbidity burden, and surgical delay as key modifiable targets for preventive optimization before arthroplasty. External validation and recalibration to population-level incidence are warranted before clinical implementation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Machine Learning for Disease Prediction and Prevention)

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17 pages, 3608 KB

Open AccessArticle

Specimen Size Effect on Expansive Soil Permeability: Laboratory and In-Situ Investigation

by Yanling Lin, Junping Yuan and Chen Ding

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(22), 12205; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152212205 (registering DOI) - 17 Nov 2025

Abstract

The permeability characteristics of expansive soil have a significant impact on slope stability. This study investigates the permeability evolution of three expansive soils (B, GW, GB) with distinct swelling potentials (68%, 42%, and 28%) under repeated wet–dry cycles, combining laboratory falling-head tests and [...] Read more.

The permeability characteristics of expansive soil have a significant impact on slope stability. This study investigates the permeability evolution of three expansive soils (B, GW, GB) with distinct swelling potentials (68%, 42%, and 28%) under repeated wet–dry cycles, combining laboratory falling-head tests and in situ four-ring infiltrometer measurements. The results demonstrate that the permeability coefficient increases consistently with cycle number. The high-expansivity soil (B) exhibited the most pronounced change, with permeability increasing from 10⁻⁶ cm/s to 10⁻³ cm/s after five cycles, whereas the low-expansivity soil (GB) remained stable. A significant specimen size effect was observed in initial permeability, which stabilized beyond a critical infiltration area of 1102.7 cm². However, this size dependence diminished after three cycles due to extensive cracking and structural homogenization. Crack density analysis further confirmed microstructural stabilization at sample diameters between 32 and 38 cm, validating the adopted in situ seepage diameter of 37 cm. Linear regression revealed greater discrepancies between laboratory and in situ permeability values in high-swelling soils. Empirical formulas incorporating wet–dry cycles were developed to accurately predict in situ permeability, providing practical tools for engineering design and risk assessment. Full article

21 pages, 1147 KB

Open AccessArticle

AI-Based Steganography Method to Enhance the Information Security of Hidden Messages in Digital Images

by Nhi Do Ngoc Huynh, Jiajun Jiang, Chung-Hao Chen and Wen-Chao Yang

Electronics 2025, 14(22), 4490; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14224490 (registering DOI) - 17 Nov 2025

Abstract

With the increasing sophistication of Artificial Intelligence (AI), traditional digital steganography methods face a growing risk of being detected and compromised. Adversarial attacks, in particular, pose a significant threat to the security and robustness of hidden information. To address these challenges, this paper [...] Read more.

With the increasing sophistication of Artificial Intelligence (AI), traditional digital steganography methods face a growing risk of being detected and compromised. Adversarial attacks, in particular, pose a significant threat to the security and robustness of hidden information. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a novel AI-based steganography framework designed to enhance the security of concealed messages within digital images. Our approach introduces a multi-stage embedding process that utilizes a sequence of encoder models, including a base encoder, a residual encoder, and a dense encoder, to create a more complex and secure hiding environment. To further improve robustness, we integrate Wavelet Transforms with various deep learning architectures, namely Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), Bayesian Neural Networks (BNNs), and Graph Convolutional Networks (GCNs). We conducted a comprehensive set of experiments on the FashionMNIST and MNIST datasets to evaluate our framework’s performance against several adversarial attacks. The results demonstrate that our multi-stage approach significantly enhances resilience. Notably, while CNN architectures provide the highest baseline accuracy, BNNs exhibit superior intrinsic robustness against gradient-based attacks. For instance, under the Fast Gradient Sign Method (FGSM) attack on the MNIST dataset, our BNN-based models maintained an accuracy of over 98%, whereas the performance of comparable CNN models dropped sharply to between 10% and 18%. This research provides a robust and effective method for developing next-generation secure steganography systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Machine Learning, Pattern Recognition, and Deep Learning Technologies: Methodologies and Applications, 2nd Edition)

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16 pages, 1845 KB

Open AccessArticle

Verapamil Suppresses the Development of Resistance Against Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs in Mycobacteria

by Kunna Liu, Elise Buitenhek, Coenraad P. Kuijl, Yuval Mulla, Joen Luirink and Dirk Bald

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(22), 11124; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262211124 (registering DOI) - 17 Nov 2025

Abstract

The emergence of drug resistance remains a major challenge in the treatment of tuberculosis and other mycobacterial infections. To combat the rise in resistance, strategies that reduce the frequency of resistance mutations are urgently needed. Verapamil is a small-molecule compound that can enhance [...] Read more.

The emergence of drug resistance remains a major challenge in the treatment of tuberculosis and other mycobacterial infections. To combat the rise in resistance, strategies that reduce the frequency of resistance mutations are urgently needed. Verapamil is a small-molecule compound that can enhance the potency of companion drugs in combination regimen. Here, we investigate if verapamil can decrease the resistance frequency of antimycobacterial drugs. The results show that verapamil significantly reduces the resistance frequency of multiple antimycobacterial agents, including the DNA gyrase inhibitor moxifloxacin, the protein synthesis inhibitor streptomycin, and the RNA polymerase inhibitor rifampicin in Mycobacterium smegmatis. The presence of point mutations in the target was confirmed for moxifloxacin-resistant M. smegmatis. Suppression of resistance evolution against moxifloxacin by verapamil was also found in the slow-growing, pathogenic mycobacteria M. avium and M. tuberculosis. Real-time qPCR analysis in M. smegmatis showed that verapamil treatment downregulates the expression of multiple efflux pump genes and upregulates DNA repair genes. These findings suggest that verapamil exerts a dual role by interfering with efflux pump functionality and by reducing the probability of chromosomal mutations. The combination of these properties may underlie the promise of verapamil as adjuvant to enhance the effectiveness of current antimycobacterial chemotherapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibiotics Science: Molecular Insights, Detection Strategies, Resistance Challenges and Interdisciplinary Applications)

20 pages, 2302 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Global Prevalence of Isolated Systolic, Isolated Diastolic, and Systodiastolic Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Víctor Juan Vera-Ponce, Lupita Ana Maria Valladolid-Sandoval, Jhosmer Ballena-Caicedo and Fiorella E. Zuzunaga-Montoya

Cardiovasc. Med. 2025, 28(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/cardiovascmed28010003 (registering DOI) - 17 Nov 2025

Abstract

Arterial hypertension (HTN) is a global public health problem with three distinct subtypes: isolated systolic hypertension (ISH), isolated diastolic hypertension (IDH), and systodiastolic hypertension (SDH), each with unique clinical implications. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the global prevalence of ISH, [...] Read more.

Arterial hypertension (HTN) is a global public health problem with three distinct subtypes: isolated systolic hypertension (ISH), isolated diastolic hypertension (IDH), and systodiastolic hypertension (SDH), each with unique clinical implications. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the global prevalence of ISH, IDH, and SDH and their variability. Following PRISMA guidelines, a search was conducted in SCOPUS, Web of Science, PubMed, and EMBASE. A random-effects model with the Freeman-Tukey transformation was used for the meta-analysis, and a meta-regression was performed to assess temporal trends. Twenty-seven studies from five continents were included, revealing pooled global prevalence rates of 10.72% for ISH, 5.07% for IDH, and 11.71% for SDH. Extreme heterogeneity was observed (I² = 100%), reflecting substantial methodological diversity. The meta-regression suggested an increasing trend for ISH over time, while non-significant decreasing trends were observed for IDH and SDH. In conclusion, all three HTN subtypes show clinically relevant prevalences, with ISH and SDH being nearly twice as common as IDH. The high heterogeneity underscores the urgent need for research standardization, and these findings highlight the importance of differentiating subtypes for more effective population-level screening and public health planning. Full article

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21 pages, 1335 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Material Arrangement Order on Ballistic Resistance of Ceramic Composite Armor Structure

by Yu Liang Chen, Cheng Kun Chu and Ya Chih Chang

Solids 2025, 6(4), 64; https://doi.org/10.3390/solids6040064 (registering DOI) - 17 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the ballistic performance and energy-absorption behavior of advanced multilayer ceramic composite armor systems composed of silicon carbide (SiC) ceramics, composite metal foam (CMF), rolled homogeneous armor (RHA), ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), aluminum, and rubber interlayers. The objective is to enhance impact [...] Read more.

This study investigates the ballistic performance and energy-absorption behavior of advanced multilayer ceramic composite armor systems composed of silicon carbide (SiC) ceramics, composite metal foam (CMF), rolled homogeneous armor (RHA), ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), aluminum, and rubber interlayers. The objective is to enhance impact resistance and optimize energy dissipation efficiency against armor-piercing (AP) projectiles. Ballistic tests were performed following the NIJ Standard 0101.06 Level IV specifications using .30” caliber AP M2 rounds with an impact velocity of 784–844 m/s. Experimental results revealed that the SiC front layer effectively fragmented the projectile and dispersed its kinetic energy, while the CMF and UHMWPE layers were the primary energy absorbers, dissipating approximately 70% of the total impact energy (≈3660 J). The aluminum and RHA layers provided additional reinforcement, and the rubber interlayer significantly reduced stress-wave propagation and suppressed crack growth in the ceramic. The most efficient configuration 0.5 mm RHA + 7 mm SiC + 7 mm EPDM + 7 mm CMF + 5 mm UHMWPE achieved an areal density absorption of 77.2 J·m²/kg and a unit thickness absorption of 190.6 J/mm. These findings establish a quantitative layer-wise energy dissipation framework, highlighting the synergistic interaction between brittle, porous, and ductile layers. This work provides practical design principles for developing lightweight, high-efficiency composite armor systems applicable to defense, aerospace, and personal protection fields. Moreover, this study not only validates the NIJ Standard 0101.06 ballistic performance experimentally but also establishes a reproducible methodology for quantitative, layer-wise energy analysis of hybrid ceramic-CMF-fiber armor systems, offering a scientific framework for future model calibration and optimization. Full article

18 pages, 2700 KB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study on Wetting Front and Air Counterflow in Unsaturated Sand Columns During Ponded Water Infiltration

by Quan Cheng, Haotian Ming, Wuyue Liu and Hua Zhang

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(22), 12200; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152212200 (registering DOI) - 17 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study investigates water–air coupled transport characteristics during ponded water infiltration in unsaturated sand columns through systematic laboratory experiments. The experiments considered three soil textures, two initial dry densities (1.50 and 1.60 g/cm³), and four initial saturations (0% to 41%), with [...] Read more.

This study investigates water–air coupled transport characteristics during ponded water infiltration in unsaturated sand columns through systematic laboratory experiments. The experiments considered three soil textures, two initial dry densities (1.50 and 1.60 g/cm³), and four initial saturations (0% to 41%), with synchronous monitoring of pore pressure and volumetric water content using pressure sensors (P1–P7) and moisture sensors (W1–W5) to track dynamic changes in wetting front, pressure, and saturation. The results reveal four distinct stages of pore pressure variation during ponded water infiltration: pressure soars (Stage I), pressure ascends with air compression (Stage II), pressure surges due to air breakthrough (Stage III), and pressure stabilization (Stage IV). The duration, intensity of these stages, and wetting front migration rates are significantly influenced by soil texture, initial dry density, and initial saturation. Specifically, lower dry density and clay content shorten the time for the wetting front to reach the column bottom, while higher initial saturation promotes entrapped air bubble breakthrough, triggering Stage III. This study enhances understanding of water–air coupled transport in unsaturated sandy soils, providing insights for optimizing irrigation and soil-water conservation strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seepage Problems in Geotechnical Engineering)

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15 pages, 540 KB

Open AccessArticle

Gender Differences Between Disability, Quality of Life, and Sedentary Behavior in Individuals with Chronic Non-Specific Neck Pain

by Anna Christakou, Alexandra Loizou and Dimitrios Chytas

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(22), 8155; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14228155 (registering DOI) - 17 Nov 2025

Abstract

Introduction: Chronic non-specific neck pain is a musculoskeletal disorder which may affect psychological well-being and work performance. Depression, anxiety, and limitations in daily and work activities may occur differently between genders in individuals with chronic non-specific pain. The main purpose of the present [...] Read more.

Introduction: Chronic non-specific neck pain is a musculoskeletal disorder which may affect psychological well-being and work performance. Depression, anxiety, and limitations in daily and work activities may occur differently between genders in individuals with chronic non-specific pain. The main purpose of the present cross-sectional study was to investigate the differences between men and women with chronic non-specific neck pain in disability due to pain, quality of life, and sedentary behavior. Secondly, we investigated the intercorrelations between the three above measured variables in the total sample. Methods: Eighty patients (44 men and 36 women), aged 20–55 years (Μ = 33.55, SD = 11.16) with chronic non-specific neck pain in the last 3 years participated. They completed three validated questionnaires which measured neck disability pain, quality of life, and sedentary behavior with (a) the Neck Disability Index (NDI), (b) the quality-of-life EuroQol-5D (EQ-5D), and (c) the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), respectively. Gender comparisons with Kruskal–Wallis H tests and correlation analysis with Spearman r tests were performed between the above variables using SPSS 29.00. Results: Men reported (a) better quality of life (H = 16.14, p < 0.001), (b) lower pain-related disability (H = 13.96, p < 0.001), (c) more time spending in vigorous physical activity (H = 3.37, p < 0.05), (d) more time spending in moderate physical activity (H = 5.17, p < 0.05), and (e) more time spending in walking (H = 11.24, p < 0.001). A strong positive correlation was found between the NDI and the EQ-5D Index (r = 0.74, p = 0.002) and a negative correlation was found between NDI and the EQ-5D VAS (r = −0.65, p = 0.003). Discussion: The present findings reported that men have more time walking, and have lower disability due to neck pain than women, thus they have better quality of life than women with chronic non-specific neck pain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neuromuscular Diseases and Musculoskeletal Disorders)

4 pages, 187 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Editorial: Understanding Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE) from Cultural Perspectives

by Archana V. Hegde and Jessica Resor

Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(11), 1550; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15111550 (registering DOI) - 17 Nov 2025

Abstract

Children are reared in unique socio-cultural, political, and historical contexts (Rodd, 1996) [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Understanding Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE) from Cultural Perspectives)

30 pages, 2110 KB

Open AccessReview

The Impacts of Binge Drinking and Hangover on the Social Brain: An Integrative Narrative Review

by Zsolt Bagosi, Gergely Karasz, Attila Ágoston Thury, Balázs Simon, Imre Földesi and Krisztina Csabafi

Biomedicines 2025, 13(11), 2802; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13112802 (registering DOI) - 17 Nov 2025

Abstract

Binge drinking is defined as consuming a large amount of alcohol in a short period of time, whereas hangover is a cluster of unpleasant mental symptoms and physical signs that typically manifest the next day after binge drinking. Binge drinking is a prevalent [...] Read more.

Binge drinking is defined as consuming a large amount of alcohol in a short period of time, whereas hangover is a cluster of unpleasant mental symptoms and physical signs that typically manifest the next day after binge drinking. Binge drinking is a prevalent pattern of alcohol consumption, especially in adolescents, with dualistic effects on social behavior. While some studies demonstrate that a single episode of binge drinking enhances sociability and preference for social novelty, other studies indicate that repeating cycles of binge drinking and hangover can lead to persistent negative affect and consequently social withdawal. This is an integrative narrative review synthesizing human studies and animal models of binge drinking (also known as alcohol intoxication) and hangover (also known as alcohol withdrawal). The major databases consulted were PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The search terms used were “binge drinking” or “hangover”and “social behavior” or “social brain” in combination with “rats”, “mice” or “humans”. Finding the missing link between structural and functional changes in the social brain in the context of binge drinking and hangover is crucial for developing novel therapeutic strategies for alcohol intoxication and withdrawal. This review focuses on changes in hypothalamic neurohormones and extrahypothalamic neurotransmitters in these states, and concludes with the statement that targeting neuropeptides such as corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) and their receptors, which are involved in both binge drinking and social behavior, may prevent repeated cycles of binge drinking and hangover from spiraling into alcohol addiction and, ultimately, social isolation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neurobiology and Clinical Neuroscience)

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20 pages, 1950 KB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental and Numerical Investigation of the Structural Behavior of Steel Cylindrical Shells Under Lateral Load Considering Fixed and Frictional Boundary Conditions

by Won Seok Choi, Jung Min Sohn and Sang Jin Kim

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(11), 2179; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13112179 (registering DOI) - 17 Nov 2025

Abstract

Wind turbine tower structures composed of slender steel cylindrical shells mainly serve as primary load-bearing components and can be particularly susceptible to buckling due to their thin walls. Ensuring the structural safety of wind turbines therefore requires a clear understanding of the behavior [...] Read more.

Wind turbine tower structures composed of slender steel cylindrical shells mainly serve as primary load-bearing components and can be particularly susceptible to buckling due to their thin walls. Ensuring the structural safety of wind turbines therefore requires a clear understanding of the behavior of slender cylindrical shells, which is influenced by material properties, boundary conditions, and loading scenarios. This study experimentally investigates the structural responses of scaled cylindrical structures representing wind turbine towers beyond the proportional limit including the ultimate and post-ultimate strength depending on boundary conditions (fully and frictionally supported). Lateral loads were applied at the top of the specimens to simulate concentrated loads transferred from wind forces on the blades. Furthermore, a numerical model was developed to analyze the structural behavior of the tower validated against the experimental test results. The results provide valuable insights into optimizing the structural design of both onshore and offshore wind turbine towers, contributing to enhanced safety and performance under varying load conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advancements and Challenges in Marine Renewable Energy and Marine Structures)

24 pages, 3233 KB

Open AccessTechnical Note

Digital Transformation of Building Inspections: A Function-Oriented and Predictive Approach Using the FastFoam System

by Jacek Rapiński, Michał Bednarczyk, Dariusz Tomaszewski, Aldona Skotnicka-Siepsiak, Tomasz Templin, Jacek Zabielski, Veronica Royano and Carles Serrat

Infrastructures 2025, 10(11), 310; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10110310 (registering DOI) - 17 Nov 2025

Abstract

This paper presents the concept, implementation, and evaluation of FastFoam—a web-based inspection system designed for the technical assessment of buildings. Developed through international collaboration, FastFoam supports flexible inspection workflows, structured data collection, and integration with classification systems and geospatial data. The system enables [...] Read more.

This paper presents the concept, implementation, and evaluation of FastFoam—a web-based inspection system designed for the technical assessment of buildings. Developed through international collaboration, FastFoam supports flexible inspection workflows, structured data collection, and integration with classification systems and geospatial data. The system enables civil engineers to create, customize, and manage inspection templates, store inspection results in a centralized database, and analyze inspection data using both descriptive and extensible analytical tools.To assess user needs and guide system development, a nationwide survey was conducted among Polish civil engineering professionals. The results confirmed strong interest in mobile and web-based inspection tools, as well as specific functional expectations regarding template customization, defect documentation, and automated reporting. The system architecture follows a multi-layered design with separate user, server, and external service layers. It supports modular data structures, role-based access, and integration with external platforms such as OpenStreetMap and BIM systems. A key innovation of FastFoam is its implementation of the FOAM (Function-Oriented Assessment Methodology), which enables temporal analysis and prediction of building condition over various timeframes. A case study demonstrates the application of FastFoam in a real-world building inspection in Poland. The evaluation confirmed the system’s practical usability while also revealing opportunities for future enhancements including AI-based defect detection, IoT integration, offline mobile functionality, and open data export. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Infrastructures Inspection and Maintenance)

14 pages, 1058 KB

Open AccessArticle

Fabry–Perot Spin Resonances in Rashba–Ferromagnet Hall Geometry Enabling Tunable Spin Currents

by Jinki Hong and Sangsu Kim

Symmetry 2025, 17(11), 1991; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17111991 (registering DOI) - 17 Nov 2025

Abstract

Spin–orbit interaction enables the generation and manipulation of spin currents without external magnetic fields, providing opportunities for spin–orbitronic devices. Here, we theoretically investigate a two-dimensional Rashba channel embedded in a Hall geometry with ferromagnetic probes. We demonstrate that symmetry breaking in this configuration [...] Read more.

Spin–orbit interaction enables the generation and manipulation of spin currents without external magnetic fields, providing opportunities for spin–orbitronic devices. Here, we theoretically investigate a two-dimensional Rashba channel embedded in a Hall geometry with ferromagnetic probes. We demonstrate that symmetry breaking in this configuration leads to experimentally accessible electrical signals, such as open-circuit voltages and short-circuit currents. By analyzing the mirror symmetry of the system, we identified the FM magnetization configurations that maximize these signals. These signals arise from two distinct mechanisms: the Edelstein spin density and spin interference generated by multiple reflections at the Rashba–ferromagnet interfaces. Importantly, the interference is governed solely by the spin-precessional phase, with orbital contributions canceled out. By tuning the channel width, the interference produces Fabry–Perot resonances that allow controllable enhancement of these electrical signals. The resulting Hall responses is well within the range of experimentally reported spin Hall angles, confirming their experimental feasibility. Our results highlight how coherent spin interference, combined with the Edelstein effect, provides a controllable pathway for spin current engineering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physics)

35 pages, 1561 KB

Open AccessArticle

An Integrative Review of Computational Methods Applied to Biomarkers, Psychological Metrics, and Behavioral Signals for Early Cancer Risk Detection

by Lucia Bubulac, Tudor Georgescu, Mirela Zivari, Dana-Maria Popescu-Spineni, Cristina-Crenguţa Albu, Adrian Bobu, Sebastian Tiberiu Nemeth, Claudia-Florina Bogdan-Andreescu, Adriana Gurghean and Alin Adrian Alecu

Bioengineering 2025, 12(11), 1259; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12111259 (registering DOI) - 17 Nov 2025

Abstract

The global rise in cancer incidence and mortality represents a major challenge for modern healthcare. Although current screening programs rely mainly on histological or immunological biomarkers, cancer is a multifactorial disease in which biological, psychological, and behavioural determinants interact. Psychological dimensions such as [...] Read more.

The global rise in cancer incidence and mortality represents a major challenge for modern healthcare. Although current screening programs rely mainly on histological or immunological biomarkers, cancer is a multifactorial disease in which biological, psychological, and behavioural determinants interact. Psychological dimensions such as stress, anxiety, and depression may influence vulnerability and disease evolution through neuro-endocrine, immune, and behavioural pathways, especially by affecting adherence to therapeutic recommendations. However, these dimensions remain underexplored in current screening workflows. This review synthesizes current evidence on the integration of biological markers (tumor and inflammatory biomarkers), psychometric profiling (stress, depression, anxiety, personality traits), and behavioural digital phenotyping (facial micro-expressions, vocal tone, gait/posture metrics) for potential early cancer risk evaluation. We examine recent advances in computational sciences and artificial intelligence that could enable multimodal signal harmonization, structured representation, and hybrid data fusion models. We discuss how structured computational information management may improve interpretability and may support future AI-assisted screening paradigms. Finally, we highlight the relevance of digital health infrastructure and telemedical platforms in strengthening accessibility, continuity of monitoring, and population-level screening coverage. Further empirical research is required to determine the true predictive contribution of psychological and behavioural modalities beyond established biological markers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence for Better Healthcare and Precision Medicine, 2nd Edition)

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48 pages, 72857 KB

Open AccessArticle

Ultrastructural Characteristics of the Juvenile Chum Salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) Cerebellum: Interneuron Composition, Neuro–Glial Interactions, Homeostatic Neurogenesis, and Synaptic Plasticity

by Evgeniya V. Pushchina, Evgeniya E. Vekhova and Mariya E. Bykova

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(22), 11123; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262211123 (registering DOI) - 17 Nov 2025

Abstract

Currently, the problem of climate change on Earth is becoming increasingly urgent. These changes are the reason for the increasingly pronounced adaptive differences in different species of fish. A significant gap in ultrastructural data on the organization of the salmon cerebellum was the [...] Read more.

Currently, the problem of climate change on Earth is becoming increasingly urgent. These changes are the reason for the increasingly pronounced adaptive differences in different species of fish. A significant gap in ultrastructural data on the organization of the salmon cerebellum was the main motivation for this study’s microscopic and ultrastructural analyses using transmission and scanning electron microscopy of the cerebellum of juvenile chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta. The study of the interneuron composition of the cerebellum showed the presence of stellate cells in the molecular layer, projection Purkinje cells, and eurydendroid cells in the ganglion layer. Large Golgi cells and granular cells were found in the granular layer. The study of the synaptic structure of the molecular layer showed the presence of synaptic contacts of electrotonic and chemical types, which are an important link in interneuronal communications. Most synaptic endings of parallel fibers of the excitatory type in juvenile chum salmon converge onto dendrites of Purkinje cells. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) study of neuro–glial relationships also revealed a heterogeneous population of astrocytes and microglia in the cerebellum of juvenile chum salmon. Patterns of apoptosis and phagocytosis involving protoplasmic astrocytes were detected. The presence of protoplasmic astrocytes in the cerebellum of juvenile chum salmon contrasts with data reported for zebrafish. The conducted studies allow us to conclude that the homeostatic growth of the cerebellum of juvenile chum salmon can occur according to an uncertain pattern and be mediated by the presence of adult-type neural stem/progenitor cells (aNSPCs). The presence of aNSPCs of glial and non-glial types in the cerebellum of juvenile chum salmon was demonstrated by TEM and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The discovery of a large population of non-glial aNSPCs in the dorsal matrix zone (DMZ) and granular layer of juvenile chum salmon, as well as stromal cell clusters on the surface of the cerebellar molecular layer, suggests the activity of a neurogenic program in the brain of juvenile chum salmon that is mainly active during embryonic stages in other vertebrate species. The phenomenon of embryonization in the cerebellum of juvenile chum salmon is determined by the presence of non-glial aNSPCs, which contribute to homeostatic growth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Brain Plasticity in Health and Disease)

48 pages, 14072 KB

Open AccessArticle

Development of Unity3D-Based Intelligent Warehouse Visualization Platform with Enhanced A-Star Path Planning Algorithm

by Yating Li, Tingrui Xie, Jingwei Zhou, Zhongbiao He, Haocheng Tang, Yuan Wu, Xue Zhou, Tengfei Tang, Zikai Wei and Yongman Zhao

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(22), 12202; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152212202 (registering DOI) - 17 Nov 2025

Abstract

In the context of rapidly growing logistics demand, traditional warehouse management methods are inadequate in meeting contemporary efficiency and accuracy requirements. The present study proposes the development of an intelligent warehouse visualization platform, the objective of which is to address issues such as [...] Read more.

In the context of rapidly growing logistics demand, traditional warehouse management methods are inadequate in meeting contemporary efficiency and accuracy requirements. The present study proposes the development of an intelligent warehouse visualization platform, the objective of which is to address issues such as high labor dependency, opaque inventory, and operational inefficiencies. The construction of a virtual warehouse environment was undertaken using Unity3D, with the aim of simulating real-world zones. These comprised storage areas, automatic guided vehicle (AGV) pathways, and operational spaces. The platform incorporates radio frequency identification devices (RFID) for item tracking and a role-based access system, enabling real-time monitoring and management of inbound, inventory, and outbound processes. In order to optimize AGV path planning, the proposed algorithm incorporates a dynamic weighted heuristic, a five-neighborhood search, a bidirectional search, and Bézier curve-based smoothing. The efficacy of these enhancements has been demonstrated through a reduction in searched nodes, computation time, and path length, while simultaneously enhancing smoothness. As demonstrated by simulations conducted in Unity3D, the optimized algorithm exhibits a reduction in search nodes of 59.19%, in time of 45.41%, and in path length of 18%, in comparison with the conventional A-star algorithm. The platform offers a safe, efficient, and scalable solution for enterprise training and operational simulation, contributing valuable insights for intelligent warehouse upgrading. Full article

26 pages, 8342 KB

Open AccessArticle

Tracing the Zoonotic Origins of a Rare Human G5P[6] Rotavirus in Brazil

by Lais Sampaio de Azevedo, Vanessa Cristina Martins Silva, Yasmin França, Raquel Guiducci and Adriana Luchs

Pathogens 2025, 14(11), 1172; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14111172 (registering DOI) - 17 Nov 2025

Abstract

The porcine origin rotavirus A (RVA) G5 genotype is notable for its unique and sustained human circulation in Brazil, primarily as G5P[8] during the 1980s–2000s. This study aimed to characterize and investigate the full genome of a rare G5P[6] strain detected in 2013 [...] Read more.

The porcine origin rotavirus A (RVA) G5 genotype is notable for its unique and sustained human circulation in Brazil, primarily as G5P[8] during the 1980s–2000s. This study aimed to characterize and investigate the full genome of a rare G5P[6] strain detected in 2013 (RVA/Human-wt/BRA/IAL-R406/2013/G5P[6]) to elucidate its evolutionary origin throughout RT-PCR, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis. Whole-genome assessment revealed an atypical G5-P[6]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A8-N1-T7-E1-H1 constellation. The IAL-R406 VP7 (classified in Lineage I) was closely related to G5 strains that have circulated in both humans and pigs in Brazil for nearly three decades, showing no evidence of recent variant introduction. The VP4 P[6] (assigned as Lineage I) was genetically similar to Paraguayan and Argentinian G4P[6] porcine-like strains, indicating a regional swine reservoir and zoonotic RVA spillover in South America. The remaining nine segments support the animal–human reassortant origin of IAL-R406, showing broad similarity to porcine-like human and porcine strains described worldwide, with additional relationships to bovine (Republic of Korea, USA), feline-like human (Brazil), equine (UK), simian (Caribbean), wild boar/fox (Croatia), and classical human (Japan, USA) strains. In particular, the NSP1-A8 and NSP3-T7 genotypes, extremely rare in humans yet widespread in animals, especially swine, strongly indicate interspecies reassortment, likely resulting from porcine-to-human transmission. Together, these findings reinforce swine as a persistent reservoir for zoonotic RVA infections and highlight the importance of a One Health approach integrating human and animal surveillance to better understand RVA cross-species transmission and evolution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Viral Pathogens)

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14 pages, 2730 KB

Open AccessArticle

Hidden Adaptations: Ultrasound Evidence of Intrinsic Foot and Tendon Changes in Basketball Players with Hallux Limitus

by Samuel Eloy Gutiérrez-Torre, Nerea Molina-Hernández, Álvaro García-Vázquez, César Calvo-Lobo, David Rodríguez-Sanz and Ricardo Becerro-de-Bengoa-Vallejo

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(22), 8154; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14228154 (registering DOI) - 17 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: Hallux limitus (HL) is a restriction of first metatarsophalangeal joint dorsiflexion, commonly linked to foot biomechanics-related disorders or trauma, increasing sports injury risk. It involves plantar fascia tension, compensations, and tendon adaptations. Rehabilitative ultrasound imaging (RUSI) accurately assesses musculoskeletal changes, supporting physiotherapy [...] Read more.

Background: Hallux limitus (HL) is a restriction of first metatarsophalangeal joint dorsiflexion, commonly linked to foot biomechanics-related disorders or trauma, increasing sports injury risk. It involves plantar fascia tension, compensations, and tendon adaptations. Rehabilitative ultrasound imaging (RUSI) accurately assesses musculoskeletal changes, supporting physiotherapy evaluation and the study of HL-related structural adaptations. Objectives: Comparing the thickness and cross-sectional area (CSA) of flexor hallucis brevis (FHB), flexor digitorum brevis (FDB), abductor hallucis (AbH), and quadratus plantae (QP) muscles, as well as the thickness of the plantar fascia (PF), Achilles tendon (AT), and plantar calcaneal fat pad (CFP), between participants with and without HL. Methods: Case–control study included 80 basketball players recruited from semi-professional teams by consecutive non-probabilistic sampling. Participants were divided into two groups: an HL group (n = 40) and a healthy group (n = 40). Musculotendinous parameters were assessed using RUSI. Results: The FDB, FHB, AB, and QP showed significant reductions in thickness and CSA at rest and at contraction in the HL group. PF thickness increased in participants with HL, while CFP thickness decreased significantly. Significance was established at (p < 0.05). Conclusions: HL participants exhibited reduced muscle size and CSA, increased PF, and lower CFP thicknesses, indicating adaptive tissue alterations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiotherapy in Clinical Practice: From Assessment to Rehabilitation)

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20 pages, 327 KB

Open AccessReview

Immune Checkpoint Blockade Therapy for Advanced Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Immunosuppressed Patients, Transplant Recipients, and Individuals with Hereditary Syndromes: A Narrative Review

by Marta Pabianek, Aleksandra Lesiak, Joanna Narbutt, Branka Marinovic and Magdalena Ciazynska

Cancers 2025, 17(22), 3681; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17223681 (registering DOI) - 17 Nov 2025

Abstract

Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the second most common skin cancer, with incidence steadily increasing due to cumulative ultraviolet (UV) exposure, impaired immune surveillance, and chronic tissue damage. While most cases are effectively managed with surgical excision, a subset progress to locally [...] Read more.

Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the second most common skin cancer, with incidence steadily increasing due to cumulative ultraviolet (UV) exposure, impaired immune surveillance, and chronic tissue damage. While most cases are effectively managed with surgical excision, a subset progress to locally advanced or metastatic disease, associated with high recurrence rates, limited curative options, and poor prognosis. The introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis has significantly altered the management of advanced cSCC. Cemiplimab and pembrolizumab are now established systemic therapies, producing durable responses in a proportion of patients. These outcomes reflect the typically high tumor mutational burden and immunogenic microenvironment of cSCC. However, therapeutic decision-making remains particularly complex in several high-risk populations, including solid organ transplant recipients at risk of allograft rejection, patients with chronic dermatologic disorders or non-healing wounds that predispose to carcinogenesis, and individuals with rare hereditary syndromes such as recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. These so-called challenging populations are frequently excluded from pivotal trials, resulting in limited evidence regarding efficacy, safety, and optimal treatment strategies. This review summarizes current evidence on the management of advanced cSCC in high-risk and underserved patient groups, integrating trial data, real-world evidence, and contemporary guidelines. It also highlights key gaps in knowledge and outlines future directions, with particular focus on the interplay between host immune status, tumor biology, and therapeutic response. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy)

36 pages, 2409 KB

Open AccessArticle

What Kind of Urban Spatial Form Is More Conducive to Disaster Risk Reduction: An Empirical Analysis from 32 Cities in China

by Yunyan Li, Menghan Gou, Yanhong Wang, Binyan Wang, Chenhao Fang, Ziyi Wang and Tarek Rahmoun

Sustainability 2025, 17(22), 10291; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172210291 (registering DOI) - 17 Nov 2025

Abstract

As urban disasters intensify, the relationship between urban spatial form and disaster risk is increasingly important. Different spatial configurations reflect varying levels of resilience to disasters. However existing research offers limited quantitative evidence linking spatial form indicators and disaster risk indices. This study [...] Read more.

As urban disasters intensify, the relationship between urban spatial form and disaster risk is increasingly important. Different spatial configurations reflect varying levels of resilience to disasters. However existing research offers limited quantitative evidence linking spatial form indicators and disaster risk indices. This study addresses this gap by developing a quantifiable, city-scale framework to analyze the form–risk relationship across 32 Chinese cities. Urban spatial form is quantified using fractal dimension to measure boundary complexity and compactness to assess internal structure, supplemented by a diagrammatic classification of urban patterns. A comprehensive disaster risk index is developed based on four dimensions: hazards, exposure, vulnerability, and resilience. Regression analysis is then applied to quantify the direction and magnitude of correlations between spatial-form indicators and the comprehensive risk index. The results reveal three major findings: (1) Disaster risk increases with fractal dimension, indicating that cities with more complex and irregular boundaries tend to be more vulnerable. In contrast, compactness has no statistically significant effect on disaster risk. (2) Spatial patterns are strongly associated with risk levels: cluster-type and block-type cities generally experience lower risks than radial-type and constellation-type cities. (3) City size and geography also influence risk, as larger cities typically exhibit lower risks, whereas southern cities face higher risks than those in northern regions. These results highlight the critical role of urban spatial structure in shaping disaster resilience. Managing boundary complexity, fostering polycentric and block-based spatial layouts, and improving road-network redundancy can effectively enhance urban adaptive capacity. These insights provide theoretical foundations and practical guidance for resilience-oriented spatial optimization and disaster-risk reduction in vulnerable cities. Full article

24 pages, 4965 KB

Open AccessArticle

Phish-Master: Leveraging Large Language Models for Advanced Phishing Email Generation and Detection

by Weihong Han, Junyi Zhu, Chenhui Zhang, Zhiqiang Zhang, Yangyang Mei and Le Wang

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(22), 12203; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152212203 (registering DOI) - 17 Nov 2025

Abstract

Phishing emails present a significant and persistent cybersecurity threat to individuals and organizations globally due to the difficulty in detecting these malicious messages. Large Language Models (LLMs) have inadvertently intensified this challenge by facilitating the automated creation of high-quality, covert phishing emails that [...] Read more.

Phishing emails present a significant and persistent cybersecurity threat to individuals and organizations globally due to the difficulty in detecting these malicious messages. Large Language Models (LLMs) have inadvertently intensified this challenge by facilitating the automated creation of high-quality, covert phishing emails that can evade traditional rule-based detection systems. In this study, we examine the offensive capabilities of LLMs in generating phishing emails and introduce Phish-Master, a novel algorithm that integrates Chain-of-Thought (COT) reasoning, MetaPrompt techniques, and domain-specific insights to produce phishing emails designed to bypass enterprise-level filters. Our experiment, involving 100 malicious emails, validates Phish-Master’s real-world effectiveness, achieving a 99% evasion rate within authentic campus networks, successfully bypassing filters and targeting recipients, a testament to its capability in navigating complex network environments. To counteract the threat posed by Phish-Master and similar LLM-generated phishing emails, we have developed a multi-machine learning model integration framework trained on Kaggle’s phishing email dataset. This framework achieved an impressive detection rate of 99.87% on a rigorous test set of LLM-generated phishing emails, highlighting the critical role of our specialized dataset in enabling the detection tool to effectively recognize sophisticated patterns in LLM-crafted phishing emails. This study highlights the evolving threat of LLM-generated phishing emails and introduces an effective detection algorithm to mitigate this risk, emphasizing the importance of continued research in this domain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies in Data and Information Security, Fourth Edition)

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