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13 pages, 392 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Approximate Algorithm for Sparse Distributionally Robust Optimization

by Ruyu Wang, Yaozhong Hu, Cong Liu and Quanwei Gao

Information 2025, 16(8), 676; https://doi.org/10.3390/info16080676 (registering DOI) - 7 Aug 2025

In this paper, we propose a sparse distributionally robust optimization (DRO) model incorporating the Conditional Value-at-Risk (CVaR) measure to control tail risks in uncertain environments. The model utilizes sparsity to reduce transaction costs and enhance operational efficiency. We reformulate the problem as a [...] Read more.

In this paper, we propose a sparse distributionally robust optimization (DRO) model incorporating the Conditional Value-at-Risk (CVaR) measure to control tail risks in uncertain environments. The model utilizes sparsity to reduce transaction costs and enhance operational efficiency. We reformulate the problem as a Min-Max-Min optimization and convert it into an equivalent non-smooth minimization problem. To address this computational challenge, we develop an approximate discretization (AD) scheme for the underlying continuous random vector and prove its convergence to the original non-smooth formulation under mild conditions. The resulting problem can be efficiently solved using a subgradient method. While our analysis focuses on CVaR penalty, this approach is applicable to a broader class of non-smooth convex regularizers. The experimental results on the portfolio selection problem confirm the effectiveness and scalability of the proposed AD algorithm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimization Algorithms and Their Applications)

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13 pages, 1663 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Sodium Sulfate Treatment on the Modulation of Aliphatic Glucosinolates in Eruca sativa Mill Organs at Flowering Stage

by Eleonora Pagnotta, Laura Righetti, Gabriele Micheletti, Carla Boga, Annamaria Massafra, Luisa Ugolini, Lorena Malaguti, Roberto Matteo, Federica Nicoletti, Roberto Colombo, Agostino Fricano and Laura Bassolino

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(15), 8757; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15158757 (registering DOI) - 7 Aug 2025

Abstract

Glucosinolates are secondary metabolites of the Brassicales, playing a role in plant protection and as health-promoting compounds. Here, Na₂SO₄ was used to modulate the aliphatic glucosinolate content in different organs of Eruca sativa Mill. In flowers, which accumulate the highest [...] Read more.

Glucosinolates are secondary metabolites of the Brassicales, playing a role in plant protection and as health-promoting compounds. Here, Na₂SO₄ was used to modulate the aliphatic glucosinolate content in different organs of Eruca sativa Mill. In flowers, which accumulate the highest amount of glucosinolates, Na₂SO₄ increased the concentration of glucoraphanin, in roots of glucoerucin and in apical leaves it doubled the amount of dimeric 4-mercaptobutyl glucosinolate. The biosynthetic gene Branched-Chain Aminotransferase 4 was also induced in roots at the highest salt concentration, while in leaves all tested genes biosynthetic genes were downregulated or unaffected. Cytochromes P450 83A1 monooxygenase was downregulated at the highest salt concentration in all organs. Overall, E. sativa is a reliable source of glucosinolates, which can be modulated with Na₂SO₄. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Science and Technology)

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14 pages, 706 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Effects of Irrigation Amount on Spring Maize Yield and Water Use Efficiency Under Different Planting Patterns in Xinjiang

by Ruxiao Bai, Haixiu He, Xinjiang Zhang and Qifeng Wu

Agriculture 2025, 15(15), 1710; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15151710 (registering DOI) - 7 Aug 2025

Abstract

Planting patterns and irrigation amounts are key factors affecting maize yield. This study adopted a two-factor experimental design, with planting pattern as the main plot and irrigation amount as the subplot, to investigate the effects of irrigation levels under different planting patterns (including [...] Read more.

Planting patterns and irrigation amounts are key factors affecting maize yield. This study adopted a two-factor experimental design, with planting pattern as the main plot and irrigation amount as the subplot, to investigate the effects of irrigation levels under different planting patterns (including uniform row spacing and alternating wide-narrow row spacing) on spring maize yield and water use efficiency in Xinjiang. Through this approach, the study examined the mechanisms by which planting pattern and irrigation amount influence maize growth, yield formation, and water use efficiency. Experiments conducted at the Agricultural Science Research Institute of the Ninth Division of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps demonstrated that alternating wide-narrow row spacing combined with moderate irrigation (5400 m³/hm²) significantly optimized maize root distribution, improved water use efficiency, and increased leaf area index and net photosynthetic rate, thereby promoting dry matter accumulation and yield enhancement. In contrast, uniform row spacing under high irrigation levels increased yield but resulted in lower water use efficiency. The study also found that alternating wide-narrow row spacing enhanced maize nutrient absorption from the soil, particularly phosphorus utilization efficiency, by improving canopy structure and root expansion. This pattern exhibited comprehensive advantages in resource utilization, providing a theoretical basis and technical pathway for achieving water-saving and high-yield maize production in arid regions, which holds significant importance for promoting sustainable agricultural development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Crop Production)

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20 pages, 2937 KiB

Open AccessReview

Review of Cardiovascular Mock Circulatory Loop Designs and Applications

by Victor K. Tsui and Daniel Ewert

Bioengineering 2025, 12(8), 851; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12080851 (registering DOI) - 7 Aug 2025

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases remain a leading cause of mortality in the United States, driving the need for advanced cardiovascular devices and pharmaceuticals. Mock Circulatory Loops (MCLs) have emerged as essential tools for in vitro testing, replicating pulsatile pressure and flow to simulate various physiological [...] Read more.

Cardiovascular diseases remain a leading cause of mortality in the United States, driving the need for advanced cardiovascular devices and pharmaceuticals. Mock Circulatory Loops (MCLs) have emerged as essential tools for in vitro testing, replicating pulsatile pressure and flow to simulate various physiological and pathological conditions. While many studies focus on custom MCL designs tailored to specific applications, few have systematically reviewed their use in device testing, and none have assessed their broader utility across diverse biomedical domains. This comprehensive review categorizes MCL designs into three types: mechanical, computational, and hybrid. Applications are classified into four major areas: Cardiovascular Devices Testing, Clinical Training and Education, Hemodynamics and Blood Flow Studies, and Disease Modeling. Most existing MCLs are complex, highly specialized, and difficult to reproduce, highlighting the need for simplified, standardized, and programmable hybrid systems. Improved validation and waveform fidelity—particularly through incorporation of the dicrotic notch and other waveform parameters—are critical for advancing MCL reliability. Furthermore, integration of machine learning and artificial intelligence holds significant promise for enhancing waveform analysis, diagnostics, predictive modeling, and personalized care. In conclusion, the development of MCLs should prioritize standardization, simplification, and broader accessibility to expand their impact across biomedical research and clinical translation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cardiovascular Models and Biomechanics)

18 pages, 1049 KiB

Open AccessReview

Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Dentistry and Sleep Medicine: A Narrative Review of Sleep Apnea and Oral Health

by Ramona Cioboata, Mara Amalia Balteanu, Denisa Maria Mitroi, Oana Maria Catana, Maria-Loredana Tieranu, Silviu Gabriel Vlasceanu, Eugen Nicolae Tieranu, Viorel Biciusca and Adina Andreea Mirea

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(15), 5603; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14155603 (registering DOI) - 7 Aug 2025

Abstract

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a prevalent disorder with significant systemic and oral health consequences. This narrative review synthesizes the current knowledge on the interplay between dental health and sleep apnea, highlighting the expanding role of dentists in the screening, early detection, [...] Read more.

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a prevalent disorder with significant systemic and oral health consequences. This narrative review synthesizes the current knowledge on the interplay between dental health and sleep apnea, highlighting the expanding role of dentists in the screening, early detection, and management of OSAS. Validated questionnaires, anatomical assessments, and anthropometric measurements have enhanced dentists’ capacity for early screening. However, knowledge and training gaps remain, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Dentists are uniquely positioned to identify anatomical and oral risk factors, facilitate referrals for diagnosis, and provide therapeutic interventions such as oral appliance therapy. Interdisciplinary collaboration between dental and medical professionals is essential to improve early detection, treatment outcomes, and patient quality of life. Enhancing education, standardizing protocols, and integrating dentists into multidisciplinary care pathways are critical steps for advancing the management of sleep apnea. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Otolaryngology)

20 pages, 1558 KiB

Open AccessReview

Managing Japanese Encephalitis Virus as a Veterinary Infectious Disease Through Animal Surveillance and One Health Control Strategies

by Jae-Yeon Park and Hye-Mi Lee

Life 2025, 15(8), 1260; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081260 (registering DOI) - 7 Aug 2025

Abstract

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a mosquito-borne zoonotic flavivirus that circulates primarily within animal populations and occasionally spills over to humans, causing severe neurological disease. While humans are terminal hosts, veterinary species such as pigs and birds play essential roles in viral amplification [...] Read more.

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a mosquito-borne zoonotic flavivirus that circulates primarily within animal populations and occasionally spills over to humans, causing severe neurological disease. While humans are terminal hosts, veterinary species such as pigs and birds play essential roles in viral amplification and maintenance, making JEV fundamentally a veterinary infectious disease with zoonotic potential. This review summarizes the current understanding of JEV transmission dynamics from a veterinary and ecological perspective, emphasizing the roles of amplifying hosts and animal surveillance in controlling viral circulation. Recent genotype shifts and viral evolution have raised concerns regarding vaccine effectiveness and regional emergence. National surveillance systems and animal-based monitoring strategies are examined for their predictive value in detecting outbreaks early. Veterinary and human vaccination strategies are also reviewed, highlighting the importance of integrated One Health approaches. Advances in modeling and climate-responsive surveillance further underscore the dynamic and evolving landscape of JEV transmission. By managing the infection in animal reservoirs, veterinary interventions form the foundation of sustainable zoonotic disease control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Veterinary Infectious Diseases: Pathogenesis, Diagnostics, and Control Strategies)

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15 pages, 1412 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Energy Absorption Characteristics of CFRP–Aluminum Foam Composite Structure Under High-Velocity Impact: Focusing on Varying Aspect Ratios and Relative Densities

by Jie Ren, Shujie Liu, Jiuhe Wang and Changfang Zhao

Polymers 2025, 17(15), 2162; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17152162 (registering DOI) - 7 Aug 2025

Abstract

This study systematically investigates the high-velocity impact response and energy absorption characteristics of carbon fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP)—aluminum foam (AlF) hybrid composite structures, aiming to address the growing demand for lightweight yet high-performance energy-absorbing materials in aerospace and protective engineering applications. Particular emphasis is [...] Read more.

This study systematically investigates the high-velocity impact response and energy absorption characteristics of carbon fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP)—aluminum foam (AlF) hybrid composite structures, aiming to address the growing demand for lightweight yet high-performance energy-absorbing materials in aerospace and protective engineering applications. Particular emphasis is placed on elucidating the influence of key geometric and material parameters, including the aspect ratio of the columns and the relative density of the AlF core. Experimental characterization was first performed using a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) apparatus to evaluate the dynamic compressive behavior of AlF specimens with four different relative densities (i.e., 0.163, 0.245, 0.374, and 0.437). A finite element (FE) model was then developed and rigorously validated against the experimental data, demonstrating excellent agreement in terms of deformation modes and force–displacement responses. Extensive parametric studies based on the validated FE framework revealed that the proposed CFRP-AlF composite structure achieves a balance between specific energy absorption (SEA) and peak crushing force, showing a significant improvement over conventional CFRP or AlF. The confinement effect of CFRP enables AlF to undergo progressive collapse along designated orientations, thereby endowing the CFRP-AlF composite structure with superior impact resistance. These findings provide critical insight for the design of next-generation lightweight protective structures subjected to extreme dynamic loading conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Behavior of Polymer Composite Materials and Structures, 2nd Edition)

20 pages, 11125 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of a Bicubic Quasi-Uniform B-Spline Surface Fitting Method for Characterizing Mesoscale Eddies in the Atlantic Ocean

by Chunzheng Kong, Shengyi Jiao, Xuefeng Cao and Xianqing Lv

Remote Sens. 2025, 17(15), 2744; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17152744 (registering DOI) - 7 Aug 2025

Abstract

The direct fitting of sea level anomaly (SLA) using satellite along-track data provides a critical approach for monitoring mesoscale ocean dynamics. While bicubic quasi-uniform B-spline surface fitting has demonstrated feasibility in localized sea areas, its applicability to basin-scale regions remains underexplored. This study [...] Read more.

The direct fitting of sea level anomaly (SLA) using satellite along-track data provides a critical approach for monitoring mesoscale ocean dynamics. While bicubic quasi-uniform B-spline surface fitting has demonstrated feasibility in localized sea areas, its applicability to basin-scale regions remains underexplored. This study focuses on the northern Atlantic Ocean, employing B-spline surface fitting to derive SLA fields from satellite along-track data. The results show strong agreement with in situ measurements, yielding a mean absolute error (MAE) of 1.89 cm and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 3.02 cm. Comparative analysis against the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS) Level-4 gridded SSH data reveals nearly equivalent accuracy (MAE: 1.95 cm; RMSE: 3.06 cm). The relationship between the order of fitting and the spatial extent of the fitting domain is also examined. Furthermore, the influence of the coastline on the fitting results is investigated in detail. As the coastline area expanded, the MAE and RMSE for the entire region increased. But the maximum increase in MAE was only 1.20 cm, and the maximum increase in RMSE was only 2.49 cm. Notably, there was no upward trend in MAE and RMSE in the mesoscale vortex dense area, which highlights the advantage of B-spline’s local support. Geostrophic flow and vertical component of relative vorticity are computed from the satellite along-track SLA data, with results showing agreement with Level-4 gridded geostrophic flow and vertical component of relative vorticity data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing Applications in Ocean Observation (Third Edition))

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21 pages, 1609 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Residual Clays for Low-Impact Ceramics: Insights from a Portuguese Ceramic Region

by Carla Candeias, Sónia Novo and Fernando Rocha

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(15), 8761; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15158761 (registering DOI) - 7 Aug 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the potential of residual clays from a traditional ceramic-producing region in southern Portugal as raw materials for red ceramic applications. This work aims to support more sustainable ceramic practices through the local valorization of naturally available, underutilized clay resources. A [...] Read more.

This study investigates the potential of residual clays from a traditional ceramic-producing region in southern Portugal as raw materials for red ceramic applications. This work aims to support more sustainable ceramic practices through the local valorization of naturally available, underutilized clay resources. A multidisciplinary approach was employed to characterize clays, integrating mineralogical (XRD), chemical (XRF), granulometric, and thermal analyses (TGA/DTA/TD), as well as technological tests on plasticity, extrusion moisture, shrinkage, and flexural strength. These assessments were designed to capture both the intrinsic properties of the clays and their behavior across key ceramic processing stages, such as shaping, drying, and firing. The results revealed a broad diversity in mineral composition, particularly in the proportions of kaolinite, smectite, and illite, which strongly influenced plasticity, water demand, and thermal stability. Clays with higher fine fractions and smectitic content exhibited excellent plasticity and workability, though with increased sensitivity to drying and firing conditions. Others, with coarser textures and illitic or feldspathic composition, demonstrated improved dimensional stability and lower shrinkage. Thermal analyses confirmed expected dehydroxylation and sintering behavior, with the formation of mullite and spinel-type phases contributing to densification and strength in fired bodies. This study highlights that residual clays from varied geological settings can offer distinct advantages when matched appropriately to ceramic product requirements. Some materials showed strong potential for direct application in structural ceramics, while others may serve as additives or tempering agents in formulations. These findings reinforce the value of integrated characterization for optimizing raw material use and support a more circular, resource-conscious approach to ceramic production. Full article

25 pages, 6742 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reservoir Computing with a Single Oscillating Gas Bubble: Emphasizing the Chaotic Regime

by Hend Abdel-Ghani, A. H. Abbas and Ivan S. Maksymov

AppliedMath 2025, 5(3), 101; https://doi.org/10.3390/appliedmath5030101 (registering DOI) - 7 Aug 2025

Abstract

The rising computational and energy demands of artificial intelligence systems urge the exploration of alternative software and hardware solutions that exploit physical effects for computation. According to machine learning theory, a neural network-based computational system must exhibit nonlinearity to effectively model complex patterns [...] Read more.

The rising computational and energy demands of artificial intelligence systems urge the exploration of alternative software and hardware solutions that exploit physical effects for computation. According to machine learning theory, a neural network-based computational system must exhibit nonlinearity to effectively model complex patterns and relationships. This requirement has driven extensive research into various nonlinear physical systems to enhance the performance of neural networks. In this paper, we propose and theoretically validate a reservoir-computing system based on a single bubble trapped within a bulk of liquid. By applying an external acoustic pressure wave to both encode input information and excite the complex nonlinear dynamics, we showcase the ability of this single-bubble reservoir-computing system to forecast a Hénon benchmarking time series and undertake classification tasks with high accuracy. Specifically, we demonstrate that a chaotic physical regime of bubble oscillation—where tiny differences in initial conditions lead to wildly different outcomes, making the system unpredictable despite following clear rules, yet still suitable for accurate computations—proves to be the most effective for such tasks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic A Real-World Application of Chaos Theory)

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22 pages, 5700 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of the GH19 Chitinase Gene Family in Sea Island Cotton

by Jingjing Ma, Yilei Long, Jincheng Fu, Nengshuang Shen, Le Wang, Shuaijun Wu, Jing Li, Quanjia Chen, Qianli Zu and Xiaojuan Deng

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2025, 47(8), 633; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb47080633 (registering DOI) - 7 Aug 2025

Abstract

In this study, GH19 chitinase (Chi) gene family was systematically identified and characterized using genomic assemblies from four cotton species: Gossypium barbadense, G. hirsutum, G. arboreum, and G. raimondii. A suite of analyses was performed, including genome-wide gene identification, [...] Read more.

In this study, GH19 chitinase (Chi) gene family was systematically identified and characterized using genomic assemblies from four cotton species: Gossypium barbadense, G. hirsutum, G. arboreum, and G. raimondii. A suite of analyses was performed, including genome-wide gene identification, physicochemical property characterization of the encoded proteins, subcellular localization prediction, phylogenetic reconstruction, chromosomal mapping, promoter cis-element analysis, and comprehensive expression profiling using transcriptomic data and qRT-PCR (including tissue-specific expression, hormone treatments, and Fusarium oxysporum infection assays). A total of 107 GH19 genes were identified across the four species (35 in G. barbadense, 37 in G. hirsutum, 19 in G. arboreum, and 16 in G. raimondii). The molecular weights of GH19 proteins ranged from 9.9 to 97.3 kDa, and they were predominantly predicted to localize to the extracellular space. Phylogenetic analysis revealed three well-conserved clades within this family. In tetraploid cotton, GH19 genes were unevenly distributed across 12 chromosomes, often clustering in certain regions, whereas in diploid species, they were confined to five chromosomes. Promoter analysis indicated that GH19 gene promoters contain numerous stress- and hormone-responsive motifs, including those for abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene (ET), and gibberellin (GA), as well as abundant light-responsive elements. The expression patterns of GH19 genes were largely tissue-specific; for instance, GbChi23 was predominantly expressed in the calyx, whereas GbChi19/21/22 were primarily expressed in the roots and stems. Overall, this study provides the first comprehensive genomic and functional characterization of the GH19 family in G. barbadense, laying a foundation for understanding its role in disease resistance mechanisms and aiding in the identification of candidate genes to enhance plant defense against biotic stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Genomics and Comparative Genomics Analysis in Plants, 3rd Edition)

21 pages, 926 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of Bottlenecks in Passenger Handling Processes Using Data-Driven Tools

by Edina Jenčová, Tatiana Gajdušková, Martin Jezný and Pavol Hudák

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(15), 8760; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15158760 (registering DOI) - 7 Aug 2025

Abstract

The paper focuses on the identification of “bottlenecks” in the passenger handling process at the airports. In the current era of digital transformation and the emergence of Industry 4.0 and 5.0 concepts, optimizing passenger flows through data-driven tools is becoming an essential part [...] Read more.

The paper focuses on the identification of “bottlenecks” in the passenger handling process at the airports. In the current era of digital transformation and the emergence of Industry 4.0 and 5.0 concepts, optimizing passenger flows through data-driven tools is becoming an essential part of intelligent airport management. While many solutions focus on high-end software or AI-based systems, this study demonstrates the value of preparatory models built in widely accessible platforms such as Microsoft Excel. A simulation model was developed to analyze check-in and security screening, integrating discrete event simulation (DES), queueing theory, and elements of Monte Carlo simulation. The model enables the segmentation of the handling process into key events, including probabilistically generated arrivals and service durations. Although the model is built in a basic environment, it serves as a prototype platform for potential integration into broader digitalization strategies, offering a preparatory framework for future implementation in more sophisticated systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Wide Range Use of Innovative Technologies in Industry 4.0/5.0 and IoT)

16 pages, 1614 KiB

Open AccessArticle

VaccineDesigner: A Web-Based Tool for Streamlined Multi-Epitope Vaccine Design

by Dimitrios Trygoniaris, Anna Korda, Anastasia Paraskeva, Esmeralda Dushku, Georgios Tzimagiorgis, Minas Yiangou, Charalampos Kotzamanidis and Andigoni Malousi

Biology 2025, 14(8), 1019; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14081019 (registering DOI) - 7 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background: Multi-epitope vaccines have become the preferred strategy for protection against infectious diseases by integrating multiple MHC-restricted T-cell and B-cell epitopes that elicit both humoral and cellular immune responses against pathogens. Computational methods address various aspects independently, yet their orchestration is technically challenging, [...] Read more.

Background: Multi-epitope vaccines have become the preferred strategy for protection against infectious diseases by integrating multiple MHC-restricted T-cell and B-cell epitopes that elicit both humoral and cellular immune responses against pathogens. Computational methods address various aspects independently, yet their orchestration is technically challenging, as most bioinformatics tools are accessible through heterogeneous interfaces and lack interoperability features. The present work proposes a novel framework for rationalized multi-epitope vaccine design that streamlines end-to-end analyses through an integrated web-based environment. Results: VaccineDesigner is a comprehensive web-based framework that streamlines the design of protective epitope-based vaccines by seamlessly integrating computational methods for B-cell, CTL, and HTL epitope prediction. VaccineDesigner incorporates single-epitope prediction and evaluation as well as additional analyses, such as multi-epitope vaccine generation, estimation of population coverage, molecular mimicry, and proteasome cleavage. The functionalities are transparently integrated into a modular architecture, providing a single access point for rationalized, multi-epitope vaccine generation in a time- and cost-effective manner. Conclusions: VaccineDesigner is a web-based tool that identifies and evaluates candidate B-cell, CTL, and HTL epitopes and constructs a library of multi-epitope vaccines that combine strong immunogenic responses, safety, and broad population coverage. The source code is available under the academic license and freely accessible. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bioinformatics)

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25 pages, 7934 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Improved InTEC Model for Estimating the Carbon Budgets in Eucalyptus Plantations

by Zhipeng Li, Mingxing Zhou, Kunfa Luo, Yunzhong Wu and Dengqiu Li

Remote Sens. 2025, 17(15), 2741; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17152741 (registering DOI) - 7 Aug 2025

Abstract

Eucalyptus has become a major plantation crop in southern China, with a carbon sequestration capacity significantly higher than that of other species. However, its long-term carbon sequestration capacity and regional-scale potential remain highly uncertain due to commonly applied short-rotation management practices. The InTEC [...] Read more.

Eucalyptus has become a major plantation crop in southern China, with a carbon sequestration capacity significantly higher than that of other species. However, its long-term carbon sequestration capacity and regional-scale potential remain highly uncertain due to commonly applied short-rotation management practices. The InTEC (Integrated Terrestrial Ecosystem Carbon) model is a process-based biogeochemical model that simulates carbon dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems by integrating physiological processes, environmental drivers, and management practices. In this study, the InTEC model was enhanced with an optimized eucalyptus module (InTEC_euc) and a data assimilation module (InTEC_DA), and driven by multiple remote sensing products (Net Primary Productivity (NPP) and carbon density) to simulate the carbon budgets of eucalyptus plantations from 2003 to 2023. The results indicated notable improvements in the performance of the InTEC_euc model when driven by different datasets: carbon density simulation showed improvements in R² (0.07–0.56), reductions in MAE (5.99–28.51 Mg C ha⁻¹), reductions in RMSE (8.1–31.85 Mg C ha⁻¹), and improvements in rRMSE (12.37–51.82%), excluding NPP_Lin. The carbon density-driven InTEC_euc model outperformed the NPP-driven model, with improvements in R² (0.28), MAE (−8.15 Mg C ha⁻¹), RMSE (−9.43 Mg C ha⁻¹), and rRMSE (−15.34%). When the InTEC_DA model was employed, R² values for carbon density improved by 0–0.03 (excluding ACD_Yan), with MAE reductions between 0.17 and 7.22 Mg C ha⁻¹, RMSE reductions between 0.33 and 12.94 Mg C ha⁻¹ and rRMSE improvements ranging from 0.51 to 20.22%. The carbon density-driven InTEC_DA model enabled the production of high-resolution and accurate carbon budget estimates for eucalyptus plantations from 2003 to 2023, with average NPP, Net Ecosystem Productivity (NEP), and Net Biome Productivity (NBP) values of 17.80, 10.09, and 9.32 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, respectively, offering scientific insights and technical support for the management of eucalyptus plantations in alignment with carbon neutrality targets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Satellite Remote Sensing for Monitoring Forest Carbon and Supporting Nature-Based Carbon Crediting Mechanisms)

10 pages, 523 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mutation Rates and Fitness Genes in Staphylococcus aureus Treated with the Medicinal Plant Synadenium glaucescens

by Zaituni Msengwa, Martin Saxtorph Bojer, Frank Rwegoshora, James Mwesongo, Magesa Mafuru, Faith Philemon Mabiki, Beda John Mwang’onde, Madundo Mkumbukwa Mtambo, Lughano Jeremy Kusiluka, Henrik Christensen, Robinson Hammerthon Mdegela and John Elmerdahl Olsen

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(15), 8753; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15158753 (registering DOI) - 7 Aug 2025

Abstract

Extracts, fractions and the pure compound epifriedelanol of the medicinal plant Synadenium glaucescens have antibacterial properties. Herbal products are generally considered less prone to resistance development than conventional antimicrobials, as they contain multiple compounds, which makes bacteria less likely to develop resistance. However, [...] Read more.

Extracts, fractions and the pure compound epifriedelanol of the medicinal plant Synadenium glaucescens have antibacterial properties. Herbal products are generally considered less prone to resistance development than conventional antimicrobials, as they contain multiple compounds, which makes bacteria less likely to develop resistance. However, data supporting this notion are lacking. This study evaluated the development of resistance in Staphylococcus aureus subjected to extract, fractions and epifriedelanol of S. glaucescens. It also identified S. aureus fitness genes contributing to intrinsic resistance to extract of S. glaucescens. Fluctuation and gradient concentration assays were used to determine mutation rates and growth adaptation, respectively, which were lower following exposure to growth in crude extract than the pure compound epifriedelanol. By subjecting 1920 single gene mutants from the Nebraska Transposon Mutant Library to growth in the presence of extract of S. glaucescens, 12 genes were identified as important for natural resistance in S. aureus JE2; however, only mutation in the hemB gene decreased the minimum inhibitory concentration by greater than 4-fold (64-fold). In conclusion, purifying active antimicrobial compounds from S. glaucescens and using them as antibacterial substances as an alternative to crude extract increased the risk of resistance development. Further, the gene hemBappears to have a significant role in the natural resistance to the extracts obtained from S. glaucescens in this study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Natural Antimicrobial Compounds: Discovery, Synthesis, Characterization, and Application)

21 pages, 742 KiB

Open AccessReview

Gut Microbiota and Its Metabolites Modulate Pregnancy Outcomes by Regulating Placental Autophagy and Ferroptosis

by Xingyu Du, Mabrouk Elsabagh, Feiyang He, Huisi Wu, Bei Zhang, Kewei Fan, Mengzhi Wang and Hao Zhang

Antioxidants 2025, 14(8), 970; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14080970 (registering DOI) - 7 Aug 2025

Abstract

During pregnancy, the regulation of autophagy and ferroptosis dynamically supports placental development and fetal health. Both processes—autophagy, clearing damaged organelles to maintain placental function, and ferroptosis, driven by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation—are involved in pathological conditions such as preeclampsia. Emerging evidence suggests that gut [...] Read more.

During pregnancy, the regulation of autophagy and ferroptosis dynamically supports placental development and fetal health. Both processes—autophagy, clearing damaged organelles to maintain placental function, and ferroptosis, driven by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation—are involved in pathological conditions such as preeclampsia. Emerging evidence suggests that gut microbiota-derived metabolites act as key regulators of this balance, yet their specific roles across different trimesters remain unclear. This review compiles evidence on how gut microbiota metabolites, like short-chain fatty acids and trimethylamine N-oxide, serve as trimester-specific modulators of the autophagy–ferroptosis balance during pregnancy. We explain how these metabolites influence pregnancy outcomes by regulating placental autophagy and ferroptosis. Furthermore, we explore potential diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for pregnancy complications, focusing on metabolite-based biomarkers and interventions that target microbial–metabolic interactions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Health Outcomes of Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress)

14 pages, 3029 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Bioactivity and Cytotoxicity Assessment of Two Root Canal Sealers

by Yicheng Ye, Sepanta Hosseinpour, Juan Wen and Ove A. Peters

Materials 2025, 18(15), 3717; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18153717 (registering DOI) - 7 Aug 2025

Abstract

The development of bioactive materials in endodontics has advanced tissue regeneration by enhancing the biological responses of periradicular tissues. Recently, calcium silicate-based sealers have gained attention for their superior biological properties, including biocompatibility, osteoconductivity, and cementogenic potential. This study aimed to evaluate the [...] Read more.

The development of bioactive materials in endodontics has advanced tissue regeneration by enhancing the biological responses of periradicular tissues. Recently, calcium silicate-based sealers have gained attention for their superior biological properties, including biocompatibility, osteoconductivity, and cementogenic potential. This study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxicity, biocompatibility, and bioactivity of EndoSequence BC Sealer (ES BC) and AH Plus Bioceramic Sealer (AHP BC) using human periodontal ligament stromal cells (hPDLSCs). Biocompatibility was assessed using MTT, Live/Dead, and wound healing assays. ES BC and AHP BC demonstrated significantly higher cell viability and proliferation compared to AH Plus used as a control. Gene expression analysis via real-time quantitative PCR demonstrated that ES BC, especially in set form, significantly upregulated osteogenic markers—alkaline phosphatase (2.49 ± 0.10, p < 0.01), runt-related transcription factor 2 (2.33 ± 0.13), and collagen type I alpha 1 chain (2.85 ± 0.40, p < 0.001)—more than cementogenic markers (cementum protein 1, cementum attachment protein, and cementum protein 23). This differential response may reflect the fibroblast-dominant nature of hPDLSCs, which contain limited cementoblast-like cells. This study supports the superior biocompatibility and regenerative capacity of ES BC and AHP BC compared to AH Plus. While in vitro models provide foundational insights, advanced ex vivo approaches are crucial for translating findings to clinical practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Biomaterial Solutions for Translational Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine)

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13 pages, 1045 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antiviral Activity of Haematococcus pluvialis Algae Extract Is Not Exclusively Due to Astaxanthin

by Paula Peinsipp, Tanja Gerlza, Julia Kircher, Kurt Zatloukal, Corinna Jäger, Peter Pucher and Andreas J. Kungl

Pathogens 2025, 14(8), 791; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14080791 (registering DOI) - 7 Aug 2025

Abstract

In this study, astaxanthin, which has previously been shown to have antiviral effects, was examined for its dose-dependent potency to inhibit cellular SARS-CoV-2 infections. Naturally occurring astaxanthin is obtained and orally administered as ASX-oleoresin, a composition of different astaxanthin fatty acid esters. We [...] Read more.

In this study, astaxanthin, which has previously been shown to have antiviral effects, was examined for its dose-dependent potency to inhibit cellular SARS-CoV-2 infections. Naturally occurring astaxanthin is obtained and orally administered as ASX-oleoresin, a composition of different astaxanthin fatty acid esters. We therefore hypothesized that the compound’s beneficial effects are not only related to astaxanthin. Thus, a “green” algae extract (i.e., poor astaxanthin content < 0.2%; ASX^p) of the microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis, as well as an astaxanthin-rich algae extract (astaxanthin content = 20%; ASX^r), were tested in in vitro cellular viral infection assays. Thereby, it was found that both extracts reduced viral infections significantly. As a potential mode of inhibitory action, the binding of ASX-oleoresin to the viral spike protein was investigated by isothermal fluorescence titration, revealing binding affinities of Kd = 1.05 µM for ASX^r and Kd = 1.42 µM for ASX^p. Based on our data, we conclude that several ASX-oleoresin fractions from H. pluvialis exhibit antiviral activity, which extends beyond the known antioxidant activity of astaxanthin. From a molecular dynamic simulation of ASX-oleoresin, fatty acid domains could be considered as activity-chaperoning factors of ASX. Therefore, microalgae biomass should be considered in the future for further antiviral activities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Virus–Host Cell Interactions and Research of New Antivirals)

16 pages, 572 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Active RIS-Assisted Uplink NOMA with MADDPG for Remote State Estimation in Wireless Sensor Networks

by Rongzhen Li and Lei Xu

Sensors 2025, 25(15), 4878; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25154878 (registering DOI) - 7 Aug 2025

Abstract

Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) and reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) are recognized as key technologies for beyond 5G and 6G wireless communications. To address the high computational complexity and non-convex optimization challenges, this letter proposes an optimization framework based on the Multi-Agent Deep Deterministic [...] Read more.

Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) and reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) are recognized as key technologies for beyond 5G and 6G wireless communications. To address the high computational complexity and non-convex optimization challenges, this letter proposes an optimization framework based on the Multi-Agent Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (MADDPG) algorithm. The proposed framework jointly makes use of sensor grouping, power allocation, an RIS computation strategy, and phase shifts to minimize the remote state estimation (RSE) error. Simulation results demonstrate that the MADDPG algorithm, when applied in an RIS-assisted NOMA system, significantly reduces the RSE error. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Sensor Array Signal Processing and its Applications in Future Communication and Radar)

12 pages, 427 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Beyond Metabolism: Psychiatric and Social Dimensions in Bariatric Surgery Candidates with a BMI ≥ 50—A Prospective Cohort Study

by Marta Herstowska, Karolina Myśliwiec, Marta Bandura, Jędrzej Chrzanowski, Jacek Burzyński, Arkadiusz Michalak, Agnieszka Lejk, Izabela Karamon, Wojciech Fendler and Łukasz Kaska

Nutrients 2025, 17(15), 2573; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17152573 (registering DOI) - 7 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background: Super morbid obesity (SMO), defined as a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 50 kg/m², represents a distinct and increasingly prevalent subgroup of patients undergoing bariatric surgery. Compared to individuals with lower BMI, patients with BMI ≥ 50 kg/m² often [...] Read more.

Background: Super morbid obesity (SMO), defined as a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 50 kg/m², represents a distinct and increasingly prevalent subgroup of patients undergoing bariatric surgery. Compared to individuals with lower BMI, patients with BMI ≥ 50 kg/m² often exhibit unique clinical, psychological, and social characteristics that may influence treatment outcomes. Objective: This study aimed to compare demographic, metabolic, and psychiatric profiles of patients with BMI ≥ 50 kg/m² and non-super morbid obesity (NSMO; BMI < 50 kg/m²) who were evaluated prior to bariatric surgery. Methods: A total of 319 patients were recruited between December 2022 and December 2023 at a bariatric center in Gdansk, Poland. All participants underwent a comprehensive preoperative assessment, including laboratory testing, psychometric screening (BDI, PHQ-9), and psychiatric interviews. Patients were stratified into class IV obesity and NSMO groups for comparative analysis. Results: Patients with BMI ≥ 50 kg/m² were significantly older and more likely to report a history of lifelong obesity, family history of obesity, and childhood trauma. They had higher rates of obesity-related health problems such as hypertension, obstructive sleep apnea, and chronic venous insufficiency, as well as worse liver function and lipid profiles. Although the overall psychiatric burden was high in both groups, patients with BMI ≥ 50 kg/m² reported fewer prior diagnoses of depression and eating disorders, despite similar scores on screening tools. Conclusions: Patients with BMI ≥ 50 kg/m² represent a clinically distinct population with elevated metabolic risk, complex psychosocial backgrounds, and possibly underrecognized psychiatric burden. These findings underscore the need for multidisciplinary preoperative assessment and individualized treatment strategies in this group of patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)

22 pages, 3381 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improving Urban Resilience Through a Scalable Multi-Criteria Planning Approach

by Carmine Massarelli and Maria Silvia Binetti

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(8), 309; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9080309 (registering DOI) - 7 Aug 2025

Abstract

In highly urbanised and industrialised settings, managing environmental pressures and enhancing urban resilience demand integrated, spatially explicit approaches. This study presents a methodological framework that integrates topographic data, land cover information, and open geodata to produce a high-resolution vulnerability map. A multi-criteria analysis [...] Read more.

In highly urbanised and industrialised settings, managing environmental pressures and enhancing urban resilience demand integrated, spatially explicit approaches. This study presents a methodological framework that integrates topographic data, land cover information, and open geodata to produce a high-resolution vulnerability map. A multi-criteria analysis was performed using indicators such as land use, population density, proximity to emission sources, vegetation cover, and sensitive services (e.g., schools and hospitals). The result is a high-resolution vulnerability map that classifies the urban, peri-urban, and coastal zones into five levels of environmental risk. These evaluation levels are derived from geospatial analyses combining pollutant dispersion modelling with land-use classification, enabling the identification of the most vulnerable urban zones. These findings support evidence-based planning and can guide local governments and environmental agencies in prioritising Nature-based Solutions (NBSs), enhancing ecological connectivity, and reducing exposure for vulnerable populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Land Resource and Environmental Governance for Future Cities)

25 pages, 3861 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comprehensive Management of Different Types of Pelvic Fractures Through Multiple Disciplines: A Case Series

by Bharti Sharma, Samantha R. Kiernan, Christian Ugaz Valencia, Omolola Akinsola, Irina Ahn, Agron Zuta, George Agriantonis, Navin D. Bhatia, Kate Twelker, Munirah Hasan, Carrie Garcia, Praise Nesamony, Jasmine Dave, Juan Mestre, Zahra Shafaee, Suganda Phalakornkul, Shalini Arora, Saad Bhatti and Jennifer Whittington

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(15), 5593; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14155593 (registering DOI) - 7 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background: Pelvic fractures are complex injuries often associated with significant morbidity and mortality, requiring multidisciplinary management. This case series highlights the presentation, management strategies, and outcomes of patients with pelvic fractures treated at our institution. Methods: The medical records of 13 patients diagnosed [...] Read more.

Background: Pelvic fractures are complex injuries often associated with significant morbidity and mortality, requiring multidisciplinary management. This case series highlights the presentation, management strategies, and outcomes of patients with pelvic fractures treated at our institution. Methods: The medical records of 13 patients diagnosed with pelvic fractures from 1 January 2020 through 31 December 2023 were retrospectively reviewed. Demographic data, mechanism of injury, fracture pattern, associated injuries, treatment modalities, and outcomes were analyzed. Results: A total of 13 patients were included in the study, with ages ranging from 18–95 years. Six of the patients were male and seven were female. The most common mechanisms of injury were falls and pedestrians struck by vehicles. Associated injuries included traumatic brain injury (TBI), fractures including extremities, ribs, and vertebrae, visceral injury, and spinal cord injury. Treatment strategies ranged from conservative, non-surgical management to operative intervention, including interventional radiology embolization, external traction, open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF), and percutaneous screw stabilization. Additional interventions included chest tube placement, exploratory laparotomy, and craniectomy. Two patients died while in the hospital, one was discharged to a shelter, and the remaining 10 were discharged to various inpatient rehab facilities. Conclusions: Pelvic fractures pose significant clinical challenges due to their complexity and associated injuries. This case series underscores the importance of multidisciplinary intervention and treatment strategies in optimizing outcomes. Further studies should focus on the effectiveness of interventions, utilization of new technology, and multidisciplinary team planning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Orthopedic Trauma Surgery—Pelvic and Acetabular Fracture Management)

23 pages, 3155 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Construction of a Machining Process Knowledge Graph and Its Application in Process Route Recommendation

by Liang Li, Jiaxing Liang, Chunlei Li, Zhe Liu, Yingying Wei and Zeyu Ji

Electronics 2025, 14(15), 3156; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14153156 (registering DOI) - 7 Aug 2025

Abstract

This paper proposes a knowledge graph (KG) construction method for a part machining process in response to the low degree of structuring of historical process data association relationships within the enterprise in the field of part machining, which makes it difficult to reuse [...] Read more.

This paper proposes a knowledge graph (KG) construction method for a part machining process in response to the low degree of structuring of historical process data association relationships within the enterprise in the field of part machining, which makes it difficult to reuse effectively. The part types are mainly shafts, gears, boxes and other common parts. First, the schema layer of the process knowledge graph was constructed using a top-down approach. Second, deep learning techniques were employed for entity extraction, while knowledge fusion and ontology relationship establishment methods were combined to build the data layer of the process knowledge graph (PKG) from the bottom up. Third, the mapping between the schema layer and data layer was implemented in the Neo4j graph database. Based on the constructed process KG, process route recommendation and rapid retrieval of process information were thus accomplished. Finally, a shaft part was used as the target part to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. In over 300 trials, the similarity-based recommendation model achieved a hit rate of 91.7% (the target part’s route appeared in the recommended list in 91.7% of cases). These results indicate that the proposed machining PKG construction is feasible and can assist in process planning, potentially improving the efficiency of retrieving and reusing machining knowledge. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Robot Interaction: Techniques, Applications, and Future Trends)

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14 pages, 3230 KiB

Open AccessArticle

CFAP300 Loss-of-Function Mutations with Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia: Evidence from Ex Vivo and ALI Cultures

by Anna G. Demchenko, Tatiana A. Kyian, Elena I. Kondratyeva, Elizaveta E. Bragina, Oksana P. Ryzhkova, Roman V. Veiko, Aleksandra G. Nazarova, Vyacheslav B. Chernykh, Svetlana A. Smirnikhina and Sergey I. Kutsev

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(15), 7655; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26157655 (registering DOI) - 7 Aug 2025

Abstract

Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a genetically heterogeneous disorder characterized by impaired mucociliary clearance due to defects in motile cilia. This study investigates the impact of loss-of-function mutations in the CFAP300 gene on the ciliary structure and function in three PCD patients. Using [...] Read more.

Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a genetically heterogeneous disorder characterized by impaired mucociliary clearance due to defects in motile cilia. This study investigates the impact of loss-of-function mutations in the CFAP300 gene on the ciliary structure and function in three PCD patients. Using a multimodal approach, we integrated molecular genetic testing, transmission electron microscopy, the high-speed video microscopy assay and immunofluorescence staining to analyze ciliary motility and protein expression in both ex vivo and in vitro-obtained ciliary cells. Our results revealed that the pathogenic variant c.198_200delinsCC (p.Phe67ProfsTer10) in CFAP300 led to the absence of the functional CFAP300 protein, the complete loss of outer and inner dynein arms and immotile cilia. Air–liquid interface (ALI)-cultured cells from patients exhibited no ciliary beating, contrasting with healthy controls. Immunostaining confirmed the absence of CFAP300 in patient-derived cilia, underscoring its critical role in dynein arm assembly. These findings highlight the diagnostic utility of ALI cultures combined with functional and protein analyses for PCD, offering a clinically actionable framework that can be readily incorporated into standard diagnostic workflows. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics for Respiratory Diseases)

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13 pages, 1135 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on the Beneficiation of Very Fine Particle Rutile Ore Using Flotation

by Oyku Bilgin and Ilhan Ehsani

Minerals 2025, 15(8), 838; https://doi.org/10.3390/min15080838 (registering DOI) - 7 Aug 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the beneficiation of finely grinded rutile ore utilizing a combination of flocculation and flotation methods. Rutile, a Ti-bearing mineral with industrial significance, is often associated with heavy minerals found in coastal and metamorphic environments. A rutile ore sample from Azıtepe [...] Read more.

This study investigates the beneficiation of finely grinded rutile ore utilizing a combination of flocculation and flotation methods. Rutile, a Ti-bearing mineral with industrial significance, is often associated with heavy minerals found in coastal and metamorphic environments. A rutile ore sample from Azıtepe (Alaşehir, Türkiye) was reduced to −63 µm and enriched under varying pH conditions (2.5–12) using different reagent combinations and was used for our investigation of both flocculation and flotation processes using reagents such as Aero801(SIPX), Aero825, tannic acid (TA), and pomace oil. The best results were achieved at pH: 8 using Aero801(SIPX) and pomace oil during flocculation, and Aero801(SIPX), Aero825, and Aerofroth88 during flotation, yielding a concentrate with an 8.99% TiO₂ grade and an 89.5% recovery rate. Meanwhile, a 7.00% TiO₂ grade concentrate was obtained with a recovery rate of 71.92% at neutral pH. This study found that pH and reagent selection had an important effect on TiO₂ enrichment efficiency in fine size, low-grade rutile ores. Future research is recommended to investigate selective depressants and multi-stage cleaning to improve separation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Particle–Bubble Interactions in the Flotation Process)

12 pages, 363 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Changes in Retinal Nerve Fiber and Ganglion Cell Layers After Chemical Injury: A Prospective Study

by Justina Skruodyte, Justina Olechnovic and Pranas Serpytis

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(15), 5601; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14155601 (registering DOI) - 7 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background: Chemical eye burns are a serious ophthalmic emergency that can lead to permanent vision loss in severe cases. This study aims to evaluate structural changes in the posterior segment of the eye in individuals who have experienced chemical burns. Methods: The study [...] Read more.

Background: Chemical eye burns are a serious ophthalmic emergency that can lead to permanent vision loss in severe cases. This study aims to evaluate structural changes in the posterior segment of the eye in individuals who have experienced chemical burns. Methods: The study included 64 eyes from 54 patients with chemical burns (chemical burn group) and 87 healthy eyes from 87 subjects (control group), matched by age and sex. Patients had confirmed burns with limbal ischemia, no glaucoma, normal intraocular pressure, and no major ocular or systemic diseases. Burned eyes were examined during the acute phase and again at 3 months, with some followed up at 6 months if significant retinal asymmetry was detected. Retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness was assessed in four quadrants, and ganglion cell complex (GCL++) thickness was analyzed using automated segmentation of optical coherence tomography (OCT) maps. Results: This study compared measurements between the burn group, the control group, and timepoints. OCT analysis revealed no significant difference in total RNFL thickness between burn patients and controls (mean difference: −1.14 µm, 95% CI: −3.92 to 1.64). Similarly, GCL++ thickness did not differ significantly between groups (mean difference: −0.97 µm, 95% CI: −3.31 to 1.37). At 6-month follow-up, a non-significant decline in both RNFL and GCL++ thicknesses was observed. Logistic regression identified higher Dua grade as an independent predictor of RNFL thinning (OR: 4.816, 95% CI: 1.103–21.030; p = 0.037). Patients with severe ocular chemical burns (Dua grade ≥ 3) demonstrated reduced RNFL thickness in all quadrants compared to healthy controls. The most pronounced reductions were observed in the nasal and superior quadrants (p = 0.007 and p = 0.069, respectively); however, after applying Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons, only the difference in the nasal quadrant remained statistically significant (adjusted p = 0.035). Conclusions: Although overall RNFL and GCL++ thicknesses did not differ significantly between burn patients and healthy controls, patients with severe ocular chemical burns (Dua grade ≥ 3) showed a significant reduction in RNFL thickness, in the nasal quadrant. Higher Dua grade was identified as an independent predictor of RNFL thinning. These findings suggest a potential association between burn severity and posterior segment changes, highlighting the need for further longitudinal studies with larger cohorts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ophthalmology)

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