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5 pages, 149 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Advances in Ecohydrology in Arid Inland River Basins

by Lianqing Xue and Guang Yang

Water 2025, 17(15), 2334; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17152334 (registering DOI) - 6 Aug 2025

Abstract

Water is the foundation of life, ecosystems, and socioeconomic development [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ecohydrology in Arid Inland River Basins)

24 pages, 2539 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Classification Framework for Hydrological Resources for Sustainable Hydrogen Production with a Predictive Algorithm for Optimization

by Mónica Álvarez-Manso, Gabriel Búrdalo-Salcedo and María Fernández-Raga

Hydrogen 2025, 6(3), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen6030054 (registering DOI) - 6 Aug 2025

Abstract

Given the urgent need to decarbonize the global energy system, green hydrogen has emerged as a key alternative in the transition to renewables. However, its production via electrolysis demands high water quality and raises environmental concerns, particularly regarding reject water discharge. This study [...] Read more.

Given the urgent need to decarbonize the global energy system, green hydrogen has emerged as a key alternative in the transition to renewables. However, its production via electrolysis demands high water quality and raises environmental concerns, particularly regarding reject water discharge. This study employs an experimental and analytical approach to define optimal water characteristics for electrolysis, focusing on conductivity as a key parameter. A pilot water treatment plant with reverse osmosis and electrodeionization (EDI) was designed to simulate industrial-scale pretreatment. Twenty water samples from diverse natural sources (surface and groundwater) were tested, selected for geographical and geological variability. A predictive algorithm was developed and validated to estimate useful versus reject water based on input quality. Three conductivity-based categories were defined: optimal (0–410 µS/cm), moderate (411–900 µS/cm), and restricted (>900 µS/cm). Results show that water quality significantly affects process efficiency, energy use, waste generation, and operating costs. This work offers a technical and regulatory framework for assessing potential sites for green hydrogen plants, recommending avoidance of high-conductivity sources. It also underscores the current regulatory gap regarding reject water treatment, stressing the need for clear environmental guidelines to ensure project sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Production, Storage, and Utilization)

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20 pages, 7055 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cardiopulmonary Bypass-Induced IL-17A Aggravates Caspase-12-Dependent Neuronal Apoptosis Through the Act1-IRE1-JNK1 Pathway

by Ruixue Zhao, Yajun Ma, Shujuan Li and Junfa Li

Biomolecules 2025, 15(8), 1134; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom15081134 (registering DOI) - 6 Aug 2025

Abstract

Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is associated with significant neurological complications, yet the mechanisms underlying brain injury remain unclear. This study investigated the role of interleukin-17A (IL-17A) in exacerbating CPB-induced neuronal apoptosis and identified vulnerable brain regions. Utilizing a rat CPB model and an oxygen–glucose [...] Read more.

Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is associated with significant neurological complications, yet the mechanisms underlying brain injury remain unclear. This study investigated the role of interleukin-17A (IL-17A) in exacerbating CPB-induced neuronal apoptosis and identified vulnerable brain regions. Utilizing a rat CPB model and an oxygen–glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) cellular model, we demonstrated that IL-17A levels were markedly elevated in the hippocampus post-CPB, correlating with endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS)-mediated apoptosis. Transcriptomic analysis revealed the enrichment of IL-17 signaling and apoptosis-related pathways. IL-17A-Neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mAb) and the ERS inhibitor 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA) significantly attenuated neurological deficits and hippocampal neuronal damage. Mechanistically, IL-17A activated the Act1-IRE1-JNK1 axis, wherein heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) competitively regulated Act1-IRE1 interactions. Co-immunoprecipitation confirmed the enhanced Hsp90-Act1 binding post-CPB, promoting IRE1 phosphorylation and downstream caspase-12 activation. In vitro, IL-17A exacerbated OGD/R-induced apoptosis via IRE1-JNK1 signaling, reversible by IRE1 inhibition. These findings identify the hippocampus as a key vulnerable region and delineate a novel IL-17A/Act1-IRE1-JNK1 pathway driving ERS-dependent apoptosis. Targeting IL-17A or Hsp90-mediated chaperone switching represents a promising therapeutic strategy for CPB-associated neuroprotection. This study provides critical insights into the molecular crosstalk between systemic inflammation and neuronal stress responses during cardiac surgery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Medicine)

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19 pages, 1493 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of Biodegradable Foam Trays from Brewer’s Malt Bagasse and Potato Residues from Agricultural Crops

by Evelyn F. Vásquez-Bacilio, Cesar I. Mejia-Llontop, Carlos E. Tirado-Rodríguez, María de Fátima Arévalo-Oliva, Beetthssy Z. Hurtado-Soria, Eudes Villanueva, Gilbert Rodriguez, Delia Rita Tapia-Blácido and Elza Aguirre

Polymers 2025, 17(15), 2146; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17152146 (registering DOI) - 6 Aug 2025

Abstract

In light of the environmental impact of disposable products made from petroleum-based plastics, this study focused on developing biodegradable foam trays made from a starch (PS) derived from potato waste and beer malt flour (BMBF). The objective of this study was to evaluate [...] Read more.

In light of the environmental impact of disposable products made from petroleum-based plastics, this study focused on developing biodegradable foam trays made from a starch (PS) derived from potato waste and beer malt flour (BMBF). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the concentration of BMBF on the physical and mechanical properties of potato starch-based foam trays prepared by the thermoforming process at temperatures of 150 °C (upper plate) and 145 °C (lower plate) for 5 min and 40 s. The results showed that increasing the BMBF concentration from 0 to 40% reduced the moisture content from 4.68% to 3.42%, increased the thickness from 2.63 cm to 4.77 cm, and decreased the density from 0.28 g.cm⁻³ to 0.15 g.cm⁻³. Meanwhile, the water absorption capacity increased from 38.7% to 69.7%. In terms of mechanical properties, increasing the BMBF concentration in the PS foam tray resulted in a decrease in hardness from 5.61 N to 2.87 N, a decrease in tensile strength from 2.92 MPa to 0.85 MPa, and a decrease in elongation from 1.42% to 0.59%. Meanwhile, fracturability increased from 2.04 mm to 3.68 mm. FTIR analysis revealed interactions between BMBF and PS in the composite foam tray. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed two thermal events: one between 20.96 °C and 172.89 °C, and another between 189.14 °C and 517.69 °C, with weight losses of 5.53% and 74.23%, leaving an ash residue of 20.24%. Differential calorimetry analysis (DSC) showed a glass transition at 152.88 °C and a melting at 185.94 °C, with an enthalpy of fusion of 74.11 J.g⁻¹. Higher concentrations of BMBF (>10%) decreased the water resistance, mechanical strength, and flexibility of the PS foam trays. Therefore, a formulation of 90% PS and 10% BMBF was better for producing a foam tray with improved mechanical properties and water resistance, which could be used as a sustainable alternative to conventional single-use plastic. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biobased and Biodegradable Polymers)

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16 pages, 2650 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Inhibition of Tyrosinase and Melanogenesis by a White Mulberry Fruit Extract

by Nuttawadee Prasawang, Nareerat Sutjarit, Athisri Sitthipunya, Prasit Suwannalert, Wutarak Monsuwan and Nisamanee Charoenchon

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(15), 7589; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26157589 (registering DOI) - 6 Aug 2025

Abstract

Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation is a key factor in the overproduction of melanin in the skin. Melanocytes produce melanin through melanogenesis to protect the skin from UVB radiation-induced damage. However, excessive melanogenesis can lead to hyperpigmentation and increase the risk of malignant melanoma. [...] Read more.

Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation is a key factor in the overproduction of melanin in the skin. Melanocytes produce melanin through melanogenesis to protect the skin from UVB radiation-induced damage. However, excessive melanogenesis can lead to hyperpigmentation and increase the risk of malignant melanoma. Tyrosinase is the rate-limiting enzyme in melanogenesis; it catalyzes the oxidation of tyrosine to 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine and subsequently to dopaquinone. Thus, inhibiting tyrosinase is a promising strategy for preventing melanogenesis and skin hyperpigmentation. White mulberry (Morus alba L.) is rich in antioxidants, and mulberry fruit extracts have been used as cosmetic skin-lightening agents. However, data on the capacity of mulberry fruit extracts to inhibit tyrosinase under UVB radiation-induced melanogenic conditions remain scarce, especially in an in vivo model. In this study, we evaluated the effects of a mulberry crude extract (MCE) on UVB radiation-induced melanogenesis in B16F10 melanoma cells and zebrafish embryos. The MCE significantly reduced tyrosinase activity and melanogenesis in a dose-dependent manner without inducing cytotoxicity. These effects are likely attributable to the antioxidant constituents of the extract. Our findings highlight the potential of this MCE as an effective tyrosinase inhibitor for the prevention of UVB radiation-induced skin hyperpigmentation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Therapeutic Potential of Antioxidants in the Prevention of Human Diseases, 2nd Edition)

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20 pages, 640 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Digital Innovation and Cost Stickiness in Manufacturing Enterprises: A Perspective Based on Manufacturing Servitization and Human Capital Structure

by Wei Sun and Xinlei Zhang

Sustainability 2025, 17(15), 7115; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17157115 (registering DOI) - 6 Aug 2025

Abstract

This paper examines the effect of digital innovation on cost stickiness in manufacturing firms, focusing on the underlying mechanisms and contextual factors. Using data from Chinese A-share listed manufacturing firms from 2012 to 2023, we find that, first, for each one-unit increase in [...] Read more.

This paper examines the effect of digital innovation on cost stickiness in manufacturing firms, focusing on the underlying mechanisms and contextual factors. Using data from Chinese A-share listed manufacturing firms from 2012 to 2023, we find that, first, for each one-unit increase in the level of digital technology, the cost stickiness index of enterprises decreases by an average of 0.4315 units, primarily through digital process innovation and digital business model innovation, whereas digital product innovation does not exhibit a statistically significant impact. Second, manufacturing servitization and the optimization of human capital structure are identified as key mediating mechanisms. Digital innovation promotes servitization by transitioning firms from product-centric to service-oriented business models, thereby reducing fixed costs and improving resource flexibility. It also optimizes human capital by increasing the proportion of high-skilled employees and reducing labor adjustment costs. Third, the effect of digital innovation on cost stickiness is found to be heterogeneous. Firms with high financing constraints benefit more from the cost-reducing effects of digital innovation due to improved resource allocation efficiency. Additionally, mid-tenure executives are more effective in leveraging digital innovation to mitigate cost stickiness, as they balance short-term performance pressures with long-term strategic investments. These findings contribute to the understanding of how digital transformation reshapes cost behavior in manufacturing and provide insights for policymakers and firms seeking to achieve sustainable development through digital innovation. Full article

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11 pages, 2425 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Single-Layer High-Efficiency Metasurface for Multi-User Signal Enhancement

by Hui Jin, Peixuan Zhu, Rongrong Zhu, Bo Yang, Siqi Zhang and Huan Lu

Micromachines 2025, 16(8), 911; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16080911 (registering DOI) - 6 Aug 2025

Abstract

In multi-user wireless communication scenarios, signal degradation caused by channel fading and co-channel interference restricts system capacity, while traditional enhancement schemes face challenges of high coordination complexity and hardware integration. This paper proposes an electromagnetic focusing method using a single-layer transmissive passive metasurface. [...] Read more.

In multi-user wireless communication scenarios, signal degradation caused by channel fading and co-channel interference restricts system capacity, while traditional enhancement schemes face challenges of high coordination complexity and hardware integration. This paper proposes an electromagnetic focusing method using a single-layer transmissive passive metasurface. A high-efficiency metasurface array is fabricated based on PCB technology, which utilizes subwavelength units for wide-range phase modulation to construct a multi-user energy convergence model in the WiFi band. By optimizing phase gradients through the geometric phase principle, the metasurface achieves collaborative wavefront manipulation for multiple target regions with high transmission efficiency, reducing system complexity compared to traditional multi-layer structures. Measurements in a microwave anechoic chamber and tests in an office environment demonstrate that the metasurface can simultaneously create signal enhancement zones for multiple users, featuring stable focusing capability and environmental adaptability. This lightweight design facilitates deployment in dense networks, providing an effective solution for signal optimization in indoor distributed systems and IoT communications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Electromagnetic and Acoustic Devices)

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23 pages, 800 KiB

Open AccessArticle

“Innovatives” or “Sceptics”: Views on Sustainable Food Packaging in the New Global Context by Generation Z Members of an Academic Community

by Gerasimos Barbarousis, Fotios Chatzitheodoridis, Achilleas Kontogeorgos and Dimitris Skalkos

Sustainability 2025, 17(15), 7116; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17157116 (registering DOI) - 6 Aug 2025

Abstract

The growing concern over environmental sustainability has intensified the focus on consumers’ perceptions of eco-friendly food packaging, especially among younger generations. This study aims to investigate the attitudes, preferences, and barriers faced by Greek university students regarding sustainable food packaging, a demographic considered [...] Read more.

The growing concern over environmental sustainability has intensified the focus on consumers’ perceptions of eco-friendly food packaging, especially among younger generations. This study aims to investigate the attitudes, preferences, and barriers faced by Greek university students regarding sustainable food packaging, a demographic considered pivotal for driving future consumption trends. An online questionnaire assessing perceptions, preferences, and behaviours related to sustainable packaging was administered to students, with responses measured on a five-point Likert scale. Three hundred and sixty-four students took part in this survey, with the majority (60%) of them being female. Principal component analysis was employed to identify underlying factors influencing perceptions, and k-means cluster analysis revealed two consumer segments: “Innovatives”, including one hundred and ninety-eight participants (54%), who demonstrate strong environmental awareness and willingness to adopt sustainable behaviours, and “Sceptics”, including one hundred sixty-six participants (46%), who show moderate engagement and remain cautious in their choices. Convenience, affordability, and clear product communication emerged as significant factors shaping student preferences. The findings suggest that targeted educational campaigns and transparent information are essential to converting positive attitudes into consistent purchasing behaviours. This research provides valuable insights for policymakers and marketers looking to design effective sustainability strategies tailored to the student population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Food)

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16 pages, 2848 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Light-Guided Cyborg Beetles: An Analysis of the Phototactic Behavior and Steering Control of Endebius florensis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

by Tian-Hao Zhang, Zheng-Zhong Huang, Lei Jiang, Shen-Zhen Lv, Wen-Tao Zhu, Chao-Fan Zhang, Yi-Shi Shi and Si-Qin Ge

Biomimetics 2025, 10(8), 513; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10080513 (registering DOI) - 6 Aug 2025

Abstract

Cyborg insects offer a biologically powered solution for locomotion control, but conventional methods typically rely on invasive electrical stimulation. Here, we introduce a noninvasive, phototaxis-based strategy to steer walking Endebius florensis beetles using light-emitting diode (LED) stimuli. Electroretinogram recordings revealed spectral sensitivity to [...] Read more.

Cyborg insects offer a biologically powered solution for locomotion control, but conventional methods typically rely on invasive electrical stimulation. Here, we introduce a noninvasive, phototaxis-based strategy to steer walking Endebius florensis beetles using light-emitting diode (LED) stimuli. Electroretinogram recordings revealed spectral sensitivity to blue, green, and yellow light, with reduced response to red. Behavioral assays demonstrated robust positive phototaxis to blue light and negative phototaxis to yellow. Using these findings, we built a wireless microcontroller-based backpack emitting directional blue light to induce steering. The beetles reliably turned toward the activated light, achieving angular deflections over 60° within seconds. This approach enables repeatable, trauma-free insect control and establishes a new paradigm for biohybrid locomotion systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Morphology and Biomimetics: Learning from Insects)

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14 pages, 849 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Autonomous Last-Mile Logistics in Emerging Markets: A Study on Consumer Acceptance

by Emerson Philipe Sinesio, Marcele Elisa Fontana, Júlio César Ferro de Guimarães and Pedro Carmona Marques

Logistics 2025, 9(3), 106; https://doi.org/10.3390/logistics9030106 (registering DOI) - 6 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background: Rapid urbanization has intensified the challenges of freight transport, particularly in last-mile (LM) delivery, leading to rising costs and environmental externalities. Autonomous vehicles (AVs) have emerged as a promising innovation to address these issues. While much of the existing literature emphasizes business [...] Read more.

Background: Rapid urbanization has intensified the challenges of freight transport, particularly in last-mile (LM) delivery, leading to rising costs and environmental externalities. Autonomous vehicles (AVs) have emerged as a promising innovation to address these issues. While much of the existing literature emphasizes business and operational perspectives, this study focuses on the acceptance of AVs from the standpoint of e-consumers—individuals who make purchases via digital platforms—in an emerging market context. Methods: Grounded in an extended Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology 2 (UTAUT2), which is specifically suited to consumer-focused technology adoption research, this study incorporates five constructs tailored to AV adoption. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was applied to survey data collected from 304 e-consumers in Northeast Brazil. Results: The findings reveal that performance expectancy, hedonic motivation, and environmental awareness exert significant positive effects on acceptance and intention to use AVs for LM delivery. Social influence shows a weaker, yet still positive, impact. Importantly, price sensitivity exhibits a minimal effect, suggesting that while consumers are generally cost-conscious, perceived value may outweigh price concerns in early adoption stages. Conclusions: These results offer valuable insights for policymakers and logistics providers aiming to implement consumer-oriented, cost-effective AV solutions in LM delivery, particularly in emerging economies. The findings emphasize the need for strategies that highlight the practical, emotional, and environmental benefits of AVs to foster market acceptance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Last Mile, E-Commerce and Sales Logistics)

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10 pages, 220 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease: New Treatment and Future Directions—The 3rd Edition

by Alfredo Caturano

Biomedicines 2025, 13(8), 1914; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13081914 (registering DOI) - 6 Aug 2025

Abstract

Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases remain the most pressing global health concerns of our time, with a profound impact on both individual lives and healthcare systems [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease: New Treatment and Future Directions—the 3rd Edition)

10 pages, 2566 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance Prediction of Outer Rotor PMSM Considering 3-D Flux Coefficient Using Equivalent 2-D FEA

by Moo-Hyun Sung, Kyoung-Soo Cha, Young-Hoon Jung, Jae-Han Sim and Myung-Seop Lim

Machines 2025, 13(8), 692; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines13080692 (registering DOI) - 6 Aug 2025

Abstract

In this article, we propose an equivalent 2-D finite element analysis (FEA) process considering the 3-D flux of an outer rotor permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). In the motor, 3-D flux such as axial leakage flux (ALF) and overhang fringing flux (OFF) are [...] Read more.

In this article, we propose an equivalent 2-D finite element analysis (FEA) process considering the 3-D flux of an outer rotor permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). In the motor, 3-D flux such as axial leakage flux (ALF) and overhang fringing flux (OFF) are influenced based on design variables. Three-dimensional FEA is required to consider the components of 3-D flux. However, 3-D FEA is inefficient to use during the design process because of time-consuming. Therefore, we propose an equivalent FEA that considers the 3-D flux. First, the effects of ALF and OFF according to design variables such as rotor inner and outer diameter, stack length, and overhang length. Second, the 3-D flux is converted into a coefficient. Finally, it is applied to 2-D FEA. Using the proposed process, motor performance considering 3-D flux can be quickly predicted. The proposed performance prediction process is verified through simulation and experiment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic and Multi-Physics Analysis and Design of Electric Machines)

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19 pages, 451 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Examining the Structure of Directed Motivational Currents (DMCs) Among Secondary and Tertiary English as a Second Language Learners

by Chuanwei Huo, Lawrence Jun Zhang and Jason M. Stephens

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1066; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081066 (registering DOI) - 6 Aug 2025

Abstract

Motivation remains a central concern in second language (L2) and English as a foreign language (EFL) education, yet its underlying mechanisms are insufficiently understood. This study employs the theory of Directed Motivational Currents (DMCs) to explore periods of intense, sustained L2 motivation among [...] Read more.

Motivation remains a central concern in second language (L2) and English as a foreign language (EFL) education, yet its underlying mechanisms are insufficiently understood. This study employs the theory of Directed Motivational Currents (DMCs) to explore periods of intense, sustained L2 motivation among Chinese adolescent EFL learners across secondary and tertiary levels. Through in-depth interviews with ten participants, this research identified the conditions (e.g., collaborative peer dynamics, vivid goal visualization) that triggered their DMC experiences. The data also highlighted how facilitative elements—such as clear starting points, personalized goal alignment, behavioral routines, and timely feedback—played a crucial role in initiating and sustaining these motivational currents. These findings contribute to DMC theory by revealing how intrinsic and extrinsic factors jointly foster and maintain high levels of motivation over time, offering valuable insights for designing targeted interventions to enhance EFL motivation and learning among Chinese adolescents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Educational Psychology)

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27 pages, 392 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pioneering Public Sector Innovation: The Case of Greece’s e-Government Team

by Athanasios Pantazis Deligiannis and Vassilios Peristeras

Adm. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 306; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci15080306 (registering DOI) - 6 Aug 2025

Abstract

This study offers the first systematic exploration of the Greek e-Government team, a public sector innovation unit that operated within the Office of the Prime Minister of Greece from 2009 to 2012—the sole example of such a unit in the country. It illustrates [...] Read more.

This study offers the first systematic exploration of the Greek e-Government team, a public sector innovation unit that operated within the Office of the Prime Minister of Greece from 2009 to 2012—the sole example of such a unit in the country. It illustrates how strategically positioned innovation units can function as change agents within government bureaucracies. The purpose of this work was to analyze how this distinctive unit functioned by bridging policy formulation, legislative drafting, and technological implementation at the highest government levels. The research involved thematic analysis of original interviews conducted with most core members of the team. The findings highlight successes, notably the Diavgeia transparency platform, which markedly improved administrative transparency, accountability, and citizen access to government decisions. Important challenges were also identified, particularly regarding the sustainability of the unit, issues of institutionalization, and meaningful citizen engagement. The experience of the Greek e-Government team suggests that public sector innovation (PSI) units are most effective when they combine high-level political access with multidisciplinary expertise and operational flexibility. The analysis also reveals inherent tensions between the need for centralized coordination and the benefits of decentralized implementation, as well as challenges in maintaining citizen participation throughout the policy development process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations, Projects, Challenges and Changes in A Digital World)

23 pages, 3410 KiB

Open AccessArticle

LinU-Mamba: Visual Mamba U-Net with Linear Attention to Predict Wildfire Spread

by Henintsoa S. Andrianarivony and Moulay A. Akhloufi

Remote Sens. 2025, 17(15), 2715; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17152715 (registering DOI) - 6 Aug 2025

Abstract

Wildfires have become increasingly frequent and intense due to climate change, posing severe threats to ecosystems, infrastructure, and human lives. As a result, accurate wildfire spread prediction is critical for effective risk mitigation, resource allocation, and decision making in disaster management. In this [...] Read more.

Wildfires have become increasingly frequent and intense due to climate change, posing severe threats to ecosystems, infrastructure, and human lives. As a result, accurate wildfire spread prediction is critical for effective risk mitigation, resource allocation, and decision making in disaster management. In this study, we develop a deep learning model to predict wildfire spread using remote sensing data. We propose LinU-Mamba, a model with a U-Net-based vision Mamba architecture, with light spatial attention in skip connections, and an efficient linear attention mechanism in the encoder and decoder to better capture salient fire information in the dataset. The model is trained and evaluated on the two-dimensional remote sensing dataset Next Day Wildfire Spread (NDWS), which maps fire data across the United States with fire entries, topography, vegetation, weather, drought index, and population density variables. The results demonstrate that our approach achieves superior performance compared to existing deep learning methods applied to the same dataset, while showing an efficient training time. Furthermore, we highlight the impacts of pre-training and feature selection in remote sensing, as well as the impacts of linear attention use in our model. As far as we know, LinU-Mamba is the first model based on Mamba used for wildfire spread prediction, making it a strong foundation for future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Deep Learning Approaches in Remote Sensing (Second Edition))

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17 pages, 251 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Proximate Composition, Physicochemical Properties and Concentration of Selected Minerals in Edible Giblets of Geese

by Dariusz Kokoszyński, Arkadiusz Nędzarek, Joanna Żochowska-Kujawska, Marek Kotowicz, Marcin Wegner, Karol Włodarczyk, Dorota Cygan-Szczegielniak, Barbara Biesiada-Drzazga and Marcin Witkowski

Foods 2025, 14(15), 2742; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14152742 (registering DOI) - 6 Aug 2025

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of breed and sex (3 × 2) on the basic chemical composition, concentration of some minerals, and physicochemical properties of edible giblets of farm geese. The study material consisted of edible giblets (livers, [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of breed and sex (3 × 2) on the basic chemical composition, concentration of some minerals, and physicochemical properties of edible giblets of farm geese. The study material consisted of edible giblets (livers, gizzards, hearts) obtained from 42 geese from three Polish native breeds (Rypin, Suwałki, Kartuzy) at 220 weeks of age. Edible giblets were obtained during goose evisceration from seven males and seven females of each breed. Each bird was an experimental unit. Goose breed and sex had a significant effect on the chemical composition and physicochemical properties of the edible giblets. Rypin geese had higher (p < 0.05) intramuscular fat content in the gizzard and heart, as well as higher protein content in the heart and lower water content in the gizzard, compared to Kartuzy and Suwałki geese. Kartuzy geese, in turn, had higher content of water in the heart, and higher concentrations of phosphorus, calcium, iron, manganese, sodium, and chromium in the liver, compared to Rypin and Suwałki geese. In turn, Suwałki geese had higher concentrations of phosphorus in the gizzard, and potassium, phosphorus, copper, and iron in the heart compared to the hearts of Rypin and Suwałki geese, while Kartuzy and Suwałki geese higher concentrations of sodium, magnesium, zinc, and manganese in hearts than the hearts of Rypin geese. In these studies, the highest lightness (L*) was observed in the liver and heart of Rypin geese, the lowest yellowness (b*) was observed in the gizzard of Suwałki geese, and the highest pH₂₄ and EC₂₄ were observed in the heart of Kartuzy geese. Regardless of breed, males had higher protein, collagen, and intramuscular fat contents in the heart, a higher water content in the gizzard, higher concentrations of potassium, and sodium in the liver and gizzard, copper in the heart and liver, and phosphorus in the gizzard, and less water in the heart and zinc in the liver, as well as higher (p < 0.05) concentrations of iron in the liver and heart compared with females. The breed by sex interaction was significant for intramuscular fat and water content in the gizzard and heart, and protein content in the heart. Significant differences were also noted for EC₂₄ in the liver and heart, yellowness of the gizzard, and concentrations of most labeled minerals in edible giblets. The obtained results indicate that the nutritional value and suitability of edible goose giblets for the poultry industry vary depending on breed and sex. Due to the limited research on the chemical composition and physicochemical properties of goose giblets, further research in this area is necessary in the future. Full article

15 pages, 296 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic Risk Profiles for Atherosclerosis and Venous Thromboembolism in Azorean and Mainland Portuguese Populations: A Comparative Analysis

by Luisa Mota-Vieira, Joana Duarte, Xavier Catena, Jaime Gonzalez, Andrea Capocci and Cláudia C. Branco

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2025, 47(8), 625; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb47080625 (registering DOI) - 6 Aug 2025

Abstract

The frequency of specific variants associated with the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases has been extensively studied through genome-wide association studies (GWASs). Differences between populations may be caused by the interaction of several factors, such as environmental and genetic backgrounds. Here, we studied [...] Read more.

The frequency of specific variants associated with the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases has been extensively studied through genome-wide association studies (GWASs). Differences between populations may be caused by the interaction of several factors, such as environmental and genetic backgrounds. Here, we studied 19 SNPs involved in atherosclerosis (AT) and venous thromboembolism (VTE) risk in the Azorean and mainland Portuguese populations and compared their frequencies with other European, Asian, and African populations. Results revealed that, although there was no difference between Azorean and mainland populations, eight SNPs in ADAMTS7, PCSK9, APOE, and LDLR genes showed significant statistical differences (χ², p < 0.05) when compared with the European population. The multilocus genetic profile (MGP) analysis demonstrated that 7.4% of mainlanders and 11.2% of Azoreans have a high-risk of developing atherosclerosis. The opposite tendency was observed for venous thromboembolism risk, where the mainland population presented a higher risk (6.5%) than the Azorean population (4.1%). Significant differences in VTE-MGP distribution were found among the Azorean geographic groups (p < 0.05), with the Eastern group showing the highest VTE risk. Conversely, for the risk AT-MGP, the Central group shows the highest risk (12.9%). Taken together, the data suggest a risk of developing a cardiovascular disease consistent with the European population. However, the Azorean-specific genetic background and socio-cultural habits (dietary and sedentary) may explain the differences observed, validating the need to assess the allelic and genotypic frequencies between different populations, especially in small geographical locations, such as the Azores archipelago. In conclusion, these findings can improve the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of high-risk individuals, and contribute to reducing the lifelong burden of cardiovascular diseases in the Azorean population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Medicine)

21 pages, 3918 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design of BPC LF Time Code Signal Generator Based on ARM Architecture Microcontroller and FPGA

by Hongzhen Cao, Jianfeng Wu, Xiaolong Guan, Dangli Zhao, Yan Xing, Zhibo Zhou, Yuji Li and Kexin Yin

Electronics 2025, 14(15), 3128; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14153128 (registering DOI) - 6 Aug 2025

Abstract

Low-frequency (LF) time code timing technology holds significant importance in civilian applications such as radio-controlled clocks. This study focuses on the design and implementation of a high-precision Binary Phase Code (BPC) LF time code signal generator. A generator system was constructed, demonstrating good [...] Read more.

Low-frequency (LF) time code timing technology holds significant importance in civilian applications such as radio-controlled clocks. This study focuses on the design and implementation of a high-precision Binary Phase Code (BPC) LF time code signal generator. A generator system was constructed, demonstrating good stability, superior resolution, and flexible adjustment capabilities for both amplitude and phase. The system employs an ARM + FPGA cooperative architecture: the ARM processor is responsible for parsing and scheduling the time code data, while the FPGA implements carrier wave generation and high-precision digital modulation. This digital processing is combined with analog circuitry to achieve digital-to-analog (D/A) signal conversion. Compared to traditional methods, carrier generation is achieved using Direct Digital Synthesis (DDS) technology. Digital modulation techniques enable the precise control of the modulation depth (adjustable between 70% and 90%) and phase (with a resolution of 1 ns). A sliding window algorithm was utilized for time difference calculation and compensation. Testing confirmed the stability of key signal parameters, including integrity, carrier frequency and modulation depth. These results validate the feasibility and superiority of the digital LF time code generation technology proposed in this study, providing a valuable reference for the development of next-generation timing equipment. Full article

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11 pages, 1392 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microalgae Scenedesmus sp. as a Potential Inoculum in a CO₂ Capture Device Against Changes in Environmental Temperature

by Yolanda Garrido, Joaquín Quesada Medina, José David Sánchez, Ana Sánchez-Zurano, Eduardo Iniesta-López, Adrián Hernández-Fernández, Antonia Pérez de los Ríos and Francisco José Hernández-Fernández

Processes 2025, 13(8), 2479; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13082479 (registering DOI) - 6 Aug 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the viability of a native Scenedesmus sp. strain for use in a 50 L bubble column photobioreactor designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions under simulated spring, extreme summer, and winter conditions. The experiments were conducted by placing the reactor in [...] Read more.

This study investigates the viability of a native Scenedesmus sp. strain for use in a 50 L bubble column photobioreactor designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions under simulated spring, extreme summer, and winter conditions. The experiments were conducted by placing the reactor in a controlled climatic chamber, which allowed us to regulate the temperature, light intensity, and day–night cycles throughout the entire experiment. The results showed that under simulated spring conditions (a maximum temperature of 22 °C), the algal culture grew continuously for 61 days. Under extreme summer conditions (a maximum temperature of 39 °C), an initial drop in cell density was followed by recovery and continued growth over 75 days, although biomass production was 35% lower. Under winter conditions (a maximum temperature of 10 °C), the culture failed, indicating the need to prevent temperatures below 10 °C. In terms of biomass production, the culture densities achieved were 1.04 g L⁻¹ and 0.68 g L⁻¹ in the spring and summer trials, respectively. The Scenedesmus sp. strain demonstrated high carbon capture efficiency, tolerance to extreme heat, and sustained growth without the need for fresh medium or pH adjustments for over 60 days during spring and extreme summer conditions, confirming its potential for outdoor applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Carbon Capture and Storage/Utilization (CCS-CCU): Sustainable Engineering and Biotechnological Perspectives)

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33 pages, 4268 KiB

Open AccessReview

Targeting Bacterial Biofilms on Medical Implants: Current and Emerging Approaches

by Alessandro Calogero Scalia and Ziba Najmi

Antibiotics 2025, 14(8), 802; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics14080802 (registering DOI) - 6 Aug 2025

Abstract

Biofilms are structured communities of microorganisms encased in a self-produced extracellular matrix, and they represent one of the most widespread forms of microbial life on Earth. Their presence poses serious challenges in both environmental and clinical settings. In natural and industrial systems, biofilms [...] Read more.

Biofilms are structured communities of microorganisms encased in a self-produced extracellular matrix, and they represent one of the most widespread forms of microbial life on Earth. Their presence poses serious challenges in both environmental and clinical settings. In natural and industrial systems, biofilms contribute to water contamination, pipeline corrosion, and biofouling. Clinically, biofilm-associated infections are responsible for approximately 80% of all microbial infections, including endocarditis, osteomyelitis, cystic fibrosis, and chronic sinusitis. A particularly critical concern is their colonization of medical devices, where biofilms can lead to chronic infections, implant failure, and increased mortality. Implantable devices, such as orthopedic implants, cardiac pacemakers, cochlear implants, urinary catheters, and hernia meshes, are highly susceptible to microbial attachment and biofilm development. These infections are often recalcitrant to conventional antibiotics and frequently necessitate surgical revision. In the United States, over 500,000 biofilm-related implant infections occur annually, with prosthetic joint infections alone projected to incur revision surgery costs exceeding USD 500 million per year—a figure expected to rise to USD 1.62 billion by 2030. To address these challenges, surface modification of medical devices has emerged as a promising strategy to prevent bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation. This review focuses on recent advances in chemical surface functionalization using non-antibiotic agents, such as enzymes, chelating agents, quorum sensing quenching factors, biosurfactants, oxidizing compounds and nanoparticles, designed to enhance antifouling and mature biofilm eradication properties. These approaches aim not only to prevent device-associated infections but also to reduce dependence on antibiotics and mitigate the development of antimicrobial resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Properties of Biomaterial)

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20 pages, 1279 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Framework for Quantifying Hyperloop’s Socio-Economic Impact in Smart Cities Using GDP Modeling

by Aleksejs Vesjolijs, Yulia Stukalina and Olga Zervina

Economies 2025, 13(8), 228; https://doi.org/10.3390/economies13080228 (registering DOI) - 6 Aug 2025

Abstract

Hyperloop ultra-high-speed transport presents a transformative opportunity for future mobility systems in smart cities. However, assessing its socio-economic impact remains challenging due to Hyperloop’s unique technological, modal, and operational characteristics. As a novel, fifth mode of transportation—distinct from both aviation and rail—Hyperloop requires [...] Read more.

Hyperloop ultra-high-speed transport presents a transformative opportunity for future mobility systems in smart cities. However, assessing its socio-economic impact remains challenging due to Hyperloop’s unique technological, modal, and operational characteristics. As a novel, fifth mode of transportation—distinct from both aviation and rail—Hyperloop requires tailored evaluation tools for policymakers. This study proposes a custom-designed framework to quantify its macroeconomic effects through changes in gross domestic product (GDP) at the city level. Unlike traditional economic models, the proposed approach is specifically adapted to Hyperloop’s multimodality, infrastructure, speed profile, and digital-green footprint. A Poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood (PPML) model is developed and applied at two technology readiness levels (TRL-6 and TRL-9). Case studies of Glasgow, Berlin, and Busan are used to simulate impacts based on geo-spatial features and city-specific trade and accessibility indicators. Results indicate substantial GDP increases driven by factors such as expanded 60 min commute catchment zones, improved trade flows, and connectivity node density. For instance, under TRL-9 conditions, GDP uplift reaches over 260% in certain scenarios. The framework offers a scalable, reproducible tool for policymakers and urban planners to evaluate the economic potential of Hyperloop within the context of sustainable smart city development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section International, Regional, and Transportation Economics)

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13 pages, 2106 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Diagnosis of the Multiepitope Protein rMELEISH3 for Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis

by Rita Alaide Leandro Rodrigues, Mariana Teixeira de Faria, Isadora Braga Gandra, Juliana Martins Machado, Ana Alice Maia Gonçalves, Daniel Ferreira Lair, Diana Souza de Oliveira, Lucilene Aparecida Resende, Maykelin Fuentes Zaldívar, Ronaldo Alves Pinto Nagem, Rodolfo Cordeiro Giunchetti, Alexsandro Sobreira Galdino and Eduardo Sergio da Silva

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(15), 8683; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15158683 (registering DOI) - 6 Aug 2025

Abstract

Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is a major zoonosis that poses a growing challenge to public health services, as successful disease management requires sensitive, specific, and rapid diagnostic methods capable of identifying infected animals even at a subclinical level. The objective of this study [...] Read more.

Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is a major zoonosis that poses a growing challenge to public health services, as successful disease management requires sensitive, specific, and rapid diagnostic methods capable of identifying infected animals even at a subclinical level. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of the recombinant chimeric protein rMELEISH3 as an antigen in ELISA assays for the robust diagnosis of CVL. The protein was expressed in a bacterial system, purified by affinity chromatography, and evaluated through a series of serological assays using serum samples from dogs infected with Leishmania infantum. ROC curve analysis revealed a diagnostic sensitivity of 96.4%, a specificity of 100%, and an area under the curve of 0.996, indicating excellent discriminatory power. Furthermore, rMELEISH3 was recognized by antibodies present in the serum of dogs with low parasite loads, reinforcing the diagnostic potential of the assay in asymptomatic cases. It is concluded that the use of the recombinant antigen rMELEISH3 could significantly contribute to the improvement of CVL surveillance and control programs in endemic areas of Brazil and other countries, by offering a safe, reproducible and effective alternative to the methods currently recommended for the serological diagnosis of the disease. Full article

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15 pages, 5628 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improving the Efficiency of CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Non-Homologous End Joining Gene Knockout Using Small Molecules in Porcine Cells

by Shihao Lv, Xiaokang Xu, Sijia Yang, Mingjie Feng, Zhongyu Yuan, Xueqing Liu, Chaoqian Jiang, Jun Song and Yanshuang Mu

Biomolecules 2025, 15(8), 1132; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom15081132 (registering DOI) - 6 Aug 2025

Abstract

The CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system has emerged as an effective platform to generate loss-of-function gene edits through non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) without a repair template. To verify whether small molecules can enhance the efficiency of CRISPR/ Cas9-mediated NHEJ gene editing in porcine cells, [...] Read more.

The CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system has emerged as an effective platform to generate loss-of-function gene edits through non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) without a repair template. To verify whether small molecules can enhance the efficiency of CRISPR/ Cas9-mediated NHEJ gene editing in porcine cells, this experiment investigated the effects of six small-molecule compounds, namely Repsox, Zidovudine, IOX1, GSK-J4, YU238259, and GW843682X, on the efficiency of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated NHEJ gene editing. The results showed the optimal concentrations of the small molecules, including Repsox, Zidovudine, IOX1, GSK-J4, YU238259, and GW843682X, for in vitro-cultured PK15 viability. Compared with the control group, the single small molecules Repsox, Zidovudine, GSK-J4, and IOX1 increased the efficiency of NHEJ-mediated gene editing 3.16-fold, 1.17-fold, 1.16-fold, and 1.120-fold, respectively, in the Cas9-sgRNA RNP delivery system. There were no benefits when using YU238259 and GW843682X compared with the control group. In the CRISPR/Cas9 plasmid delivery system, the Repsox, Zidovudine, IOX1, and GSK-J4 treatments increased the efficiency of NHEJ-mediated gene editing 1.47-fold, 1.15-fold, 1.21-fold, and 1.23-fold, respectively, compared with the control group. Repsox can also improve the efficiency of NHEJ-mediated multi-gene editing based on a CRISPR sgRNA-tRNA array. We also explored the mechanism of Repsox’s effect on the efficiency of NHEJ-mediated gene editing. The results showed that Repsox reduces the expression levels of SMAD2, SMAD3, and SMAD4 in the TGF-β pathway, indicating that Repsox can increase the efficiency of CRISPR NHEJ-mediated gene editing in porcine cells through the TGF-β pathway. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Biology)

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28 pages, 2129 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Pricing Strategies of Knowledge Payment Products Considering the Impact of Embedded Advertising Under the User-Generated Content Model

by Xiubin Gu, Yi Qu and Minhe Wu

Systems 2025, 13(8), 665; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13080665 (registering DOI) - 6 Aug 2025

Abstract

In UGC-based knowledge trading platforms, the abundance of personalized content often leads to varying quality levels. By incorporating embedded advertising, platforms can incentivize knowledge producers to produce high-quality content; however, the uncertainty in managing embedded advertisements increases the complexity of pricing knowledge products. [...] Read more.

In UGC-based knowledge trading platforms, the abundance of personalized content often leads to varying quality levels. By incorporating embedded advertising, platforms can incentivize knowledge producers to produce high-quality content; however, the uncertainty in managing embedded advertisements increases the complexity of pricing knowledge products. This paper examines the impact of embedded advertising on the pricing of knowledge products, aims to maximize the profits of both knowledge producer and the platform. Based on Stackelberg game theory, two pricing decision models are developed under different advertising management modes: the platform-managed mode (where the platform determines the advertising intensity) and the advertiser-managed mode (where the advertiser determines the advertising intensity). The study analyzes the effects of UGC product quality, consumer sensitivity to advertising, and power structure on knowledge product pricing, and derives threshold conditions for optimal pricing. The results indicate that (1) When the quality of UGC knowledge product exceeds a certain threshold, platform-managed advertising becomes profitable. (2) Under the platform-managed mode, both the platform and knowledge producer can adopt price-increasing strategies to enhance profits. (3) Under the advertiser-managed mode, the platform can leverage differences in power structure to optimize revenue, while knowledge producer can actively enhance his pricing power to achieve mutual benefits with the platform. This study provides theoretical support and practical guidance for advertising cooperation mechanisms and pricing strategies for knowledge products in UGC-based knowledge trading platforms. Full article

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16 pages, 3142 KiB

Open AccessReview

Mechanisms of Resistance of Oryza sativa to Phytophagous Insects and Modulators Secreted by Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera, Delphacidae) When Feeding on Rice Plants

by Xiaohong Zheng, Weiling Wu, Yuting Huang, Kedong Xu and Xinxin Shangguan

Agronomy 2025, 15(8), 1891; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15081891 (registering DOI) - 6 Aug 2025

Abstract

The brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål, 1854), is the most devastating pest of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Although insecticides are used to control this pest, host plant resistance is a more effective and economic solution. Therefore, identification of N. lugens-resistant genes [...] Read more.

The brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål, 1854), is the most devastating pest of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Although insecticides are used to control this pest, host plant resistance is a more effective and economic solution. Therefore, identification of N. lugens-resistant genes and elucidation of their underlying resistance mechanisms are critical for developing elite rice cultivars with enhanced and durable resistance. Research has shown that in the long-term evolutionary arms race, rice has developed complex defense systems against N. lugens, while N. lugens has developed diverse and sophisticated strategies to overcome the plant’s defenses. This review emphasizes recent advances in the molecular interactions between rice and the N. lugens, particularly focusing on the resistance mechanisms of 17 cloned major N. lugens resistance genes, which have significantly improved our understanding of the molecular basis of rice–N. lugens interactions. We also highlight the roles of several N. lugens salivary components in activating or suppressing rice defense responses. These insights provide a foundation for developing sustainable and effective strategies to manage this devastating pest of rice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Pest and Disease Control in Rice)

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18 pages, 912 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Guiding Principle for Quantum State Discrimination in the Real-Spectrum Phase of P-Pseudo-Hermitian Systems

by Qinliang Dong, Xueer Gao, Zhihang Liu, Hui Li, Jingwei Wen and Chao Zheng

Entropy 2025, 27(8), 836; https://doi.org/10.3390/e27080836 (registering DOI) - 6 Aug 2025

Abstract

Quantum state discrimination (QSD) is a fundamental task in quantum information processing, improving the computation efficiency and communication security. Non-Hermitian (NH) PT-symmetric systems were found to be able to discriminate two quantum states better than the Hermitian strategy. In this work, we propose [...] Read more.

Quantum state discrimination (QSD) is a fundamental task in quantum information processing, improving the computation efficiency and communication security. Non-Hermitian (NH) PT-symmetric systems were found to be able to discriminate two quantum states better than the Hermitian strategy. In this work, we propose a QSD approach based on P-pseudo-Hermitian systems with real spectra. We theoretically prove the feasibility of realizing QSD in the real-spectrum phase of a P-pseudo-Hermitian system, i.e., two arbitrary non-orthogonal quantum states can be discriminated by a suitable P-pseudo-Hermitian Hamiltonian. In detail, we decide the minimal angular separation between two non-orthogonal quantum states for a fixed P-pseudo-Hermitian Hamiltonian, and we find the orthogonal evolution time is able to approach zero under suitable conditions, while both the trace distance and the quantum relative entropy are employed to judge their orthogonality. We give a criterion to choose the parameters of a P-pseudo-Hermitian Hamiltonian that evolves the two initial orthogonal states faster than a fixed arbitrary PT-symmetric one with an identical energy difference. Our work expands the NH family for QSD, and can be used to explore real quantum systems in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Quantum Systems and Their Applications)

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