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29 pages, 2056 KB

Open AccessReview

From Gut to Heart: Targeting Trimethylamine N-Oxide as a Novel Strategy in Heart Failure Management

by Zehui Ding, Yunfeng Yu, Jiaming Wei, Ziyan Wang, Ruifang Lin, Ya Li and Zhihua Guo

Biomolecules 2025, 15(10), 1447; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom15101447 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025

Heart failure (HF) marks the culmination of numerous cardiac pathologies, presenting a major medical hurdle in prevention and treatment. In recent years, with the advancements in genomics and metabolomics, research has demonstrated that gut microbiota plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of [...] Read more.

Heart failure (HF) marks the culmination of numerous cardiac pathologies, presenting a major medical hurdle in prevention and treatment. In recent years, with the advancements in genomics and metabolomics, research has demonstrated that gut microbiota plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of HF. Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a gut microbiota-derived metabolite and primarily sourced from foods abundant in choline, L-carnitine, and betaine. Research has shown that patients with HF exhibit higher levels of TMAO. Accumulating evidence has indicated that TMAO directly or indirectly mediates the occurrence and development of HF through multiple mechanisms. Furthermore, TMAO functions as a crucial prognostic marker in HF. Therefore, TMAO emerges as a potential therapeutic target for HF. This article reviews the generation and metabolic pathways of TMAO, emphasizes its pathophysiological mechanisms in HF, and explores promising therapeutic approaches targeting TMAO, offering novel insights and strategies for HF management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms in Cardiopathy and Therapeutic Strategies)

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13 pages, 276 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of K-1 Kickboxing Tournament Fights on Growth Hormone, IGF-1, and Insulin Levels: Preliminary Findings from a Pilot Study in Elite Athletes

by Łukasz Rydzik, Ismail Ilbak, Serkan Düz, Tadeusz Ambroży, Tomasz Pałka, Marta Kopańska, Marta Niewczas, Anna Kurkiewicz-Piotrowska, Ibrahim Ouergui, Monika Bigosińska and Wojciech Wąsacz

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(20), 7203; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14207203 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Evidence on acute endocrine responses to K-1 kickboxing is limited. This pilot study assessed pre-to-post changes in GH, IGF-1 and insulin after a single K-1 bout and explored relationships with training experience (TE), final heart rate (HRFINAL) and perceived exertion (RPE). Methods: [...] Read more.

Background: Evidence on acute endocrine responses to K-1 kickboxing is limited. This pilot study assessed pre-to-post changes in GH, IGF-1 and insulin after a single K-1 bout and explored relationships with training experience (TE), final heart rate (HRFINAL) and perceived exertion (RPE). Methods: Elite male K-1 athletes (n = 10) completed an interclub, referee-supervised three-round bout (3 × 2 min). Venous blood was sampled pre-fight and +2 min. GH, IGF-1 and insulin were assayed (ELISA). Paired t-tests and Pearson’s r quantified changes and associations. Results: GH rose from 1.20 ± 2.05 to 11.27 ± 8.82 ng/mL (p = 0.007; d = 1.85), and insulin from 5.95 ± 1.56 to 12.95 ± 5.95 µU/mL (p = 0.002; d = 1.86); IGF-1 showed no change (200.90 ± 55.89 to 203.00 ± 54.10 ng/mL; p = 0.497). ΔGH and Δinsulin correlated positively with HRFINAL (rp = 0.89 and 0.88, both p < 0.001) and RPE (rp = 0.70 and 0.68; p = 0.024 and 0.031), and negatively with TE (rp = −0.72 and −0.68; p = 0.019 and 0.031). Conclusions: A single K-1 fight elicited large acute increases in GH and insulin but not IGF-1 at +2 min. HRFINAL and RPE tracked response magnitude, while more experienced athletes showed smaller deltas. Findings are preliminary and limited by a small sample, elite-only cohort, in an interclub setting, with immediate sampling and absence of a control group. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sex- and Age-Related Differences in Exercise Response: Clinical Implications for Health and Disease)

29 pages, 5852 KB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Automatic Power Generation Control and Primary Frequency Regulation Parameter Characteristics of Hydropower Units

by Yingbin Li, Jian Cheng, Lihua Li, Yousong Shi, Dongfeng Zhang, Zhong Yang, Nan Chen and Xueli An

Water 2025, 17(20), 2944; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17202944 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

With the increasing integration of variable renewable energy into power systems, the frequency regulation capability of hydroelectric units has become crucial for ensuring grid stability. In response to grid disturbances, where Primary Frequency Regulation (PFR) and Automatic Generation Control (AGC) are activated sequentially [...] Read more.

With the increasing integration of variable renewable energy into power systems, the frequency regulation capability of hydroelectric units has become crucial for ensuring grid stability. In response to grid disturbances, where Primary Frequency Regulation (PFR) and Automatic Generation Control (AGC) are activated sequentially in actual operation, this paper employs parameter characteristic analysis to systematically investigate the influence of several factors—including turbine operating head, PWM parameters, and governor parameters—on the active power regulation process of hydroelectric units. The study first compares the response characteristics under different heads and PWM/pulse parameters within the AGC framework. It then examines the effects of pulse duration limits and integral adjustments on guide vane movement and correction efficiency. Finally, under the PFR framework, the impacts of head, steady-state slip coefficient, and integral gain on the amplitude and speed of frequency response are analyzed. Simulation results demonstrate that as the set value of Tkmax increases, the operating range of the guide vane opening within the pulse cycle expands, and the time required for power correction is significantly reduced. Specifically, when Tkmax is increased from 0.2 to 0.55, the regulation time is shortened by 44%. These findings offer theoretical guidance and practical insights for parameter optimization and operational scheduling of hydropower units. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research Status of Operation and Management of Hydropower Station)

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14 pages, 630 KB

Open AccessArticle

Disease-Specific Prediction of Missense Variant Pathogenicity with DNA Language Models and Graph Neural Networks

by Mohamed Ghadie, Sameer Sardaar and Yannis Trakadis

Bioengineering 2025, 12(10), 1098; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12101098 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

Accurate prediction of the impact of genetic variants on human health is of paramount importance to clinical genetics and precision medicine. Recent machine learning (ML) studies have tried to predict variant pathogenicity with different levels of success. However, most missense variants identified on [...] Read more.

Accurate prediction of the impact of genetic variants on human health is of paramount importance to clinical genetics and precision medicine. Recent machine learning (ML) studies have tried to predict variant pathogenicity with different levels of success. However, most missense variants identified on a clinical basis are still classified as variants of uncertain significance (VUS). Our approach allows for the interpretation of a variant for a specific disease and, thus, for the integration of disease-specific domain knowledge. We utilize a comprehensive knowledge graph, with 11 types of interconnected biomedical entities at diverse biomolecular and clinical levels, to classify missense variants from ClinVar. We use BioBERT to generate embeddings of biomedical features for each node in the graph, as well as DNA language models to embed variant features directly from genomic sequence. Next, we train a two-stage architecture consisting of a graph convolutional neural network to encode biological relationships. A neural network is then used as the classifier to predict disease-specific pathogenicity of variants, essentially predicting edges between variant and disease nodes. We compare performance across different versions of our model, obtaining prediction-balanced accuracies as high as 85.6% (sensitivity: 90.5%; NPV: 89.8%) and discuss how our work can inform future studies in this area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI-Driven Approaches to Diseases Detection and Diagnosis)

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14 pages, 2558 KB

Open AccessArticle

Organically Modified Layered Double Hydroxide for Enhancing Aging Resistance of Styrene–Butadiene Rubber

by Jingxuan Hu, Nannan Yang and Xiong Xu

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(20), 10971; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152010971 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

As styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) is widely used and tends to age, the performance improvement in aging resistance is greatly important to rubber industrial fields. To this end, this study considered using layered double hydroxides (LDHs) as inorganic fillers and subsequently modified them by [...] Read more.

As styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) is widely used and tends to age, the performance improvement in aging resistance is greatly important to rubber industrial fields. To this end, this study considered using layered double hydroxides (LDHs) as inorganic fillers and subsequently modified them by silane coupling agent KH−580 to obtain organically functionalized LDHs (m−LDHs) for solving the compatibility and aging concerns. The modified fillers were incorporated into styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) to prepare m−LDHs/SBR composites. To evaluate their aging resistance, both SBR and m−LDHs/SBR samples were subjected to ultraviolet (UV) accelerated aging tests. Comprehensive characterizations were carried out using Fourier−transform infrared spectroscopy (FT−IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and standard mechanical property testing. FT−IR confirmed the successful grafting of KH−580 onto LDHs surfaces, while TGA demonstrated a ~50 °C increase in decomposition temperature of the modified SBR compared to the pristine sample, indicating enhanced thermal stability. Mechanical performance, including tensile strength, elongation at break, and hardness, was better retained in m−LDHs/SBR after aging, revealing the role of m−LDHs as both UV shielding and interfacial reinforcing agents. These findings highlight the potential of surface−functionalized LDHs as multifunctional fillers to enhance the durability and service lifetime of rubber materials. Full article

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17 pages, 4365 KB

Open AccessArticle

Boldo Restores Vascularization and Reduces Skeletal Muscle Inflammation in Symptomatic Mice with Dysferlinopathy

by Walter Vásquez, Felipe Troncoso, Andrea Lira, Carlos Escudero and Juan C. Sáez

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(20), 9945; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26209945 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

Dysferlinopathies are progressive muscular dystrophies caused by DYSF mutations, leading to impaired membrane repair, chronic inflammation, lipid accumulation, and muscle degeneration. No approved therapies currently halt the progression of this disease. Here, we evaluated the effects of daily oral administration of pulverized Boldo [...] Read more.

Dysferlinopathies are progressive muscular dystrophies caused by DYSF mutations, leading to impaired membrane repair, chronic inflammation, lipid accumulation, and muscle degeneration. No approved therapies currently halt the progression of this disease. Here, we evaluated the effects of daily oral administration of pulverized Boldo (Peumus boldus) leaves, commonly used as a nutraceutical, to blAJ mice, a model of dysferlinopathy. Symptomatic bIAJ mice were treated for four weeks with Boldo and presented significantly improved grip strength and restored endothelial-dependent vasodilation. Muscle perfusion and capillary density in the gastrocnemius were both enhanced by treatment. Histological analyses revealed that Boldo prevented myofiber atrophy, reduced centrally nucleated fibers, and improved muscle tissue architecture. Lipid accumulation observed in blAJ muscles was absent in Boldo-treated mice. At the cellular level, Boldo normalized sarcolemma membrane permeability (dye uptake) and reduced mRNA levels of inflammasome components (NLRP3, ASC, and IL-1β), suggesting anti-inflammatory activity. These findings indicate that Boldo improves vascular and muscle integrity, supporting its potential as a complementary therapeutic strategy for dysferlinopathy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Natural Products for Human Health and Disease)

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19 pages, 14633 KB

Open AccessArticle

Impact Analysis of Hull Line Design on Fishing Vessels’ Vulnerability to Pure Loss of Stability

by Hangming Zhang, Kai Li, Guoxiong Mei, Jianzhao Ding and Qiqi Wu

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(10), 1954; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13101954 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

Pure Loss of Stability is one of the five typical stability failure modes identified in the Second-Generation Intact Stability Criteria by the IMO. This study investigates the influence of hull line variations on the vulnerability of a saury fishing vessel to pure loss [...] Read more.

Pure Loss of Stability is one of the five typical stability failure modes identified in the Second-Generation Intact Stability Criteria by the IMO. This study investigates the influence of hull line variations on the vulnerability of a saury fishing vessel to pure loss of stability. Hull forms were parametrically modified using the Free-Form Deformation method, and an in-house code was developed to evaluate stability performance. The numerical framework was validated against the commercial ICS-HydroSTAB software (Version 1.0), demonstrating high computational accuracy and engineering applicability. Parametric sensitivity analysis was then conducted to examine the effects of geometric characteristics under both calm-water and wave-induced conditions. The results indicate that vulnerability in calm water is primarily governed by the maximum sectional area curve and the bow portion of the DWL half-breadth curve, while in waves it is influenced by both the maximum sectional area curve and the fore and aft portions of the DWL half-breadth curve. The half angle of entrance (E = 0.08) exhibits a comparatively minor effect, but its increase reduces the initial metacentric height and significantly elevates the risk of capsizing in waves. These findings provide useful references for hull form optimization and stability design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)

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17 pages, 1738 KB

Open AccessArticle

Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria as a Sustainable Strategy for Enhancing Quinoa Resilience to Salt Stress in Arid Regions

by Fahad N. Al-Barakaha and Abdulaziz G. Alghamdi

Sustainability 2025, 17(20), 9048; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17209048 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

Soil salinity and water scarcity are major challenges limiting agricultural productivity in arid and semi-arid regions. Quinoa (a climate-resilient crop) offers potential for sustainable food production under these harsh conditions; however, its growth and yield are often constrained by salt and water stress. [...] Read more.

Soil salinity and water scarcity are major challenges limiting agricultural productivity in arid and semi-arid regions. Quinoa (a climate-resilient crop) offers potential for sustainable food production under these harsh conditions; however, its growth and yield are often constrained by salt and water stress. This study evaluated the role of plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in enhancing Chenopodium quinoa Willd performance under deficit irrigation (DI) with saline water. A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted with four irrigation levels (40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% of the growth water requirement, GWR) and two water qualities (fresh water, EC = 0.8 dS m⁻¹; and saline water, EC = 6.0 dS m⁻¹), each tested with and without PGPR inoculation. The results showed that PGPR application significantly (p < 0.05) improved quinoa tolerance to salinity, leading to higher biomass, yield, and crop water productivity (CWP) under saline irrigation. Yield reductions were most severe at 40% GWR (53.9% and 82.6% under saline and fresh water, respectively), but PGPR inoculation mitigated yield losses, with increases of 83.3% and 130.8% under 40% and 100% GWR saline irrigation, respectively. Notably, PGPR did not show a clear effect with freshwater irrigation. In addition, inoculated plants exhibited improved nutrient uptake and reduced heavy metal accumulation. Overall, PGPR demonstrated strong potential to enhance salinity resilience and water-use efficiency in quinoa. Future studies should extend these findings under field conditions and investigate the long-term impacts of PGPR on sustainable crop production in saline- and water-limited environments. Full article

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29 pages, 2757 KB

Open AccessArticle

Non-Contrast Brain CT Images Segmentation Enhancement: Lightweight Pre-Processing Model for Ultra-Early Ischemic Lesion Recognition and Segmentation

by Aleksei Samarin, Alexander Savelev, Aleksei Toropov, Aleksandra Dozortseva, Egor Kotenko, Artem Nazarenko, Alexander Motyko, Galiya Narova, Elena Mikhailova and Valentin Malykh

J. Imaging 2025, 11(10), 359; https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging11100359 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

Timely identification and accurate delineation of ultra-early ischemic stroke lesions in non-contrast computed tomography (CT) scans of the human brain are of paramount importance for prompt medical intervention and improved patient outcomes. In this study, we propose a deep learning-driven methodology specifically designed [...] Read more.

Timely identification and accurate delineation of ultra-early ischemic stroke lesions in non-contrast computed tomography (CT) scans of the human brain are of paramount importance for prompt medical intervention and improved patient outcomes. In this study, we propose a deep learning-driven methodology specifically designed for segmenting ultra-early ischemic regions, with a particular emphasis on both the ischemic core and the surrounding penumbra during the initial stages of stroke progression. We introduce a lightweight preprocessing model based on convolutional filtering techniques, which enhances image clarity while preserving the structural integrity of medical scans, a critical factor when detecting subtle signs of ultra-early ischemic strokes. Unlike conventional preprocessing methods that directly modify the image and may introduce artifacts or distortions, our approach ensures the absence of neural network-induced artifacts, which is especially crucial for accurate diagnosis and segmentation of ultra-early ischemic lesions. The model employs predefined differentiable filters with trainable parameters, allowing for artifact-free and precision-enhanced image refinement tailored to the challenges of ultra-early stroke detection. In addition, we incorporated into the combined preprocessing pipeline a newly proposed trainable linear combination of pretrained image filters, a concept first introduced in this study. For model training and evaluation, we utilize a publicly available dataset of acute ischemic stroke cases, focusing on the subset relevant to ultra-early stroke manifestations, which contains annotated non-contrast CT brain scans from 112 patients. The proposed model demonstrates high segmentation accuracy for ultra-early ischemic regions, surpassing existing methodologies across key performance metrics. The results have been rigorously validated on test subsets from the dataset, confirming the effectiveness of our approach in supporting the early-stage diagnosis and treatment planning for ultra-early ischemic strokes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Imaging)

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12 pages, 1328 KB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular and Biochemical Characterization of Xanthomonas arboricola pv. corylina Isolates Infecting Hazelnut Orchards in Chile

by Gastón Higuera, Brenda Ossa, Alan Zamorano, Pamela Córdova, Belén Díaz, Sebastián Cabrera, Tomás Llantén, Javiera Fuentes, Camila Gamboa, Weier Cui, Assunta Bertaccini, Carolina Ilabaca-Díaz, Set Pérez Fuentealba, Simón Navarrete, Héctor García and Nicola Fiore

Plants 2025, 14(20), 3148; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14203148 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

In recent years, the cultivated area of hazelnuts in Chile has increased significantly. Along with this rapid expansion, biotic constraints that affect the optimal development of the crop have been identified. Among these, bacterial blight disease caused by Xanthomonas arboricola pv. corylina has [...] Read more.

In recent years, the cultivated area of hazelnuts in Chile has increased significantly. Along with this rapid expansion, biotic constraints that affect the optimal development of the crop have been identified. Among these, bacterial blight disease caused by Xanthomonas arboricola pv. corylina has been particularly relevant. This pathogen has a global distribution and is present in all hazelnut-producing countries. In the spring of 2023, hazelnut orchards were sampled from the Maule to Biobío Regions of Chile. The Chilean isolates recovered from hazelnut tissues showing symptoms of bacterial blight were characterized by their ability to grow on different semi-selective media, their carbohydrate utilization profiles, hypersensitivity response in tobacco plants, and biochemical tests. Additionally, the isolates were identified based on the 16S rRNA gene and multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) on the rpoD, gyrB, and atpD genes. The results showed that the X. arboricola pv. corylina Chilean isolates differed from previously reported isolates in other geographic areas as they are capable of metabolizing sorbitol and mannitol. Using MLSA and average nucleotide identity (ANI) comparison, these isolates were grouped into four and five phylogenetic clades, respectively, representing a significant difference from what has been reported in similar international studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Plant Disease Diagnostics and Surveillance in Plant Protection)

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13 pages, 656 KB

Open AccessArticle

Wintering Red Kites in Central Spain: Macrohabitat Selection and Population Density Estimate

by Alan Omar Bermúdez-Cavero, Edgar Bernat-Ponce, José Antonio Gil-Delgado and Andrés López-Peinado

Birds 2025, 6(4), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/birds6040054 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

The Red Kite (Milvus milvus), a Western Palearctic raptor, experienced a severe population decline across its range during the 19th and 20th centuries, nearly disappearing as a breeding species in Spain. Although conservation and reintroduction efforts have facilitated recovery, information on [...] Read more.

The Red Kite (Milvus milvus), a Western Palearctic raptor, experienced a severe population decline across its range during the 19th and 20th centuries, nearly disappearing as a breeding species in Spain. Although conservation and reintroduction efforts have facilitated recovery, information on its wintering ecology remains limited. We evaluated the population size and habitat selection of wintering Red Kites in and around the La Mancha Húmeda Biosphere Reserve (MHBR), Central Spain, and assessed whether survey route type affected detectability. Surveys comprised 325 vehicle-based line transects along paved roads and dirt tracks during the winters of 2021–2022 and 2022–2023, and the 2022 breeding season. Detection rates and density did not differ between route types. Across 212 winter transects, we recorded 124 individuals, with none detected during 113 breeding season transects. Density estimates were consistent across winters (1.3–1.4 individuals/km²), yielding a population estimate of approximately 1430 individuals. Habitat analysis indicated clear selection for open agricultural mosaics dominated by fallow land and vineyards, while rugged terrain was avoided. These results identify MHBR as an important wintering area. Yet, super-intensive agriculture is a poor habitat due to its uniformity. Enhancing heterogeneous open landscapes, including farmland, is essential for Red Kite colonization and expansion. Full article

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23 pages, 8455 KB

Open AccessArticle

Monitoring River–Lake Dynamics in the Mid-Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River Using Sentinel-2 Imagery and X-Means Clustering

by Zhanshuo Qi, Shiming Yao, Xiaoguang Liu, Bing Ding, Hongyang Wang, Yuqi Jiang and Jinpeng Hu

Remote Sens. 2025, 17(20), 3421; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17203421 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

River–lake systems are essential for sustaining ecosystems and human livelihoods. However, the complexity and variability of large river–lake systems, coupled with characteristic differences in water bodies across regions, have made quantifying their extent and changes inherently challenging. This study implements a robust water [...] Read more.

River–lake systems are essential for sustaining ecosystems and human livelihoods. However, the complexity and variability of large river–lake systems, coupled with characteristic differences in water bodies across regions, have made quantifying their extent and changes inherently challenging. This study implements a robust water extraction method based on the multidimensional X-means clustering algorithm. This method leverages the advantages of Sentinel-2 imagery for water detection. Utilizing the X-means algorithm, it generates a new seasonal surface water area (SWA) product for the mid-lower reaches of the Yangtze River (MLRYR). The implemented method achieved an overall accuracy of 97.98%, a producer’s accuracy of 98.02%, a user’s accuracy of 96.01%, a Matthews correlation coefficient of 0.954, and a Kappa coefficient of 0.954. Analysis of water body dynamics reveals that over the past six years, the overall trend of SWA in the MLRYR has remained stable. However, within a broad range including multiple sub-basins, a decline in SWA has been observed on an inter-annual scale. Among the large lakes and reservoirs in the MLRYR, the water areas of Poyang Lake, Dongting Lake and Shijiu Lake all showed a marked decline. Among all water bodies with a significant increase in area, the Danjiangkou Reservoir is the largest. Further correlation analysis indicates that SWA exhibited the strongest correlations with precipitation and drought index in most sub-basins. In sub-basins where large lakes and reservoirs exist, the presence of river networks played a buffering role by regulating and storing water, thereby reducing the direct influence of climatic factors on lake and reservoir water extent. These findings highlight the complex interplay of climatic and hydrological factors. By integrating satellite imagery and Earth observation, this study advances understanding of MLRYR surface water dynamics, providing a robust framework for monitoring in other regions. It offers critical insights into drought impacts and informs effective water resource management and conservation strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Remote Sensing in Geology, Geomorphology and Hydrology)

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27 pages, 478 KB

Open AccessArticle

China–Kazakhstan Automotive Industry Cooperation Under the Belt and Road Initiative: Current Status and Future Prospects

by Xiyao Liu and Azhar Serikkaliyeva

Future Transp. 2025, 5(4), 142; https://doi.org/10.3390/futuretransp5040142 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

Under the Belt and Road Initiative, China and Kazakhstan have developed a strategic partnership in the automotive industry that has progressed through three distinct phases. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the evolution and future of this cooperation, structured into the Export [...] Read more.

Under the Belt and Road Initiative, China and Kazakhstan have developed a strategic partnership in the automotive industry that has progressed through three distinct phases. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the evolution and future of this cooperation, structured into the Export and Assembly phase (2014 to 2017), the Technology Partnership phase (2018 to 2021), and the Localization and Joint Ventures phase (2022 to 2024). Based on qualitative content analysis of policy documents, industry reports, and media coverage, the paper examines how China’s drive for industrial upgrading aligns with Kazakhstan’s goals of economic diversification and industrial growth. The findings indicate that Chinese automotive companies, such as JAC Motors, have transitioned from exporting vehicles to assembling them locally, transferring technology, and investing in joint ventures, thereby strengthening Kazakhstan’s automotive production and market potential. However, challenges remain, including overcapacity, market saturation, and the need for skilled local labor. The study concludes with recommendations to enhance cooperation through joint research and development, the creation of localized parts manufacturing clusters, and the harmonization of technical standards, offering a replicable model for bilateral partnerships within the Belt and Road framework. Full article

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17 pages, 4052 KB

Open AccessArticle

Incorporating the Effect of Windborne Debris on Wind Pressure Calculation of ASCE 7 Provisions

by Karim Farokhnia

Wind 2025, 5(4), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/wind5040024 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

Windborne debris generated during tornadoes and hurricanes plays a critical role in building damage. This damage occurs either through direct impact on structural and nonstructural components or indirectly by increasing internal pressure when debris penetrates openings (e.g., windows and doors) or creates new [...] Read more.

Windborne debris generated during tornadoes and hurricanes plays a critical role in building damage. This damage occurs either through direct impact on structural and nonstructural components or indirectly by increasing internal pressure when debris penetrates openings (e.g., windows and doors) or creates new ones. These breaches can significantly raise internal pressure, even at lower wind speeds compared to debris-free conditions. Current provisions in ASCE 7, the nationally adopted standard for wind load calculations in the United States, account for factors such as building geometry, location, and exposure category. However, they do not consider the effects of windborne debris on internal pressure coefficients. This study proposes an enhancement to ASCE 7 by incorporating debris effects through the use of a more conservative enclosure classification. Real-world damage observations from three tornado-impacted residential buildings are presented, followed by a failure mechanism analysis, supporting analytical fragility data, and numerical simulations of debris effects on building damage. The findings suggest that treating buildings as Partially Enclosed under ASCE 7 can more accurately reflect debris-induced internal pressures and improve building resilience under extreme wind events. Full article

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17 pages, 10686 KB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Abacá Fiber Treated with Sodium Hydroxide on Undrained Shear Strength in Organic Silt

by Jorge Albuja-Sánchez, Doménica Romero and Carlos Solórzano-Blacio

Fibers 2025, 13(10), 139; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib13100139 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

Highly decomposed organic soils exhibit low strength and stability, which pose challenges for geotechnical engineering. This study evaluates the effectiveness of abacá natural fibers treated with 5% NaOH to prevent biodegradation and reinforce organic silt. An experimental program was conducted to investigate the [...] Read more.

Highly decomposed organic soils exhibit low strength and stability, which pose challenges for geotechnical engineering. This study evaluates the effectiveness of abacá natural fibers treated with 5% NaOH to prevent biodegradation and reinforce organic silt. An experimental program was conducted to investigate the effects of fiber content (1, 1.5, and 2%) and length (5, 10, and 15 mm) on the undrained shear strength (Su), elastic modulus (E₅₀), maximum dry density (MDD), and optimum water content (OWC). The results revealed a slight reduction in MDD and OWC, while Su increased significantly, reaching 104.13% for 1.5% fiber content and 15 mm fiber length. E₅₀ decreased by up to 52.61%, indicating a transition toward more ductile behavior and variability due to the inherent heterogeneity of the soil. ANOVA and post hoc Tukey analyses confirmed the statistical significance of fiber content and length on Su, with optimal performance observed at 1.5% content and 15 mm length. These findings demonstrate that chemically treated abacá fibers provide effective and sustainable soil reinforcement and that chemical treatment is essential to maintain short-term durability in biologically active organic soils. Full article

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24 pages, 441 KB

Open AccessArticle

Digital Government Construction and Common Prosperity in China: Effect and Transmission Channel

by Bin Xiong, Baocheng Yu and Yalan Tang

Sustainability 2025, 17(20), 9047; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17209047 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

How to achieve common prosperity has become the key to enhancing residents’ well-being in digital government construction (DG), which is particularly important for developing countries with relatively large income gaps. Using Chinese provincial panel data from 2018 to 2023, this study employs the [...] Read more.

How to achieve common prosperity has become the key to enhancing residents’ well-being in digital government construction (DG), which is particularly important for developing countries with relatively large income gaps. Using Chinese provincial panel data from 2018 to 2023, this study employs the entropy weight method and two-way fixed effects models to empirically examine the nonlinear impact of digital government development on common prosperity. This study has found that DG has a significant U-shaped impact on common prosperity, which first inhibits and then promotes. This effect operates primarily through improving digital inclusive finance and increasing education expenditure. Regional heterogeneity analysis indicates that the U-shaped relationship is more significant in the eastern region. From a single dimension of DG, service supply capacity and service intelligence capacity have a significant U-shaped impact on common prosperity. This study enriches the theory of the relationship between DG and common prosperity, providing policy references for promoting common prosperity and sustainable development. Full article

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12 pages, 775 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Fracture Strength of Acrylic Palatal Prostheses After Microwave and Chlorhexidine Disinfection: A Comparative In Vitro Study

by Faten Khalid Al-Kadi, Jwan Fateh Abdulkareem and Saja Kareem Esmael

Oral 2025, 5(4), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/oral5040078 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Disinfection of removable prostheses is essential for controlling oral infections, yet the methods employed may compromise the mechanical reliability of denture base materials. This study evaluated the effect of microwave irradiation and immersion in 0.2% chlorhexidine solution on the fracture strength of [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Disinfection of removable prostheses is essential for controlling oral infections, yet the methods employed may compromise the mechanical reliability of denture base materials. This study evaluated the effect of microwave irradiation and immersion in 0.2% chlorhexidine solution on the fracture strength of three commonly used acrylic denture bases. Methods: Forty-five standardised maxillary palatal denture bases were fabricated from cross-linked conventional, high-impact, and light-cured acrylic resins. The specimens were divided equally into three treatment groups: water storage (control), immersion in 0.2% chlorhexidine solution for 30 min twice weekly, and microwave disinfection at 650 W for three minutes, each continued for four weeks. Fracture strength was determined by using the Universal testing machine. The data were analysed with one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post hoc testing. Results: Cross-linked and high-impact acrylic resins exhibited significantly greater fracture strength than light-cured acrylics (p < 0.001). The overall ANOVA showed no statistically significant differences among disinfection methods (p = 0.069); however, post hoc comparisons revealed significant reductions in fracture strength within specific material groups following microwave disinfection. This effect was most pronounced in the light-cured group, whereas immersion in chlorhexidine produced no significant changes. Notably, the fracture strength of all groups remained above clinically acceptable thresholds. Conclusions: Microwave disinfection negatively influences the mechanical integrity of acrylic denture bases, particularly those fabricated from light-cured resins. In contrast, immersion in 0.2% chlorhexidine preserves fracture strength, supporting its use as a safe and effective protocol for routine disinfection in dental practice. Full article

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21 pages, 851 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Impact of Uterine Artery Embolization on Subsequent Fertility Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis of 20 Years of Clinical Evidence

by Carmen Elena Bucuri, Dan Mihu, Andrei Mihai Măluțan, Aron Valentin Oprea, Maria Patricia Roman, Cristina Mihaela Ormindean, Ionel Daniel Nati, Viorela Elena Suciu, Alex Emil Hăprean, Adrian Pavel, Mihai Toma and Răzvan Ciortea

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(20), 7205; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14207205 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Uterine fibroids affect 70–80% of women by age 50, often impairing fertility through mechanical distortion and altered endometrial receptivity. Uterine artery embolization (UAE) is a minimally invasive alternative to surgery, though its impact on future fertility remains debated. This meta-analysis aimed [...] Read more.

Background: Uterine fibroids affect 70–80% of women by age 50, often impairing fertility through mechanical distortion and altered endometrial receptivity. Uterine artery embolization (UAE) is a minimally invasive alternative to surgery, though its impact on future fertility remains debated. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate pregnancy rates, time to conception, and fertility-related complications following UAE in women with symptomatic fibroids. Methods: A systematic search was performed across PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and other databases (January 2005–March 2025) following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Studies reporting fertility outcomes ≥ 6 months after UAE were included. Primary outcomes were pregnancy rates and time to conception. A random-effects meta-analysis was conducted using Review Manager 5.4. Study quality was assessed with the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (observational studies) and the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool for randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Results: Thirty-three studies (4287 women) were included; 85.2% had follow-up. The pregnancy rate was 52.1% (95% CI: 46.8–57.4%), with a mean time to conception of 14.7 months. Pregnancy rates were highest in women < 30 years (67.8%) and lowest in those > 40 years (31.5%). Unilateral UAE had superior outcomes to bilateral (61.2% vs. 49.8%). Conclusions: UAE can preserve fertility in ~50% of selected patients, with better outcomes in younger women. Early intervention is advised for fertility preservation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Obstetrics & Gynecology)

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16 pages, 1026 KB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Criteria Evaluation of Bioavailable Trace Elements in Fine and Coarse Particulate Matter: Implications for Sustainable Air-Quality Management and Health Risk Assessment

by Elwira Zajusz-Zubek and Zygmunt Korban

Sustainability 2025, 17(20), 9045; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17209045 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

Bioavailable fractions of particulate-bound trace elements are key determinants of inhalation toxicity, yet air-quality assessments typically rely on total metal concentrations, which may underestimate health risks. This study integrates the exchangeable (F1) and reducible (F2) fractions of trace elements in fine (PM_2.5 [...] Read more.

Bioavailable fractions of particulate-bound trace elements are key determinants of inhalation toxicity, yet air-quality assessments typically rely on total metal concentrations, which may underestimate health risks. This study integrates the exchangeable (F1) and reducible (F2) fractions of trace elements in fine (PM_2.5) and coarse (PM₁₀) particulate matter with multi-criteria decision-making (TOPSIS) and similarity-based classification (Czekanowski’s method). Archival weekly-integrated samples from the summer season were collected at eight industrially influenced sites in southern Poland. Sequential extraction (F1–F2) and ICP-MS were applied to quantify concentrations of cadmium, cobalt, chromium, nickel, and lead in PM_2.5 and PM₁₀. Aggregated hazard values were then derived with TOPSIS, and site similarity was explored using Czekanowski’s reordered distance matrices. Regulatory targets for cadmium and nickel, and the limit for lead in PM₁₀ were not exceeded, but F1/F2 profiles revealed pronounced site-to-site differences in potential mobility that were not evident from total concentrations. Rankings were consistent across size fractions, with site P₁ exhibiting the lowest hazard indices and P₈ the highest, while mid-rank sites formed reproducible similarity clusters. The proposed chemical-fractionation and multivariate framework provides a reproducible screening tool for multi-element exposure, complementing compliance checks and supporting prioritisation of sites for targeted investigation and environmental management. In the sustainability context, bioavailability-based indicators strengthen air-quality assessment by linking monitoring data with health-relevant and cost-effective management strategies, supporting efficient resource allocation and reducing exposure in vulnerable populations. Full article

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13 pages, 2225 KB

Open AccessCommunication

Beyond TFRC: The Pivotal Role of mGluR2 in Feline Calicivirus Entry and Replication

by Ruibin Qi, Hongtao Kang, Yupeng Yang, Kexin Feng, Zhe Liu, Silu Gao, Qian Jiang, Liandong Qu and Jiasen Liu

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(10), 980; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12100980 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

Feline calicivirus (FCV) is among the few members of the Caliciviridae family that can replicate efficiently in vitro. Our recent studies have found the Transferrin Receptor Protein (TFRC) is an entry receptor that facilitates the internalization of FCV. To explore the potential involvement [...] Read more.

Feline calicivirus (FCV) is among the few members of the Caliciviridae family that can replicate efficiently in vitro. Our recent studies have found the Transferrin Receptor Protein (TFRC) is an entry receptor that facilitates the internalization of FCV. To explore the potential involvement of additional host factors in conjunction with TFRC during the viral entry process, we identified metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGluR2) as a specific interacting partner for both TFRC and the FCV VP1 protein by Co-IP analysis. Our findings indicate that the downregulation of mGluR2, along with its downstream signaling molecule, Calcium-activated potassium channel subunit alpha-1 (KCa1.1), significantly inhibits FCV replication by impairing viral internalization. Importantly, the knockout of TFRC did not diminish the effects of mGluR2 and KCa1.1 on FCV infection. Furthermore, mGluR2 was found to interact directly with FCV VP1, rather than with TFRC, and the rate of F-actin polymerization induced by FCV infection was reduced solely by the downregulation of mGluR2 protein expression, not by TFRC knockout. These results suggest that mGluR2 may independently mediate FCV internalization, operating independently of TFRC, and plays a critical role in the formation of endocytic vesicles. Overall, the results indicate that multiple host factors, including TFRC and mGluR2, are involved in the internalization of FCV into host cells. Further research is necessary to explore the propagation of other caliciviruses, such as norovirus, in vitro. Full article

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26 pages, 1339 KB

Open AccessArticle

Do Physical and Transition Climate Risks Drive the Volatility and Dynamic Correlations Between Fossil Energy Markets and Stocks Prices of Clean Energy?

by Ying Zhang, Weifeng Li and Li Yang

Sustainability 2025, 17(20), 9044; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17209044 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

Climate risks are one of the major challenges facing sustainable development. This study examines how physical and transition climate risks influence the volatility and correlation of fossil energy futures and clean energy stock indices, using a mixed-frequency modeling framework. Taking the Paris Agreement [...] Read more.

Climate risks are one of the major challenges facing sustainable development. This study examines how physical and transition climate risks influence the volatility and correlation of fossil energy futures and clean energy stock indices, using a mixed-frequency modeling framework. Taking the Paris Agreement as the starting point for the global energy transition, we aim to compare the impacts of climate risks on various fossil energy assets and clean energy assets and investigate how the dynamic linkages between clean energy and fossil energy assets have evolved under the influence of climate risks. The results show that climate risks have increased the volatility of fossil energy and clean energy assets to varying degrees. Correlation patterns vary by energy type: crude oil futures and clean energy indices exhibit a decoupling trend under climate risks, while natural gas futures show a more consistent, positive linkage. These findings not only provide useful guidance for investors in formulating more effective strategies under increasing climate risks but also offer policymakers valuable insights into designing optimal approaches to balance decarbonization objectives with energy security. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation: Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 2nd Edition)

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19 pages, 2018 KB

Open AccessArticle

Wind Power Ultra-Short-Term Instantaneous Prediction Based on Spatiotemporal BP Neural Network Parameter Optimization and Error Correction Unit

by Jian Sun, Rui Hu and Lanqi Guo

Processes 2025, 13(10), 3248; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13103248 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

Ultra-short-term wind power exhibits significant minute-level fluctuation characteristics, leading to substantial instantaneous prediction errors. To mitigate the impact of instantaneous wind power prediction errors, the following steps are taken: First, the correlation between instantaneous prediction errors and meteorological factors is determined, and strongly [...] Read more.

Ultra-short-term wind power exhibits significant minute-level fluctuation characteristics, leading to substantial instantaneous prediction errors. To mitigate the impact of instantaneous wind power prediction errors, the following steps are taken: First, the correlation between instantaneous prediction errors and meteorological factors is determined, and strongly associated variables are selected as model inputs. Next, the particle swarm optimization algorithm is employed to optimize the initial weights and threshold parameters of the spatiotemporal backpropagation neural network prediction model to enhance its performance. Subsequently, based on the nonlinear relationship between wind speed/direction data and instantaneous prediction errors, a wind speed matrix gradient correction method and a deep learning correction method with physical constraints on prediction errors are constructed to address errors caused by declining model generalization under strong disturbances. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed prediction algorithm integrating parameter optimization and the error correction method, it is compared with typical convolutional neural networks, long short-term memory networks, and backpropagation neural algorithms. The results demonstrate that compared to other wind power prediction strategies, this method reduces the mean absolute percentage error, root mean square error, and mean absolute error by 48.49%, 45.51%, and 50.8%, respectively. These results confirm that combining error correction strategies with prediction model parameter optimization effectively enhances the ability to reduce instantaneous wind power prediction errors, providing a practical technical solution for optimizing ultra-short-term wind power prediction accuracy and offering valuable insights for ensuring the stability of wind power grid integration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Systems)

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11 pages, 474 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Feasibility of the Arabic Version of Ages and Stages Questionnaire 3 to Identify Preterm Infants at Risk of Developmental Delays in Saudi Arabia

by Turki Aljuhani, Waad Aljurayyad, Ibrahim F. Almudayfir, Ruyuf M. Alhassan, Monerah I. Alharran, Razan A. Aloushan, Reem S. Alsaleem, Nassar M. Althunayyan and Reem A. Albesher

Pediatr. Rep. 2025, 17(5), 105; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric17050105 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

Objectives: Preterm infants are at higher risk for developmental delays (DDs) and long-term complications compared with term infants. With the high prevalence of preterm births in Arabic-speaking countries, an Arabic-language screening tool is crucial. The aim of the study is to examine the [...] Read more.

Objectives: Preterm infants are at higher risk for developmental delays (DDs) and long-term complications compared with term infants. With the high prevalence of preterm births in Arabic-speaking countries, an Arabic-language screening tool is crucial. The aim of the study is to examine the feasibility of utilizing an Arabic version of the Ages and Stages Questionnaire, Third Edition (A-ASQ-3), at 4 months corrected age (CA). Methods: Infants born at or after 28 weeks of gestational age were recruited in this longitudinal study. A total of 48 infants underwent the developmental assessment at 4 months CA using the A-ASQ-3. The primary outcome was identifying the infants at risk for DDs. Descriptive statistics, t-tests, and Firth’s logistic regression were used for analysis. Results: Of the 48 infants, 37 (77.1%) had a DD at in least one of the five A-ASQ-3 domains at 4-months CA. None of the risk factors assessed in this study were associated with a high risk of DDs among preterm infants. Conclusions: The A-ASQ-3 is a feasible tool for identifying infants at risk for DDs at 4 months CA. This finding underscores the need for early screening and tailored intervention programs for preterm infants in Saudi Arabia. The A-ASQ-3 can help identify infants at high risk of DDs and enable prompt referral to healthcare providers. Full article

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23 pages, 2203 KB

Open AccessReview

The Influence of Sirtuin 6 on Chondrocyte Senescence in Osteoarthritis Under Aging: Focusing on Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress

by Huiying Zhao and Wei Wu

Antioxidants 2025, 14(10), 1228; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14101228 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common joint diseases worldwide, which is characterized by degenerative changes in articular cartilage and secondary osteophyte formation. Numerous factors influence OA, including aging, obesity, joint injury and chronic overloading. Among them, the senescence of chondrocytes is [...] Read more.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common joint diseases worldwide, which is characterized by degenerative changes in articular cartilage and secondary osteophyte formation. Numerous factors influence OA, including aging, obesity, joint injury and chronic overloading. Among them, the senescence of chondrocytes is one of the key factors leading to OA. Chondrocyte senescence can trigger inflammatory responses, extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress (OS), and autophagy. Sirtuin 6 (SIRT6), as a deacetylase related to aging, can regulate chondrocyte senescence and plays a certain part in OA. SIRT6 regulates the number and membrane integrity of mitochondria, alleviates excessive Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in mitochondria and reduces inflammation-mediated mitochondrial damage. In addition, SIRT6 can also regulate the activity of antioxidant enzymes, inhibit excessive ROS induced by inflammatory factors, and alleviate OS. However, as aging progresses, the activity of SIRT6 will decrease. Activating the activity of SIRT6 becomes a potential therapeutic target and has a certain alleviating effect on the development of OA. The supplementation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) precursors and SIRT6-specific activators can increase SIRT6, alleviate chondrocyte senescence, and reduce OA. This paper aims to focus on mitochondrial dysfunction and OS to explore SIRT6’s effects on OA chondrocytes’ senescence under aging and summarize the potential therapeutic targets for activating SIRT6 to provide assistance for the improvement of OA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Articular Cartilage)

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15 pages, 4650 KB

Open AccessArticle

Rapid Discrimination of Platycodonis radix Geographical Origins Using Hyperspectral Imaging and Deep Learning

by Weihang Xing, Xuquan Wang, Zhiyuan Ma, Yujie Xing, Xiong Dun and Xinbin Cheng

Optics 2025, 6(4), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/opt6040052 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

Platycodonis radix is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) material. Its bioactive compounds and medicinal value are closely related to its geographical origin. The internal components of Platycodonis radix from different origins are different due to the influence of environmental factors such [...] Read more.

Platycodonis radix is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) material. Its bioactive compounds and medicinal value are closely related to its geographical origin. The internal components of Platycodonis radix from different origins are different due to the influence of environmental factors such as soil and climate. These differences can affect the medicinal value. Therefore, accurate identification of Platycodonis radix origin is crucial for drug safety and scientific research. Traditional methods of identification of TCM materials, such as morphological identification and physicochemical analysis, cannot meet the efficiency requirements. Although emerging technologies such as computer vision and spectroscopy can achieve rapid detection, their accuracy in identifying the origin of Platycodonis radix is limited when relying solely on RGB images or spectral features. To solve this problem, we aim to develop a rapid, non-destructive, and accurate method for origin identification of Platycodonis radix using hyperspectral imaging (HSI) combined with deep learning. We captured hyperspectral images of Platycodonis radix slices in 400–1000 nm range, and proposed a deep learning classification model based on these images. Our model uses one-dimensional (1D) convolution kernels to extract spectral features and two-dimensional (2D) convolution kernels to extract spatial features, fully utilizing the hyperspectral data. The average accuracy has reached 96.2%, significantly better than that of 49.0% based on RGB images and 81.8% based on spectral features in 400–1000 nm range. Furthermore, based on hyperspectral images, our model’s accuracy is 14.6%, 8.4%, and 9.6% higher than the variants of VGG, ResNet, and GoogLeNet, respectively. These results not only demonstrate the advantages of HSI in identifying the origin of Platycodonis radix, but also demonstrate the advantages of combining 1D convolution and 2D convolution in hyperspectral image classification. Full article

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20 pages, 3186 KB

Open AccessArticle

Stochastic Modeling of Electromagnetic Wave Propagation Through Extreme Dust Conditions in Underground Mines Using Vector Parabolic Approach

by Emmanuel Atta Antwi, Samuel Frimpong, Muhammad Azeem Raza and Sanjay Madria

Information 2025, 16(10), 891; https://doi.org/10.3390/info16100891 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

Post-disaster underground (UG) mine environments are characterized by complex and rapidly changing conditions, adding extra attenuation to propagating electromagnetic (EM) waves. One such complex condition is the extreme generation of dust and sudden rise in humidity contributing to extra attenuation effects to propagating [...] Read more.

Post-disaster underground (UG) mine environments are characterized by complex and rapidly changing conditions, adding extra attenuation to propagating electromagnetic (EM) waves. One such complex condition is the extreme generation of dust and sudden rise in humidity contributing to extra attenuation effects to propagating waves, especially under varying airborne humidity and dust levels. The existing wave propagation prediction models, especially those that factor in the effect of dust particles, are deterministic in nature, limiting their ability to account for uncertainties, especially during emergency conditions. In this work, the vector parabolic equation (VPE) model is modified to include dust attenuation effects. Using the complex permittivity of dust as a random variable, the Karhunen–Loève (KL) expansion is used to generate random samples of permittivity along the drifts for which each realization is solved using deterministic VPE method. The model is validated using a modified Friis method and experimentally obtained data from literature. The findings show that accounting for dust and humidity effects stochastically captures the extra losses that would have otherwise been lost using deterministic methods. The proposed framework offers key insights for designing resilient underground wireless systems, strengthening miner tracking, and improving safety during emergencies. Full article

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28 pages, 13934 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integration of Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) and Digital Twin Technology for Intelligent Multi-Loop Oil-and-Gas Process Control

by Ali Saleh Allahloh, Mohammad Sarfraz, Atef M. Ghaleb, Abdulmajeed Dabwan, Adeeb A. Ahmed and Adel Al-Shayea

Machines 2025, 13(10), 940; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines13100940 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

The convergence of Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) and digital twin technology offers new paradigms for process automation and control. This paper presents an integrated IIoT and digital twin framework for intelligent control of a gas–liquid separation unit with interacting flow, pressure, and [...] Read more.

The convergence of Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) and digital twin technology offers new paradigms for process automation and control. This paper presents an integrated IIoT and digital twin framework for intelligent control of a gas–liquid separation unit with interacting flow, pressure, and differential pressure loops. A comprehensive dynamic model of the three-loop separator process is developed, linearized, and validated. Classical stability analyses using the Routh–Hurwitz criterion and Nyquist plots are employed to ensure stability of the control system. Decentralized multi-loop proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controllers are designed and optimized using the Integral Absolute Error (IAE) performance index. A digital twin of the separator is implemented to run in parallel with the physical process, synchronized via a Kalman filter to real-time sensor data for state estimation and anomaly detection. The digital twin also incorporates structured singular value (

μ

) analysis to assess robust stability under model uncertainties. The system architecture is realized with low-cost hardware (Arduino Mega 2560, MicroMotion Coriolis flowmeter, pneumatic control valves, DAC104S085 digital-to-analog converter, and ENC28J60 Ethernet module) and software tools (Proteus VSM 8.4 for simulation, VB.Net 2022 version based human–machine interface, and ML.Net 2022 version for predictive analytics). Experimental results demonstrate improved control performance with reduced overshoot and faster settling times, confirming the effectiveness of the IIoT–digital twin integration in handling loop interactions and disturbances. The discussion includes a comparative analysis with conventional control and outlines how advanced strategies such as model predictive control (MPC) can further augment the proposed approach. This work provides a practical pathway for applying IIoT and digital twins to industrial process control, with implications for enhanced autonomy, reliability, and efficiency in oil and gas operations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digital Twins Applications in Manufacturing Optimization)

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