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13 pages, 844 KB

Open AccessArticle

Triple rAAV9 Vector Combinations Encoding Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Effectively Suppress HIV-1 Infection in Humanized Mice

by Danila S. Leontyev, Felix A. Urusov, Dina V. Glazkova, Boris V. Belugin, Anastasia A. Mitiushina, Galina M. Tsyganova, Sergey M. Yudin, Elena V. Bogoslovskaya and German A. Shipulin

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(22), 11051; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262211051 (registering DOI) - 15 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study investigated the protective efficacy of two distinct combinations of three recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (rAAV9) vectors encoding broadly neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1—CombiMab-1 and CombiMab-2—in mice humanized with primary CD4⁺ T-lymphocytes. We demonstrated that mice preventively treated with CombiMab-1 or [...] Read more.

This study investigated the protective efficacy of two distinct combinations of three recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (rAAV9) vectors encoding broadly neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1—CombiMab-1 and CombiMab-2—in mice humanized with primary CD4⁺ T-lymphocytes. We demonstrated that mice preventively treated with CombiMab-1 or CombiMab-2 did not develop viremia and maintained human CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts following viral challenge, in contrast to control animals. These results demonstrate the significant protective capacity of CombiMab-1 and CombiMab-2 against HIV-1 challenge. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue HIV Infection, Pathogenesis and Treatment)

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17 pages, 4449 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Aluminum Content on the Corrosion Behavior of Fe-Mn-Al-C Structural Steels in Marine Environments

by Suotao Wang, Zhidong Sun, Dongjie Li, Qiang Yu and Qingfeng Wang

Metals 2025, 15(11), 1249; https://doi.org/10.3390/met15111249 (registering DOI) - 15 Nov 2025

Abstract

Fe-Mn-Al-C lightweight steel is an alternative to traditional low-alloy structural steels. It is lightweight and can be used to reduce the weight of structures without increasing their density. However, in the marine environment, traditional low-alloy structural steels can be damaged by chloride ions, [...] Read more.

Fe-Mn-Al-C lightweight steel is an alternative to traditional low-alloy structural steels. It is lightweight and can be used to reduce the weight of structures without increasing their density. However, in the marine environment, traditional low-alloy structural steels can be damaged by chloride ions, which shortens their service life. We do not yet understand how aluminum, an important alloying element in lightweight steel, affects the process of corrosion. In this study, we examined Fe-Mn-Al-C lightweight steels with different amounts of aluminum. We used full-immersion simulated marine corrosion tests and multi-dimensional characterization techniques, such as microstructure observation and electrochemical measurements, to explore the relationship between aluminum content and the steel’s corrosion rate, corrosion product structure, and corrosion resistance. The results showed that, compared with CS, the weight loss and rate of corrosion of steels that contain aluminum were a lot lower. While the corrosion rate of CS is approximately 0.068 g·h⁻¹·m⁻², that of 7Al steel is reduced to 0.050 g·h⁻¹·m⁻². The stable phases α-FeOOH and FeAl₂O₄ are formed in the corrosion products when Al is added. As the Al content increases, so does the relative content of these phases. Furthermore, FeAl₂O₄ acts as a nucleation site that refines corrosion product grains, reduces pores and cracks, and significantly improves the compactness of corrosion products. It also forms a dense inner rust layer that blocks the penetration of corrosive ions such as Cl⁻. This study confirmed that aluminum improves the corrosion resistance of steel synergistically by regulating the structure of the corrosion products, optimizing the phase composition, and improving the electrochemical properties. The optimal aluminum content for lightweight steel in marine environments is 7%, within a range of 5–9%. Full article

14 pages, 6209 KB

Open AccessArticle

Biomechanical and Bio-Inspired Perspectives on Root Amputation in Maxillary Molars: An FEA Study

by Öznur Küçük Keleş and Öznur Eraslan

Biomimetics 2025, 10(11), 778; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10110778 (registering DOI) - 15 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the biomechanics of maxillary first molar teeth following palatal, disto-buccal, and mesio-buccal root amputation. An intact maxillary molar underwent root canal treatment using Reciproc R25 files (VDW, Munich, Germany). The canals were obturated with gutta-percha (DiaDent, Seoul, Republic [...] Read more.

This study aimed to evaluate the biomechanics of maxillary first molar teeth following palatal, disto-buccal, and mesio-buccal root amputation. An intact maxillary molar underwent root canal treatment using Reciproc R25 files (VDW, Munich, Germany). The canals were obturated with gutta-percha (DiaDent, Seoul, Republic of Korea) and 2Seal sealer (VDW, Munich, Germany), and the access cavity was restored with composite resin. A high-resolution CBCT scan of an intact maxillary first molar was obtained using a Planmeca Promax 3D Max system (Planmeca Oy, Helsinki, Finland) at 75 kVp and 10 mA. The acquired data were processed in 3D Slicer software (v5.8.0, BSD license, Boston, MA, USA) to segment enamel, dentin, and pulp based on pixel density variations using the three-point cloud method. A baseline intact model and three root-resected models (palatal, disto-buccal, mesio-buccal) were reconstructed in SolidWorks 2021, with resected roots simulated as being sealed with MTA. Finite element analysis was conducted in CosmosWorks to evaluate von Mises stress distribution under a 300 N static occlusal load. Maximum von Mises stresses were detected at occlusal force application sites. Among root dentin tissues, stress values ranked highest after palatal root resection, followed by the mesio-buccal, disto-buccal, and non-resected models. Conclusions: Palatal root amputation of maxillary first molars generated the highest von Mises stresses in root dentin, suggesting a higher biomechanical risk than disto-buccal or mesio-buccal resections. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Development of Biomimetic Methodology)

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24 pages, 4646 KB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Analysis of Granular Flow Behavior for Sustainable Landslide Risk Management and Community Resilience

by Daniel Camilo Roman Quintero, Mauricio Alberto Tapias Camacho and Gustavo Chio Cho

Sustainability 2025, 17(22), 10236; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172210236 (registering DOI) - 15 Nov 2025

Abstract

Sustainable landslide risk management is critical for achieving resilient communities and supporting the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, particularly in vulnerable mountainous regions of developing countries. This study presents experimental evidence supporting dimensionless analysis approaches for characterizing granular flow behavior, contributing to cost-effective [...] Read more.

Sustainable landslide risk management is critical for achieving resilient communities and supporting the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, particularly in vulnerable mountainous regions of developing countries. This study presents experimental evidence supporting dimensionless analysis approaches for characterizing granular flow behavior, contributing to cost-effective landslide hazard assessment frameworks. We designed a 4 m experimental flume to investigate the influence of particle characteristics on flow velocity and runout distance, using two materials with contrasting shapes but similar density (~460 kg/m³) and nominal size (~5 mm): uniform crystal beads (φ = 25.2°) and non-uniform crushed granite particles (φ = 36.9°). High-resolution imaging (30 fps, 2336 × 1752 pixels) captured 30 flow experiments from initiation to deposition. Results demonstrate significant differences in flow behavior: crystal beads achieved 50% longer runout distances and 46% higher maximum velocities (380 cm/s vs. 260 cm/s) compared to granite particles. The Savage number (

N_{s a v}

) effectively captured fundamental flow-regime differences, with granite particles exhibiting values seven times lower than crystal beads (3.69 vs. 23.91, p < 0.001), indicating greater frictional energy dissipation relative to collisional energy transfer. The Bagnold number confirmed inertially dominated regimes (

N_{B a g}

> 10⁶) with negligible viscous effects in both materials. These findings demonstrate that accessible material characterization using standard triaxial testing and dimensionless analysis can significantly improve landslide runout prediction accuracy, supporting evidence-based decision-making for sustainable territorial planning and community protection. This research supports the development of practical risk assessment methodologies implementable in resource-limited settings, promoting sustainable development through improved natural hazard management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)

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17 pages, 2290 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of Amino Acid, Sugar, Acid and Volatile Compounds in 4-CPA-Treated and Oscillator-Pollinated Cherry Tomato Fruits During Ripe Stage

by Zhimiao Li, Sihui Guan, Meiying Ruan, Zhuping Yao, Chenxu Liu, Hongjian Wan, Qingjing Ye, Yuan Cheng and Rongqing Wang

Foods 2025, 14(22), 3914; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14223914 (registering DOI) - 15 Nov 2025

Abstract

4-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid (4-CPA) is an auxin-type plant growth regulator widely used in fruit and vegetable production. However, its influence on the nutritional and sensory qualities of horticultural crops remains insufficiently characterized. This study investigated the influence of 4-CPA application and oscillator-mediated pollination on [...] Read more.

4-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid (4-CPA) is an auxin-type plant growth regulator widely used in fruit and vegetable production. However, its influence on the nutritional and sensory qualities of horticultural crops remains insufficiently characterized. This study investigated the influence of 4-CPA application and oscillator-mediated pollination on the metabolic composition of fully ripe fruits of Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme cv. ‘Zheyingfen No. 1’. Two concentrations of 4-CPA (16 mg/L and 8 mg/L) were applied during flowering, and their effects on amino acids, soluble sugars, organic acids, and volatile compounds (VOCs) were comparatively analyzed. The results indicated that treatment with 8 mg/L 4-CPA treatment significantly increased the total amino acid content in ripe fruits compared with the control and the 16 mg/L treatment. Among the 17 amino acids identified, the contents of umami-related amino acids, including glutamic acid (Glu) and aspartic acid (Asp), were markedly enhanced. In particular, Glu content in the C8 treatment was the highest and accounted for more than 50% of the total amino acid content. The accumulation of sugars was not significantly affected by 4-CPA treatment, while the C8 treatment resulted in the lowest level of total organic acids, which are crucial for flavor development at the ripening stage. A 29.35% increase in VOCs was observed” for conciseness in 4-CPA-treated fruits compared with the control. Analysis of relative odor activity values (rOAVs) showed that although 4-CPA treatment reduced the number of aroma-active compounds, it promoted the accumulation of β-ionone, thereby shifting the tomato fruit aroma profile toward floral, woody, sweet, and fruity notes. In summary, 4-CPA treatment regulated the nutritional and flavor quality of ripe cherry tomato fruits by increasing the content of Glu and other amino acids, enhancing the diversity of VOCs, and promoting the formation of key aroma-active substances such as β-ionone. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Chromatographic and Spectroscopic Techniques in Food Analysis and Quality Control: 2nd Edition)

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30 pages, 14503 KB

Open AccessArticle

Conjugate Study on Thermal–Hydraulic Performance of Topology-Optimized Lattice-Filled Cooling Channel for Thermal Management of Solid-Oxide Fuel Cells

by Kirttayoth Yeranee, Yuli Cheng and Yu Rao

Energies 2025, 18(22), 6001; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18226001 (registering DOI) - 15 Nov 2025

Abstract

Integrated additional cooling channels offer precise thermal management for solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), mitigating temperature gradients. This research studies the thermal–hydraulic performance of cooling channels integrated between SOFC interconnectors, including a Diamond-type triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS), a conventional topology-optimized structure, and a [...] Read more.

Integrated additional cooling channels offer precise thermal management for solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), mitigating temperature gradients. This research studies the thermal–hydraulic performance of cooling channels integrated between SOFC interconnectors, including a Diamond-type triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS), a conventional topology-optimized structure, and a topology-optimized lattice-filled structure. A conjugate heat transfer analysis is employed to investigate the influences of flow rate within the range of Reynolds numbers from 300 to 5000, and the effects of coolant type, including air and liquid metals, as well as the impacts of structural material. The results demonstrate that the topology-optimized lattice-filled structure, generating high turbulence mixing, achieves superior temperature uniformity, especially at high flow rates, despite having higher thermal resistance and pressure loss than the conventional topology-optimized design. The coolant types show the largest influence on thermal–hydraulic performance, and the use of liquid gallium in the conventional optimized design obtains the best temperature uniformity, yielding differences between the maximum and minimum temperatures of less than 5 K. Moreover, the higher-thermal-conductivity material improves temperature uniformity, even at low flow rates. Overall, the optimized-baffle designs in the conventional topology-optimized model, utilizing high-conductivity coolant and structural materials, could be the most suitable for thermal management of the SOFC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat Transfer Analysis: Recent Challenges and Applications—2nd Edition)

13 pages, 3020 KB

Open AccessArticle

RrLBD40 Enhances Salt Tolerance in Rosa rugosa via Promoting Root Development

by Mengjuan Bai, Yue Wang, Yuqing Shi, Jianwen Wang and Liguo Feng

Horticulturae 2025, 11(11), 1379; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11111379 (registering DOI) - 15 Nov 2025

Abstract

LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES DOMAIN (LBD) genes encode plant specific transcription factors that regulate various developmental processes and abiotic stresses. In this study, we characterized RrLBD40 from Rosa rugosa as a nucleus-localized transcription factor harboring a conserved LOB domain. We generated RrLBD40-overexpressing Rosa [...] Read more.

LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES DOMAIN (LBD) genes encode plant specific transcription factors that regulate various developmental processes and abiotic stresses. In this study, we characterized RrLBD40 from Rosa rugosa as a nucleus-localized transcription factor harboring a conserved LOB domain. We generated RrLBD40-overexpressing Rosa rugosa plants and compared them with control plants in terms of physiological indices, root architecture, and Na⁺ homeostasis. The results showed that RrLBD40 overexpression significantly increased peroxidase activity and reduced malondialdehyde content in the roots, indicating enhanced antioxidant capacity under salt stress. Furthermore, RrLBD40 overexpression markedly promoted root growth and development, a similar phenotype consistently observed in RrLBD40 transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Propidium iodide staining and analysis of the Na⁺ flux rates of root tips revealed that the barrier function of the Casparian strip was compromised in both the RrLBD40-overexpression and control plants under salt stress. This disruption of endodermal selectivity permitted Na⁺ influx into the vascular cylinder. Furthermore, neither plants exhibited significant Na⁺ efflux capacity. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that RrLBD40 enhances salt tolerance in Rosa rugosa by primarily promoting root growth and development, rather than modulating Na⁺ homeostasis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stress Response, Development, and Quality Regulation in Horticultural Plants)

18 pages, 1880 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluations of Quinone/Hydroquinone Couples Acting as Two Hydrogen Atoms Antioxidants, Radical Quenchers, and Hydrogen Atom Abstractors

by Xiaotang Chen, Jun-Ke Wang, Xiao-Qing Zhu and Guang-Bin Shen

Biomolecules 2025, 15(11), 1606; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom15111606 (registering DOI) - 15 Nov 2025

Abstract

Quinone/hydroquinone couples play a crucial role in a variety of biochemical processes and chemical syntheses. Extending from our previous work, a practical dataset including the thermodynamic driving forces of 12 chemical processes for 118 quinone/hydroquinone couples accepting or releasing two hydrogen atoms in [...] Read more.

Quinone/hydroquinone couples play a crucial role in a variety of biochemical processes and chemical syntheses. Extending from our previous work, a practical dataset including the thermodynamic driving forces of 12 chemical processes for 118 quinone/hydroquinone couples accepting or releasing two hydrogen atoms in DMSO is established. The dataset serves as a foundation for assessing and discussing the thermodynamic capabilities of hydroquinones acting as two-hydrogen-atoms antioxidants or radical quenchers, quinones and semiquinone radicals acting as hydrogen atoms abstractors, and quinone/hydroquinone couples acting as dehydrogenation and hydrogenation reagents. The fundamental thermodynamic knowledge is expected to further promote the broader application of quinone/hydroquinone couples in the field of chemical antioxidation and redox reactions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Lipids)

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15 pages, 1496 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Biodegradable Films as Protective Barriers Toward Sustainable Protection of Coastal Archaeological Sites

by Am Pris John, Sergio Santoro, Efrem Curcio, Pietro Argurio, Francesco Chidichimo, Salvatore Straface and Mauro Francesco La Russa

Sustainability 2025, 17(22), 10237; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172210237 (registering DOI) - 15 Nov 2025

Abstract

Saltwater Intrusion (SWI) is threatening coastal archaeological sites, particularly in Crotone, southern Italy. The study area has been experiencing notable SWI due to over-pumping of groundwater, rising land subsidence, and climate change. Consequently, this study examines the applicability of polycaprolactone (PCL), a common [...] Read more.

Saltwater Intrusion (SWI) is threatening coastal archaeological sites, particularly in Crotone, southern Italy. The study area has been experiencing notable SWI due to over-pumping of groundwater, rising land subsidence, and climate change. Consequently, this study examines the applicability of polycaprolactone (PCL), a common biodegradable polymer, as a protective barrier for archaeological conservation. PCL films were synthesized via solvent casting and dried under controlled conditions. Physicochemical properties of the films were evaluated using six analytical techniques: (1) contact angle measurements for surface hydrophobicity, (2) Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) for chemical stability, (3) Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) for morphological characterization, (4) permeability testing for evaluating saltwater diffusion, (5) mechanical testing for tensile properties, and (6) biodegradability assays for degradation rates. All samples were evaluated at 0, 30, 60, and 90 days in natural seawater. Results from these tests indicate that unmodified PCL films exhibited moderate hydrophobicity, partial hydrolytic degradation, resistance to permeability, declining mechanical strength, and limited biodegradability over the testing period. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic (World) Heritage Sites and Values in Danger: Climate-Change Related Challenges and Transformation)

26 pages, 659 KB

Open AccessReview

Towards a Research Programme Aiming at Causes and Consequences of Reticulate Evolution

by Christoph Oberprieler

Biology 2025, 14(11), 1601; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14111601 (registering DOI) - 15 Nov 2025

Abstract

Evolution is reticulate. Reticulation increases diversity and complexity on the different levels of the evolutionary hierarchy. In addition to the tendency for diversity and complexity to increase in unchecked evolutionary systems by ongoing divergence (‘Zero-Force Evolutionary Law’, ‘Biology’s First Law’), reticulate evolution, therefore, [...] Read more.

Evolution is reticulate. Reticulation increases diversity and complexity on the different levels of the evolutionary hierarchy. In addition to the tendency for diversity and complexity to increase in unchecked evolutionary systems by ongoing divergence (‘Zero-Force Evolutionary Law’, ‘Biology’s First Law’), reticulate evolution, therefore, acts as a second mechanism for the establishment of evolutionary novelty and the rise in biodiversity and biocomplexity (‘Biology’s Second Law’). This provides the raw material for subsequent diversity-confining drift and selection processes. In order to fully appreciate reticulation processes as part of an updated paradigm of evolutionary biology, a research programme on the topic should encompass the identification of the fundamental evolutionary entities as vertices and the study of the relationships among these vertices as edges in the resulting network architectures. Additionally, along with surveys on the underlying determinants, this will lead to the study of emergent boundary conditions for reticulations and for the porosity of evolutionary entities. Finally, the programme should address the question whether there are equilibrium conditions between the complete fusion and complete isolation of evolutionary entities (‘Goldilocks Zones’) that foster reticulate evolution. As tools in this research programme, machine learning and modelling approaches, along with methods in the field of network reconstruction, transcriptomics, epigenetics, and karyology, are identified. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Evolutionary Biology)

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18 pages, 1998 KB

Open AccessArticle

HEXADWSN: Explainable Ensemble Framework for Robust and Energy-Efficient Anomaly Detection in WSNs

by Rahul Mishra, Sudhanshu Kumar Jha, Shiv Prakash and Rajkumar Singh Rathore

Future Internet 2025, 17(11), 520; https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17110520 (registering DOI) - 15 Nov 2025

Abstract

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have a decisive share in various monitoring and control systems. However, their distributed and resource-constrained nature makes them vulnerable to anomalies caused by factors such as environmental noise, sensor faults, and cyber intrusions. In this paper, HEXADWSN, a hybrid [...] Read more.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have a decisive share in various monitoring and control systems. However, their distributed and resource-constrained nature makes them vulnerable to anomalies caused by factors such as environmental noise, sensor faults, and cyber intrusions. In this paper, HEXADWSN, a hybrid ensemble learning-based explainable anomaly detection framework for anomaly detection to improve reliability and interpretability in WSNs, has been proposed. The proposed framework integrates an ensemble learning approach using Autoencoders, Isolation Forests, and One-Class SVMs to achieve robust detection of time-series-based irregularities in the Intel Lab dataset. The framework uses stack and vote ensemble learning. The stack ensemble achieved the highest overall performance, indicating strong effectiveness in detecting varied anomaly patterns. The voting ensemble demonstrated moderate results and offered a balance between detection rate and computation, whereas LSTM, which is efficient at capturing temporal dependencies, exhibited a relatively low performance in the processed dataset. SHAP, LIME, and Permutation Feature Importance techniques are employed for model explainability. These techniques offer insights into feature relevance and anomalies at global and local levels. The framework also measures the mean energy consumption for anomalous and normal data. The interpretability results identified that temperature, humidity, and voltage are the most influential features. HEXADWSN establishes a scalable and explainable foundation for anomaly detection in WSNs, striking a balance between accuracy, interpretability, and energy management insights. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wireless Sensor Networks and Internet of Things)

20 pages, 407 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Association of Unhealthy Eating Behaviors with Sleep Quality Outcomes Among University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Maha Al-Jawarneh, Shalini Chauhan, Ildikó Csölle and Szimonetta Lohner

Nutrients 2025, 17(22), 3580; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17223580 (registering DOI) - 15 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: This study examined the association between specific unhealthy eating behaviors and sleep quality among university students. Understanding how dietary habits affect sleep during significant lifestyle transitions associated with university experience can inform health promotion strategies. Methods: A cross-sectional design was [...] Read more.

Background: This study examined the association between specific unhealthy eating behaviors and sleep quality among university students. Understanding how dietary habits affect sleep during significant lifestyle transitions associated with university experience can inform health promotion strategies. Methods: A cross-sectional design was employed using a self-reported questionnaire to assess eating behaviors, timing of meals, and sleep-related behavior among a sample of international university students. Sleep quality was measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) tool. Statistical analyses were used to assess the relationship between eating patterns, overall sleep quality, and its components. Results: More than half of the students had poor sleep quality (51.7%). Daytime dysfunction was significantly more common in females than in males (27.9% vs. 8.3%, respectively; p < 0.001). Conversely, poor sleep efficiency was more prevalent among males than females (27.5% vs. 15.8%; p = 0.008). Multivariate logistic regression revealed that, compared to students who did not frequently consume heavy evening meals, those who did were more likely to experience poor sleep quality (OR = 2.73, 95% CI: 1.575–4.731). Similarly, those who frequently substitute snacks for main meals were more likely to experience poor sleep quality than those who did not (OR = 2.68, 95% CI: 1.465–4.895). Finally, students who ate within three hours of bedtime had higher odds of poor sleep quality compared to those who had their last meal more than three hours before bedtime (OR = 2.06, 95% CI: 1.173–3.629). Conclusions: Unhealthy dietary habits, such as consuming heavy evening meals, substituting snacks for main meals, and having a short meal-to-bedtime interval, were significantly associated with poor sleep quality. Interventions promoting healthier dietary patterns and appropriate meal timing could help improve sleep in this population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

22 pages, 772 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Advertising Image Types on Consumer Purchasing Behavior of Fresh Agricultural Products

by Fan Huang, Yumeng Gu, Zhonghu Bai and Yani Dong

Foods 2025, 14(22), 3915; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14223915 (registering DOI) - 15 Nov 2025

Abstract

Advertising images constitute an important factor influencing consumer purchase intentions in commercial settings. Drawing on the perspective of self-conscious emotions, this study examines the impact of advertising image types for fresh agricultural products on consumer purchase intentions and explores the underlying mechanisms. Advertising [...] Read more.

Advertising images constitute an important factor influencing consumer purchase intentions in commercial settings. Drawing on the perspective of self-conscious emotions, this study examines the impact of advertising image types for fresh agricultural products on consumer purchase intentions and explores the underlying mechanisms. Advertising images are classified into three categories: meat-typical, animal-typical, and composite. Evidence from two randomized experiments reveals the following findings: (a) The effectiveness of the three advertising image types in promoting purchase intentions follows the order of meat-typical > animal-typical > composite; (b) guilt mediates the relationship between advertising image types and purchase intentions, such that composite images evoke greater guilt than meat-typical and animal-typical images, thereby reducing consumer willingness to purchase; and (c) self-construal partially moderates the mediating effect of guilt, in that interdependent self-construal consumers exposed to composite advertising images are more likely to experience heightened guilt and consequently exhibit lower purchase intentions. This study extends the application of animal-related classifications in advertising and marketing research and provides new empirical evidence and practical insights for the design of advertising strategies for fresh agricultural products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Consumer Behavior and Food Choice—4th Edition)

15 pages, 3606 KB

Open AccessArticle

Microfluidic Concentration Manipulation via Controllable AC Electroosmotic Flow

by Jingliang Lv, Yulong Pei and Jianqi Sun

Micromachines 2025, 16(11), 1288; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16111288 (registering DOI) - 15 Nov 2025

Abstract

The ability to precisely prepare microfluids with targeted concentrations is critical for numerous applications, including protein crystallization and drug efficacy evaluation. This study presents an efficient microfluidic method for the continuous preparation of fluids at desired concentrations utilizing AC electroosmosis (ACEO). Two miscible [...] Read more.

The ability to precisely prepare microfluids with targeted concentrations is critical for numerous applications, including protein crystallization and drug efficacy evaluation. This study presents an efficient microfluidic method for the continuous preparation of fluids at desired concentrations utilizing AC electroosmosis (ACEO). Two miscible fluids of different initial concentrations are introduced through separate inlets. Target concentrations are achieved through ACEO-driven mixing, where fluid manipulation via electric signal and flow velocity control enables precise concentration adjustment at the outlet. To elucidate the concentration control mechanism via ACEO, we develop a three-dimensional numerical model coupling electric, flow, and concentration fields. Our results demonstrate that concentration modulation is significantly influenced by intrinsic fluid properties and external control parameters, including fluid viscosity, conductivity, axial fluid velocity, driving voltage, and signal frequency. Specifically, higher fluid viscosity and conductivity dampen electroosmotic flow, necessitating increased voltage to achieve target concentration. Axial fluid velocity determines the residence time in the mixing zone, directly affecting mixing efficiency and concentration control effect. The intensity of ACEO flow increases with applied voltage, enabling tunable mixing performance and outlet concentration. Overall, the simplicity of device design combined with precise concentration manipulation makes this method particularly attractive for applications requiring accurate fluid preparation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Development of Micro/Nanofluidic Devices, 2nd Edition)

18 pages, 9093 KB

Open AccessArticle

CsMYB6 Mediates the Involvement of CsABCG6 in the Transport and Biosynthesis of Anthocyanins in Chaenomeles speciosa Flowers Under Drought Conditions

by Shuangyu Zhang, Xiling Chen, Xingyue Xue, Yaping Xu, Xiaoxiao Liu and Aimei Tian

Horticulturae 2025, 11(11), 1378; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11111378 (registering DOI) - 15 Nov 2025

Abstract

Chaenomeles speciosa, a plant species with high ornamental value, exhibited significant darkening of its petal coloration under drought conditions. This chromatic alteration primarily stems from anthocyanin biosynthesis and transport. Through integrated proteomic and transcriptomic analyses, we identified CsABCG6, a transporter of the [...] Read more.

Chaenomeles speciosa, a plant species with high ornamental value, exhibited significant darkening of its petal coloration under drought conditions. This chromatic alteration primarily stems from anthocyanin biosynthesis and transport. Through integrated proteomic and transcriptomic analyses, we identified CsABCG6, a transporter of the ABCG subfamily, as a key regulator. The molecular docking analysis preliminarily demonstrated that CsABCG6 bound to anthocyanin monomers. Functional characterization revealed a dual role of CsABCG6 in regard to anthocyanin metabolism; it displayed anthocyanin transport activity in yeast systems, whereas transient transformation assays confirmed its capacity to enhance anthocyanin biosynthesis. Stable transformation experiments in tobacco further validated the anthocyanin-promoting function of the previously identified transcription factor CsMYB6. Yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) and dual-luciferase assays (LUC) established that CsMYB6 transcriptionally activates the CsABCG6 promoter, thus collectively defining the CsMYB6-CsABCG6 signaling module as a critical mechanism for the precise dynamic regulation of anthocyanin metabolism under drought stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biotic and Abiotic Stress Responses of Horticultural Plants: 2nd Edition)

22 pages, 1306 KB

Open AccessArticle

IoTMindCare: An Integrative Reference Architecture for Safe and Personalized IoT-Based Depression Management

by Sanaz Zamani, Roopak Sinha, Samaneh Madanian and Minh Nguyen

Sensors 2025, 25(22), 6994; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25226994 (registering DOI) - 15 Nov 2025

Abstract

Depression affects millions of people worldwide. Traditional management relies heavily on periodic clinical assessments and self-reports, which lack real-time responsiveness and personalization. Despite numerous research prototypes exploring Internet of Things (IoT)-based mental health support, almost none have translated into practical, mainstream solutions. This [...] Read more.

Depression affects millions of people worldwide. Traditional management relies heavily on periodic clinical assessments and self-reports, which lack real-time responsiveness and personalization. Despite numerous research prototypes exploring Internet of Things (IoT)-based mental health support, almost none have translated into practical, mainstream solutions. This gap stems from several interrelated challenges, including the absence of robust, flexible, and safe architectural frameworks; the diversity of IoT device ownership; the need for further research across many aspects of technology-based depression support; highly individualized user needs; and ongoing concerns regarding safety and personalization. We aim to develop a reference architecture for IoT-based safe and personalized depression management. We introduce IoTMindCare, integrating current best practices while maintaining the flexibility required to incorporate future research and technology innovations. A structured review of contemporary IoT-based solutions for depression management is used to establish their strengths, limitations, and gaps. Then, following the Attribute-Driven Design (ADD) method, we design IoTMindCare. The Architecture Trade-off Analysis Method (ATAM) is used to evaluate the proposed reference architecture. The proposed reference architecture features a modular, layered logical view design with cross-layer interactions, incorporating expert input to define system components, data flows, and user requirements. Personalization features, including continuous, context-aware feedback and safety-related mechanisms, were designed based on the needs of stakeholders, primarily users and caregivers, throughout the system architecture. ATAM evaluation shows that IoTMindCare supports safety and personalization significantly better than current designs. This work provides a flexible, safe, and extensible architectural foundation for IoT-based depression management systems, enabling the construction of optimal solutions that integrate the most effective current research and technology while remaining adaptable to future advancements. IoTMindCare provides a unifying, aggregation-style reference architecture that consolidates design principles and operational lessons from multiple prior IoT mental-health solutions, enabling these systems to be instantiated, compared, and extended rather than directly competing with any single implementation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue IoT Sensor Systems: Design, Interfaces, Signals, Processing, and Applications)

18 pages, 1109 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic Diversity of Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) from Portugal, Mozambique and Timor-Leste

by Joana B. Guimarães, Maria Cristina Simões-Costa, Milton Pinho, Celina Maria Godinho, Paula Sá Pereira, João Neves Martins, Ana Ribeiro-Barros, Pedro Talhinhas and Maria Manuela Veloso

Biology 2025, 14(11), 1602; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14111602 (registering DOI) - 15 Nov 2025

Abstract

Portugal contributed to the global diffusion of sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas L. Lam.). Although it is of minor importance on the Portuguese mainland, it is one of the most common crops in the Azores and Madeira archipelagos and is highly relevant in the [...] Read more.

Portugal contributed to the global diffusion of sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas L. Lam.). Although it is of minor importance on the Portuguese mainland, it is one of the most common crops in the Azores and Madeira archipelagos and is highly relevant in the Portuguese ex-colonies Mozambique and Timor-Leste. We analyzed the genetic diversity and population structure of sweetpotato from these five geographic provenances using twelve nuclear simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. We studied 45 accessions, 15 of which were collected from farmers’ fields in these five regions and 30 of which are held at “Banco de Germoplasma de Moçambique”. The SSR markers showed a high level of polymorphism and a high number of alleles per locus. Population structure analyses using Bayesian clustering (STRUCTURE) grouped accessions from farmers’ fields into two groups and divided samples of “Banco de Germoplasma de Moçambique” into three groups. A principal coordinate analysis (PCoA), based on the Bruvo distance, supported the population structure analysis. Concerning the genebank accessions, the two analyses indicated three clusters, all of them containing Mozambican landraces. From our results, it may be concluded that sweetpotato populations from the three countries do not share a common genetic background, despite the shared history of the countries. Full article

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14 pages, 5669 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrating CTLA-4 Genetics and Soluble Isoforms for the Stratification of HCV-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma Risk and Aggressiveness

by Marwa Hassan, Walaa H. El-Maadawy, Sally A. Fahim, Sherihan M. Youssef, Omaima Mostafa Badran and Mahmoud Balata

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(22), 11067; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262211067 (registering DOI) - 15 Nov 2025

Abstract

Host genetic factors influencing immune regulation are believed to modulate susceptibility to hepatitis C virus (HCV) and related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study aimed to investigate the association of Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) genetic variants with HCV-related HCC risk, soluble CTLA-4 (sCTLA-4) levels, [...] Read more.

Host genetic factors influencing immune regulation are believed to modulate susceptibility to hepatitis C virus (HCV) and related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study aimed to investigate the association of Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) genetic variants with HCV-related HCC risk, soluble CTLA-4 (sCTLA-4) levels, and disease severity. 225 age- and sex-matched participants (75 controls, 75 HCV, and 75 HCV-HCC) were enrolled. TaqMan allelic discrimination assays were used for genotyping three CTLA-4 SNPs, and sCTLA-4 was quantified by ELISA. Our results demonstrated that the rs231726 TT genotype and T-allele were significantly associated with HCC. The rs11571317 CC genotype and C-allele, alongside the rs13384548 GG genotype and G-allele, conferred increased risk for both HCV and HCC. Clinically, these high-risk genotypes correlated with worse liver function (Child–Pugh C), higher MELD/Na scores, and larger tumors. Moreover, sCTLA-4 levels showed a stepwise elevation from controls to HCV to HCC patients, peaking in carriers of the rs231726 TT and rs13384548 GG genotypes. In conclusion, this study identifies rs231726, rs11571317, and rs13384548 as robust genetic markers for HCV-related HCC susceptibility and cancer aggressiveness. Our findings provide novel evidence of their role in immune evasion through sCTLA-4 upregulation, offering new perspectives into genotype-based risk stratification and tailored immunotherapeutic strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Genetics and Genomics)

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16 pages, 1555 KB

Open AccessArticle

Gelatin-Based Films Containing Extracts of Prickly Pear (Opuntia guerrana): Characterization and Evaluation of Bioactive Properties

by Arely León-López, Elvia Verónica Flores-Gutiérrez, Antonio de Jesús Cenobio-Galindo, Asael Islas-Moreno, Gabriel Aguirre-Álvarez and Iván Jalil Antón Carreño-Márquez

Foods 2025, 14(22), 3911; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14223911 (registering DOI) - 15 Nov 2025

Abstract

Gelatin has been widely used as a raw material for packaging development in the food industry. Edible films made from biopolymers such as gelatin can incorporate functional ingredients from natural sources like peel powder and fresh pulp from Opuntia guerrana (tuna fruit). The [...] Read more.

Gelatin has been widely used as a raw material for packaging development in the food industry. Edible films made from biopolymers such as gelatin can incorporate functional ingredients from natural sources like peel powder and fresh pulp from Opuntia guerrana (tuna fruit). The formulations GFP, GPP, GM, and the control GF, were developed and characterized. The physicochemical composition of PP and FP (protein, fat, ash, fiber, and carbohydrates) was evaluated. Antioxidant activity showed 98.19 ± 0.21% ABTS radical inhibition for PP. FTIR analysis showed a characteristic peak at 3294–3284 cm⁻¹, associated with the interaction between gelatin and hydroxyl (OH) groups from Opuntia guerrana phenolic compounds. The color and barrier properties of the films were affected by the addition of prickly pear peel and pulp. Mechanical properties such as Young’s modulus and tensile strength showed significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) when pulp was added to the films. The film with PP exhibited the highest concentration of bioactive compounds (phenols, flavonoids, and betalains) and inhibited the ABTS radical 98.24 ± 0.08% and 38.50 ± 2.11% DPPH radical. All films reached biodegradation levels of approximately 90% after 15 days of incubation. The use of prickly pear residues to obtain value-added compounds can significantly modify the physicochemical and functional properties of gelatin films. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Food Packaging and Preservation)

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23 pages, 8985 KB

Open AccessArticle

Micropatterned Composite Hydrogel Sheet with Surface Electronic Conductive Network for Ultrasensitive Strain Sensing

by Ruidong Chu, Mingyu Liu, Wenxia Liu, Zhaoping Song, Guodong Li, Dehai Yu, Xiaona Liu and Huili Wang

Gels 2025, 11(11), 913; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11110913 (registering DOI) - 15 Nov 2025

Abstract

Conductive hydrogels show great promise for wearable sensors but suffer from low sensitivity in small strain ranges. In this study, we developed a micropatterned composite hydrogel sheet (thickness: 1.2 ± 0.1 mm) by constructing a continuous electronic conductive network of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) [...] Read more.

Conductive hydrogels show great promise for wearable sensors but suffer from low sensitivity in small strain ranges. In this study, we developed a micropatterned composite hydrogel sheet (thickness: 1.2 ± 0.1 mm) by constructing a continuous electronic conductive network of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on a highly crosslinked micropatterned hydrogel sheet. The sheet was fabricated via a two-step synthesis of a polyvinyl alcohol/polyacrylic acid polymer network—crosslinked by Zr⁴⁺ in a glycerol-water system—using sandpaper as the template. The first step ensured tight conformity to the template, while the second step preserved the micropattern’s integrity and precision. The reverse sandpaper micropattern enables secure bonding of CNTs to the hydrogel and induces localized stress concentration during stretching. This triggers controllable cracking in the conductive network, allowing the sensor to maintain high sensitivity even in small strain ranges. Consequently, the sensor exhibits ultra-high sensitivity, with gauge factors of 76.1 (0–30% strain) and 203.5 (30–100% strain), alongside a comfortable user experience. It can detect diverse activities, from subtle physiological signals and joint bending to complex hand gestures and athletic postures. Additionally, the micropatterned composite hydrogel sheet also demonstrates self-healing ability, adhesiveness, and conformability, while performing effectively under extreme temperatures and sweaty conditions. This innovative structure and sensing mechanism—leveraging stress concentration and controlled crack formation—provides a strategy for designing wearable electronics with enhanced performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Biopolymer-Based Functional Hydrogels for Intelligent Wearable Devices and Textiles)

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18 pages, 2535 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Exploited Stock and Management Implications of Kingfish (Scomberomorus commerson) in the Omani Waters

by Usama Aladawi, Samroz Majeed, Ibrahim Al-Anboori and S. M. Nurul Amin

Fishes 2025, 10(11), 589; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10110589 (registering DOI) - 15 Nov 2025

Abstract

The high demand and economic value of kingfish (Scomberomorus commerson) have led to intensive fishing of this species in the Omani waters. The increased fishing pressure has made the fishery vulnerable; hence, information on the current stock status is essential for [...] Read more.

The high demand and economic value of kingfish (Scomberomorus commerson) have led to intensive fishing of this species in the Omani waters. The increased fishing pressure has made the fishery vulnerable; hence, information on the current stock status is essential for the sustainability of the kingfish stock. Three length-based stock assessment approaches (TropFishR, spawning potential ratio, and Bayesian biomass method) were used to estimate growth, mortality, exploitation, spawning potential capacity, and relative biomass in relation to maximum sustainable yield (MSY). Asymptotic length (L_∞) was 186.31 cm, and the growth coefficient (K) was 0.15 yr⁻¹ for S. commerson. Fishing mortality was 0.45 yr⁻¹, which was higher than natural mortality (M = 0.18 yr⁻¹) and optimal fishing mortalities (F40% = 0.15 yr⁻¹). The exploitation rate (E) was found to be 0.71 yr⁻¹, higher than the optimum exploitation (E = 0.50), indicating a total overfishing of 42% of the S. commerson in Oman waters. The current length at first capture (Lc50 = 74.38 cm) was significantly smaller than the length at first maturity (Lm50 = 91.25 cm), indicating growth overfishing. The current spawning potential ratio (SPR) was 10%, which was significantly below the reference point (SPR = 20%), indicating that the stock was severely overfished. Biomass was critically low (B/Bo = 0.17), and lower than the reference point of 0.20. Additionally, the current biomass was 44% of Bmsy (B/Bmsy = 0.44), which is significantly lower than the reference point of 1, indicating that the stock biomass was below the maximum sustainable yield level, suggesting recruitment overfishing. Stock indicators revealed that the fishery was primarily targeting immature/juvenile fish, as well as older and larger fish, which indicated stocks were both growth- and recruitment-overfished. Therefore, carrying out commercial fishing for an optimum size range (118 to 144 cm) and reducing fishing pressure to a sustainable level (F = M, 0.18 ^yr−1) would sustain a healthy stock biomass of kingfish in Omani waters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Management of Small-Scale and Data-Limited Fisheries: Diagnosis and Strategies)

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21 pages, 3890 KB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Sky View Factor on Seasonal Microclimate and Thermal Comfort Variability Across Urban Campus Streets and Buildings

by Zhengyang Yao, Penghui Wang, Yunxi Tian, Yichuan Zhang, Qingjiao Zhang, Xiaobing Wang, Ping Wang and Qisheng Han

Buildings 2025, 15(22), 4121; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15224121 (registering DOI) - 15 Nov 2025

Abstract

University campuses feature spatially diverse environments where thermal performance varies seasonally and spatially. In this study, we integrate field measurements with ENVI-met simulations to evaluate how sky view factor (SVF) influences microclimate and outdoor thermal comfort-quantified via air temperature (Ta), mean radiant temperature [...] Read more.

University campuses feature spatially diverse environments where thermal performance varies seasonally and spatially. In this study, we integrate field measurements with ENVI-met simulations to evaluate how sky view factor (SVF) influences microclimate and outdoor thermal comfort-quantified via air temperature (Ta), mean radiant temperature (Tmrt), wind speed (WS), relative humidity (RH), physiologically equivalent temperature (PET), and the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI)-within urban street and urban building spaces on a temperate Chinese campus. The results reveal contrasting thermal responses: in summer, low-SVF urban street spaces (SVF_avg 0.075) exhibit moderate heat stress (PET_avg 34.5–39.5 °C) due to radiative trapping and limited ventilation, whereas high-SVF urban building spaces (SVF_avg 0.159) face greater heat load and stronger thermal stress, with peak PET exceeding 49.9 °C. In winter, high-SVF urban building spaces benefit from solar gain, improving thermal comfort. Statistical analyses indicate non-linear threshold effects of SVF on comfort indices, with summer comfort positively correlated at SVF > 0.2, and winter comfort negatively associated at SVF ≤ 0.4. These findings identify SVF as a key geometric predictor of seasonal thermal comfort in distinct campus spatial types, provide quantitative thresholds to guide climate-resilient campus planning in warm temperate zone. Full article

21 pages, 14137 KB

Open AccessArticle

Stability Analysis of Loess Slope Under Heavy Rainfall Considering Joint Effect—Case Study of Jianxi Landslide, China

by Jiahao Wang, Lei Zhang, Shi Zhao, Guoji Li and Haipeng Guo

Water 2025, 17(22), 3271; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17223271 (registering DOI) - 15 Nov 2025

Abstract

Loess exhibits a pronounced reduction in strength under rainfall infiltration, making loess slopes highly susceptible to instability and failure during rainfall events. Although numerous studies have investigated the failure mechanisms of loess slopes under rainfall, most have overlooked the role of joints, which [...] Read more.

Loess exhibits a pronounced reduction in strength under rainfall infiltration, making loess slopes highly susceptible to instability and failure during rainfall events. Although numerous studies have investigated the failure mechanisms of loess slopes under rainfall, most have overlooked the role of joints, which are intrinsic structural features of loess. To address this gap, this study selected the Jianxi landslide, located in Lingbao city of Henan province, as a representative case and employed a numerical simulation method to examine the influence of joints on the moisture fields and stability conditions of the Jianxi landslide. The results elucidate that the safety factor of the Jianxi landslide considering joints is 15.7% lower than the one measured without considering joints and identify the critical rainfall threshold leading to landslide instability to be 100 mm/d. Furthermore, when joints are considered, the sliding zone becomes deeper, indicating a larger landslide volume and more severe potential damage. This work provides new insights into the failure mechanism of loess landslides and offers a scientific basis for early warning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Landslide on Hydrological Response)

23 pages, 14113 KB

Open AccessArticle

Groundwater Flow Fields and Patterns in Heterogeneous Aquifer Induced by Mine Water Injection and Storage Under Different Well Configurations

by Ge Chen, Heng Li, Xin Li, Li Zhang, Peishan Yuan, Hewen Ma, Zhimin Xu and Wanghua Sui

Water 2025, 17(22), 3270; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17223270 (registering DOI) - 15 Nov 2025

Abstract

Mine water injection and storage (MWIS) represent a crucial method for the management of unconventional water resource in the mining regions of China. The flow fields and patterns within heterogeneity porous media during the MWIS process are complex and significantly influenced by well [...] Read more.

Mine water injection and storage (MWIS) represent a crucial method for the management of unconventional water resource in the mining regions of China. The flow fields and patterns within heterogeneity porous media during the MWIS process are complex and significantly influenced by well configurations. This study aims to offer a numerical perspective for the evaluation of MWIS flow fields and patterns associated with diverse well configurations in different heterogeneous aquifers. The simulation results of various well configuration scenarios, including vertical, slanted and horizontal wells, demonstrate that well configuration exerts a profound influence on the flow fields and patterns of MWIS. The injected mine water primarily spreads radially and groundwater level gradually diminishes as the distance from the wellbore increases in the vertical well. Conversely, horizontal wells can notably augment the contact area between the injected mine water and the aquifer, leading to a more uniform distribution of the flow field and higher injection efficiency. Slanted wells exhibit a combination of vertical and horizontal flow characteristics, which can be adjusted in accordance with specific geological conditions to optimize the MWIS effect. Overall, both horizontal and slanted wells exhibit water storage capacities that are approximately 1.77 to 2.65 times greater than that of vertical wells. Effective mine water capacity accumulates primarily during the initial phase, followed by a rapid decline in subsequent reserves. The results suggest that appropriate arrangement of well configurations and injection pressure can effectively enhance the MWIS efficiency. Hydraulic fracturing is the fundamental approach to sustaining MWIS capacity. This research provides a theoretical foundation and practical guidance for the design and optimization of MWIS, which is of great significance for the sustainable development of coal mines in the Ordos Basin, China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mine Water Environment and Remediation)

29 pages, 5878 KB

Open AccessReview

A Review on Laminar Burning Velocity of Ammonia Flames

by Xiao Yang, Zhijian Xiao, Rui Hu and Dongdong Feng

Energies 2025, 18(22), 6000; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18226000 (registering DOI) - 15 Nov 2025

Abstract

As a zero-carbon fuel, ammonia holds significant potential for achieving the “dual carbon” strategic goals. However, its extremely low laminar burning velocity (LBV) limits its direct application in combustion systems. This work systematically reviews the research progress on the LBV of ammonia flames, [...] Read more.

As a zero-carbon fuel, ammonia holds significant potential for achieving the “dual carbon” strategic goals. However, its extremely low laminar burning velocity (LBV) limits its direct application in combustion systems. This work systematically reviews the research progress on the LBV of ammonia flames, focusing on three key aspects: measurement methods, effects of combustion conditions, and reaction kinetic models. In terms of measurement methods, the principles, applicability, and limitations of the spherical outwardly propagating flame method, Bunsen-burner method, counter-flow flame method, and heat flux method are discussed in detail. It is pointed out that the heat flux method and counter-flow flame method are more suitable for the accurate measurement of ammonia flame LBV due to their low stretch rate and high stability. Regarding the effects of combustion conditions, the LBV characteristics of pure ammonia flames under ambient temperature and pressure are summarized. The influence patterns of three factors on LBV are analyzed systematically: blending high-reactivity fuels (e.g., hydrogen and methane), oxygen-enriched conditions, and variations in temperature and pressure. This analysis reveals effective approaches to improve ammonia combustion performance. Furthermore, the promoting effect of high-reactivity fuel blending on liquid ammonia combustion was also summarized. For reaction kinetic models, various chemical reaction mechanisms applicable to pure ammonia and ammonia-blended fuels (ammonia/hydrogen, ammonia/methane, etc.) are sorted out. The performance and discrepancies of each model in predicting LBV are evaluated. It is noted that current models still have significant uncertainties under specific conditions, such as high pressure and moderate blending ratios. This review aims to provide theoretical references and data support for the fundamental research and engineering application of ammonia combustion, promoting the development and application of ammonia as a clean fuel. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Combustion and Application of Carbon Neutral Fuel in Internal Combustion Engine)

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14 pages, 401 KB

Open AccessArticle

Understanding Well-Being in the Classroom: A Study on Italian Primary School Teachers Using the JD-R Model

by Maria Francesca Trocino, Giovanni Schettino and Vincenza Capone

Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2025, 15(11), 234; https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe15110234 (registering DOI) - 15 Nov 2025

Abstract

Teaching has always been recognized as one of the professions with the highest risk of burnout, thus highlighting the need to take into account how organizations could promote a “healthier” work life. Accordingly, literature has gone beyond the conceptualization of well-being as merely [...] Read more.

Teaching has always been recognized as one of the professions with the highest risk of burnout, thus highlighting the need to take into account how organizations could promote a “healthier” work life. Accordingly, literature has gone beyond the conceptualization of well-being as merely the “absence of illness” to concluding that it must be regarded as a state of complete health. The current study adopts this theoretical approach to address the limited literature on factors affecting the well-being of Italian primary school teachers. Specifically, responses to a self-report questionnaire completed by 142 Italian primary school teachers showed that work self-efficacy was positively associated with job satisfaction, which in turn was positively related to well-being. Consequently, job satisfaction fully mediated the relationship between self-efficacy and well-being. Furthermore, both work overload and work autonomy were found to be negatively associated with teacher well-being. These findings can inform the design of targeted interventions aimed at enhancing the performance and psychological health of primary school teachers by managing demands and fostering effective resources. Full article

17 pages, 2480 KB

Open AccessArticle

Features and In Vitro Assessment of Antiviral Activity of Organic Coatings Doped with Silver-Based Compounds Against Human Coronavirus

by Maja A. Zaczek-Moczydłowska, Bartosz Kopyciński, Alicja Hryniszyn, Małgorzata Osadnik, Anna Czech, Krzysztof Pęcak, Aleksandra Markowska, Saeid Ghavami, Krzysztof Matus, Ewa Langer and Marek J. Łos

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(22), 11068; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262211068 (registering DOI) - 15 Nov 2025

Abstract

Implementation of novel antiviral coatings and textiles, which can be utilised in the production of personal protective equipment, has the potential to enhance public health security against future pandemic outbreaks. Respiratory viruses, particularly SARS-CoV-2, responsible for COVID-19, have emerged as a major global [...] Read more.

Implementation of novel antiviral coatings and textiles, which can be utilised in the production of personal protective equipment, has the potential to enhance public health security against future pandemic outbreaks. Respiratory viruses, particularly SARS-CoV-2, responsible for COVID-19, have emerged as a major global concern due to their rapid transmission and high mortality rates, leading to nearly seven million deaths worldwide between 2020 and 2025. This statistic underscores the necessity for the development and implementation of advanced antiviral materials to prevent viral infections. This research focused on the in vitro evaluation of the antiviral properties of three antibacterial compounds containing silver (Ag) that were functionalized with coatings. We assessed onsite synthesised Ag powder in comparison to commercially available antibacterial additives, which included nanosilver on colloidal silica (AgSiO₂) and silver sodium hydrogen zirconium phosphate (AgNaOPZr), as potential antiviral agents in coatings against human coronavirus (HCoV). Antiviral assessments revealed that coatings containing Ag at higher concentrations (2.5 and 5%) exhibited limited antiviral effectiveness, with a titer reduction in log < 2. In contrast, the functionalization of AgSiO₂ on coatings significantly suppressed viral replication resulting in a notable reduction in virus titer of log ≥ 2 for all tested concentrations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials and Biomaterials in Biomedicine Application)

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