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Recent Articles  

20 pages, 51326 KiB  
Article
LiDAR and GPR Data Reveal the Holocene Evolution of a Strandplain in a Tectonically Active Coast
by Cristian Araya-Cornejo, Diego Aedo, Carolina Martínez and Daniel Melnick
Remote Sens. 2025, 17(16), 2798; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17162798 (registering DOI) - 13 Aug 2025
Abstract
This study investigates the Holocene evolution of the Laraquete-Carampangue strandplain on the tectonically active coast of south-central Chile using ground penetrating radar and light detection and ranging data. The Laraquete-Carampangue strandplain, on the tectonically active coast of south-central Chile, is a rare accretionary [...] Read more.
This study investigates the Holocene evolution of the Laraquete-Carampangue strandplain on the tectonically active coast of south-central Chile using ground penetrating radar and light detection and ranging data. The Laraquete-Carampangue strandplain, on the tectonically active coast of south-central Chile, is a rare accretionary feature in a region dominated by rocky shorelines and limited sediment supply. The light detection and ranging data-derived digital elevation model reveals a complex geomorphology comprising 52 beach ridges, aeolian dunes, and fluvial paleochannels, while ground penetrating radar radargrams uncover marine and aeolian facies influenced by past seismic and climatic events. We interpret these units in the frame of past seismic and climatic events. Our geomorphological and stratigraphic findings suggest that the strandplain progradation was driven by relative sea-level changes associated with Holocene seismic cycles and climate change. We propose that the transition from drier to humid conditions in the late Holocene triggered the onset of dune formation at the end of the Little Ice Age. This integrated approach highlights the interplay of tectonic and climatic forcings in shaping coastal landforms, offering insights into their long-term response to environmental change. Full article
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18 pages, 2752 KiB  
Article
Primary Dysmenorrhea Induced Using Diethylstilbestrol and Oxytocin Induces Impaired Uterine Reactivity in Virgin Female Wistar Rats
by Francisco Fernandes Lacerda-Júnior, Petruska Pessoa da Silva Souza, Paula Benvindo Ferreira, Anderson Fellyp Avelino Diniz, Bárbara Cavalcanti Barros, Maria da Conceição Correia Silva, Adriano Francisco Alves, Alexandre Sérgio Silva and Bagnólia Araújo da Silva
Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18(8), 1191; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18081191 (registering DOI) - 13 Aug 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Primary dysmenorrhea (DysP) is a prevalent gynecological condition characterized by painful uterine contractions. However, the underlying mechanism of action of dysmenorrhea has not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to standardize an animal model of dysmenorrhea using diethylstilbestrol and oxytocin to mimic [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Primary dysmenorrhea (DysP) is a prevalent gynecological condition characterized by painful uterine contractions. However, the underlying mechanism of action of dysmenorrhea has not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to standardize an animal model of dysmenorrhea using diethylstilbestrol and oxytocin to mimic pathophysiological mechanisms in female Wistar rats. Methods: For the induction of dysmenorrhea, diethylstilbestrol (s.c.) and oxytocin (i.p.) were used. Results: The model effectively reproduced hypercontractility and impaired uterine relaxation. The in vivo evaluations demonstrated increased pain responses (DysP group = 119 ± 6.9; control group CG = 3.0 ± 1.0), which were partially attenuated by standard medications (scopolamine/dipyrone and ibuprofen). In vitro assays revealed greater contractile reactivity when compared to that in the control group, in the DysP group, using oxytocin (pEC50 = 3.6 ± 0.2 and Emax = 145.1 ± 8.7; CG (pEC50 = 3.1 ± 0.1 and Emax = 100%); KCl (DysP pEC50 = 2.2 ± 0.1 and Emax = 164 ± 8.0); CG (pEC50 = 1.8 ± 0.1) and PGF2α (DysP pEC50 = 7.4 ± 0.2 and Emax = 127.3 ± 15.6); CG (pEC50 = 6.2 ± 0.1)), while the relaxation responses to isoprenaline and nifedipine were decreased compared to those in the CG. The model promoted an imbalance in oxidative stress by increasing malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and reducing the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in the uterine tissue. Conclusions: These findings suggest that the new virgin rat model is capable of replicating key aspects of the clinical features of DysP in humans and offers a valuable tool for studying its pathogenetic mechanisms and testing potential therapeutic agents. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Potential Therapeutic Targets for the Treatment of Pathological Pain)
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17 pages, 1715 KiB  
Article
Biochemical Changes in Prostate Cancer: FMNL1 and PAK1 in Plasma and Urine
by Elif Bilgin Doğru, Selçuk Erdem, Hilal Oğuz Soydinç, Ayça İribaş and Derya Duranyıldız
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2025, 47(8), 648; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb47080648 (registering DOI) - 13 Aug 2025
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a clinically heterogeneous disease. Since PSA is not cancer-specific, and due to the bone metastases seen in the advanced stage and bone deformations caused by hormone therapy, it is necessary to use new biomarkers. Formin-like-protein 1 (FMNL1), a member of [...] Read more.
Prostate cancer is a clinically heterogeneous disease. Since PSA is not cancer-specific, and due to the bone metastases seen in the advanced stage and bone deformations caused by hormone therapy, it is necessary to use new biomarkers. Formin-like-protein 1 (FMNL1), a member of the formin protein family, is of great importance in actin polymerization, cell attachment, and migration processes. p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) proteins, members of the PAK protein kinases, play a role in cytoskeletal organization, as well as regulating other cellular activities such as cell survival, mitosis, and transcription. In our study, plasma and urine samples of 60 prostate cancer patients and 20 healthy controls were studied using RT-PCR and ELISA methods. No statistical difference was found between FMNL1 mRNA and protein expression levels of patients and controls in both plasma and urine samples (p > 0.05). There was no statistical difference between PAK1 mRNA expression levels of patients and controls in plasma and urine samples (p > 0.05). While no significant difference was found in PAK1 protein levels in plasma samples (p > 0.05), it was found to be lower in urine samples of patients compared to the control group (p = 0.00). Both marker molecules have low expression levels in early-stage PCa. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology)
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14 pages, 880 KiB  
Review
Toll-like Receptor (TLR) Response in Chikungunya Virus Infection: Mechanism of Activation, Immune Evasion, and Use of TLR Agonists in Vaccine Development
by Mohammad Enamul Hoque Kayesh, Michinori Kohara and Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara
Vaccines 2025, 13(8), 856; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13080856 (registering DOI) - 13 Aug 2025
Abstract
CHIKV is a re-emerging mosquito-borne arthritogenic alphavirus associated with large outbreaks and severe joint pain, and it poses a growing global health threat. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), as key pattern recognition receptors, detect viral components and initiate antiviral immune responses. Increasing evidence highlights the [...] Read more.
CHIKV is a re-emerging mosquito-borne arthritogenic alphavirus associated with large outbreaks and severe joint pain, and it poses a growing global health threat. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), as key pattern recognition receptors, detect viral components and initiate antiviral immune responses. Increasing evidence highlights the role of TLR signaling in shaping CHIKV infection outcomes, though its precise contribution remains unclear. CHIKV has developed mechanisms to evade host innate immune surveillance, promoting viral replication. TLR agonists show promise as vaccine adjuvants by enhancing immune responses. In this review, we summarize current insights into TLR-mediated immunity during CHIKV infection, the virus’s innate immune evasion strategies, and the potential of TLR agonists in improving vaccine efficacy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Immunology of Dengue, Chikungunya and Zika Virus: Implications for Vaccines and Vaccine Development)
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12 pages, 497 KiB  
Article
A Kinetic Study on the Accumulation of No.0 Fuel Oil and Pinghu Crude Oil Water-Accommodated Fraction in Exopalaemon carinicauda
by Lei Li, Yiyun Zhang, Li Wei, Aijia Lin, Jiaying Cai, Zengqiao Wei, Qingyuan Wu, Junxiang Niu, Yanming Sui and Mei Jiang
Fishes 2025, 10(8), 403; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10080403 (registering DOI) - 13 Aug 2025
Abstract
The kinetic parameters of No.0 fuel oil and Pinghu crude oil water-accommodated fractions (WAFs) during accumulation and elimination in Exopalaemon carinicauda were quantified using a semi-static two-compartment kinetic model. The accumulation phase data were analyzed via nonlinear regression to obtain kinetic parameters, yielding [...] Read more.
The kinetic parameters of No.0 fuel oil and Pinghu crude oil water-accommodated fractions (WAFs) during accumulation and elimination in Exopalaemon carinicauda were quantified using a semi-static two-compartment kinetic model. The accumulation phase data were analyzed via nonlinear regression to obtain kinetic parameters, yielding critical values including the uptake rate constant (k1), elimination rate constant (k2), bioconcentration factor (BCF), equilibrium body burden (CAmax), and biological half-life (B1/2). Modeling results demonstrated distinct kinetic parameters for the two oils. For No.0 fuel oil, the average values were k1 = 5.21; k2 = 0.1105; BCF = 48.98; CAmax = 2.95 mg/kg; and B1/2 = 6.40 days. For Pinghu crude oil, the averages were k1 = 10.25; k2 = 0.1044; BCF = 98.15; CAmax = 8.48 mg/kg; and B1/2 = 6.64 days. The uptake rate constant (k1) and BCF generally decreased with increasing petroleum hydrocarbon exposure concentrations in ambient seawater, while the elimination rate constant (k2) remained relatively constant across different concentrations. CAmax increased proportionally with the petroleum hydrocarbon exposure concentration. Goodness-of-fit tests confirmed that the petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations in the experimental data were well described by the semi-static two-compartment model. Throughout the testing period, the concentration of No.0 fuel oil in Exopalaemon carinicauda remained lower than that of Pinghu crude oil. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Environment and Climate Change)
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20 pages, 10994 KiB  
Article
Improving the Physical Characteristics and Durability of Wood Through a Combined Modification Process Using Thermal Treatment and Wax Impregnation in One Step
by Miklós Bak
Forests 2025, 16(8), 1317; https://doi.org/10.3390/f16081317 (registering DOI) - 13 Aug 2025
Abstract
In this paper, a combined modification method using thermal modification and wax impregnation was investigated. The advantage of this method is that the two modification steps are completed in one step. Two different wood species, beech (Fagus sylvatica) and Scots pine [...] Read more.
In this paper, a combined modification method using thermal modification and wax impregnation was investigated. The advantage of this method is that the two modification steps are completed in one step. Two different wood species, beech (Fagus sylvatica) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), were investigated. The effects of the treatments were tested regarding the wax uptake, mass loss, density, equilibrium moisture content, swelling, water contact angle, strength properties, and durability. Through the synergistic effect of the combined modification, it was possible to significantly improve the dimensional stability and decrease the hygroscopicity and equilibrium moisture content, while swelling anisotropy was not affected. It was proven that the wax uptake during this method is highly dependent on the treatment temperature, resulting in a large density increase. The treatment resulted in an obvious color change as well. Bending strength was not affected by the combined treatment, while impact bending, compression strength, and Brinell hardness were improved. High durability was observed after the combined modification method, indicating that lower treatment temperatures are enough to efficiently protect the wood. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wood Modification: Functionalisation, Optimisation and Characterisation of Modified Timbers)
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19 pages, 6619 KiB  
Article
Characterization of Slurry Sedimentation and Microstructure in Immersed Tube Tunnel Trenches: A Case Study of the Tanzhou Waterway Dredging Strategy
by Shuangwu Yu, Jingze Zhu, Gang Li, Dan Chang, Qingfei Huang and Xingbang Lu
Eng 2025, 6(8), 200; https://doi.org/10.3390/eng6080200 (registering DOI) - 13 Aug 2025
Abstract
This study investigates sedimentation dynamics and microstructural evolution of silty clay and mucky sediments from the immersed tube tunnel trench of the Shunde Tanzhou Waterway. Experiments examined different initial unit weights (11.5–12.6 kN/m3) and heights (10–60 cm) through sedimentation tests (N [...] Read more.
This study investigates sedimentation dynamics and microstructural evolution of silty clay and mucky sediments from the immersed tube tunnel trench of the Shunde Tanzhou Waterway. Experiments examined different initial unit weights (11.5–12.6 kN/m3) and heights (10–60 cm) through sedimentation tests (N = 30, representing five heights × three unit weights × two soil types) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging. Results identified two sedimentation patterns: consolidation (inverse “S” curve) and hindered (three-stage) types. Key findings reveal that silty clay exhibits height-dependent transition between patterns (critical height = 30 cm at γ = 12.6 kN/m3). Mucky soil demonstrates stable hindered settlement across conditions (rate = 0.09 ± 0.01 cm/min at γ = 12.0 kN/m3). Moisture distribution analysis reveals that unstable structures in low-unit-weight slurries exhibit slow drainage and steady moisture content changes. Microstructural analysis uncovered height-dependent porosity increases and pore complexity in mucky soils, alongside reduced honeycomb-like cavities and enhanced particle aggregation in silty clay under lower unit weights. These results provide novel insights into the interplay between initial slurry conditions and sedimentation behavior, offering a theoretical foundation for optimizing dredging strategies and ensuring long-term sediment stability in immersed tube tunnel projects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Chemical, Civil and Environmental Engineering)
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15 pages, 4949 KiB  
Article
The Synergistic Influence of Trace Impurities and Temperature on the Corrosion Behavior of Tubing in Supercritical CO2 Environment
by Mifeng Zhao, Zaipeng Zhao, Junfeng Xie, Xuanpeng Li, Wenwen Song, Jinjie Zhou and Qiyao He
Coatings 2025, 15(8), 944; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15080944 (registering DOI) - 13 Aug 2025
Abstract
Carbon dioxide capture, utilization, and storage for enhanced oil recovery (CCUS-EOR) represents an effective strategy for reducing CO2 emissions while improving oil recovery efficiency. However, harsh environmental conditions during the process can induce a supercritical state in captured CO2, which [...] Read more.
Carbon dioxide capture, utilization, and storage for enhanced oil recovery (CCUS-EOR) represents an effective strategy for reducing CO2 emissions while improving oil recovery efficiency. However, harsh environmental conditions during the process can induce a supercritical state in captured CO2, which may undermine the structural integrity of tubular components through corrosion. This study systematically investigated the corrosion behaviors of two tubing steels (P110 and Super 13Cr) in 20 MPa supercritical CO2 containing trace H2S/O2 impurities at 60–120 °C using weight loss tests and surface analysis. The results demonstrate that in water-unsaturated supercritical CO2 with ≤500 ppmv H2S, both steels exhibited low general corrosion rates (P110: 0.03 mm/y; S13Cr: 0.01 mm/y), with incomplete surface films partially covering grinding traces. However, S13Cr suffered pitting corrosion at >500 ppmv H2S. Oxygen introduction triggered severe general/localized corrosion characterized by cracked, non-protective surface films. Reducing O2 to 500 ppm yielded thin, continuous protective films, eliminating pitting. Temperature critically influenced S13Cr corrosion: decreasing from 120 °C to 60 °C increased the corrosion rates from 0.0031 mm/y to 0.08 mm/y due to enhanced water precipitation and impurity gas dissolution. These findings establish impurity thresholds to ensure acceptable corrosion performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Corrosion, Wear and Erosion)
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22 pages, 7373 KiB  
Article
Study of the Thermal Performance of Oil-Cooled Electric Motor with Different Oil-Jet Ring Configurations
by Hao Yang, Fan Wu, Jinhao Fu, Junxiong Zeng, Xiaojin Fu, Guangtao Zhai and Feng Zhang
Energies 2025, 18(16), 4302; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18164302 (registering DOI) - 13 Aug 2025
Abstract
This study investigates the thermal performance of an oil-jet-cooled permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), with a particular focus on end-winding heat dissipation. A high-fidelity numerical model that preserves the full geometric complexity of the end-winding is developed and validated against experimental temperature data, [...] Read more.
This study investigates the thermal performance of an oil-jet-cooled permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), with a particular focus on end-winding heat dissipation. A high-fidelity numerical model that preserves the full geometric complexity of the end-winding is developed and validated against experimental temperature data, achieving average deviations below 7%. To facilitate efficient parametric analysis, a simplified equivalent model is constructed by replacing the complex geometry with a thermally equivalent annular region characterized by calibrated radial conductivity. Based on this model, the effects of key spray ring parameters—including orifice diameter, number of nozzles, inlet oil temperature, and flow rate—are systematically evaluated. The results indicate that reducing the orifice diameter from 4 mm to 2 mm lowers the maximum winding temperature from 162 °C to 153 °C but increases the pressure drop from 205 Pa to 913 Pa. An optimal nozzle number of 12 decreases the peak winding temperature to 155 °C compared with 162 °C for 8 nozzles, while increasing the oil flow rate from 2 L/min to 6 L/min reduces the peak winding temperature from 162 °C to 142 °C. Furthermore, a non-uniform spray ring configuration decreases maximum stator, winding, spray ring, and shaft temperatures by 5.6–9.2% relative to the baseline, albeit with a pressure drop increase from 907 Pa to 1410 Pa. These findings provide quantitative guidance for optimizing oil-jet cooling designs for PMSMs under engineering constraints. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges and Research Trends of Energy Conservation and Efficient Utilization for Thermal Energy)
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22 pages, 750 KiB  
Article
Leveraging Centralized Procurement for Digital Innovation in Higher Education: Institutional Capacity and Policy Gaps in Romania
by Liviu Corneliu Birleanu, Florin Lungu and Corina Birleanu
Adm. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 317; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci15080317 (registering DOI) - 13 Aug 2025
Abstract
This paper investigates the strategic and institutional dynamics of centralized public procurement in Romania, with a specific focus on the National Office for Centralized Procurement (ONAC) and its role in enabling digital transformation across technical universities. Using a qualitative case study methodology, the [...] Read more.
This paper investigates the strategic and institutional dynamics of centralized public procurement in Romania, with a specific focus on the National Office for Centralized Procurement (ONAC) and its role in enabling digital transformation across technical universities. Using a qualitative case study methodology, the research evaluates ONAC’s capacity to implement procurement policy aligned with sustainability and digital governance objectives. Drawing on official reports, legislative documents, and secondary data sources, the paper applies an analytical framework covering institutional performance, technological adaptation, and policy coherence. The findings highlight both the opportunities and challenges of centralized procurement, emphasizing systemic rigidities, underutilization of digital tools, and weak feedback mechanisms. The study contributes to the literature on strategic procurement and digital public management by offering a grounded assessment of governance capacity and sustainability alignment in a transitional EU context. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovation Management of Organizations in the Digital Age)
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29 pages, 909 KiB  
Article
Sustainability-Reliable Emergency Facility Location Determination with Consideration of Complex Polygonal Barriers and the Risk of Facility Disruption
by Mingyuan Liu, Lintao Liu and Guocheng Wang
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(16), 8910; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15168910 (registering DOI) - 13 Aug 2025
Abstract
This paper presents a reliable emergency facility location optimization model that considers complex polygon barriers and the risk of facility disruption. From a sustainable perspective, with capacity, cost, and demand constraints, the model maximizes time satisfaction and minimizes cost as the objective function [...] Read more.
This paper presents a reliable emergency facility location optimization model that considers complex polygon barriers and the risk of facility disruption. From a sustainable perspective, with capacity, cost, and demand constraints, the model maximizes time satisfaction and minimizes cost as the objective function to determine the optimal facility location and allocation. The paper proposes the barrier path optimization algorithm and the Kepler optimization algorithm (KOA) to solve the model and validates the model and algorithm through simulation experiments of various scales. Finally, the paper conducts a sensitivity analysis of the disruption probability using the control variable method to explore the impact of parameter changes on the decision results and compare the advantages of considering a sustainable perspective versus not considering it. The results show that the model and algorithm designed in this paper can effectively optimize the barrier path and obtain the optimal location-allocation scheme. The research findings will provide mathematical models and methodological strategies for emergency facility location decision-making. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Green Sustainable Science and Technology)
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14 pages, 567 KiB  
Review
An Integrated Strategy for Preventing and Rehabilitating Dust-Induced Occupational Bronchopulmonary Diseases: A Scoping Review
by Alexandr E. Gulyayev, Karlygash S. Absattarova, Sayagul A. Kairgeldina, Raushan S. Dosmagambetova, Kanat K. Tekebayev, Madina B. Baurzhan, Nazym Sagandykova and Gaukhar Sh. Dauletova
Adv. Respir. Med. 2025, 93(4), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/arm93040030 (registering DOI) - 13 Aug 2025
Abstract
Background: Occupational bronchopulmonary diseases (OBPDs)—including pneumoconiosis, silicosis, and occupational COPD—remain a pressing public health issue, especially in regions with intensive mining, metallurgy, and construction industries. Caused by chronic inhalation of fibrogenic dusts, these conditions are often diagnosed at late stages, resulting in irreversible [...] Read more.
Background: Occupational bronchopulmonary diseases (OBPDs)—including pneumoconiosis, silicosis, and occupational COPD—remain a pressing public health issue, especially in regions with intensive mining, metallurgy, and construction industries. Caused by chronic inhalation of fibrogenic dusts, these conditions are often diagnosed at late stages, resulting in irreversible lung damage and diminished work capacity. Methods: A scoping review was performed using the Arksey and O’Malley framework, with methodological refinements from the Joanna Briggs Institute. Following PRISMA-ScR guidelines, we searched PubMed, Scopus, and gray literature for publications from 2014 to 2024. After screening 1761 records and full-text review, nine studies were included in the final synthesis, comprising two systematic reviews, two narrative literature reviews, and five observational studies. Results: Key risk factors identified included prolonged exposure to silica and coal dust, tobacco use, and genetic susceptibility. Diagnostic delays were attributed to the underuse of high-resolution CT and exhaled nitric oxide analysis. Several studies highlighted the diagnostic value of oxidative stress and inflammatory markers (e.g., IL-6, TNF-α). Nutritional rehabilitation and polyphenol-enriched herbal therapies were associated with improved respiratory function and quality of life. However, these strategies remain underutilized, particularly in low-resource settings. Conclusions: A coordinated, biomarker-driven approach integrating early diagnosis, dust exposure control, and tailored rehabilitation is urgently needed. Multidisciplinary models may reduce the clinical and socioeconomic burden of OBPDs. Full article
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36 pages, 3275 KiB  
Review
Research Progress of Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) Technology in Food, Biomedical, and Environmental Monitoring
by Rui-Song Xue, Jia-Yi Dai, Xue-Jiao Wang and Ming-Yang Chen
Photonics 2025, 12(8), 809; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12080809 (registering DOI) - 13 Aug 2025
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technology, leveraging its single-molecule-level detection sensitivity, molecular fingerprint recognition capability, and capacity for rapid, non-destructive analysis, has emerged as a pivotal analytical tool in food science, life sciences, and environmental monitoring. This review systematically summarizes recent advancements in SERS [...] Read more.
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technology, leveraging its single-molecule-level detection sensitivity, molecular fingerprint recognition capability, and capacity for rapid, non-destructive analysis, has emerged as a pivotal analytical tool in food science, life sciences, and environmental monitoring. This review systematically summarizes recent advancements in SERS technology, encompassing its enhancement mechanisms (synergistic effects of electromagnetic and chemical enhancement), innovations in high-performance substrates (noble metal nanostructures, non-noble metal substrates based on semiconductors/graphene, and hybrid systems incorporating noble metals with functional materials), and its interdisciplinary applications. In the realm of food safety, SERS has enabled the ultratrace detection of pesticide residues, mycotoxins, and heavy metals, with flexible substrates and intelligent algorithms significantly enhancing on-site detection capabilities. Within biomedicine, the technique has been successfully applied to the rapid identification of pathogenic microorganisms, screening of tumor biomarkers, and viral diagnostics. For environmental monitoring, SERS platforms offer sensitive detection of heavy metals, microplastics, and organic pollutants. Despite challenges such as matrix interference and insufficient substrate reproducibility, future research directions aimed at developing multifunctional composite materials, integrating artificial intelligence algorithms, constructing portable devices, and exploring plasmon-catalysis synergy are poised to advance the practical implementation of SERS technology in precision diagnostics, intelligent regulation, and real-time monitoring. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biophotonics and Biomedical Optics)
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10 pages, 482 KiB  
Article
Prognostication Following Transcatheter Edge-to-Edge Mitral Valve Repair Using Combined Echocardiography-Derived Velocity Time Integral Ratio and Artificial Intelligence Applied to Electrocardiogram
by Nadera N. Bismee, Isabel G. Scalia, Mohammed Tiseer Abbas, Juan M. Farina, Milagros Pereyra Pietri, Kamal Awad, Nima Baba Ali, Niloofar Javadi, Sogol Attaripour Esfahani, Hesham Sheashaa, Omar H. Ibrahim, Fatmaelzahraa E. Abdelfattah, F. David Fortuin, Steven J. Lester, John P. Sweeney, Chadi Ayoub and Reza Arsanjani
J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(8), 371; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15080371 (registering DOI) - 13 Aug 2025
Abstract
Introduction: Mitral valve transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (M-TEER) has emerged as a minimally invasive option for high-risk surgical candidates with severe and symptomatic mitral regurgitation (MR), but post-procedure residual mitral valve (MV) dysfunction remains a significant concern. This study evaluates the clinical utility [...] Read more.
Introduction: Mitral valve transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (M-TEER) has emerged as a minimally invasive option for high-risk surgical candidates with severe and symptomatic mitral regurgitation (MR), but post-procedure residual mitral valve (MV) dysfunction remains a significant concern. This study evaluates the clinical utility of combining artificial intelligence applied to electrocardiograms (ECG-AI) for diastolic dysfunction (DD) grading and the echocardiography-derived velocity time integral of the MV and left ventricular outflow tract ratio (VTIMV/LVOT) in predicting prognosis in patients post-M-TEER. Methods: A retrospective analysis of patients who underwent M-TEER between 2014 and 2021 was conducted. Patients were categorized based on VTIMV/LVOT and ECG-AI scores into three groups: both normal parameters, either abnormal parameter, or both abnormal parameters to compare outcomes (mortality, major adverse cardiovascular events [MACE], and the need for subsequent MV reintervention) using Kaplan–Meier analysis, multivariable Cox regression models, and net reclassification improvement. Results: Overall, 250 patients were included; the median age was 79.5 (IQR: 73.1, 84.6) and 66.4% were male. The combined abnormal VTIMV/LVOT (≥2.5) and ECG-AI score for DD (>1) was associated with higher risk of one-year mortality (adjusted HR: 4.56 [1.04–19.89], p = 0.044) and MACE (adjusted HR: 3.72 [1.09–12.72], p = 0.037) compared to patients with both normal parameters. Conclusions: This study highlights the potential additive value of integrating VTIMV/LVOT and ECG-AI scores as a prognostic tool for a personalized approach to the post-operative evaluation and risk stratification in M-TEER patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Development of Echocardiography in Heart Disease)
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27 pages, 4588 KiB  
Article
Remote Sensing as a Sentinel for Safeguarding European Critical Infrastructure in the Face of Natural Disasters
by Miguel A. Belenguer-Plomer, Omar Barrilero, Paula Saameño, Inês Mendes, Michele Lazzarini, Sergio Albani, Naji El Beyrouthy, Mario Al Sayah, Nathan Rueche, Abla Mimi Edjossan-Sossou, Tommaso Monopoli, Edoardo Arnaudo and Gianfranco Caputo
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(16), 8908; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15168908 (registering DOI) - 13 Aug 2025
Abstract
Critical infrastructure, such as transport networks, energy facilities, and urban installations, is increasingly vulnerable to natural hazards and climate change. Remote sensing technologies, namely satellite imagery, offer solutions for monitoring, evaluating, and enhancing the resilience of these vital assets. This paper explores how [...] Read more.
Critical infrastructure, such as transport networks, energy facilities, and urban installations, is increasingly vulnerable to natural hazards and climate change. Remote sensing technologies, namely satellite imagery, offer solutions for monitoring, evaluating, and enhancing the resilience of these vital assets. This paper explores how applications based on synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and optical satellite imagery contribute to the protection of critical infrastructure by enabling near real-time monitoring and early detection of natural hazards for actionable insights across various European critical infrastructure sectors. Case studies demonstrate the integration of remote sensing data into geographic information systems (GISs) for promoting situational awareness, risk assessment, and predictive modeling of natural disasters. These include floods, landslides, wildfires, and earthquakes. Accordingly, this study underlines the role of remote sensing in supporting long-term infrastructure planning and climate adaptation strategies. The presented work supports the goals of the European Union (EU-HORIZON)-sponsored ATLANTIS project, which focuses on strengthening the resilience of critical EU infrastructures by providing authorities and civil protection services with effective tools for managing natural hazards. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Decision-Making and Decision Support Systems: Methods and Applications)
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16 pages, 2255 KiB  
Article
Exploring the Functional Potential of the Xyrophytic Greek Carob (Ceratonia siliqua, L.) Cold Aqueous and Hydroethanolic Extracts
by Katerina Pyrovolou, Panagiota-Kyriaki Revelou, Maria Trapali, Irini F. Strati, Spyros J. Konteles, Petros A. Tarantilis and Anthimia Batrinou
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(16), 8909; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15168909 (registering DOI) - 13 Aug 2025
Abstract
The present study investigates the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and in vitro antidiabetic potential of cold infusions prepared from different parts of the Greek carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua L.), which is a xerophytic species. Carob samples, including green and ripe pods and leaves, were [...] Read more.
The present study investigates the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and in vitro antidiabetic potential of cold infusions prepared from different parts of the Greek carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua L.), which is a xerophytic species. Carob samples, including green and ripe pods and leaves, were collected from an urban area of Attica, Greece, and extracted using food-grade solvents (water and a water–ethanol mixture, 90:10, v/v). The extracts were evaluated for antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 using automated turbidometry. In addition, total phenolic content and antioxidant and antiradical activities were determined via spectrophotometry; the phenolic profile was analyzed using liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QToF-MS), and α-amylase inhibitory activity was assessed through an in vitro assay. All extracts exhibited statistically significant (p < 0.05) bacteriostatic effects, with green pods and leaves showing the highest activity. Ripe pods demonstrated the most potent α-amylase inhibition (up to 96.43%), especially when extracted with water–ethanol mixture (90:10, v/v). Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QToF-MS) analysis revealed a rich phenolic profile across all samples. While carob leaves showed no α-amylase inhibition, their phenolic profile suggests other potential health-related bioactivities. These findings support the development of carob-based functional food products and highlight the nutritional and pharmaceutical potential of this resilient Mediterranean crop. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Trends in Food Microbiology: Food Fermentation, Safety, and Production)
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21 pages, 794 KiB  
Article
A Study on the Application of Large Language Models Based on LoRA Fine-Tuning and Difficult-Sample Adaptation for Online Violence Recognition
by Zhengguang Gao, Shenjia Jing and Lihong Zhang
Symmetry 2025, 17(8), 1310; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17081310 (registering DOI) - 13 Aug 2025
Abstract
This study introduces the concept of symmetry as a fundamental theoretical perspective for understanding the linguistic structure of cyberbullying texts. It posits that such texts often exhibit symmetry breaking between surface-level language forms and underlying semantic intent. This structural-semantic asymmetry increases the complexity [...] Read more.
This study introduces the concept of symmetry as a fundamental theoretical perspective for understanding the linguistic structure of cyberbullying texts. It posits that such texts often exhibit symmetry breaking between surface-level language forms and underlying semantic intent. This structural-semantic asymmetry increases the complexity of the recognition task and places higher demands on the semantic modeling capabilities of detection systems. With the rapid growth of social media, the covert and harmful nature of cyberbullying speech has become increasingly prominent, posing serious challenges to public opinion management and public safety. While mainstream approaches to cyberbullying detection—typically based on traditional deep learning models or pre-trained language models—have achieved some progress, they still struggle with low accuracy, poor generalization, and weak interpretability when handling implicit, semantically complex, or borderline expressions. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a cyberbullying detection method that combines LoRA-based fine-tuning with Small-Scale Hard-Sample Adaptive Training (S-HAT), leveraging a large language model framework based on Meta-Llama-3-8B-Instruct. The method employs prompt-based techniques to identify inference failures and integrates model-generated reasoning paths for lightweight fine-tuning. This enhances the model’s ability to capture and represent semantic asymmetry in cyberbullying texts. Experiments conducted on the ToxiCN dataset demonstrate that the S-HAT approach achieves a precision of 84.1% using only 24 hard samples—significantly outperforming baseline models such as BERT and RoBERTa. The proposed method not only improves recognition accuracy but also enhances model interpretability and deployment efficiency, offering a practical and intelligent solution for cyberbullying mitigation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Symmetry-Based Approaches to Retrieval-Augmented Generation in Large Language Models)
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17 pages, 439 KiB  
Article
On the Geometry of Strictly Convex Surfaces Parameterized by Their Support Function and Ellipsoids in Rn+1
by Daniel Ballesteros-Chávez and Rodrigo Dávila-Figueroa
Symmetry 2025, 17(8), 1309; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17081309 (registering DOI) - 13 Aug 2025
Abstract
We investigate strictly convex hypersurfaces in Euclidean space that are parameterized by their support function. We obtain a differential equation for the support function restricted to curves on the sphere, and we give explicit parameterizations of ellipsoids in Rn+1 as [...] Read more.
We investigate strictly convex hypersurfaces in Euclidean space that are parameterized by their support function. We obtain a differential equation for the support function restricted to curves on the sphere, and we give explicit parameterizations of ellipsoids in Rn+1 as the inverse of their Gauss map, where symmetry plays an important role. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Mathematics)
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10 pages, 1374 KiB  
Case Report
A Partial Hydatidiform Mole in an Ovarian Ectopic Pregnancy: An Exceptional Occurrence
by Maria Paola Bonasoni, Roberta Zuntini, Khush Shah, Loredana De Marco, Eleonora Zanetti, Luca Pagliai, Immacolata Blasi, Emanuela Carossino, Alice Ferretti, Vincenzo Dario Mandato and Lorenzo Aguzzoli
Diagnostics 2025, 15(16), 2024; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15162024 (registering DOI) - 13 Aug 2025
Abstract
Background and Clinical Significance: Ovarian ectopic pregnancy (OEP) is a rare occurrence, and molar degeneration is even more exceptional. Differential diagnosis between a partial and complete hydatidiform mole is paramount as the complete type carries a higher risk of post-molar gestational trophoblastic [...] Read more.
Background and Clinical Significance: Ovarian ectopic pregnancy (OEP) is a rare occurrence, and molar degeneration is even more exceptional. Differential diagnosis between a partial and complete hydatidiform mole is paramount as the complete type carries a higher risk of post-molar gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. Herein, we describe a case of a partial mole in an OEP (OPHM) with thorough investigations. Case Presentation: A 39-year-old woman presented at 6 weeks of amenorrhea with abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding. Ultrasound showed no intrauterine pregnancy, but an ovarian cyst suspicious for OEP. The patient underwent surgical removal of the cyst. Histological diagnosis was suspicious for OPHM with only one abnormal villous. Immunohistochemistry for p57kip2 and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) were not conclusive. STR-based (Short Tandem Repeat) molecular technique demonstrated the chromosomal asset of 69,XXX, confirming the diagnosis of OPHM. The patient was fully monitored for 1 year with periodic measurements of beta-hCG levels. After that period, the patient was in good health and disease-free. Conclusions: Histologically, ancillary techniques might not be sufficient to confirm the diagnosis of a hydatidiform mole, especially if the tissue available is scarce. In this case, STR has been demonstrated an effective tool in defining the chromosomal asset, even in paraffin-embedded samples. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics)
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16 pages, 632 KiB  
Review
Autonomic Nervous System, Cognition, and Emotional Valence During Different Phases of the Menstrual Cycle—A Narrative Review
by Sankanika Roy, Elettra Agordati and Thomas D. W. Wilcockson
NeuroSci 2025, 6(3), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/neurosci6030078 (registering DOI) - 13 Aug 2025
Abstract
The menstrual cycle affects the autonomic nervous system (ANS), cognition, and emotional valence in all biological women. There exists a complex relationship between hormonal fluctuations, ANS, cognition, and emotional valence during the different phases of the menstrual cycle, which includes menstruation, the follicular [...] Read more.
The menstrual cycle affects the autonomic nervous system (ANS), cognition, and emotional valence in all biological women. There exists a complex relationship between hormonal fluctuations, ANS, cognition, and emotional valence during the different phases of the menstrual cycle, which includes menstruation, the follicular phase, ovulation, and the luteal phase. Hence, this narrative review is an attempt to comprehensively understand the effects of the menstrual cycle on the structural and functional integrity of the ANS. In order to provide a comprehensive understanding of the complex relationship between the menstrual cycle, hormonal fluctuations, and ANS function in biological women, this review examines key parameters, including heart rate variability (HRV), baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA), and pupillary light reflex (PLR), to investigate how these physiological systems are dynamically influenced by the cyclical changes in hormone levels and how these fluctuations impact various physiological and psychological outcomes, such as mood, cognition, and emotional regulation. There have been several studies previously performed to assess these parameters during different phases of the menstrual cycle. However, the results have been contradictory; therefore, this review explores possible reasons behind these inconsistent results, with likely reasons including irregularity in the menstrual cycles and differences in hormonal fluctuations between different women during similar phases of the menstrual cycle. Overall, there appears to be evidence to suggest that the menstrual cycle has both direct and indirect effects on ANS, cognition, and emotional valence, whilst measures of ANS may provide a means for assessing the effect of the menstrual cycle. Full article
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13 pages, 777 KiB  
Article
Seed Watermelon (Citrullus mucosospermus (Fursa))-Derived Coniferyl Alcohol as a Functional Ingredient in Remedies for Dry Skin: Evidence of Facilitated Lipogenesis in Human Sebocytes
by Shingo Fujita, Shoki Inoue, Christos C. Zouboulis, Takashi Fukuda, Toshiharu Hashizume and Tomohiro Itoh
Molecules 2025, 30(16), 3360; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30163360 (registering DOI) - 13 Aug 2025
Abstract
Sebum secreted by sebaceous glands mixes with sweat to form a protective film that aids in maintaining skin health. Reduced sebum production compromises such barrier functions, potentially leading to severe itchiness and inflammation. Therefore, incorporating moisturizers with ingredients promoting sebum secretion is desirable. [...] Read more.
Sebum secreted by sebaceous glands mixes with sweat to form a protective film that aids in maintaining skin health. Reduced sebum production compromises such barrier functions, potentially leading to severe itchiness and inflammation. Therefore, incorporating moisturizers with ingredients promoting sebum secretion is desirable. Wild watermelon possesses moisturizing and antioxidant properties, and its extracts are utilized in skin cosmetics and supplements. This study investigates whether seed watermelon (Citrullus mucosospermus (Fursa))—a species closely related to wild watermelon—influences sebum synthesis and can serve as a skin cosmetic raw ingredient. Several bioactive compounds—including coniferyl alcohol, coniferin, and p-coumaryl alcohol—were identified in the active third fraction of the fruit extract. Subsequently, SZ95 sebocytes stimulated with linoleic acid were stained using Oil Red O to detect lipogenesis facilitated by the identified bioactive compounds. Coniferyl alcohol promoted linoleic acid-stimulated lipogenesis by approximately 2.2-fold at a concentration of 300 µM. Lipidomic analyses confirmed an increase in total lipid content following coniferyl alcohol treatment, with notable increases in cholesterol ester, cardiolipin, and simple lipid content. Overall, these findings suggest that seed watermelon contains compounds that do influence sebum synthesis. Consequently, skin cosmetics containing seed watermelon fruit extracts with linoleic acid may benefit individuals with dry skin. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Medicinal Chemistry)
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24 pages, 53539 KiB  
Article
Gender Differences in Visual Perception of Park Landscapes Based on Eye-Tracking Technology: A Case Study of Beihai Park in Beijing
by Guaini Jiang, Shangwu Cao, Si Chen, Xin Tian and Min Cao
Buildings 2025, 15(16), 2858; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15162858 (registering DOI) - 13 Aug 2025
Abstract
Previous landscape design mostly relies on general standards, failing to fully consider gender differences in landscape visual perception, with relevant research still needing further exploration. This study takes Beijing’s Beihai Park as the research object, using five types of on-site-collected photos (water landscape, [...] Read more.
Previous landscape design mostly relies on general standards, failing to fully consider gender differences in landscape visual perception, with relevant research still needing further exploration. This study takes Beijing’s Beihai Park as the research object, using five types of on-site-collected photos (water landscape, plant landscape, architectural landscape, path landscape, and square landscape) as stimuli. Twenty males and twenty females participated in an eye-tracking experiment and a questionnaire survey to analyze gender differences in the visual perception of these five landscapes. The results show the following: (1) females show a “core–radiation” pattern, focusing on mid-short vision and environmental details; males focus on distant views and functional areas. (2) Females have slightly higher APD and fixation counts, with stronger cognitive/emotional fluctuations; males have longer total fixation time and more sustained attention. (3) Males prefer architectural/square landscapes, emphasizing functionality; females favor water/plant landscapes, prioritizing emotional connection with nature. (4) The total fixation time significantly impacts subjective evaluations; the average fixation duration is gender-neutral but uniquely affects evaluations of certain landscape types. This study has guiding significance for enhancing park landscapes’ inclusiveness and attractiveness, promoting different genders’ participation and satisfaction, and boosting space vitality and utilization efficiency. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Health, Wellbeing and Urban Design)
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19 pages, 4634 KiB  
Article
Tuning Titanium Surface Properties via μPPEO for Improved Osseointegration and Cell Adhesion
by Natália Z. P. De Melo, Stephany C. F. Bessa, Jussier O. Vitoriano, Carlos E. B. Moura, Rodrigo S. Pessoa and Clodomiro Alves-Junior
Materials 2025, 18(16), 3792; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18163792 (registering DOI) - 13 Aug 2025
Abstract
This study investigates a novel approach based on micro-pulse plasma electrolytic oxidation (μPPEO), aiming to improve the control over key parameters such as the Ca/P ratio, the formation of anatase and rutile phases, and the porosity of titanium surfaces—factors that are critical for [...] Read more.
This study investigates a novel approach based on micro-pulse plasma electrolytic oxidation (μPPEO), aiming to improve the control over key parameters such as the Ca/P ratio, the formation of anatase and rutile phases, and the porosity of titanium surfaces—factors that are critical for enhancing bioactivity. By employing electrical micro-pulses with widths of 50 μs or 100 μs, our aim was to restrict the discharge time and subsequent surface/electrolyte reactions. The results demonstrate that μPPEO-treated surfaces exhibit uniform pore diameters, a Ca/P ratio of approximately 1.67, and the better control of anatase/rutile formation. The μPPEO treatment successfully produced hydrophilic surfaces, with the 6Ti50 sample displaying the highest polar component of surface energy. Notably, this sample was the only one to support cell viability comparable to that of the polystyrene surface on the 24-well plate, emphasizing its strong potential for clinical applications. Across all treated surfaces, OFCOL osteoblasts displayed a spindle-like morphology with elongated filopodia, suggesting favorable cell interactions and adaptability to the treated surfaces. This study underscores the promise of PPEO as a valuable technique for biomedical applications, particularly in controlling and optimizing dental implant surfaces. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials)
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11 pages, 742 KiB  
Article
Evaluating UAVs for Non-Directional Beacon Calibration: A Cost-Effective Alternative to Manned Flight Inspections
by Andrej Novák and Patrik Veľký
Drones 2025, 9(8), 571; https://doi.org/10.3390/drones9080571 (registering DOI) - 13 Aug 2025
Abstract
The increasing demand for efficient aviation navigation system inspections has led to the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) as a flexible and cost-effective alternative to traditional manned aircraft. This study emphasizes the operational advantages of UAVs in transforming flight inspections, including Non-Directional [...] Read more.
The increasing demand for efficient aviation navigation system inspections has led to the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) as a flexible and cost-effective alternative to traditional manned aircraft. This study emphasizes the operational advantages of UAVs in transforming flight inspections, including Non-Directional Beacon (NDB) calibration. Following the successful performance evaluation of an NDB system in Banská Bystrica, Slovakia, using a manned aircraft, a UAV was deployed on the same flight path to validate its ability to replicate the procedure in terms of trajectory only, without performing any signal measurement. The UAV maintained accurate flight paths and continuous communication throughout the mission. A specialized rotatory system, operating at 868 MHz, enabled real-time tracking and ensured stable communication over long distances. The manned aircraft test revealed a maximum bearing deviation of 13.47° at 3.37 NM and a minimum received signal strength of −90 dBm, which approaches the ICAO threshold for en route navigation (±10°) but remains usable for diagnostic purposes. The UAV flight did not include signal capture but successfully completed the 40 NM profile with a circular error probable (CEP95) of 2.8 m and communication link uptime of 99.8%, confirming that the vehicle can meet procedural trajectory fidelity. These findings support the feasibility of UAV-based NDB inspections and provide the foundation for future test phases with onboard signal monitoring systems. Full article
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16 pages, 329 KiB  
Brief Report
Unveiling the Flowers: The Views of Female Victims of Rape on the Care Offered in a Teaching Hospital
by Melissa de Oliveira Araújo and Karla Patrícia Cardoso Amorim
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(8), 1264; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22081264 (registering DOI) - 13 Aug 2025
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the perception of women who were victims of rape about the care provided at a teaching hospital located in the northeast of Brazil. A qualitative study was conducted with seven women. The interviews took place in a trustworthy [...] Read more.
This study aimed to analyze the perception of women who were victims of rape about the care provided at a teaching hospital located in the northeast of Brazil. A qualitative study was conducted with seven women. The interviews took place in a trustworthy and confidential environment in the presence of a psychologist. The data were analyzed through content analysis, evidencing the women’s perceptions. The sample was achieved by convenience sampling and was homogeneous, with a profile of women who were young, white/black, and single, with low education and a history of sexual violence. Positive views about the care provided at the hospital included its status as a reference center, motivating women to seek health services. The legitimization of women’s rights, effective care, and the possibility of having a legal abortion were also mentioned. The challenges reported included the need for a prepared health team and more humanized and multidisciplinary care. Women who had suffered rape sought medical assistance for support, guidance, and a humane approach to understanding their rights, often finding a compassionate response from the teaching hospital staff. Despite advances in care, challenges remain, such as perceived judgment regarding legal abortion, highlighting the need for policies that better meet the needs of victims. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Behavioral and Mental Health)
24 pages, 2270 KiB  
Review
Established and Emerging Asthma Biomarkers with a Focus on Biologic Trials: A Narrative Review
by Philip F. Lavere, Kaitlin M. Phillips, Nicola A. Hanania and Muhammad Adrish
J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(8), 370; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15080370 (registering DOI) - 13 Aug 2025
Abstract
Chronic airway inflammation with variable airflow obstruction is clinical asthma, and it arises from distinct molecular and pathological mechanisms called endotypes. Biomarkers allow for precise endotype characterization and have been used in clinical trials to design, monitor, and evaluate outcomes for asthma biologic [...] Read more.
Chronic airway inflammation with variable airflow obstruction is clinical asthma, and it arises from distinct molecular and pathological mechanisms called endotypes. Biomarkers allow for precise endotype characterization and have been used in clinical trials to design, monitor, and evaluate outcomes for asthma biologic therapies. This review will highlight the central and evolving role of biomarkers for past, present, and future asthma, with a focus on regulatory-approved biologic therapies and emerging biomarkers. Established biomarkers, including serum immunoglobulin E (IgE), blood eosinophils, the fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), and serum periostin, helped elucidate the complex pathophysiology of the eosinophilic type 2 (T2) asthma endotype. Emerging biomarkers, or older biomarkers with emerging utility, include sputum inflammatory cells (eosinophils, neutrophils, interleukins), thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC), plasma eotaxin-3, eosinophil peroxidase (EPX), Clara/club cell secretory protein (CC16), and quantitative computerized tomography (QCT) imaging biomarkers (evaluating mucus plugging, air trapping, airway wall thickness, small airway remolding) and are increasingly used in clinical trials as secondary endpoints in evaluating efficacy, as well as in the clinical setting at specialized centers. The rapid advances in asthma research, due in part to biomarkers and biologic therapies, may soon standardize an end goal: symptom-free asthma remission without exacerbations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Therapeutic Approaches to Asthma in Clinical Medicine)
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