Advances in Sustainable Materials and Products

Topic Information

Dear Colleagues,

The development of new materials and the research on their applications are interdisciplinary. This is due to the need to study and make decisions for various relationships between the structure, properties, and functions of various types of materials. In addition, analyses and research on materials, including the processes of their creation, are concerned with the stabilization of the quality of materials, as well as taking actions in accordance with the principles of production activities and sustainable development. They are explored in the areas of production engineering science, mechanical engineering, and materials engineering, as well as the aforementioned area of sustainable development. There is a need to adapt materials and processes in accordance with the factories of the future, working with the idea of sustainable development, i.e., developing towards Industry 5.0. This includes investigating trends in advanced materials activities related to the environment, society, and economy in many fields of engineering science. This is in line with the so-called greening of production, i.e., making decisions supporting the reduction of natural resources, pollution, and waste, as well as the reuse of materials and reducing emissions in processes. Modern practices of sustainable production in the area of materials are in great demand as they contribute to the increase in the competitiveness of enterprises. However, dynamic market changes make simultaneous research and development of materials in terms of quality and environment difficult. Therefore, it is crucial to make decisions that will ensure the development and improvement of materials and processes in a way that is safe for the environment and at the same time meets the expectations of the market. Articles on improvements, including, but not limited to, material decision-making and their use in mechanical, energy, and environmental solutions, and novel manufacturing techniques, are particularly welcome.

Prof. Dr. Andrzej Pacana
Dr. Dominika Siwiec
Topic Editors

Keywords

Participating Journals

Journal Name	Impact Factor	CiteScore	Launched Year	First Decision (median)	APC
Applied Sciences applsci	2.7	4.5	2011	16.9 Days	CHF 2400	Submit
Energies energies	3.2	5.5	2008	16.1 Days	CHF 2600	Submit
Materials materials	3.4	5.2	2008	13.9 Days	CHF 2600	Submit
Processes processes	3.5	4.7	2013	13.7 Days	CHF 2400	Submit
Sustainability sustainability	3.9	5.8	2009	18.8 Days	CHF 2400	Submit

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Published Papers (18 papers)

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13 pages, 4248 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Influence of a Biofiller, Polylactide, on the General Characteristics of Epoxy-Based Materials

by Angelika Plota-Pietrzak, Leszek Czechowski and Anna Masek

Materials 2024, 17(5), 1069; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17051069 - 26 Feb 2024

Viewed by 499

Abstract

The aim of this work was to obtain epoxy-based composite structures with good mechanical performance, high aging resistance, and an improved degradability profile. For this purpose, powdered polylactide in the amount of 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 phr was introduced into the [...] Read more.

The aim of this work was to obtain epoxy-based composite structures with good mechanical performance, high aging resistance, and an improved degradability profile. For this purpose, powdered polylactide in the amount of 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 phr was introduced into the epoxy resin, and the composites were fabricated by a simple method, which is similar to that used on an industrial scale in the fabrication of these products. The first analysis concerned the study of the effect of PLA addition to epoxy resin-based composites on their mechanical properties. One-directional tensile tests of samples were performed for three directions (0, 90, and 45 degrees referring to the plate edges). Another aspect of this research was the assessment of the resistance of these composites to long-term exposure to solar radiation and elevated temperature. Based on the obtained results, it was observed that the samples containing 20 or 40 phr of polylactide were characterized by the lowest resistance to the solar aging process. It was therefore concluded that the optimal amount of polylactide in the epoxy resin composite should not be greater than 10 phr to maintain its mechanical behavior and high aging resistance. In the available literature, there are many examples in which scientists have proposed the use of various biofillers (e.g., lignin, starch, rice husk, coconut shell powder) in epoxy composites; however, the impact of polylactide on the general characteristics of the epoxy resin has not been described so far. Therefore, this work perfectly fills the gaps in the literature and may contribute to a more widespread use of additives of natural origin, which may constitute an excellent alternative to commonly used non-renewable compounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Sustainable Materials and Products)

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17 pages, 11177 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Preparation and Mechanism Analysis of Stainless Steel AOD Slag Mixture Base Materials

by Liuyun Huang, Guogao Wei, Zhuxin Lan, Yuliang Chen and Tun Li

Materials 2024, 17(5), 970; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17050970 - 20 Feb 2024

Viewed by 439

Abstract

To promote resourceful utilization of argon oxygen decarburization (AOD) slag, this research developed a new three-ash stabilized recycled aggregate with AOD slag, cement, fly ash (FA), and recycled aggregate (RA) as raw materials. The AOD slag was adopted as an equal mass replacement [...] Read more.

To promote resourceful utilization of argon oxygen decarburization (AOD) slag, this research developed a new three-ash stabilized recycled aggregate with AOD slag, cement, fly ash (FA), and recycled aggregate (RA) as raw materials. The AOD slag was adopted as an equal mass replacement for fly ash. The application of this aggregate in a road base layer was investigated in terms of its mechanical properties and mechanistic analysis. First, based on a cement: FA ratio of 1:4, 20 sets of mixed proportion schemes were designed for four kinds of cement dosage and AOD slag replacement rates (R/%). Through compaction tests and the 7-day unconfined compressive strength test, it was found that a 3% cement dosage met the engineering requirements. Then, the unconfined compressive strength test, indirect tensile strength test, compressive rebound modulus test, and expansion rate test were carried out at different age thresholds. The results showed that the mixture’s strength, modulus, and expansion rate increased initially and then stabilized with age, while the strength and modulus initially increased and then decreased with increasing R. Secondly, based on X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) used to analyze the mechanism, it was found that the strength, modulus, and expansion rate of the new material can be promoted by blending AOD slag, due to its ability to fully stimulate the hydration reaction and pozzolanic reaction of the binder. Finally, based on the strength and modulus results, R = 3% was identified as the optimal ratio, which provides a reference point for the effective application of AOD slag and RA in road base materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Sustainable Materials and Products)

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15 pages, 2190 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Characteristics of the Pressing Process and Density Profile of MUPF-Bonded Particleboards Produced from Waste Plywood

by Agnieszka Laskowska

Materials 2024, 17(4), 850; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17040850 - 10 Feb 2024

Viewed by 495

Abstract

Waste plywood containing phenol–formaldehyde (PF) resin is one of the materials that are difficult to use in the production of particleboards based on UF resin. Therefore, the aim of this research was to analyze the possibility of using this type of waste in [...] Read more.

Waste plywood containing phenol–formaldehyde (PF) resin is one of the materials that are difficult to use in the production of particleboards based on UF resin. Therefore, the aim of this research was to analyze the possibility of using this type of waste in the production of particleboards bonded with melamine-urea-phenol-formaldehyde (MUPF) resin in order to determine their suitability for particleboard production. The pressing process and density profile of three-layer particleboards were presented. The press closing time for mats containing only recovered particles in the core layer (100%), produced with a face layer ratio of 50%, a resin load for a face layer of 12%, and a core layer of 10%, at a unit pressure of 3 MPa, was 29% shorter than for the industrial particle mats. Regardless of the level of variability of independent factors, the heating time of the mats containing recovered particles was 10–20% shorter than the heating time of the mats with industrial particles. The greatest impact on the maximum density of the face layer of particleboards was observed for the content of the recovered particles and then the resin load. The maximum density area of the face layer was located closer to the surface in particleboards produced with a higher (80%, 100%) content of the recovered particles, a higher (i.e., 12% and 10%, respectively, for face and core layers) resin load, a lower (35%) face layer ratio, and a higher (3 MPa) unit pressure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Sustainable Materials and Products)

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12 pages, 1711 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study on Chrome Tanned Leather Shavings Modification—Properties and Prospective for Future Application

by Dorota Gendaszewska, Paulina Pipiak, Dorota Wieczorek and Katarzyna Sieczyńska

Processes 2024, 12(1), 228; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12010228 - 21 Jan 2024

Viewed by 842

Abstract

Chrome tanned leather shavings (CTLS) are considered one of the more difficult wastes to manage in the tanning industry. At the same time, this waste is an important source of good quality collagen. The few methods described in the literature for the valorization [...] Read more.

Chrome tanned leather shavings (CTLS) are considered one of the more difficult wastes to manage in the tanning industry. At the same time, this waste is an important source of good quality collagen. The few methods described in the literature for the valorization of these wastes usually require pre-treatment or activation. In this study, an attempt was made to see if raw chrome tanned leather shavings (CTLS) could be modified to obtain secondary raw materials with new physical properties. Glutaraldehyde, glycerol, EDCs, pectin, and tannins were selected for modification of the CTLS. The effectiveness of the processes carried out was confirmed by FTIR analysis of the materials obtained. Changes in the intensity of the characteristic collagen peak (amide I, amide II, and amide III) and changes in the position of the bands in the 1200–1000 cm⁻¹ region were observed in the recorded spectra. The modifications introduced confirmed changes in the physical properties of samples M1–M5, including an increase in bulk density from 0.15 to 0.59 g cm⁻³, and improved tensile strength is some cases. The elemental content results of the samples tested showed the resulting modified CTLS were free of Cd, Hg, Pb, and Cr(VI). It was also confirmed tanning waste contained significant amounts of various valuable elements. The research also included preliminary tests to assess the environmental impact of the modified materials. In a phytotoxicity test conducted on modified CTLS, M1 with pectins showed the highest root stimulation (105%), while samples with glutaraldehyde and unmodified CTLS showed significant root inhibition (75%, 74%). Other samples showed moderate plant toxicity and seed germination was not significantly affected. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Sustainable Materials and Products)

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24 pages, 4942 KiB  

Open AccessReview

White Paper on Textile Fibre Recycling Technologies

by Birgit Stubbe, Stijn Van Vrekhem, Sofie Huysman, Rémi G. Tilkin, Isabel De Schrijver and Myriam Vanneste

Sustainability 2024, 16(2), 618; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020618 - 10 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2045

Abstract

As both governments and customers push for sustainable and recyclable textile products, textile companies will have to change their linear business model to a circular one. The aim of the present work is to help these companies take action by providing an update [...] Read more.

As both governments and customers push for sustainable and recyclable textile products, textile companies will have to change their linear business model to a circular one. The aim of the present work is to help these companies take action by providing an update of the state-of-the-art of textile recycling technologies. Extensive desktop research was performed in order to prepare an overview of existing textile recycling technologies, their current state, and projected developments, also including facilitating technologies for sorting and disintegration of textile products, as well as virtual platforms that connect stakeholders and inform consumers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Sustainable Materials and Products)

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10 pages, 2267 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Water Purification Using Active Charcoal with Microbes and Chelated Iron Soaked into Its Micropores

by Hui-lian Xu, Ruitao Cai, Mengmeng Kong, Tao Ye, Jinsong Gu and Xiaoyong Liu

Sustainability 2023, 15(24), 16727; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152416727 - 11 Dec 2023

Viewed by 683

Abstract

Urbanization in China has led to a significant increase in surface water pollution, posing a threat to the health and safety of residents and hindering sustainable economic development. Individual traditional methods have been used to purify polluted water, including the use of bamboo-derived [...] Read more.

Urbanization in China has led to a significant increase in surface water pollution, posing a threat to the health and safety of residents and hindering sustainable economic development. Individual traditional methods have been used to purify polluted water, including the use of bamboo-derived activated charcoal, microbial material, and zero-valent iron. However, these methods have been found to have certain limitations. This study investigates the effects of an activated charcoal material combined with beneficial microbes and chelated nano-iron in removing nitrates. The experiments were conducted at various scales, including a bench-scale study, and studies of a small river, sewage plant tailwater, and artificially constructed wetlands. The microbes used included Bacillus spp., Lactobacillus spp., and yeasts. During the fermentation process, nano-scale iron powder was added, resulting in the formation of bivalent iron ions under anaerobic conditions. These ions were subsequently chelated by organic acids. Bamboo-derived activated charcoal was then soaked in the fermented liquid, allowing the microbes, chelated iron ions, and organic acids to infiltrate the pores of the activated charcoal. This activated charcoal material, containing microbes and chelated iron ions, demonstrated effective nitrate removal in laboratory experiments and sewage plant tailwater treatment, and water purification in wetlands and rivers. It is important to note that this research solely focused on the removal of nitrates, and further studies are required to confirm its effectiveness in other aspects of water purification. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Sustainable Materials and Products)

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22 pages, 3106 KiB  

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Sustainable Harnessing of SiO₂ Nanoparticles from Rice Husks: A Review of the Best Synthesis and Applications

by Alba Rodriguez-Otero, Vicmary Vargas, Anne Galarneau, Jimmy Castillo, Jan H. Christensen and Brice Bouyssiere

Processes 2023, 11(12), 3373; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11123373 - 05 Dec 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1579

Abstract

The extraction of silica particles from rice husks has been extensively studied. This review aims to present the most efficient approach to harnessing rice husk biomass and converting silica into high-value-added materials for direct applications to address current challenges like water purification. Rice [...] Read more.

The extraction of silica particles from rice husks has been extensively studied. This review aims to present the most efficient approach to harnessing rice husk biomass and converting silica into high-value-added materials for direct applications to address current challenges like water purification. Rice husks, as a residue from agriculture, had been largely used as a source of power through direct incineration in major rice-producing countries. However, rice husks present an intriguing opportunity as a renewable source of SiO₂, offering a low-cost adsorbent with a high surface area and ease of functionalization that can be transformed into diverse mesoporous silica structures or composites, enabling applications in catalysis, drug delivery, water treatment, etc. This dual potential of rice husks can be harnessed by combining bio-oil and syngas production through pyrolysis with the efficient extraction of SiO₂, ensuring the comprehensive utilization of the biomass. This review not only highlights the immense potential of silica nanoparticles but also serves as a roadmap for future investigations, with the ultimate aim of harnessing the full capabilities of this renewable and sustainable resource, contributing to the circular economy by yielding valuable by-products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Sustainable Materials and Products)

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23 pages, 13115 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

A Method of Producing Low-Density, High-Strength Thin Cement Sheets: Pilot Run for a Glass-Free Solar Panel

by Jyh-Jeng Deng, Teng-Hsuan Lin, Jean-Shyan Wang, Yao-Chung Hsiao, Grung-Yi Tu and Qi-Hung Huang

Materials 2023, 16(23), 7500; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16237500 - 04 Dec 2023

Viewed by 844

Abstract

This paper presents an innovative method of producing a low-density, high-strength, thin cement sheet. A seaweed powder was mixed with Portland cement, a foaming agent, calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA), and a quantity of water to create an A4-sized thin sheet with a thickness of [...] Read more.

This paper presents an innovative method of producing a low-density, high-strength, thin cement sheet. A seaweed powder was mixed with Portland cement, a foaming agent, calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA), and a quantity of water to create an A4-sized thin sheet with a thickness of 7 mm, which can withstand 1.5 kg in weight. This sheet was then covered with ethylene vinyl acetate and a backsheet to create a sandwiched cement sheet. The advantages of this sandwiched cement sheet are two-fold. First, it can support up to 13 kg in a static mechanical loading test, without bending, for over eight hours. Second, it can be quickly recovered at the end of its life cycle. This was a preliminary experiment to produce a large cement sheet that could satisfy the loading requirements for a solar panel. The purpose of the large, thin cement sheet is to replace the glass in a conventional solar panel and create a lightweight solar panel of less than 10 kg, which would mean that the installation of solar panels would become a one-person operation rather than a two-person operation. It would also increase the efficiency of the solar panel installation process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Sustainable Materials and Products)

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15 pages, 3185 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Durability Performance for Chloride Ingress Considering Long-Term Aged GGBFS and FA Concrete and Analysis of the Relationship between Concrete Mixture Characteristic and Passed Charge Using Machine Learning Algorithm

by Yong-Sik Yoon, Seung-Jun Kwon, Kyong-Chul Kim, YoungSeok Kim, Kyung-Taek Koh, Won-Young Choi and Kwang-Mo Lim

Materials 2023, 16(23), 7459; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16237459 - 30 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 663

Abstract

In this study, accelerated chloride diffusion tests are performed on ordinary Portland cement (OPC), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), and fly ash (FA) concretes aged 4–6 years. Passed charge is evaluated according to ASTM-C-1202 for 12 mixtures, considering water–binder (W/B) ratios (0.37, [...] Read more.

In this study, accelerated chloride diffusion tests are performed on ordinary Portland cement (OPC), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), and fly ash (FA) concretes aged 4–6 years. Passed charge is evaluated according to ASTM-C-1202 for 12 mixtures, considering water–binder (W/B) ratios (0.37, 0.42, and 0.47), GGBFS replacement rates (0%, 30%, 50%), and FA replacement rates (0% and 30%). The effects of aged days on passed charge reduction behavior are quantified through repetitive regression analysis. Among existing machine learning (ML) models, linear, lasso, and ridge models are used to analyze the correlation of aged days and mix properties with passed charge. Passed charge analysis considering long-term age shows a significant variability decrease of passed charge by W/B ratio with increasing age and added admixtures (GGBFS and FA). Furthermore, the higher the water–binder ratio in GGBFS and FA concretes, the greater the decrease in passed charge due to aged days. The ML model-based regression analysis shows high correlation when compressive strength and independent variables are considered together. Future work includes a correlational analysis between mixture properties and chloride ingress durability performance using deep learning models based on the time series properties of evaluation data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Sustainable Materials and Products)

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14 pages, 3923 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Comparison between Micro-Powder Injection Molding and Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing of Metal Powders for the Fabrication of Sintered Components

by Krzysztof Siedlecki, Marcin Słoma and Andrzej Skalski

Materials 2023, 16(23), 7268; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16237268 - 22 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 854

Abstract

Original compositions based on iron micro-powders and an organic binder mixture were developed for the fabrication of sintered metallic elements with micro-powder injection molding (µPIM) and material extrusion additive manufacturing of metal powders (MEX). The binder formulation was thoroughly adjusted to exhibit rheological [...] Read more.

Original compositions based on iron micro-powders and an organic binder mixture were developed for the fabrication of sintered metallic elements with micro-powder injection molding (µPIM) and material extrusion additive manufacturing of metal powders (MEX). The binder formulation was thoroughly adjusted to exhibit rheological and thermal properties suitable for µPIM and MEX. The focus was set on adapting the proper binder composition to meet the requirements for injection/extrusion and, at the same time, to have comparable thermogravimetric characteristics for the thermal debinding and sintering process. A basic analysis of the forming process indicates that the pressure has a low influence on clogging, while the temperature of the material and mold/nozzle impacts the viscosity of the composition significantly. The influence of the Fe micro-powder content in the range of 45–60 vol.% was evaluated against the injection/extrusion process parameters and properties of sintered elements. Different debinding and sintering processes (chemical and thermal) were evaluated for the optimal properties of the final samples. The obtained sintered elements were of high quality and showed minor signs of binder-related flaws, with shrinkage in the range of 10–15% for both the injection-molded and 3D printed parts. These results suggest that, with minor modifications, compositions tailored for the PIM technique can be adapted for the additive manufacturing of metal parts, achieving comparable characteristics of the parts obtained for both forming methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Sustainable Materials and Products)

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30 pages, 3211 KiB  

Open AccessReview

Natural Fiber Composite Filaments for Additive Manufacturing: A Comprehensive Review

by Irshad Ahamad Khilji, Chaitanya Reddy Chilakamarry, Athira Nair Surendran, Kunal Kate and Jagannadh Satyavolu

Sustainability 2023, 15(23), 16171; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152316171 - 21 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1814

Abstract

This research explores the potential and significance of 3D printing natural fiber composite (NFC) materials. The primary objective is to investigate the mechanical, thermal, and environmental properties of NFC filaments, mainly focusing on biodegradable, renewable fibers such as jute, hemp, flax, and kenaf. [...] Read more.

This research explores the potential and significance of 3D printing natural fiber composite (NFC) materials. The primary objective is to investigate the mechanical, thermal, and environmental properties of NFC filaments, mainly focusing on biodegradable, renewable fibers such as jute, hemp, flax, and kenaf. In addition to studying the properties of NFCs, our research delves into the challenges associated with processing, including moisture absorption and fiber-matrix interfacial bonding. The novelty of this work lies in the convergence of traditional composite materials with the versatility of 3D printing technology. NFC filaments offer unique advantages in terms of sustainability, and we examine their potential contributions to the circular economy. By using eco-friendly NFC materials in 3D printing, we aim to present a viable, environmentally responsible alternative to conventional synthetic composites. The importance of 3D printing NFCs stems from the ways their use can align with sustainability goals. These materials provide the advantages of renewability, reduced carbon impact, and in some cases, biodegradability. Their applications extend to various industries, such as automotive, construction, and packaging, where eco-friendly materials are increasingly sought. Such applications showcase the ways in which NFC-based 3D printing can contribute to a more environmentally responsible and sustainable future. This research explores the mechanical, thermal, and environmental properties of NFC materials, highlighting their unique advantages for 3D printing and the potential to have eco-friendly applications in diverse industries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Sustainable Materials and Products)

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17 pages, 11683 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Application of EDEM Simulation for Calculating and Optimizing a Closed Coal Fly Ash Screw Conveyor

by Van-Thien Tran, Ngoc-Tam Bui and Tuan-Anh Bui

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(22), 12169; https://doi.org/10.3390/app132212169 - 09 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1237

Abstract

In contemporary bulk material transportation systems, closed screw conveyors have become prevalent. These conveyors, enclosed within troughs or cylindrical bodies, effectively mitigate environmental contamination and material toxicity during transit. Their hermetic design prevents material dispersion by wind, thereby minimizing losses and preserving the [...] Read more.

In contemporary bulk material transportation systems, closed screw conveyors have become prevalent. These conveyors, enclosed within troughs or cylindrical bodies, effectively mitigate environmental contamination and material toxicity during transit. Their hermetic design prevents material dispersion by wind, thereby minimizing losses and preserving the integrity of raw materials, particularly those with potential health implications such as urea and cement. Consequently, employing a screw conveyor constitutes a prudent safety measure. Despite the widespread use of screw conveyors, a comprehensive understanding of the behavior of material particles within these systems remains elusive and subject to discrepancies across various methodologies. Presently, a multitude of calculation methods and applications exist, resulting in disparities between theoretical computations and practical implementation. Drawing upon Alan W. Roberts’ meticulously devised calculation methodology, renowned for its precision, the authors have developed a swift computational tool utilizing VBA Excel software 2023. Additionally, EDEM simulation software was employed to model granular material behavior. The ensuing calculations guided the selection of optimized technical dimensions for the screw conveyor, which were then fabricated and subjected to real-world testing at the Vinh Tan thermal power plant. Remarkably, the achieved output capacity demonstrated a mere 7% deviation from calculations performed with the VBA program and a 2% variation from those conducted via EDEM simulation. Furthermore, a comprehensive graph depicting the relationship between screw conveyor speed and capacity has been provided, affording a means to finely tune throughput with exceptional accuracy along the production line. The results obtained provide the basis for the development of a device that meets the required capacity specifications accurately and precisely on the first attempt. This accomplishment satisfies stringent capacity standards without the need for any adjustments or modifications, all while ensuring minimal cost and time efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Sustainable Materials and Products)

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9 pages, 2557 KiB  

Open AccessCommunication

The Q-Tube-Assisted Green Sustainable Synthesis of Fused Azines: New Synthetic Opportunities via Innovative Green Technology

by Abeer Nasser Al-Romaizan, Salem M. Bawaked, Tamer S. Saleh and Mohamed Mokhtar M. Moustafa

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(21), 11864; https://doi.org/10.3390/app132111864 - 30 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1250

Abstract

An efficient, economical, and green, sustainable synthesis of fused azines using Mg-Al hydrotalcite under a high-pressure Q-Tube reactor has been developed. This reaction proceeds through the aza-Michael addition of α,β-unsaturated ketone with different aminoazoles. This method offered excellent yields in a short reaction [...] Read more.

An efficient, economical, and green, sustainable synthesis of fused azines using Mg-Al hydrotalcite under a high-pressure Q-Tube reactor has been developed. This reaction proceeds through the aza-Michael addition of α,β-unsaturated ketone with different aminoazoles. This method offered excellent yields in a short reaction time that economically saved energy in addition to the protocol showing the reuse of the catalyst seven times without losing its catalytic activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Sustainable Materials and Products)

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22 pages, 8805 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

A Feasibility Study on the Lateral Behavior of a 3D-Printed Column for Application in a Wind Turbine Tower

by In-Hwan Yang, Quang-The Bui, Ji-Hun Park and Seung-Tae Jeong

Energies 2023, 16(20), 7218; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16207218 - 23 Oct 2023

Viewed by 785

Abstract

Although 3D printing technology has been applied worldwide, the problem of connecting a printed structure and a foundation has rarely been examined. In particular, loads in the horizontal direction, such as wind loads and earthquake loads, can significantly affect the stability of a [...] Read more.

Although 3D printing technology has been applied worldwide, the problem of connecting a printed structure and a foundation has rarely been examined. In particular, loads in the horizontal direction, such as wind loads and earthquake loads, can significantly affect the stability of a printed structure. Therefore, in this study, the effect of lateral loads on printed columns that were connected to a foundation by two types of connectors was investigated. A steel angle with bolts and couplers was used to connect the printed column to a concrete footing. In addition, two types of lateral reinforcement were applied to the printed column to enhance its bonding strength and shear resistance. The lateral reinforcements were attached to the interface of the printed layers at distances of 100 and 200 mm to investigate the effect of lateral reinforcement distance on the lateral behavior of the printed column. The results showed that the use of couplers as connections between the columns and foundation significantly improved the load capacity. Furthermore, the effects of the lateral reinforcement types and lateral reinforcement distances were assessed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Sustainable Materials and Products)

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9 pages, 1814 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Sugarcane Bagasse Ash as an Alternative Source of Silicon Dioxide in Sodium Silicate Synthesis

by Jesús A. Pérez-Casas, Antonio A. Zaldívar-Cadena, Anabel Álvarez-Mendez, Juan Jacobo Ruiz-Valdés, Salomé M. de la Parra-Arciniega, David C. López-Pérez and Astrid I. Sánchez-Vázquez

Materials 2023, 16(18), 6327; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16186327 - 21 Sep 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 888

Abstract

To reduce the environmental impacts from sodium silicate synthesis, a ceramic method was suggested, with sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) as the source of silicon dioxide and sodium carbonate. Although the production of sodium silicate is carried out on a large scale, it should [...] Read more.

To reduce the environmental impacts from sodium silicate synthesis, a ceramic method was suggested, with sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) as the source of silicon dioxide and sodium carbonate. Although the production of sodium silicate is carried out on a large scale, it should be noted that its process requires temperatures above 1000 °C; it also requires the use of highly corrosive agents such as sodium hydroxide and chlorine gas to neutralize the remaining sodium hydroxide. In the present study, the synthesis temperatures were reduced to 800 °C with a reaction time of 3 h by pressing equimolar mixtures of previously purified SCBA and sodium carbonate; then, heat treatment was carried out under the indicated conditions. The resulting materials were analyzed with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Among the crystalline phases, calcium disodium silicate was identified, in addition to sodium silicate; thus, it was inferred that the other components of the ash can interfere with the synthesis of silicate. Therefore, in order to obtain the highest composition of sodium silicate, a leaching treatment of the SCBA is required. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Sustainable Materials and Products)

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19 pages, 6282 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Production of Biodegradable Polymeric Composites with the Addition of Waste

by Fernando Antonio da Silva Fernandes, Juan Carlos Valdés Serra, Dayriane do Socorro de Oliveira Costa and Camilo Andrés Guerrero Martin

Materials 2023, 16(18), 6305; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16186305 - 20 Sep 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 724

Abstract

Several solutions have been presented to minimize the environmental impact generated by polymers produced from petroleum resources. This work produced a biopolymer using glycerol, starch (<5) and macaúba epicarp fiber (10–15–20–25–30%) as reinforcement. The interaction of glycerol with starch was favored by the [...] Read more.

Several solutions have been presented to minimize the environmental impact generated by polymers produced from petroleum resources. This work produced a biopolymer using glycerol, starch (<5) and macaúba epicarp fiber (10–15–20–25–30%) as reinforcement. The interaction of glycerol with starch was favored by the addition of acetic acid (CH₃COOH). The pH was adjusted with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) at a concentration of 0.1 mol·L⁻¹. The characterization was carried out through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared reflectance—FTIR, water solubility, biodegradability and technological properties. Through the results obtained in this work, it is observed that the tensile strength and modulus of elasticity are influenced by the addition of the fiber concentration; the sample that received a 30% addition presented 19.17 MPa and 348.12 MPa, respectively. All samples showed low solubility in water and low density, in addition to a high rate of degradability in soil with mass loss corresponding to 59% over a period of three months. The results of this investigation are satisfactory for the production of materials that can be used in everyday life, replacing conventional plastic. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Sustainable Materials and Products)

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14 pages, 822 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Bioresources in the Formation of New-Generation Products

by Vladimir Kolesnik, Eva Shcherbenko and Ylia Valeeva

Sustainability 2023, 15(18), 13830; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151813830 - 17 Sep 2023

Viewed by 802

Abstract

The development of new-generation products using the potential of Siberian bioresources is relevant in modern conditions. This process is aimed at protecting the health of people living in a polluted urban environment and the threat of the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic. The article highlights [...] Read more.

The development of new-generation products using the potential of Siberian bioresources is relevant in modern conditions. This process is aimed at protecting the health of people living in a polluted urban environment and the threat of the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic. The article highlights and describes the characteristic distinctive features of the beneficial properties of the wild flora of Siberia, presents the results of the research conducted by the authors, and provides an assessment of the state and potential of the natural resource base and bioresources of the ecosystem of the Siberian taiga. The study summarizes the current trends of the active part of the population of developed countries towards a healthy lifestyle, indicating an annual increase in demand for natural products. The article presents an analysis of scientific developments and their advantages over previously used methods of protection against infections in an indoor air pool. With the help of laboratory tests, the authors evaluated and justified the feasibility of a new proposed product created using bioresources of wild flora of Siberia which are valuable and useful for humans. It is established that the proposed scientific and technical solutions improve the quality of the products offered, stimulate the consumer to preserve health, and encourage reasonable environmental management. The production and implementation of the developed anti-aging products will contribute to the reduction of consumer race and improve the quality of life of the population of large cities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Sustainable Materials and Products)

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12 pages, 2555 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Modification of Bulk Density, Flow Property and Crystallinity of Microcrystalline Cellulose Prepared from Waste Cotton

by Sabiha Tasnim, Md. Fazlul Karim Tipu, Md. Sohel Rana, Md. Abdur Rahim, Mithila Haque, Md. Shah Amran, Abu Asad Chowdhury and Jakir Ahmed Chowdhury

Materials 2023, 16(16), 5664; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16165664 - 17 Aug 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1213

Abstract

The most affordable type of tablet is the immediately compressible tablet, which uses microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), a popular pharmaceutical excipient, as a filler or binder. To make it compatible with different active drugs and excipients, we tried to change some physical properties of [...] Read more.

The most affordable type of tablet is the immediately compressible tablet, which uses microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), a popular pharmaceutical excipient, as a filler or binder. To make it compatible with different active drugs and excipients, we tried to change some physical properties of the MCC. In the current study, we used a chelating agent to pretreat the waste cotton before pulping, bleaching, and finally, hydrochloric acid degradation with a concentration of 2N at 100 °C temperature for 20 min to prepare MCC. The prepared MCC was treated with different concentrations of sodium hydroxide at room temperature or at −20 °C followed by precipitation with hydrochloric acid or ethanol with complete washing with distilled water till neutralization. Evaluation of the degree of polymerization (DP) and FT-IR spectrum confirm the identity of the microcrystalline cellulose. The DP was found to be 216. The bulk density of the unmodified MCC was 0.21 while that of modified MCC varied from 0.253 to 0.594. The modified MCC powder showed good flow properties compared to the unmodified MCC as evaluated by the Hausner index, Carr’s index and the angle of repose. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the MCC revealed that the rod shape has been changed to an oval shape due to treatment with sodium hydroxide at −20 °C. The X-ray crystallographic (XRD) analysis indicated that the unmodified MCC and standard MCC showed the crystallinity index (CrI) value of 86.82% and 87.63%, respectively, while the value ranges from 80.18% to 60.7% among the modified MCC powder. The differences in properties of the MCC might be due to the variation of rearrangement of the cellulose chain among the MCC particles due to treatment with different concentrations of a base at different temperatures and precipitation environments. This has enabled us to prepare MCC with different properties which might be compatible with different drugs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Sustainable Materials and Products)

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