Hydrogen Production Processes

Topic Information

Dear Colleagues,

Hydrogen is a versatile, clean, and safe energy carrier that can be used as fuel for power or in industry as feedstock in several industrial processes. It can be produced both from renewable sources and from carbon-abated fossil fuels. H₂ possesses several advantages: at the point of use, zero emissions are assured; it can be stored and transported at high energy density in liquid or gaseous form; It can be combusted or used in fuel cells to generate heat and electricity.

The need for an energy transition is widely understood and shared; however, the implications and challenges that must be resolved call for a concerted effort. Hydrogen has the potential to be a powerful enabler of this transition as it offers a clean, sustainable, and flexible option for overcoming multiple obstacles that stand in the way of a resilient and low-carbon economy. The concept of mitigating climate change by transitioning to a low greenhouse gas emission-energy system, much reduced particulate emissions, and more sustainable, even circular, consumption and production, enjoys broad global support. The international community has embraced the idea in multiple international agreements, including the Sustainability Development Goals (SDGs), Habitat III, and COP21 in Paris. With COP21, 195 countries adopted the first universal, legally binding global climate deal that aims to keep “the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit warming to 1.5 °C”. To achieve the ambitions of COP21, Habitat III, and SDGs across all sectors, the world needs to embark on one of the most profound transformations in its history: a transition of energy supply and consumption from a system fueled primarily by non-renewable, carbon-based energy sources to one fueled by clean, low-carbon energy sources. New energy carriers will be needed to transfer the growing share of decarbonized primary energy toward the energy demand side while maintaining the quality of energy services provided to end uses (residential, industries, and transport).

One energy carrier promises to have the greatest possible impact when it comes to decarbonizing and implementing changes at scale: hydrogen. The present Topic is focused on the latest developments in the field of hydrogen production and use; therefore, papers regarding all the aspects related to these fields, including energy supply, reactors, catalysts, users, and so on, are welcome.

Dr. Eugenio Meloni
Dr. Marco Martino
Dr. Concetta Ruocco
Topic Editors

Keywords

Participating Journals

Journal Name	Impact Factor	CiteScore	Launched Year	First Decision (median)	APC
Catalysts catalysts	3.8	6.8	2011	13.9 Days	CHF 2200
Energies energies	3.0	6.2	2008	16.8 Days	CHF 2600
Hydrogen hydrogen	-	3.6	2020	14.8 Days	CHF 1000
Nanomaterials nanomaterials	4.4	8.5	2010	14.1 Days	CHF 2400
Processes processes	2.8	5.1	2013	14.9 Days	CHF 2400

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Published Papers (12 papers)

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All Catalysts Energies Hydrogen Nanomaterials Processes

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19 pages, 4579 KiB  

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A New Ammonia Kinetic Model in Ru-Catalyzed Steam-Reforming Reaction Containing N₂ in Natural Gas

by Chulmin Kim, Juhan Lee and Sangyong Lee

Catalysts 2023, 13(10), 1380; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal13101380 - 19 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2713

Abstract

Hydrogen for building fuel cells is primarily produced by natural-gas steam-reforming reactions. Pipeline-transported natural gas in Europe and North America used to contain about 1% to 5% N₂, which reacts with H₂ in steam-reforming reactions to form NH₃. [...] Read more.

Hydrogen for building fuel cells is primarily produced by natural-gas steam-reforming reactions. Pipeline-transported natural gas in Europe and North America used to contain about 1% to 5% N₂, which reacts with H₂ in steam-reforming reactions to form NH₃. In the case of Ru, one of the catalysts used in natural-gas steam-reforming reactions, the activity of the NH₃-formation reaction is higher than that of Ni and Rh catalysts. Reforming gas containing NH₃ is known to poison Pt catalysts in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) and also poison catalysts in preferential oxidation (PROX). In this study, Langmuir–Hinshelwood-based models of the NH₃-formation reaction considering H₂ and CO were proposed and compared with a simplified form of the Temkin–Pyzhev model for NH₃-formation rate. The kinetic parameters of each model were optimized by performing multi-objective function optimization on the experimental results using a tube-type reactor and the numerical results of a plug-flow one-dimension simple SR (steam-reforming) reactor. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Hydrogen Production Processes)

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24 pages, 4860 KiB  

Open AccessReview

Proton-Conducting Ceramic Membranes for the Production of Hydrogen via Decarbonized Heat: Overview and Prospects

by Maria Giovanna Buonomenna

Hydrogen 2023, 4(4), 807-830; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen4040050 - 13 Oct 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3837

Abstract

Proton-conducting ceramic membranes show high hydrogen ion conductivity in the temperature range of 300–700 °C. They are attracting significant attention due to their relevant characteristics compared to both higher-temperature oxygen ion-conducting ceramic membranes and lower-temperature proton-conducting polymers. The aim of this review is [...] Read more.

Proton-conducting ceramic membranes show high hydrogen ion conductivity in the temperature range of 300–700 °C. They are attracting significant attention due to their relevant characteristics compared to both higher-temperature oxygen ion-conducting ceramic membranes and lower-temperature proton-conducting polymers. The aim of this review is to integrate the fundamentals of proton-conducting ceramic membranes with two of their relevant applications, i.e., membrane reactors (PCMRs) for methane steam reforming (SMR) and electrolysis (PCEC). Both applications facilitate the production of pure H₂ in the logic of process intensification via decarbonized heat. Firstly, an overview of various types of hydrogen production is given. The fundamentals of proton-conducting ceramic membranes and their applications in PCMRs for SMR and reversible PCEC (RePCEC), respectively, are given. In particular, RePCECs are of particular interest when renewable power generation exceeds demand because the excess electrical energy is converted to chemical energy in the electrolysis cell mode, therefore representing an appealing solution for energy conversion and grid-scale storage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Hydrogen Production Processes)

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13 pages, 3216 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Development of an In-House Code for Dry Tower of Heat Transfer Analysis in Hydrogen Purification System

by Sooin Kwon, Seongyong Eom, Jang-Sik Yang and Gyungmin Choi

Energies 2023, 16(13), 5090; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16135090 - 30 Jun 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1898

Abstract

The purity of hydrogen finally purified in the hydrogen purification process system is greatly influenced by the uniformity of the purification temperature of the dry tower. An in-house code that can be easily used by field designers has been developed to predict the [...] Read more.

The purity of hydrogen finally purified in the hydrogen purification process system is greatly influenced by the uniformity of the purification temperature of the dry tower. An in-house code that can be easily used by field designers has been developed to predict the capacity of the appropriate heat source and the time to reach the temperature of the dry tower. A code was developed to predict unsteady heat transfer using VBA. To verify the developed code, a grid independence test was performed, and finally, calculations were performed for two cases. The factor that influences the temperature history over time is the precise determination of values for the density, specific heat, and thermal conductivity of the heterogeneous materials composing the dryer tower. It was confirmed that the developed code well describes the actual test trend data of the regeneration process of adsorption and desorption, and it is judged that the code developed in the design process of various capacity systems will be effectively applied to the heat capacity calculation in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Hydrogen Production Processes)

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19 pages, 3391 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

CO Removal from Hydrogen Stream through Methanation on Ru/C Catalysts Doped with Lanthanum and Barium

by Elżbieta Truszkiewicz, Aleksandra Bielecka, Ewa M. Iwanek (nee Wilczkowska), Milena Ojrzyńska and Andrzej Ostrowski

Hydrogen 2023, 4(2), 389-407; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen4020027 - 20 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2142

Abstract

The influence of the lanthanum and barium addition on the physicochemical properties and catalytic behavior of the Ru/C catalyst for CO methanation was investigated. The catalyst was doped with La or with La plus Ba. It was found out that there are various [...] Read more.

The influence of the lanthanum and barium addition on the physicochemical properties and catalytic behavior of the Ru/C catalyst for CO methanation was investigated. The catalyst was doped with La or with La plus Ba. It was found out that there are various ways the additives were applied in the study, thus changing the catalytic performance of the basic material and influencing the susceptibility of the carbon support in relation to undesired methanation. The highest catalytic activity, 23.46 (mmol CO/g_C+Ru × h), was achieved for the LaRu/C system, with methane selectivity exceeding 80% over the whole temperature range. Ba addition caused a significant decrease in activity. TG-MS studies revealed that both La and Ba improved the resistance of the carbon support to undesired methanation. Detailed characterization methods, employing XRPD, Raman spectroscopy, CO chemisorption, and SEM-EDX, showed that the catalytic behavior of the studied catalysts was attributed to lanthanum distribution over the Ru/C materials surface and structural changes in the carbon support affecting electron supply to the metallic active phase. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Hydrogen Production Processes)

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16 pages, 6031 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Natural Gas Pyrolysis in a Liquid Metal Bubble Column Reaction System—Part II: Pyrolysis Experiments and Discussion

by Christoph Michael Hofberger, Benjamin Dietrich, Inés Durán Vera, Ralf Krumholz, Leonid Stoppel, Neele Uhlenbruck and Thomas Wetzel

Hydrogen 2023, 4(2), 357-372; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen4020025 - 9 Jun 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 10609

Abstract

This contribution presents the results of continued investigations on the production of hydrogen by means of pyrolysis in a liquid metal bubble column reactor, as developed at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology in recent years. Part I of this contribution described the motivation [...] Read more.

This contribution presents the results of continued investigations on the production of hydrogen by means of pyrolysis in a liquid metal bubble column reactor, as developed at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology in recent years. Part I of this contribution described the motivation and the methodology of this study, as well as a significant scale-up, and discussed its results for pure methane pyrolysis. Here in part II, two additional experimental campaigns with methane–ethane mixtures (MEMs) and high-calorific natural gas (nGH) will be presented and discussed for the first time, using the up-scaled liquid metal bubble column reactor. It could be proven that an MEM as the feed gas led to an increase in methane conversion at low temperatures, which is consistent with the literature data. The nGH pyrolysis confirms this trend and also results in a significant rise in methane conversion compared to pure methane pyrolysis. Furthermore, the nGH pyrolysis leads to an increased methane conversion even at higher temperatures compared to MEM pyrolysis. Additionally, both MEM and nGH pyrolysis also showed a shift in the formation of by-products toward lower temperatures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Hydrogen Production Processes)

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12 pages, 1354 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Natural Gas Pyrolysis in a Liquid Metal Bubble Column Reaction System—Part I: Experimental Setup and Methods

by Christoph Michael Hofberger, Benjamin Dietrich, Inés Durán Vera, Ralf Krumholz, Leonid Stoppel, Neele Uhlenbruck and Thomas Wetzel

Hydrogen 2023, 4(2), 295-306; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen4020021 - 17 May 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 11763

Abstract

Hydrogen is not only an important industrial chemical but also an energy carrier with increasing demand. However, the current production techniques are based on technologies that result in massive CO₂ emissions. In contrast, the pyrolysis of alkanes in a liquid metal bubble [...] Read more.

Hydrogen is not only an important industrial chemical but also an energy carrier with increasing demand. However, the current production techniques are based on technologies that result in massive CO₂ emissions. In contrast, the pyrolysis of alkanes in a liquid metal bubble column reactor does not lead to direct CO₂ emissions. In order to transfer this technology from lab-scale to industrial applications, it has to be scaled up and the influences of the most common constituent of natural gas on the pyrolysis process have to be determined. For this study, the liquid metal bubble column technology developed at the KIT was scaled up by a factor of 3.75, referred to as the reactor volume. In this article, the experimental setup containing the reactor is described in detail. In addition, new methods for the evaluation of experimental data will be presented. The reactor, as well as the experimental results from pure methane pyrolysis (PM), will be compared to the previous generation of reactors in terms of methane conversion. It could be proven that scaling up the reactor volume did not result in a decrease in methane conversion. For part II of this publication, methane-ethane (MEM) gas mixtures and high calorific natural gas (nGH) were pyrolyzed, and the results were discussed on the basis of the present part I. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Hydrogen Production Processes)

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15 pages, 2163 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Process Assessment of Integrated Hydrogen Production from By-Products of Cottonseed Oil-Based Biodiesel as a Circular Economy Approach

by Dhyna Analyes Trirahayu, Akhmad Zainal Abidin, Ridwan P. Putra, Firda Dwita Putri, Achmad Syarif Hidayat and Muhammad Iqbal Perdana

Hydrogen 2023, 4(2), 272-286; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen4020019 - 8 May 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3301

Abstract

Cottonseed oil (CSO) is well known as one of the commercial cooking oils. However, CSO still needs to compete with other edible oils available in the market due to its small production scale and high processing cost, which makes it a potential candidate [...] Read more.

Cottonseed oil (CSO) is well known as one of the commercial cooking oils. However, CSO still needs to compete with other edible oils available in the market due to its small production scale and high processing cost, which makes it a potential candidate as a feedstock for biodiesel production. To date, transesterification is the most widely applied technique in the conversion of vegetable oil to biodiesel, with glycerol produced as a by-product. Large-scale biodiesel production also implies that more glycerol will be produced, which can be further utilized to synthesize hydrogen via the steam reforming route. Therefore here, an integrated biodiesel and hydrogen production from CSO was simulated using Aspen Hysys v11. Simulation results showed that the produced biodiesel has good characteristics compared to standard biodiesel. An optimum steam-to-glycerol ratio for hydrogen production was found to be 4.5, with higher reaction temperatures up to 750 °C resulting in higher hydrogen yield and selectivity. In addition, a simple economic analysis of this study showed that the integrated process is economically viable. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Hydrogen Production Processes)

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50 pages, 11711 KiB  

Open AccessReview

Recent Advances in High-Temperature Steam Electrolysis with Solid Oxide Electrolysers for Green Hydrogen Production

by Mohsen Fallah Vostakola, Hasan Ozcan, Rami S. El-Emam and Bahman Amini Horri

Energies 2023, 16(8), 3327; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16083327 - 8 Apr 2023

Cited by 57 | Viewed by 11312

Abstract

Hydrogen is known to be the carbon-neutral alternative energy carrier with the highest energy density. Currently, more than 95% of hydrogen production technologies rely on fossil fuels, resulting in greenhouse gas emissions. Water electrolysis is one of the most widely used technologies for [...] Read more.

Hydrogen is known to be the carbon-neutral alternative energy carrier with the highest energy density. Currently, more than 95% of hydrogen production technologies rely on fossil fuels, resulting in greenhouse gas emissions. Water electrolysis is one of the most widely used technologies for hydrogen generation. Nuclear power, a renewable energy source, can provide the heat needed for the process of steam electrolysis for clean hydrogen production. This review paper analyses the recent progress in hydrogen generation via high-temperature steam electrolysis through solid oxide electrolysis cells using nuclear thermal energy. Protons and oxygen-ions conducting solid oxide electrolysis processes are discussed in this paper. The scope of this review report covers a broad range, including the recent advances in material development for each component (i.e., hydrogen electrode, oxygen electrode, electrolyte, interconnect, and sealant), degradation mechanisms, and countermeasures to mitigate them. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Hydrogen Production Processes)

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10 pages, 1189 KiB  

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

WO₃ Nanorods Decorated with Very Small Amount of Pt for Effective Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

by Giacometta Mineo, Luca Bruno, Elena Bruno and Salvo Mirabella

Nanomaterials 2023, 13(6), 1071; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13061071 - 16 Mar 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2464

Abstract

The electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is one of the most promising green methods for the efficient production of renewable and sustainable H₂, for which platinum possesses the highest catalytic activity. Cost-effective alternatives can be obtained by reducing the Pt amount [...] Read more.

The electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is one of the most promising green methods for the efficient production of renewable and sustainable H₂, for which platinum possesses the highest catalytic activity. Cost-effective alternatives can be obtained by reducing the Pt amount and still preserving its activity. The Pt nanoparticle decoration of suitable current collectors can be effectively realized by using transition metal oxide (TMO) nanostructures. Among them, WO₃ nanorods are the most eligible option, thanks to their high stability in acidic environments, and large availability. Herein, a simple and affordable hydrothermal route is used for the synthesis of hexagonal WO₃ nanorods (average length and diameter of 400 and 50 nm, respectively), whose crystal structure is modified after annealing at 400 °C for 60 min, to obtain a mixed hexagonal/monoclinic crystal structure. These nanostructures were investigated as support for the ultra-low-Pt nanoparticles (0.2–1.13 μg/cm²): decoration occurs by drop casting some drops of a Pt nanoparticle aqueous solution and the electrodes were tested for the HER in acidic environment. Pt-decorated WO₃ nanorods were characterized by performing scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and chronopotentiometry. HER catalytic activity is studied as a function of the total Pt nanoparticle loading, thus obtaining an outstanding overpotential of 32 mV at 10 mA/cm², a Tafel slope of 31 mV/dec, a turn-over frequency of 5 Hz at −15 mV, and a mass activity of 9 A/mg at 10 mA/cm² for the sample decorated with the highest Pt amount (1.13 μg/cm²). These data show that WO₃ nanorods act as excellent supports for the development of an ultra-low-Pt-amount-based cathode for efficient and low-cost electrochemical HER. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Hydrogen Production Processes)

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38 pages, 3508 KiB  

Open AccessReview

Methane Reforming Processes: Advances on Mono- and Bimetallic Ni-Based Catalysts Supported on Mg-Al Mixed Oxides

by Soroosh Saeedi, Xuan Trung Nguyen, Filippo Bossola, Claudio Evangelisti and Vladimiro Dal Santo

Catalysts 2023, 13(2), 379; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal13020379 - 9 Feb 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3403

Abstract

Ni-based catalysts supported on Mg-Al mixed oxides (Mg(Al)O) have been intensively investigated as catalysts for CH₄ reforming processes (i.e., steam reforming (SMR) and dry reforming (DRM)), which are pivotal actors in the expanding H₂ economy. In this review, we provide for [...] Read more.

Ni-based catalysts supported on Mg-Al mixed oxides (Mg(Al)O) have been intensively investigated as catalysts for CH₄ reforming processes (i.e., steam reforming (SMR) and dry reforming (DRM)), which are pivotal actors in the expanding H₂ economy. In this review, we provide for the first time an in-depth analysis of homo- and bimetallic Ni-based catalysts supported on Mg(Al)O supports reported to date in the literature and used for SMR and DRM processes. Particular attention is devoted to the role of the synthesis protocols on the structural and morphological properties of the final catalytic materials, which are directly related to their catalytic performance. It turns out that the addition of a small amount of a second metal to Ni (bimetallic catalysts), in some cases, is the most practicable way to improve the catalyst durability. In addition, besides more conventional approaches (i.e., impregnation and co-precipitation), other innovative synthesis methods (e.g., sol-gel, atomic layer deposition, redox reactions) and pretreatments (e.g., plasma-based treatments) have shown relevant improvements in identifying and controlling the interaction among the constituents most useful to improve the overall H₂ productivity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Hydrogen Production Processes)

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11 pages, 3194 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Formation and Detection of Hydrogen by Oxygen Discharge Using Oxygen Pump-Sensor

by Michihisa Fukumoto and Kano Nakajima

Hydrogen 2022, 3(4), 463-473; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen3040029 - 18 Nov 2022

Viewed by 1857

Abstract

An oxygen pump sensor was constructed using yttria-stabilized zirconia, which is an oxide ion conductor, and oxygen was discharged from steam to generate hydrogen. The oxygen pump sensor consisted of a pump that discharges oxygen and a sensor that controls the oxygen partial [...] Read more.

An oxygen pump sensor was constructed using yttria-stabilized zirconia, which is an oxide ion conductor, and oxygen was discharged from steam to generate hydrogen. The oxygen pump sensor consisted of a pump that discharges oxygen and a sensor that controls the oxygen partial pressure by having electrodes in two places. Oxygen was discharged by applying a current to the pump by controlling the potential of the sensor. Hydrogen was then generated from water vapor. Furthermore, an oxygen pump sensor was installed in the second stage, oxygen was supplied by the pump, and the amount of generated hydrogen was measured in situ. This measurement showed that the oxygen partial pressure of the atmosphere decreased as hydrogen was generated. Specifically, the partial pressure of the water vapor generated more hydrogen at 30.8 vol.% than at 12.2 vol.%. Moreover, the amounts of oxygen discharged and hydrogen generated inversely correlated with the potential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Hydrogen Production Processes)

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16 pages, 4167 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Options for Methane Fuel Processing in PEMFC System with Potential Maritime Applications

by Eun-Shin Bang, Myoung-Hwan Kim and Sang-Kyun Park

Energies 2022, 15(22), 8604; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15228604 - 17 Nov 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2261

Abstract

Proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are low-temperature fuel cells that have excellent starting performance due to their low operating temperature, can respond quickly to frequent load fluctuations, and can be manufactured in small packages. Unlike existing studies that mainly used hydrogen as fuel [...] Read more.

Proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are low-temperature fuel cells that have excellent starting performance due to their low operating temperature, can respond quickly to frequent load fluctuations, and can be manufactured in small packages. Unlike existing studies that mainly used hydrogen as fuel for PEMFCs, in this study, methane is used as fuel for PEMFCs to investigate its performance and economy. Methane is a major component of natural gas, which is more economically competitive than hydrogen. In this study, methane gas is reformed by the steam reforming method and is applied to the following five gas post-treatment systems: (a) Case 1—water–gas shift only (WGS), (b) Case 2—partial oxidation reforming only (PROX), (c) Case 3—methanation only, (d) Case 4—WGS + methanation, (e) Case 5—WGS + PROX. In the evaluation, the carbon monoxide concentration in the gas did not exceed 10 ppm, and the methane component, which has a very large greenhouse effect, was not regenerated in the post-treated exhaust gas. As a result, Case 5 (WGS and PROX) is the only case that satisfied both criteria. Therefore, we propose Case 5 as an optimized post-treatment system for methane reforming gas in ship PEMFCs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Hydrogen Production Processes)

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