Clean Energy Technologies and Assessment, 2nd Edition

Topic Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Topic, titled “Clean Energy Technologies and Assessment, 2nd Edition”, invites submissions on all aspects and scales of technologies for clean and efficient energy generation and utilization that reduce the environmental impact of energy production and use, from laboratory research to commercial applications.

This Topic’s scope covers, but is not limited to, numerical and experimental investigations into technological development, improvement, and integration, alongside case studies and analyses related to regulations, standards, and policies, covering the following areas:

• Clean energy conversion, utilization, and storage;
• Modeling, simulation, and computational optimization of energy systems;
• Experimental analysis of energy systems;
• Renewable energy sources and technologies;
• Alternative fuel technologies;
• Advanced energy conversion technologies;
• Conventional energy sources in energy transition;
• Energy storage technologies;
• Cogeneration, trigeneration, and polygeneration technologies;
• Distributed generation, smart grids, and local self-sufficiency in energy supply;
• Energy efficiency;
• Hybrid energy systems;
• Smart buildings and energy-saving, passive, and nearly zero-energy buildings;
• Green fuel/energy for mobility;
• Modeling for pollution avoidance;
• Measurements, automation, and monitoring in energy systems;
• Green economy;
• Energy markets;
• Energy policy;
• Renewable energy community;
• Power to x technologies;
• Novel approach for handling the excess of renewable energy as compressed air energy storage or liquid CO₂ energy storage;
• Other topics connected with clean and green energy engineering and related technologies;
• Life cycle assessment of renewable energy plants;
• Power to water;
• Wast to water.

Prof. Dr. Francesco Calise
Dr. Maria Vicidomini
Dr. Rafał Figaj
Dr. Francesco Liberato Cappiello
Topic Editors

Keywords

Participating Journals

Journal Name	Impact Factor	CiteScore	Launched Year	First Decision (median)	APC
Applied Sciences applsci	2.5	6.1	2011	16 Days	CHF 2400	Submit
Batteries batteries	4.8	9.8	2015	19.2 Days	CHF 2700	Submit
Clean Technologies cleantechnol	4.7	9.4	2019	20 Days	CHF 1800	Submit
Energies energies	3.2	8.3	2008	16.8 Days	CHF 2600	Submit
Energy Storage and Applications esa	-	-	2024	15.0 days *	CHF 1000	Submit
Solar solar	-	7.2	2021	19.8 Days	CHF 1200	Submit
Sustainability sustainability	3.3	8.9	2009	17.9 Days	CHF 2400	Submit
Thermo thermo	2.3	4.4	2021	26.1 Days	CHF 1200	Submit

* Median value for all MDPI journals in the second half of 2025.

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Published Papers (11 papers)

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All Applied Sciences Clean Technol. Energies Sustainability Thermo Solar Batteries ESA

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48 pages, 26371 KB  

Open AccessArticle

Ammonia Combustion Stability: NOx Emissions and Mitigation Strategies

by Hossein Ali Yousefi Rizi and Donghoon Shin

Clean Technol. 2026, 8(3), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol8030084 - 2 Jun 2026

Viewed by 122

Abstract

Ammonia, as a carbonless carrier of energy, presents considerable potential for hydrogen storage and production, as well as for power generation, thanks to its high energy density and relatively easy transportability. However, the practical adoption of ammonia in combustion systems faces major stability [...] Read more.

Ammonia, as a carbonless carrier of energy, presents considerable potential for hydrogen storage and production, as well as for power generation, thanks to its high energy density and relatively easy transportability. However, the practical adoption of ammonia in combustion systems faces major stability challenges—chiefly its low reactivity, slow laminar burning velocity, narrow flammability envelope, and high ignition temperature. These attributes increase the risks of flame instability, misfire, and incomplete combustion, which, in turn, can elevate levels of unburned ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions such as NOx—posing significant health and climate concerns. Stable ammonia combustion demands optimization of several interrelated factors: the air–fuel equivalence ratio, flame temperature, flow regime, and combustor design are critical for maintaining reliable operation. Particularly pivotal is the control of the air–fuel equivalence ratio; excessively lean conditions can trigger flameout. Modern systems utilize real-time monitoring of flame and exhaust properties to diagnose and prevent instabilities. Advanced combustion strategies, such as transitioning to diffusion or flameless (MILD) regimes, substantially expand the stable operating window, especially under lean conditions. Overall, sustaining stable ammonia combustion is essential for maximizing efficiency and emission control, and integrating aftertreatment (deNOx) technologies is crucial for sustainable, clean-energy implementation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Clean Energy Technologies and Assessment, 2nd Edition)

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17 pages, 5743 KB  

Open AccessArticle

Performance Evaluation of Indirect Solar Fryer System for Baking Application

by Mesele Hayelom Hailu, Mulu Bayray Kahsay, Asfafaw Haileselassie Tesfay, Znabu Mehari Gebrezgi and Ole Jorgen Nydal

Thermo 2026, 6(2), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/thermo6020037 - 21 May 2026

Viewed by 187

Abstract

This study presents an experimental performance evaluation of an oil-based indirect solar fryer system designed for injera baking. The system consists of a receiver vessel, a closed-loop delivery and return pipe network, and a 60 cm diameter aluminum baking plate with spiral grooves [...] Read more.

This study presents an experimental performance evaluation of an oil-based indirect solar fryer system designed for injera baking. The system consists of a receiver vessel, a closed-loop delivery and return pipe network, and a 60 cm diameter aluminum baking plate with spiral grooves on its bottom surface. Heat transfer oil circulates within the closed loop to transfer thermal energy from the receiver to the baking plate. The system was experimentally investigated under controlled electrical heating conditions using input power levels of 1.0, 1.3, 1.6, 1.75, 2.0, and 2.4 kW, representing equivalent solar thermal input scenarios with varying intensity. The results confirmed the technical feasibility of the system for injera baking across all tested conditions, with performance strongly dependent on input power. At higher input levels (≥2.0 kW), faster heating and shorter baking cycles of approximately 2.5–3 min were achieved; however, increased oil temperatures and thermal instability were observed due to limited heat redistribution within the fixed low-flow circulation system. At lower input levels (≤1.3 kW), the system remained thermally stable but exhibited long initial heating times (up to approximately 85 min) and reduced operational efficiency, limiting its practical applicability. The most balanced performance was observed at intermediate input power levels of 1.6–1.75 kW, where the system achieved approximately 45–60 min initial heating time, stable temperature behavior during operation, and consistent baking cycles of about 3 min with 1 min reheating time. This range provided an optimal compromise between thermal efficiency, operational stability, and energy utilization under the present configuration. Overall, the study demonstrates that the indirect solar fryer system is a promising alternative for energy-efficient injera baking; however, performance is strongly influenced by thermal input and circulation conditions, highlighting the need for further optimization and validation under real solar operating environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Clean Energy Technologies and Assessment, 2nd Edition)

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17 pages, 1037 KB  

Open AccessArticle

Life Cycle Carbon Emission Accounting and Mitigation Pathways of Typical Hydrogen Production Routes in Shanxi Province

by Xiaohua Ge, Lanjia Niu, Yuen Zhu, Jianchao Ma and Hua Li

Sustainability 2026, 18(9), 4570; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18094570 - 6 May 2026

Viewed by 347

Abstract

Against the backdrop of China’s dual carbon goals (carbon peaking and carbon neutrality), hydrogen energy has emerged as a key strategic priority for Shanxi’s energy transformation. Understanding the carbon emission characteristics and mitigation potential of typical hydrogen production routes is essential for guiding [...] Read more.

Against the backdrop of China’s dual carbon goals (carbon peaking and carbon neutrality), hydrogen energy has emerged as a key strategic priority for Shanxi’s energy transformation. Understanding the carbon emission characteristics and mitigation potential of typical hydrogen production routes is essential for guiding the low-carbon development of the local hydrogen industry. This study applies a unified life cycle assessment (LCA) framework to evaluate five representative hydrogen production routes in Shanxi. A sensitivity analysis is conducted to assess the robustness of the results. The results show marked differences in carbon intensity across routes: large-scale integrated coal gasification hydrogen production (LICGHP, 10.02 kg CO₂e/kg-H₂) > commercial coal gasification hydrogen production (CCGHP, 9.35 kg CO₂e/kg-H₂) > photovoltaic hydrogen production (PHP, 6.17 kg CO₂e/kg-H₂) > coke oven gas hydrogen production (COGHP, 3.83 kg CO₂e/kg-H₂) > wind power hydrogen production (WPHP, 1.57 kg CO₂e/kg-H₂). For coal-based routes, emissions are concentrated in the operational phase, whereas for renewable routes, emissions are concentrated in the construction phase with near-zero emissions during operation. COGHP (61.78% mitigation rate) serves as an effective transitional pathway, and WPHP (84.33% mitigation rate) represents the best low-carbon option. Mitigation strategies vary by route: coal-based routes prioritize CCS and process optimization, while renewable energy routes focus on supply chain decarbonization and green construction. These findings offer scientific support for Shanxi’s hydrogen energy technology selection and low-carbon strategy formulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Clean Energy Technologies and Assessment, 2nd Edition)

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24 pages, 3321 KB  

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of the Influence of Wetting Ability of the Sprayed Surface of the Heat Exchanger on the Process of Evaporative Cooling

by Ivan Ignatkin, Nikolay Shevkun and Dmitry Skorokhodov

Thermo 2026, 6(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/thermo6010020 - 20 Mar 2026

Viewed by 564

Abstract

Ensuring the required microclimate parameters is the most critical task in hot climates. In pig farms, air cooling is provided by means of steam-compression chillers or evaporative cooling, which is the simplest way to cool the air. The implementation of evaporative cooling depends [...] Read more.

Ensuring the required microclimate parameters is the most critical task in hot climates. In pig farms, air cooling is provided by means of steam-compression chillers or evaporative cooling, which is the simplest way to cool the air. The implementation of evaporative cooling depends largely on the interaction of the media involved in this process. This paper considers the process of interaction of cooling water with the surface of a cellular polycarbonate heat exchanger. A mathematical model describing the process of wetting the sprayed surface of the heat exchanger is obtained. The authors determined the theoretical water flow rate required to provide air cooling for a given operation mode. Experimental trials of a recuperative heat recovery unit with a heat exchanger made of cellular polycarbonate equipped with a water evaporative cooling system were carried out. The authors conducted a comparative assessment to evaluate the effectiveness of evaporative cooling in a heat recovery unit equipped with a polycarbonate heat exchanger versus panel evaporative systems using wetted paper pads at pig farms in the Vladimir and Tambov regions of Russia. The panel evaporative coolers provided a temperature reduction of 11.3 °C without any splashing effect. Under the same operating conditions, the heat recovery unit achieved an inlet air temperature reduction of 10.5 °C, accompanied by splashing. When the water flow rate supplied for evaporation was reduced until the splashing ceased, the cooling temperature drop decreased to 10.1 °C, which is 11% lower, compared with the paper pads. The study revealed characteristic operating modes for the unit that ensure effective air cooling, depending on the cooling water flow rate. Since the prevailing temperature during the system’s main operating time is significantly lower than the design temperature (the absolute temperature maximum), to achieve effective cooling of the supply air without splashing or excessive water waste, the cooling circuit water should circulate at a flow rate within 40 to 63% of the maximum design value. Alternatively, an automated control system should be employed to regulate the water supply based on outdoor air temperature and humidity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Clean Energy Technologies and Assessment, 2nd Edition)

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22 pages, 7799 KB  

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Mechanochemical Activation on the Properties of a Double Complex Salt [Co(NH₃)₆][Fe(CN)₆] and Its Thermolysis Products

by Alevtina Gosteva, Alexander M. Kalinkin, Vladimir Vinogradov, Diana Manukovskaya, Viktor Nikolaev, Vasilii Semushin and Maria Teplonogova

Thermo 2026, 6(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/thermo6010007 - 19 Jan 2026

Viewed by 667

Abstract

Double complex salts (DCSs) of the composition [Co(NH₃)₆][Fe(CN)₆] are a promising precursor for the preparation of catalysts for the hydrogenation of carbon oxides (CO and CO₂) by Fischer–Tropsch synthesis. The specific surface area is an [...] Read more.

Double complex salts (DCSs) of the composition [Co(NH₃)₆][Fe(CN)₆] are a promising precursor for the preparation of catalysts for the hydrogenation of carbon oxides (CO and CO₂) by Fischer–Tropsch synthesis. The specific surface area is an important parameter for catalysts. Our article investigates the influence of mechanochemical activation (MCA) on this DCS in order to determine the conditions for obtaining the largest specific surface area of the intermetallic compound, a product of the DCS thermolysis. In this work, the effect of MCA on the physicochemical properties of the DCS [Co(NH₃)₆][Fe(CN)₆] and the products of its thermal decomposition in an argon atmosphere were investigated. It was shown that MCA leads to partial reduction of Fe⁺³ to Fe⁺², changes in the coordination of ammonia, amorphization of the structure and a decrease in the thermal stability of DCS. Thermolysis at 650 °C of samples subjected to MCA for 10 min results in the formation of nanocrystalline intermetallic compound Co_0.5Fe_0.5. The results demonstrate the potential of using MCA to control the properties of functional materials based on DCS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Clean Energy Technologies and Assessment, 2nd Edition)

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19 pages, 12163 KB  

Open AccessArticle

Double Complex Salt [Co(NH₃)₆][Fe(CN)₆] Plasma Treatment

by Alevtina Gosteva, Oleg Golubev, Vladimir Vinogradov, Sergei Svidersky, Alena Grabchak, Diana Manukovskaya, Mihail Ivantsov and Mayya Kulikova

Thermo 2025, 5(3), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/thermo5030036 - 22 Sep 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1663

Abstract

The method of obtaining functional materials almost always influences the physicochemical properties of the resulting substances. The plasma treatment of solid materials is considered to be a more energy efficient method when compared with thermal destruction. Our work is the first to treat [...] Read more.

The method of obtaining functional materials almost always influences the physicochemical properties of the resulting substances. The plasma treatment of solid materials is considered to be a more energy efficient method when compared with thermal destruction. Our work is the first to treat double complex salt (DCS) [Co(NH₃)₆][Fe(CN)₆] with different plasma discharge modes. We have demonstrated the possibility of obtaining a single-phase spinel with a CoFe₂O₄ structure as a result of the calcination in air of the plasma destruction product. The crystallite sizes of the obtained spinel are 40 nm, with a lattice constant 8.38 Å. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Clean Energy Technologies and Assessment, 2nd Edition)

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22 pages, 1725 KB  

Open AccessArticle

Capacity Optimization for Coordinated Operation of Hybrid Electrolytic Cells Based on Wavelet Packet

by Yi Yang, Bowen Zhou, Yang Xu, Juan Zhang, Bo Yang, Guiping Zhou and Shunjiang Wang

Sustainability 2025, 17(14), 6412; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17146412 - 13 Jul 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1078

Abstract

Hydrogen production through electrolysis of water can achieve efficient, stable and diversified utilization of renewable energy. To this end, a hybrid electrolyzer system for hydrogen production based on bi-layer optimization is constructed. Firstly, the wind and photovoltaic power is decomposed into high-frequency and [...] Read more.

Hydrogen production through electrolysis of water can achieve efficient, stable and diversified utilization of renewable energy. To this end, a hybrid electrolyzer system for hydrogen production based on bi-layer optimization is constructed. Firstly, the wind and photovoltaic power is decomposed into high-frequency and low-frequency components by an adaptive wavelet packet. The low-frequency power is allocated to the alkaline electrolyzers (AWE) to ensure its stability, and the high-frequency power is allocated to the proton exchange membrane electrolyzers (PEM) with a faster response characteristic, thereby improving the energy utilization rate. This paper proposes a bi-layer optimization model, in which the upper-layer objective is to minimize the cost of mixed hydrogen production, and the lower-layer optimization objective is to maximize the utilization rate of renewable energy. The differential evolution algorithm optimizes the upper-layer objective, with results sent to the lower layer. Then, the YALMIP toolbox is used to solve the lower-layer objective. Through case analysis, the optimal proportion of AWE and PEM hydrogen electrolyzers obtained by this optimization method is 89.5 and 10.5, respectively. Compared with a single type of electrolyzer, the method proposed in this paper effectively improves the energy utilization efficiency and reduces the cost of hydrogen production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Clean Energy Technologies and Assessment, 2nd Edition)

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18 pages, 3359 KB  

Open AccessArticle

Integrating Hybrid Energy Solutions into Expressway Infrastructure

by Muqing Yao, Zunbiao Wang, Song Zhang, Zhufa Chu, Yufei Zhang, Shuo Zhang and Wenkai Han

Energies 2025, 18(12), 3186; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18123186 - 18 Jun 2025

Viewed by 1058

Abstract

To explore the feasibility of renewable hybrid energy systems for expressway infrastructure, this study proposes a scenario-based design methodology integrating solar, wind, and hydropower resources within the expressway corridor. A case study was conducted on a highway service area located in southern China, [...] Read more.

To explore the feasibility of renewable hybrid energy systems for expressway infrastructure, this study proposes a scenario-based design methodology integrating solar, wind, and hydropower resources within the expressway corridor. A case study was conducted on a highway service area located in southern China, where a solar/wind/hydro hybrid energy system was developed based on the proposed approach. Using the HOMER Pro 3.14 software platform, the system was simulated and optimized under off-grid conditions, and a sensitivity analysis was conducted to evaluate performance variability. The results demonstrate that the strategic integration of corridor-based natural resources—solar irradiance, wind energy, and hydrodynamic potential—enables the construction of a technically and economically viable hybrid energy system. The system includes 382 kW of PV, 210 kW of wind, 80 kW of hydrokinetic power, a 500 kW diesel generator, and 180 kWh of battery storage, forming a hybrid configuration for a stable and reliable energy supply. The optimized configuration can supply up to 1,095,920 kWh of electricity annually at a minimum levelized cost of energy of USD 0.22/kWh. This system reduces CO₂ emissions by 23.2 tons/year and NO_x emissions by 23 kg/year. demonstrating strong environmental performance and long-term sustainability potential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Clean Energy Technologies and Assessment, 2nd Edition)

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16 pages, 2357 KB  

Open AccessArticle

Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) of Different Photovoltaic Technologies

by Maria Cristea, Ciprian Cristea, Radu-Adrian Tîrnovan and Florica Mioara Șerban

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(12), 6710; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15126710 - 15 Jun 2025

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 10237

Abstract

Renewable energy sources are critical to the global effort to achieve carbon neutrality. Alongside hydropower, wind and nuclear plants, the photovoltaic (PV) systems developed greatly, with new PV technologies emerging in recent years. Although the conversion efficiencies are improving and the materials used [...] Read more.

Renewable energy sources are critical to the global effort to achieve carbon neutrality. Alongside hydropower, wind and nuclear plants, the photovoltaic (PV) systems developed greatly, with new PV technologies emerging in recent years. Although the conversion efficiencies are improving and the materials used have a lower impact on the environment, the feasibility of these technologies is required to be assessed. This paper proposes a levelized cost of energy (LCOE) model to assess the feasibility of five PV technologies: high-efficiency silicon heterojunction cells (HJT), N-type monocrystalline silicon cells (N-type), P-type passivated emitter and rear contact cells (PERC), N-type tunnel oxide passivated contact cells (TOPCon) and bifacial TOPCon. The LCOE considers capital investment, government incentives, operation and maintenance costs, residual value of PV modules and total energy output during the PV system’s life span. To determine the influence of PV system’s capacity over the LCOE values, three systems are analyzed for each technology: 3 kW, 5 kW and 7 kW. The results show that the largest PV systems have the lowest LCOE values, ranging from 2.39 c€/kWh (TOPCon) to 2.92 c€/kWh (HJT) when incentives are accessed, and ranging from 6.05 c€/kWh (TOPCon) to 6.51 c€/kWh (HJT) without subsidies. The 3 kW and 5 kW PV systems have higher LCOE values due to lower energy output during lifetime. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Clean Energy Technologies and Assessment, 2nd Edition)

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33 pages, 4056 KB  

Open AccessReview

Sustainable Anodes for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells: Advancing Beyond Platinum Scarcity with Low-Pt Alloys and Non-Pt Systems

by Liangdong Zhao and Yankun Jiang

Sustainability 2025, 17(11), 5086; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17115086 - 1 Jun 2025

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4117

Abstract

Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) represent a promising pathway for energy conversion, yet their reliance on platinum-group metal (PGM)-based anode catalysts poses critical sustainability challenges, which stem from finite mineral reserves, environmentally detrimental extraction processes, and prohibitive lifecycle costs. Current anode catalysts for [...] Read more.

Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) represent a promising pathway for energy conversion, yet their reliance on platinum-group metal (PGM)-based anode catalysts poses critical sustainability challenges, which stem from finite mineral reserves, environmentally detrimental extraction processes, and prohibitive lifecycle costs. Current anode catalysts for DMFCs are dominated by platinum materials; therefore, this review systematically evaluates the following three emerging eco-efficient design paradigms using platinum materials as a starting point: (1) the atomic-level optimization of low-Pt alloy surfaces to maximize catalytic efficiency per metal atom, (2) Earth-abundant transition metal compounds (e.g., nitrides and sulfides) and coordination-tunable metal–organic frameworks as viable PGM-free alternatives, and (3) mechanically robust carbon architectures with engineered topological defects that enhance catalyst stability through covalent metal–carbon interactions. Through comparative analysis with pure Pt benchmarks, we critically examine how these strategic material innovations collectively mitigate CO intermediate poisoning risks and improve electrochemical durability. Such fundamental advances in catalyst design not only address immediate technical barriers, but also establish essential material foundations for the development of DMFC technologies compatible with circular economy frameworks and United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 7 targets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Clean Energy Technologies and Assessment, 2nd Edition)

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24 pages, 3946 KB  

Open AccessArticle

Diffusion Modeling of Carbon Dioxide Concentration from Stationary Sources with Improved Gaussian Plume Modeling

by Yang Wei, Yufei Teng, Xueyuan Liu, Yumin Chen, Jie Zhang, Shijie Deng, Zhengyang Liu and Qian Li

Energies 2025, 18(11), 2827; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18112827 - 29 May 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2329

Abstract

To achieve the precise quantification and real-time monitoring of CO₂ emissions from stationary sources, this study developed a Gaussian plume model-based dispersion framework incorporating emission characteristics. Critical factors affecting CO₂ dispersion were systematically analyzed, with model optimization conducted through plume rise [...] Read more.

To achieve the precise quantification and real-time monitoring of CO₂ emissions from stationary sources, this study developed a Gaussian plume model-based dispersion framework incorporating emission characteristics. Critical factors affecting CO₂ dispersion were systematically analyzed, with model optimization conducted through plume rise height adjustments and reflection coefficient calibrations. MATLAB-based simulations on an industrial park case study demonstrated that wind speed, atmospheric stability, and effective release height constituted pivotal determinants for enhancing CO₂ dispersion modeling accuracy. Furthermore, the inverse estimation of source strength at emission terminals was implemented via particle swarm optimization, establishing both theoretical foundations and methodological frameworks for the precision monitoring and predictive dispersion analysis of stationary-source CO₂ emissions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Clean Energy Technologies and Assessment, 2nd Edition)

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