Challenges of Groundwater Quality Degradation in the Past Decades: Clues from Water–Minerals Interaction, 2nd Edition

A special issue of Minerals (ISSN 2075-163X). This special issue belongs to the section "Environmental Mineralogy and Biogeochemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 June 2026 | Viewed by 4739

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
School of Environmental Studies and State Key Lab of Biogeological Geology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430000, China
Interests: karst water; contaminate hydrogeology; biogeochemistry; environmental isotopy; groundwater remediation
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Guest Editor
School of Environmental Studies and State Key Laboratory of Biogeological Geology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430000, China
Interests: primary inferior groundwater; groundwater hydrogeochemistry and biogeochemistry; karst water resources
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Groundwater is essential globally for human consumption, habitat maintenance, human society development, and the functioning of ecosystems. As a resource, groundwater is gaining increasing importance, especially in arid/semi-arid regions where surface waters are very scarce or absent. However, in the past few decades, with the rapid increase in population, the vigorous development of socioeconomy, and the growing number of abandoned coal mines worldwide, especially the continuous emergence of legacy issues such as acid mine drainage, the degradation of groundwater quality has been accelerating at an alarming rate and posing a major health risk for many people worldwide. Essentially, groundwater quality is largely a function of mineral composition, the formation of which results in water–mineral interaction. Many professionals believe that sharing knowledge and experiences of water–mineral interaction that controls groundwater quality degradation is an effective strategy to identify and promote optimal approaches to the assessment, development and management of groundwater resources.

A very successful Special Issue of Minerals, “Challenges of Groundwater Quality Degradation in the Past Decades: Clues from Water–Minerals Interaction”, explored novel methodologies for assessing groundwater quality pollution, including hydrochemical analysis, isotope studies, and statistical approaches like PCA. These studies provided valuable insights into the water–rock interactions contributing to groundwater quality deterioration in carbonate formations under urbanization impacts. Building on these findings, we invite submissions to a second volume on the same topic. In light of the changing environment of the past few decades (e.g., global climatic changes, changes in land use patterns, and the growing global demand for clean energy, especially with the depletion of coal resources leading to the closure of coal mines) and the rapid emergence of geochemical innovations (e.g., multi-isotopes, modeling and big data analysis), the current edition investigates innovative approaches, water–rock–gas interactions, and microbial mediated geochemical processes for groundwater quality deterioration in aquifers, especially those affected by coal mining. Water pollution treatment technologies are also welcomed. By addressing these fundamental scientific questions and applied environmental challenges, this Special Issue aims to present a comprehensive and up-to-data collection of research on groundwater quality degradation.

Prof. Dr. Xubo Gao
Prof. Dr. Chengcheng Li
Prof. Dr. Qianqian Yu
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • water–mineral interaction
  • groundwater
  • coal-mine water
  • environmental biogeochemistry

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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40 pages, 318496 KB  
Article
Hydrogeochemical Characteristics and Genetic Mechanism of the Shiqian Hot Spring Group in Southwestern China: A Study Based on Water–Rock Interaction
by Jianlong Zhou, Jianyou Chen, Yupei Hao, Zhengshan Chen, Mingzhong Zhou, Chao Li, Pengchi Yang and Yu Ao
Minerals 2026, 16(1), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/min16010061 - 7 Jan 2026
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Abstract
Shiqian County, located within a key geothermal fluids belt in Guizhou Province, China, has abundant underground hot water resources. Therefore, elucidating the hydrogeochemical characteristics and formation mechanisms of thermal mineral water in this area is essential for evaluating and sustainably utilizing regional geothermal [...] Read more.
Shiqian County, located within a key geothermal fluids belt in Guizhou Province, China, has abundant underground hot water resources. Therefore, elucidating the hydrogeochemical characteristics and formation mechanisms of thermal mineral water in this area is essential for evaluating and sustainably utilizing regional geothermal fluids. This study focuses on the Shiqian Hot Spring Group and employs integrated analytical techniques, including rock geochemistry, hydrogeochemistry, isotope hydrology, digital elevation model (DEM) data analysis, remote sensing interpretation, geological surveys, mineral saturation index calculations, and PHREEQC-based inverse hydrogeochemical modeling, to elucidate its hydrogeochemical characteristics and formation mechanisms. The results show that strontium concentrations range from 0.06 to 7.17 mg/L (average 1.65 mg/L) and metasilicic acid concentrations range from 19.46 to 65.51 mg/L (average 33.64 mg/L). Most samples meet the national standards for natural mineral water and are classified as Sr-metasilicic acid type. Isotope analysis indicates that the geothermal water is recharged by meteoric precipitation at elevations between 911 m and 1833 m, mainly from carbonate outcrops and fracture zones on the southwestern slope of Fanjingshan, and discharges south of Shiqian County. The dominant hydrochemical types are HCO3·SO4-Ca·Mg and HCO3-Ca·Mg. Strontium is primarily derived from carbonate rocks and celestite-bearing evaporites, whereas metasilicic acid mainly originates from quartz dissolution along the upstream groundwater flow path. PHREEQC-based inverse modeling indicates that, during localized thermal mineral water runoff in the middle-lower reaches or discharge areas, calcite dissolves while dolomite and quartz tend to precipitate, reflecting calcite dissolution-dominated water–rock interactions and near-saturation conditions for some minerals at late runoff stages. Full article
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20 pages, 3112 KB  
Article
Uranium Isotopic Fractionation and Hydrogeochemical Controls in Groundwater of the Jabal Sayid–Mahd Adhab Region, Western Saudi Arabia
by Hamdy Hamed Abd El-Naby, Yehia Hassan Dawood and Abduallah Abdel Aziz Sabtan
Minerals 2026, 16(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/min16010025 - 24 Dec 2025
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Abstract
Uranium isotopic composition of shallow groundwater in the Jabal Sayid-Mahd Adhab area of western Saudi Arabia was investigated to evaluate geochemical changes resulting from water-rock interactions. The wide range of uranium concentrations (0.75–29.3 ppb) and 234U/238U activity ratios (1.11–3.11) reflect [...] Read more.
Uranium isotopic composition of shallow groundwater in the Jabal Sayid-Mahd Adhab area of western Saudi Arabia was investigated to evaluate geochemical changes resulting from water-rock interactions. The wide range of uranium concentrations (0.75–29.3 ppb) and 234U/238U activity ratios (1.11–3.11) reflect variable redox and uranium dissolution conditions across the aquifer. Samples with high uranium concentrations but low activity ratios suggest a recent release of uranium from mineral phases, which is further enhanced by the presence of fluoride ions. Fluoride’s strong reactivity aids in uranium dissolution by forming stable uranyl-fluoride complexes under open-system leaching conditions. Conversely, higher isotopic ratios in low-uranium samples suggest longer water-rock interaction and preferential leaching of 234U by alpha-recoil processes. The positive correlation between uranium and salinity parameters further indicates that uranium enrichment is linked to increased ionic strength and the abundance of complex ligands. The relationship between activity ratio 234U/238U (AR) and 1/U in the studied samples indicates that uranium behavior in the shallow aquifer is dominated by open-system leaching, with local binary mixing superimposed in a few sites. The findings emphasize that uranium isotopic composition is a valuable tool for identifying localized groundwater mixing and assessing the hydrogeochemical impacts of nearby mineralized areas on the aquifer system. These results represent an essential baseline for future environmental monitoring and for evaluating potential temporal changes in uranium behavior. Full article
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21 pages, 2430 KB  
Article
Mechanisms and Genesis of Acidic Goaf Water in Abandoned Coal Mines: Insights from Mine Water–Surrounding Rock Interaction
by Zhanhui Wu, Xubo Gao, Chengcheng Li, Hucheng Huang, Xuefeng Bai, Lihong Zheng, Wanpeng Shi, Jiaxin Han, Ting Tan, Siyuan Chen, Siyuan Ma, Siyu Li, Mengyun Zhu and Jiale Li
Minerals 2025, 15(7), 753; https://doi.org/10.3390/min15070753 - 18 Jul 2025
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1076
Abstract
The formation of acidic goaf water in abandoned coal mines poses significant environmental threats, especially in karst regions where the risk of groundwater contamination is heightened. This study investigates the geochemical processes responsible for the generation of acidic water through batch and column [...] Read more.
The formation of acidic goaf water in abandoned coal mines poses significant environmental threats, especially in karst regions where the risk of groundwater contamination is heightened. This study investigates the geochemical processes responsible for the generation of acidic water through batch and column leaching experiments using coal mine surrounding rocks (CMSR) from Yangquan, China. The coal-bearing strata, primarily composed of sandstone, mudstone, shale, and limestone, contain high concentrations of pyrite (up to 12.26 wt%), which oxidizes to produce sulfuric acid, leading to a drastic reduction in pH (approximately 2.5) and the mobilization of toxic elements. The CMSR samples exhibit elevated levels of arsenic (11.0 mg/kg to 18.1 mg/kg), lead (69.5 mg/kg to 113.5 mg/kg), and cadmium (0.6 mg/kg to 2.6 mg/kg), all of which exceed natural crustal averages and present significant contamination risks. The fluorine content varies widely (106.1 mg/kg to 1885 mg/kg), with the highest concentrations found in sandstone. Sequential extraction analyses indicate that over 80% of fluorine is bound in residual phases, which limits its immediate release but poses long-term leaching hazards. The leaching experiments reveal a three-stage release mechanism: first, the initial oxidation of sulfides rapidly lowers the pH (to between 2.35 and 2.80), dissolving heavy metals and fluorides; second, slower weathering of aluminosilicates and adsorption by iron and aluminum hydroxides reduce the concentrations of dissolved elements; and third, concentrations stabilize as adsorption and slow silicate weathering regulate the long-term release of contaminants. The resulting acidic goaf water contains extremely high levels of metals (with aluminum at 191.4 mg/L and iron at 412.0 mg/L), which severely threaten groundwater, particularly in karst areas where rapid cross-layer contamination can occur. These findings provide crucial insights into the processes that drive the acidity of goaf water and the release of contaminants, which can aid in the development of effective mitigation strategies for abandoned mines. Targeted management is essential to safeguard water resources and ecological health in regions affected by mining activities. Full article
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Review

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24 pages, 1738 KB  
Review
Biomineralization Mediated by Iron-Oxidizing Microorganisms: Implication for the Immobilization and Transformation of Heavy Metals in AMD
by Siyu Li, Chengcheng Li, Xubo Gao, Mengyun Zhu, Huihui Li and Xue Wang
Minerals 2025, 15(8), 868; https://doi.org/10.3390/min15080868 - 17 Aug 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2185
Abstract
Iron, an essential element for virtually all known organisms, serves not only as a micronutrient but also as an energy source for bacteria. Iron-oxidizing microorganisms mediate Fe(II) oxidation under diverse redox conditions, yielding amorphous iron (hydr)oxides or crystalline iron minerals. This globally significant [...] Read more.
Iron, an essential element for virtually all known organisms, serves not only as a micronutrient but also as an energy source for bacteria. Iron-oxidizing microorganisms mediate Fe(II) oxidation under diverse redox conditions, yielding amorphous iron (hydr)oxides or crystalline iron minerals. This globally significant biogeochemical process drives modern iron cycling across terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The resulting biomineralization not only produces secondary minerals but also effectively immobilizes heavy metals, offering a sustainable strategy for environmental remediation. This review systematically examines (1) the biogeochemical mechanisms and mineralogical signatures of Fe(II) oxidation by four distinct iron oxidizers: acidophilic aerobes (e.g., Acidithiobacillus), neutrophilic microaerophiles (e.g., Gallionella), nitrate-reducing anaerobes (e.g., Acidovorax), and anoxygenic phototrophs (e.g., Rhodobacter); (2) research advances in heavy metal immobilization by biogenic iron minerals: adsorption, coprecipitation, and structural incorporation; and (3) the impact of pH, temperature, organic matter, and coexisting ions on Fe(II) oxidation efficiency and iron mineral formation by iron-oxidizing bacteria. By characterizing iron-oxidizing bacterial species and their functional processes under varying pH and redox conditions, this study provides critical insights into microbial behaviors driving the evolution of acid mine drainage (AMD). Full article
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