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10th Anniversary of C — Journal of Carbon Research
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10th Anniversary of C — Journal of Carbon Research

A special issue of C (ISSN 2311-5629).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 January 2026 | Viewed by 6217

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Craig E. Banks

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
Interests: electrochemistry; additive manufacturing; 2D material electrochemistry; sensor design and development; screen-printing and related sensor fabrication; electron transfer; sono-electrochemistry; nanoparticles
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Congratulations on the 10th Anniversary of C — Journal of Carbon Research. As Editor-in-Chief, it is inspiring to see how far we have come in establishing the journal as a leading platform for advancing carbon research. Our inclusion in ESCI, Scopus, and other prestigious databases reflects the quality and impact of the papers published.

This achievement would not have been possible without the dedication of our editorial team, editors, reviewers, and, most importantly, the authors who have contributed to the journal’s success. Their commitment to excellence has been instrumental in shaping the journal’s reputation and influence.

To mark this milestone, we are proud to present a 10th Anniversary Special Issue, a commemorative collection that showcases groundbreaking research from highly cited scholars and explores impactful topics in carbon science. By featuring leading experts and cutting-edge studies, this issue will highlight the most significant advancements in the field, reinforcing the journal’s role in driving scientific progress. We extend our gratitude to all who have been part of this journey and look forward to continuing to push the boundaries of carbon research in the years ahead.

Prof. Dr. Craig E. Banks
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. C is an international peer-reviewed open access quarterly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • carbon science
  • scientific progress
  • groundbreaking research

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 4854 KB  
Article
Atomic-Scale Mechanisms of Catalytic Recombination and Ablation in Knitted Graphene Under Hyperthermal Atomic Oxygen Exposure
by Yating Pan, Yunpeng Zhu, Donghui Zhang and Ning Wei
C 2025, 11(3), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/c11030067 - 2 Sep 2025
Viewed by 648
Abstract
Effective ablative thermal protection systems are essential for ensuring the structural integrity of hypersonic vehicles subjected to extreme aerothermal loads. However, the microscopic reaction mechanisms at the gas–solid interface, particularly under non-equilibrium high-enthalpy conditions, remain poorly understood. This study employs reactive molecular dynamics [...] Read more.
Effective ablative thermal protection systems are essential for ensuring the structural integrity of hypersonic vehicles subjected to extreme aerothermal loads. However, the microscopic reaction mechanisms at the gas–solid interface, particularly under non-equilibrium high-enthalpy conditions, remain poorly understood. This study employs reactive molecular dynamics (RMD) simulations with the ReaxFF-C/H/O force field to investigate the atomic-scale ablation behavior of a graphene-based knitted graphene structure impacted by atomic oxygen (AO). By systematically varying the AO incident kinetic energy (from 0.1 to 8.0 eV) and incidence angle (from 15° to 90°), we reveal the competing interplay between catalytic recombination and ablation processes. The results show that the catalytic recombination coefficient of oxygen molecules reaches a maximum at 5.0 eV, where surface-mediated O2 formation is most favorable. At higher energies, the reaction pathway shifts toward enhanced CO and CO2 production due to increased carbon atom ejection and surface degradation. Furthermore, as the AO incidence angle increases, the recombination efficiency decreases linearly, while C-C bond breakage intensifies due to stronger vertical energy components. These findings offer new insights into the anisotropic surface response of knitted graphene structures under hyperthermal oxygen exposure and provide valuable guidance for the design and optimization of next-generation thermal protection materials for hypersonic flight. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of C — Journal of Carbon Research)
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14 pages, 2007 KB  
Article
Graphene Oxide Promoted Light Activation of Peroxymonosulfate for Highly Efficient Triphenyl Phosphate Degradation
by Yilong Li, Yi Xie, Xuqian Wang and Yabo Wang
C 2025, 11(3), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/c11030065 - 21 Aug 2025
Viewed by 624
Abstract
The treatment of organic phosphate ester (OPE) pollutants in water is a challenging but highly necessary task. In this study, an advanced oxidation process through light activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) involving graphene oxide (GO) as a promoter was developed to degrade OPE in [...] Read more.
The treatment of organic phosphate ester (OPE) pollutants in water is a challenging but highly necessary task. In this study, an advanced oxidation process through light activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) involving graphene oxide (GO) as a promoter was developed to degrade OPE in water, taking triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) as an example. The developed “Light+PMS+GO” system demonstrated good convenience, high TPhP degradation efficiency, tolerance in a near-neutral pH, satisfactory re-usability, and a low toxicity risk of degradation products. Under the investigated reaction conditions, viz., the full spectrum of a 300 W Xe lamp, PMS of 200 mg L−1, GO of 4 mg L−1, and TPhP of 10 μmol L−1, the “Light+PMS+GO” system achieved nearly 100% TPhP degradation efficiency during a 15 min reaction duration with a 5.81-fold enhancement in the reaction rate constant, compared with the control group without GO. Through quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance studies, singlet oxygen was identified as the main reactive species for TPhP degradation. Further studies implied that GO could accumulate both oxidants and pollutants on the surface, providing additional reaction sites for PMS activation and accelerating electron transfer, which all contributed to the enhancement of TPhP degradation. Finally, the TPhP degradation pathway was proposed and a preliminary toxicity evaluation of degradation intermediates was conducted. The convenience, high removal efficiency, and good re-usability indicates that the developed “Light+PMS+GO” reaction system has great potential for future applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of C — Journal of Carbon Research)
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15 pages, 1152 KB  
Article
Formation and Melting of Hydrate with Binary CO2/C2H6 Mixtures in Silica Sand: Comparison Between Dissociation Data and Phase Equilibrium of Pure CO2 and C2H6 Hydrates
by Alberto Maria Gambelli, Federico Rossi and Giovanni Gigliotti
C 2025, 11(3), 63; https://doi.org/10.3390/c11030063 - 17 Aug 2025
Viewed by 593
Abstract
The present study deals with hydrate formation with binary gaseous mixtures consisting of carbon dioxide mixed with ethane at varying concentrations. Since the production of hydrates is recognised as a stochastic process and also due to the marked influence that experimental apparatuses often [...] Read more.
The present study deals with hydrate formation with binary gaseous mixtures consisting of carbon dioxide mixed with ethane at varying concentrations. Since the production of hydrates is recognised as a stochastic process and also due to the marked influence that experimental apparatuses often have on the results, the continuous updating of the literature with new experimental data is needed. Hydrates were produced and dissociated in excess water and in unstirred conditions. The dissociation values were collected and tabulated. Each test was plotted and compared with the phase boundary equilibrium conditions of pure ethane and pure carbon dioxide hydrates. The results confirmed the lowering of pressures required for hydrate formation with the increase in ethane concentration in the gas mixture. In detail, the dissociation condition for CO2/C2H6 hydrates was tested within the following thermodynamic ranges: 0.1–13 °C and 11.26–36.75 bar for the 25/75 vol% mixture, 0.1–13 °C and 9.74–35.07 bar for the 50/50 vol% mixture and 7.0–12.9 °C and 17.36–30.05 bar for the 75/25 vol% mixture. When 75 vol% ethane was used, the dissociation of hydrates occurred at conditions corresponding to the phase equilibrium of pure ethane hydrates, denoting that the system reached the most favourable thermodynamic conditions possible despite the presence of 25 vol% CO2. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of C — Journal of Carbon Research)
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24 pages, 10422 KB  
Article
Optimizing Distribution of Light Irradiation in Column Reactor Array and Glass Chamber for Microalgae Carbon Sequestration Facilities
by Xiangjin Liang, Jun Lu, Yapeng Chen, Guangbiao Zhou, Zeyan Tao, Zhenyu Hu, Ying Liu, Wanlin Liu, Yang Xu and Jun Cheng
C 2025, 11(3), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/c11030061 - 12 Aug 2025
Viewed by 590
Abstract
The column photobioreactor has become the predominant approach for carbon sequestration by microalgae in power plant settings, owing to its capacity for high-density cultivation and efficient light energy utilization. Due to the dense arrangement of the columnar photobioreactor and its height, insufficient light [...] Read more.
The column photobioreactor has become the predominant approach for carbon sequestration by microalgae in power plant settings, owing to its capacity for high-density cultivation and efficient light energy utilization. Due to the dense arrangement of the columnar photobioreactor and its height, insufficient light became one of the main factors limiting the carbon sequestration rate of microalgae growth. In this paper, a light resource optimization method of reflective baffle and top diffusing glass was proposed. When the angle of reflective baffle on the north and east walls was 35°, and the angle of reflective baffle on the west and south floors was 0°, the overall light radiation intensity of the reactor array became the largest, reaching up to 916.81 W/m2, which was 14.39% higher than that before the optimization. The replacement of the top glass with diffusing material converted the direct radiation of solar radiation into scattered radiation. When the transmittance was 95% and the haze was 95%, the overall average light radiation intensity of the algal solution reached 830.93 W/m2, which was an increase of 3.7%. Four new exhaust air distribution methods were proposed, in which the three-entrance staggered-arrangement type glasshouse had the lowest algal liquid temperature. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of C — Journal of Carbon Research)
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13 pages, 1309 KB  
Article
Thermal Conductivity of Graphene Moiré Superlattices at Small Twist Angles: An Approach-to-Equilibrium Molecular Dynamics and Boltzmann Transport Study
by Lorenzo Manunza, Riccardo Dettori, Antonio Cappai and Claudio Melis
C 2025, 11(3), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/c11030046 - 30 Jun 2025
Viewed by 1514
Abstract
We investigate the thermal conductivity of graphene Moiré superlattices formed by twisting bilayer graphene (TBG) at small angles, employing approach-to-equilibrium molecular dynamics and lattice dynamics calculations based on the Boltzmann Transport Equation. Our simulations reveal a non-monotonic dependence of the thermal conductivity on [...] Read more.
We investigate the thermal conductivity of graphene Moiré superlattices formed by twisting bilayer graphene (TBG) at small angles, employing approach-to-equilibrium molecular dynamics and lattice dynamics calculations based on the Boltzmann Transport Equation. Our simulations reveal a non-monotonic dependence of the thermal conductivity on the twisting angle, with a local minimum near the first magic angle (θ∼1.1°). This behavior is attributed to the evolution of local stacking configurations—AA, AB, and saddle-point (SP)—across the Moiré superlattice, which strongly affect phonon transport. A detailed analysis of phonon mean free paths (MFP) and mode-resolved thermal conductivity shows that AA stacking suppresses thermal transport, while AB and SP stackings exhibit enhanced conductivity owing to more efficient low-frequency phonon transport. Furthermore, we establish a direct correlation between the thermal conductivity of twisted structures and the relative abundance of stacking domains within the Moiré supercell. Our results demonstrate that even very small changes in twisting angle (<2°) can lead to thermal conductivity variations of over 30%, emphasizing the high tunability of thermal transport in TBG. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of C — Journal of Carbon Research)
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18 pages, 1917 KB  
Article
Bimetallic Copper–Indium Co-Doped Titanium Dioxide Towards Electrosynthesis of Urea from Carbon Dioxide and Nitrate
by Youcai Meng, Tianran Wei, Zhiwei Wang, Caiyun Wang, Junyang Ding, Yang Luo and Xijun Liu
C 2025, 11(3), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/c11030044 - 27 Jun 2025
Viewed by 620
Abstract
Electrocatalytic urea synthesis offers great potential for sustainable strategies through CO2 and NO3− reduction reactions. However, the development of high-performance catalysts is often hampered by the complexity of synthetic methodologies and the unresolved nature of C-N coupling pathways. In this [...] Read more.
Electrocatalytic urea synthesis offers great potential for sustainable strategies through CO2 and NO3− reduction reactions. However, the development of high-performance catalysts is often hampered by the complexity of synthetic methodologies and the unresolved nature of C-N coupling pathways. In this study, we present a copper–indium co-doped titanium dioxide (CuIn-TiO2) catalyst that exhibits remarkable efficacy in enhancing the synergistic reduction of CO2 and NO3− to produce urea. The bimetallic CuIn site functions as the primary active site for the C-N coupling reaction, achieving a urea yield rate of 411.8 μg h−1 mgcat−1 with a Faradaic efficiency of 6.7% at −0.8 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (vs. RHE). A body of experimental and theoretical research has demonstrated that the nanoscale particles enhance the density of active sites and improve the feasibility of reactions on the surface of TiO2. The co-doping of Cu and In has been shown to significantly enhance electronic conductivity, increase the adsorption affinity for *CO2 and *NO3−, and promote the C-N coupling process. The CuIn-TiO2 catalyst has been demonstrated to effectively promote the reduction of NO3− and CO2, as well as accelerate the C-N coupling reaction. This effect is a result of a synergistic interaction among the catalyst’s components. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of C — Journal of Carbon Research)
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17 pages, 5479 KB  
Article
Fracture Mechanics of Tetragraphene: Effects of Structural Variations and Loading Conditions
by Elnaz Haddadi and Alireza Tabarraei
C 2025, 11(3), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/c11030040 - 24 Jun 2025
Viewed by 670
Abstract
Despite the promising electronic properties of graphene, its lack of an intrinsic bandgap limits its applicability in semiconductor technologies. This has catalyzed the investigation of newly developed two-dimensional carbon materials, including tetragraphene (TG), a quasi-2D semiconducting material featuring a combination of hexagonal and [...] Read more.
Despite the promising electronic properties of graphene, its lack of an intrinsic bandgap limits its applicability in semiconductor technologies. This has catalyzed the investigation of newly developed two-dimensional carbon materials, including tetragraphene (TG), a quasi-2D semiconducting material featuring a combination of hexagonal and tetragonal rings. This study aims to investigate the mechanical and fracture behaviors of TG using density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, studying two distinct atomic configurations of tetragraphene. DFT simulations assess the mechanical properties, while MD simulations explore the fracture dynamics subjected to mixed mode I (opening mode) and mode II (in-plane shear mode) loading. Our analysis focuses on the influence of loading phase angle, crack edge chirality, crack tip configuration, and temperature on crack propagation paths and critical stress intensity factors (SIFs) in TG structures. Our results show that the critical SIF varies by 12.5–21% depending on the crack chirality. Across all loading conditions, increasing the temperature ranging from 300 K to 2000 K reduces the critical SIF by 10–45%, with the largest reductions observed under pure mode I loading. These outcomes offer important insights into the structural integrity of TG and inform its potential integration into flexible nanoelectronic devices, where mechanical reliability is essential. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of C — Journal of Carbon Research)
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