Microplastics

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27 pages, 3997 KB

Open AccessArticle

Emerging Health Risks Associated with the Intake of Microplastics Found in Milk and Dairy Products

by Andreea Laura Banica, Cristiana Radulescu, Claudia Lavinia Buruleanu, Radu Lucian Olteanu, Raluca Maria Stirbescu, Sorina Geanina Stanescu and Ioana Daniela Dulama

Microplastics 2025, 4(4), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics4040098 (registering DOI) - 3 Dec 2025

Abstract

Microplastic contamination in milk and dairy products is an emerging public health concern due to the potential transfer of polymer particles into the human diet. This study aims to assess the health risks associated with the presence of five major polymers, such as [...] Read more.

Microplastic contamination in milk and dairy products is an emerging public health concern due to the potential transfer of polymer particles into the human diet. This study aims to assess the health risks associated with the presence of five major polymers, such as poly(methyl methacrylate), polyurethane, polyester, polyethylene, and polyamide, found in a variety of conventional, organic, and raw milk and dairy products. The risk assessment was performed by calculating several indices, including the polymer risk index, concentration factor, daily plastic intake, the chronic daily exposure dose by ingestion, and the plastic risk index. Statistical analyses, including t-test, Pearson correlations, Multilayer Perceptron Analysis, Principal Component Analysis, Scatterplot Matrix, pairwise comparisons, and Multidimensional Scaling, were performed to establish the emerging risks associated with the consumption of contaminated dairy products. The results indicated significant differences in risk parameters between certain product categories, with yogurts, both conventional and organic, showing consistently higher associations with poly(methyl methacrylate), polyurethane, polyester, and polyamide contamination. Strong positive correlations between microplastic concentration and intake-related parameters have confirmed a robust exposure-risk relationship. The exploratory and predictive analyses have revealed product-specific contamination patterns, but no significant association has been observed between product and polymer types. These findings validate the link between microplastic exposure and human health risk and suggest that targeted monitoring of dairy products with high sensitivity is needed to mitigate potential impacts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microplastics and Human Health: Impact, Challenges and Interaction Mechanisms)

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14 pages, 2020 KB

Open AccessArticle

First Evidence of the Possible Influence of Avoiding Daily Liquid Intake from Plastic and Glass Beverage Bottles on Blood Pressure in Healthy Volunteers

by Liesa Geppner, Sophie Grammatidis, Harald Wilfing and Maja Henjakovic

Microplastics 2024, 3(3), 419-432; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics3030026 - 26 Jul 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 19889

Abstract

The global microplastic pollution issue, as a result of the indispensable usage of microplastics in building materials, packaged food, medical products and consumer goods, poses significant health problems for the population. These small particles can penetrate intact cell barriers in the intestines and [...] Read more.

The global microplastic pollution issue, as a result of the indispensable usage of microplastics in building materials, packaged food, medical products and consumer goods, poses significant health problems for the population. These small particles can penetrate intact cell barriers in the intestines and alveoli, thereby entering the bloodstream. The aim of this pilot study was to investigate the effects of reduced plastic consumption on blood pressure. Eight adult and healthy participants abstained from consuming commercially produced bottled beverages and restricted their primary fluid intake to tap water. Blood pressure was measured on both sides before, after 14 days and after 28 to 30 days of this partial plastic diet. Women exhibit a significant change in systolic blood pressure on the right arm after 2 and 4 weeks, while the left arm demonstrates no significant changes in blood pressure. On the contrary, in men, systolic blood pressure values on both arms show no significant alterations, attributable to the high variability across the three participants. Moreover, no significant differences in systolic blood pressure were observed when analysing the entire cohort. Significant findings are evident only at the two-week mark for diastolic blood pressure for all participants in both arms. When considering diastolic blood pressure separately for women and men, men again show no significant changes in blood pressure on either arm. However, women exhibit a significant decrease in diastolic blood pressure on the left arm after 2 weeks and a statistically significant decline in diastolic blood pressure on the right arm after both 2 and 4 weeks. The results of the study suggest, for the first time, that a reduction in plastic use could potentially lower blood pressure, probably due to the reduced volume of plastic particles in the bloodstream. To confirm this hypothesis, a larger sample of male and female participants must be examined, ideally with the monitoring of plastic concentration in the blood. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microplastics and Human Health: Impact, Challenges and Interaction Mechanisms)

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12 pages, 37783 KB

Open AccessArticle

Microscopic Image Dataset with Segmentation and Detection Labels for Microplastic Analysis in Sewage: Enhancing Research and Environmental Monitoring

by Gwanghee Lee, Jaeheon Jung, Sangjun Moon, Jihyun Jung and Kyoungson Jhang

Microplastics 2024, 3(2), 264-275; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics3020016 - 17 May 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 6373

Abstract

We introduce a novel microscopic image dataset augmented with segmentation and detection labels specifically designed for microplastic analysis in sewage environments. Recognizing the increasing concern over microplastics—particles of synthetic polymers smaller than 5 mm—and their detrimental effects on marine ecosystems and human health, [...] Read more.

We introduce a novel microscopic image dataset augmented with segmentation and detection labels specifically designed for microplastic analysis in sewage environments. Recognizing the increasing concern over microplastics—particles of synthetic polymers smaller than 5 mm—and their detrimental effects on marine ecosystems and human health, our research focuses on enhancing detection and analytical methodologies through advanced computer vision and deep learning techniques. The dataset comprises high-resolution microscopic images of microplastics collected from sewage, meticulously labeled for both segmentation and detection tasks, aiming to facilitate accurate and efficient identification and quantification of microplastic pollution. In addition to dataset development, we present example deep learning models optimized for segmentation and detection of microplastics within complex sewage samples. The models demonstrate significant potential in automating the analysis of microplastic contamination, offering a scalable solution to environmental monitoring challenges. Furthermore, we ensure the accessibility and reproducibility 12 of our research by making the dataset and model codes publicly available, accompanied by detailed 13 documentation on GitHub and LabelBox. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microplastics and Human Health: Impact, Challenges and Interaction Mechanisms)

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Review

Jump to: Research

17 pages, 1048 KB

Open AccessReview

Definition of Emerging Microplastic Syndrome Based on Clinical and Epidemiological Evidence: A Narrative Review

by Umberto Cornelli, Claudio Casella, Giovanni Belcaro, Maria Rosaria Cesarone, Simonetta Marucci, Mariangela Rondanelli, Martino Recchia and Giuseppe Zanoni

Microplastics 2025, 4(4), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics4040093 - 26 Nov 2025

Viewed by 255

Abstract

Microplastics and nanoplastics (MNPs) are pervasive contaminants infiltrating water, food, and human tissues. The sharp rise in plastic production—with over half manufactured between 2003 and 2022—has heightened concerns about their health impacts. Methods included: (1) a literature review of clinical studies on MNPs [...] Read more.

Microplastics and nanoplastics (MNPs) are pervasive contaminants infiltrating water, food, and human tissues. The sharp rise in plastic production—with over half manufactured between 2003 and 2022—has heightened concerns about their health impacts. Methods included: (1) a literature review of clinical studies on MNPs focusing on human health and (2) analysis of Standardized Mortality Rates (SMRs) for 44 groups of diseases in Italy (2003–2022, Italian National Institute of Statistics, ISTAT data). The outcomes suggest that MNPs have been connected to pathological alterations in a number of organ systems, such as the gastrointestinal tract (intestine, liver, and pancreas), breathing system, eyes, brain, and vascular structures. SMRs increased significantly in only eight of the 46 illness categories examined between 2003 and 2022. The analysis of clinical and epidemiological data allows us to identify a possible clinical assessment consisting of a 30-variable diagnostic questionnaire (Chicago Cluster Evaluation System, CCES), encompassing laboratory markers, clinical signs, and ultrasound findings. A binomial distribution model suggests that more than 8 positive responses may indicate a presumptive diagnosis of Microplastic Syndrome (MP-Sy). This framework reflects observed clinical/epidemiological patterns and provides a foundation for hypothesis-driven research. Prospective longitudinal studies are warranted to validate the proposed definition and its diagnostic utility. The aim of the present study is to propose a preliminary clinical framework for a potential MP-Sy integrating toxicological evidence with epidemiological data, define diagnostic criteria and assess their consistency with observed disease trends. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microplastics and Human Health: Impact, Challenges and Interaction Mechanisms)

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45 pages, 2801 KB

Open AccessReview

Micro- and Nanoplastic-Induced Respiratory Disease and Dysfunction: A Scoping Review

by Adrian Goldsworthy, Liam A. O’Callaghan, Oystein Tronstad, Jacky Suen, Honglin Chen, Cassandra Rauert, Ciara B. Blum, Lotti Tajouri, Matthew Olsen, Kevin V. Thomas and John F. Fraser

Microplastics 2025, 4(4), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics4040079 - 23 Oct 2025

Viewed by 947

Abstract

Background: Human bioaccumulation of micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) is increasingly being recognised in the aetiology and pathophysiology of human disease. This systematic scoping review aims to provide a comprehensive investigation of studies examining the presence and effects of MNPs on the human pulmonary [...] Read more.

Background: Human bioaccumulation of micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) is increasingly being recognised in the aetiology and pathophysiology of human disease. This systematic scoping review aims to provide a comprehensive investigation of studies examining the presence and effects of MNPs on the human pulmonary system. Methods: A scoping review was conducted in line with JBI guidelines. Five databases (PubMed, SCOPUS, CINAHL, Web of Science and EMBASE) were systematically searched. Results: Sixty-eight articles were identified, with fifteen reporting the presence of MNPs in human respiratory tissues and fluids. The data reported in the remaining toxicology-focused studies suggest that MNPs induce widespread cellular dysfunction in pulmonary-related human cell lines. Exposure to MNPs was associated with significant cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and altered metabolic activity, including mitochondrial damage, increased reactive oxygen species and reduced membrane potential. Functionalised and smaller particles had more pronounced effects. Conclusions: The reported presence of MNPs, coupled with their biological toxicity, represents a growing global health concern. Evidence suggests MNPs may contribute to the rising burden of pulmonary disease worldwide, including cancer, COPD, interstitial lung disease and ARDS. Urgent international research is needed to characterise exposure pathways, develop standardised detection methods and understand the long-term health implications of MNP inhalation across the lifespan. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microplastics and Human Health: Impact, Challenges and Interaction Mechanisms)

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22 pages, 1581 KB

Open AccessReview

Micro(Nano)plastics in Human Carcinogenesis: Emerging Evidence and Mechanistic Insights

by Suman Giri, Gopal Lamichhane, Jitendra Pandey and Dipendra Khadka

Microplastics 2025, 4(4), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics4040078 - 22 Oct 2025

Viewed by 1534

Abstract

Micro(nano)plastics (MNPs) are globally ubiquitous environmental pollutants that have become a growing concern for human health, but their potential role in human carcinogenesis remains to be determined. Over the past few years, MNPs have been identified as potential carcinogenic and mutagenic agents in [...] Read more.

Micro(nano)plastics (MNPs) are globally ubiquitous environmental pollutants that have become a growing concern for human health, but their potential role in human carcinogenesis remains to be determined. Over the past few years, MNPs have been identified as potential carcinogenic and mutagenic agents in various human samples as they induce oxidative stress, DNA damage, and immune dysregulation, which can alter the tumor microenvironment, thereby promoting cancer development and metastasis. Researchers are actively investigating the health risks posed by MNP particles in order to establish clearer links between MNP exposure and the onset of various human cancers. Although recent research suggests a potential tumorigenic connection between MNPs and some cancer types like skin, lung, breast and gastrointestinal cancers, further studies are required to clarify their long-term effects and specific mechanisms. In our review, we provide an overview of the current state of knowledge regarding the carcinogenic impacts of MNPs and the underlying molecular mechanisms through which MNP exposure may contribute to human cancer progression. Additionally, we highlight existing knowledge gaps and provide important recommendations for future research on the carcinogenic potential of MNPs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microplastics and Human Health: Impact, Challenges and Interaction Mechanisms)

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25 pages, 2649 KB

Open AccessReview

Micro- and Nanoplastics on Human Health and Diseases: Perspectives and Recent Advances

by Acácio S. de Souza, Patricia G. Ferreira, Patricia Ribeiro Pereira, Iva S. de Jesus, Rafael P. R. F. de Oliveira, Alcione S. de Carvalho, Leandro C. D. Rodrigues, Vania Margaret Flosi Paschoalin, Debora O. Futuro and Vitor F. Ferreira

Microplastics 2025, 4(3), 64; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics4030064 - 12 Sep 2025

Viewed by 2635

Abstract

Micro- and nanoplastic (MNP) particles are constantly formed through plastic fragmentation by sunlight, friction, or oxidation. MNPs potentialize health risks when entering the human body by ingestion, infusion, inhalation, and skin absorption. Still, the translocation among intracellular compartments must also be considered because [...] Read more.

Micro- and nanoplastic (MNP) particles are constantly formed through plastic fragmentation by sunlight, friction, or oxidation. MNPs potentialize health risks when entering the human body by ingestion, infusion, inhalation, and skin absorption. Still, the translocation among intracellular compartments must also be considered because MNPs can reach the circulatory system and be found in virtually all body fluids, tissues, and organs, potentially causing significant health impacts. The ability of MNPs to interact with macromolecules and cause damage to intracellular structures results in several physiopathological conditions, such as inflammation, oxidative imbalance, apoptosis, and carcinogenesis. One major challenge in MNP research is the development of reliable detection and quantification methods and effective sample separation processes. Although there is evidence directly linking MNPs to heart disease, the same cannot be said for diseases such as cancer, respiratory conditions, and reproductive system disorders. Therefore, the impact of MNPs on human health was examined, and a careful evaluation of their effects was carried out. We reviewed the extensive scientific literature from the past years, focusing on exposure, aging, interactions, and effects on entering MNPs into human metabolism and the physiological systems, which makes these particles particularly hazardous. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microplastics and Human Health: Impact, Challenges and Interaction Mechanisms)

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19 pages, 2302 KB

Open AccessReview

The Cytotoxicity of Biodegradable Microplastics and Nanoplastics: Current Status and Research Prospects

by Konstantin Malafeev

Microplastics 2025, 4(3), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics4030058 - 3 Sep 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2452

Abstract

The growth in the production and use of biodegradable plastics, positioned as an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional polymers, has led to an increase in their distribution in the environment. However, in conditions other than industrial composting facilities, biodegradable polymers can persist for [...] Read more.

The growth in the production and use of biodegradable plastics, positioned as an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional polymers, has led to an increase in their distribution in the environment. However, in conditions other than industrial composting facilities, biodegradable polymers can persist for a long time, fragment, and form biodegradable micro- and nanoplastics (BioMNP) with potential toxicity. Unlike traditional microplastics, the impact of BioMNP on human health has been poorly studied. This review summarises the available data on the cytotoxicity of BioMNP, including mechanisms of interaction with human cells, routes of entry into the body, induction of inflammation, oxidative stress, and cellular dysfunction. Particular attention is paid to the interaction of microplastics with cells of various body systems, including the digestive, respiratory, immune, and urogenital systems, as well as with the skin. The identified knowledge gaps highlight the need for further research to assess the risks associated with the impact of BioMNP on humans and to develop safer forms of biopolymers. Among biodegradable plastics, PLA-based particles tend to exhibit stronger cytotoxic effects. Nanoplastics generally induce more severe cellular responses than microplastics. Organs such as the liver and lungs appear particularly vulnerable. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microplastics and Human Health: Impact, Challenges and Interaction Mechanisms)

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24 pages, 1123 KB

Open AccessReview

From Environment to Endothelium: The Role of Microplastics in Vascular Aging

by Rooban Sivakumar, Arul Senghor Kadalangudi Aravaanan, Vinodhini Vellore Mohanakrishnan and Janardhanan Kumar

Microplastics 2025, 4(3), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics4030052 - 17 Aug 2025

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2528

Abstract

Microplastics, synthetic polymer particles measuring less than 5 mm, have become a widespread environmental pollutant, raising concerns over their possible effects on human health. Growing evidence links MPs to vascular aging and cardiovascular disease beyond their ecological toxicity. Upon inhalation, ingestion, or skin [...] Read more.

Microplastics, synthetic polymer particles measuring less than 5 mm, have become a widespread environmental pollutant, raising concerns over their possible effects on human health. Growing evidence links MPs to vascular aging and cardiovascular disease beyond their ecological toxicity. Upon inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact, microplastics can traverse biological barriers, circulate systemically, and accumulate in vascular tissues. Experimental investigations indicate that MPs, especially polystyrene and polyethylene in nano- and micro-sized forms, induce oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and chronic inflammation. These disruptions activate redox-sensitive signaling pathways, such as NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome, causing endothelial dysfunction, vascular smooth muscle modulation, and foam cell production, indicating early vascular aging. Animal models and in vitro studies have consistently shown endothelial activation, increased cytokine production, and changes in vascular tone after exposure to MPs. Initial human research has detected microplastics in blood, thrombi, and atherosclerotic plaques, which correlate with negative cardiovascular outcomes and systemic inflammation. Notably, recent research suggests that the gut microbiota and antioxidant systems may play a role in adaptive reactions, although these processes are still not fully understood. MP-induced vascular toxicity is covered in this interdisciplinary review, highlighting molecular pathways, experimental data, and translational gaps. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microplastics and Human Health: Impact, Challenges and Interaction Mechanisms)

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18 pages, 1019 KB

Open AccessReview

Indoor Airborne Microplastics: Human Health Importance and Effects of Air Filtration and Turbulence

by Christine C. Gaylarde, José Antonio Baptista Neto and Estefan M. da Fonseca

Microplastics 2024, 3(4), 653-670; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics3040040 - 5 Nov 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 10913

Abstract

Microplastics (MPs) are omnipresent particles that receive special attention because of their persistent nature and their potential impact on human disease and on the environment. Most MPs are generated by the degradation of larger plastic items such as clothing, car tires, and discarded [...] Read more.

Microplastics (MPs) are omnipresent particles that receive special attention because of their persistent nature and their potential impact on human disease and on the environment. Most MPs are generated by the degradation of larger plastic items such as clothing, car tires, and discarded plastic materials. In indoor environments, where human beings spend most of their time, aerial MP levels are higher, and the majority are fibers produced from textiles. Airborne MPs indoors are a greater potential danger to humans than MPs ingested in food and drink. Fragments small enough to remain substantially suspended in the air column, the small airborne microparticles that are measured as PM₁₀ and PM_2.5, become available for assimilation by human beings through respiration, potentially producing various health problems. Larger MPs act by ingestion and skin contact. MPs can carry microorganisms and micropollutants adsorbed to their surfaces, facilitating their uptake and survival within the human body. Indoor airborne MPs thus represent emerging pollutants of fast-growing concern that are especially important as potential invaders of the human respiratory system, reaching the alveoli of the lungs and finally entering the circulatory system and other tissues. Since this direct human exposure to MP contamination via indoor air is so important, we discuss in this article the ways in which MP concentration and dispersal in indoor air can be affected by air turbulence that is induced by anthropogenic objects such as air conditioners, filters, and purifiers. Much evidence is equivocal and further research is necessary. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microplastics and Human Health: Impact, Challenges and Interaction Mechanisms)

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