Search Results (31,434)

Hydrochar application to soil inevitably releases hydrochar-derived dissolved organic matter (HDOM), yet its specific impact on soil microbial communities, independent of the hydrochar solid matrix, remains poorly understood. This study investigated, for the first time, the dose-dependent effects of HDOM on bacterial communities in three distinct soil types (red, yellow-brown, and black soils). A concentration gradient, including undiluted stock solution and 10-, 100-, and 1000-fold dilutions with ultrapure water, was established to test for hormesis-like responses. High-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that HDOM induced profound, soil-specific shifts in bacterial community structure. The application of HDOM induced the emergence of numerous specific bacterial taxa, with unique ASVs reaching up to 15,372. However, no significant changes were observed in microbial community richness or evenness (alpha diversity). Drastic shifts in beta diversity were evident only in red soil and yellow-brown soil, and exclusively under the undiluted HDOM treatment. At the phylum level, HDOM application did not alter the dominant bacterial types (top 10 phyla); however, their relative abundances were jointly regulated by both HDOM dose and soil type. Significant HDOM-induced changes in key bacterial biomarkers were primarily detected in red soil (e.g., phylum Elusimicrobia, class Fimbriimonadia, and family Alicyclobacillaceae) and yellow-brown soil (e.g., phylum Proteobacteria, class Alphaproteobacteria, and family Rhizobiaceae), while in black soil, such changes were observed only under the undiluted HDOM treatment (e.g., species Streptomyces rochei). Predictive functional profiling suggested limited impact on major metabolic pathways, with soil type remaining the primary determinant. These findings demonstrate that HDOM exerts a direct, dose-dependent, and soil-specific influence on bacterial communities, providing key insights into the environmental behavior of hydrochar and guiding its safe application. Full article

Aiming at the technical pain points of traditional manhole covers with low intelligence high cost and excessive power consumption, this study designs a TENG-based alarm device to enhance the safety and maintenance efficiency of urban infrastructure. The device integrates a water immersion sensor and a displacement sensor enabling real-time status monitoring through a unique TENG mechanism. The solid–liquid mode water immersion sensor detects seepage through the triboelectrification effect. Water droplets contact electrodes on the surface of FEP film and generate electric energy to trigger the detection circuit. The displacement sensor adopts the independent layer mode of TENG and combines with a mechanical tumbler mechanism to realize displacement detection. External force-induced manhole cover displacement drives internal balls to roll and rub against electrodes. Electric energy is then generated to activate the detection circuit. On the basis of the two sensors, an efficient and reliable intelligent alarm system is constructed. The system receives and analyzes displacement and water immersion-sensing signals in real time. It rapidly identifies potential safety hazards including displacement offset water accumulation and leakage. Signal analysis and early warning prompts are completed synchronously. This system provides accurate and real-time data support for public facility monitoring, pipe network operation and maintenance, and regional security in smart cities. It helps achieve early detection and early disposal of hidden dangers and improves the intelligent and refined level of smart city monitoring. Full article

Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) infections in poultry threaten animal health and food safety. Antibiotic resistance makes alternative treatments necessary. Bamboo polyphenols (BP), recovered from bamboo vinegar—a byproduct of bamboo carbonization—represent a sustainable and eco-friendly candidate for combating avian salmonellosis. We tested BP against SE using laboratory tests and a chick model. BP showed a minimum inhibitory concentration of 1:256 against SE. We infected chicks with 1.8 × 10⁸ CFU per bird. The results indicated that adding 0.2% (v/v) BP to drinking water demonstrated optimal efficacy for prevention. Adding 0.4% (v/v) BP demonstrated optimal efficacy for treatment. Prophylactic BP administration effectively prevented SE-induced mortality and tissue damage. As a therapeutic agent, BP performed comparably to berberine. BP lowered the bacterial load in organs and increased chick survival to 96%. At the transcriptional level, BP administration downregulated the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway. It also improved antioxidant levels, strengthened the intestinal barrier, and restored healthy gut bacteria. These results indicate that BP could serve as a potential and sustainable feed additive to reduce SE infection in poultry. Full article

Euphorbia tirucalli, commonly known as Aveloz, is widely used in Brazilian folk medicine for its purported antibacterial, antiviral, and antitumoral properties. However, scientific evidence regarding its systemic in vivo effects, particularly on the cardiovascular system, remains limited. This study investigated the impact of oral E. tirucalli latex ingestion on cardiac hemodynamics and associated molecular alterations in normotensive Wistar rats. Animals received water (control) or E. tirucalli latex (13.47 mg/kg) by oral gavage for 15 days. Hemodynamic parameters were assessed through noninvasive blood pressure monitoring and direct measurements of left ventricular systolic (LVSP) and end-diastolic pressures (LVEDP), cardiac cycle duration, rates of pressure development (dP/dt_max and dP/dt_min), and the left ventricular relaxation constant (Tau). Oxidative stress and inflammation were evaluated by plasma advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) and myeloperoxidase (MPO), respectively, while reactive oxygen species production and apoptosis were analyzed in isolated cardiomyocytes. Although systemic blood pressure remained unchanged, E. tirucalli increased LVSP, LVEDP, cardiac cycle duration, and dP/dt_max, while reducing Tau. These alterations were accompanied by elevated AOPP and MPO levels, increased cardiomyocyte hydrogen peroxide, and higher rates of early apoptosis, indicating that E. tirucalli latex alters cardiac hemodynamics and promotes oxidative and inflammatory cardiac injury. Full article

Surface water systems are increasingly exposed to multiple pressures generated by climate variability, intensified water resource exploitation, and evolving geopolitical dynamics. This study provides a novel contribution by identifying critical threshold effects and non-linear interactions that influence nitrate concentrations through an integrated information systems framework. It develops an integrated information-system-based analytical framework that combines hydrological, climatic, geopolitical, and strategic indicators to shape the broader contextual framework within which hydrological and climatic pressures operate, rather than serving as direct predictors. Considering the nitrate concentration in rivers as a key parameter of water quality, the paper goes beyond univariate analysis of nitrite concentration, examining its relationship with four explanatory variables: the Water Exploitation Index Plus (WEI+), the number of heat stress days (Heat_Stress), the Geopolitical Risk Index (GPR), and a proxy variable representing the presence of strategic infrastructure (Nuclear_State) using a Reduced Error Pruning Tree (REPTree) decision tree algorithm with 10-fold cross-validation. The results indicate that climatic stress emerges as the primary predictor, with a critical threshold of approximately 7.83 heat stress days, beyond which nitrate concentrations increase significantly. Under conditions of high climatic stress and intensive water exploitation (WEI+ ≥ 67.39), predicted nitrate levels exceed 20 mg/L and can reach extreme values of up to 58.82 mg/L. In contrast, low hydrological pressure (WEI+ < 0.39) combined with moderate climatic stress is associated with very low nitrate concentrations, around 2.75 mg/L. The model demonstrates strong predictive performance, with a correlation coefficient of 0.976, a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 0.593, a Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) of 2.046, and a Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) area exceeding 0.94 for classification tasks. While geopolitical and strategic variables do not act as direct predictors, they contribute to shaping the contextual framework influencing water resource management and environmental vulnerability. Overall, the study highlights the non-linear and systemic nature of water quality dynamics and demonstrates the effectiveness of decision tree-based models within integrated information systems for supporting environmental monitoring and decision-making under conditions of climate stress and geopolitical uncertainty. Full article

Sustainable sourcing of bioactive ingredients is an important direction in the development of topical formulations. Fruit by-products generated during food processing such as apple pomace, represent a promising resource for skincare applications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety, effectiveness, and consumer perception of a three-step facial skincare regimen consisting of a cleansing gel, serum, and face cream containing upcycled apple pomace extract. Unlike most cosmetic studies focusing on single products, this research assessed a complete skincare routine to better reflect real-life usage conditions. All formulations underwent dermatological safety evaluation prior to the in vivo study. The clinical assessment was conducted on 30 healthy female volunteers aged 25–55 years. Skin hydration, pH, transepidermal water loss, sebum level, and skin gloss were measured on untreated skin, after the first use, and after four weeks. User perception was assessed using a questionnaire completed by 58 participants. Short-term changes in skin parameters were observed after application, while four weeks of use maintained them within physiological ranges. Skin gloss increased significantly by 4.2%, and no adverse reactions were reported. These results indicate that the tested skincare regimen containing apple pomace extract was well-tolerated and cosmetically acceptable under the study conditions. Full article

Agrivoltaics (AV) has emerged as an integrated land-use innovation capable of simultaneously addressing food, energy, and water challenges, yet its systemic implications for farming system sustainability remain insufficiently synthesized. This review adopts a farming system dynamics perspective to examine how AV systems reorganize biophysical, ecological, and socio-economic interactions across agroecosystems. Drawing upon agroecological principles, pathways of sustainable intensification and ecological intensification, and resource-loop strategies in circular economy, we identify the key elements and cause-and-effect relationships that shape AV system performance. Evidence indicates that the co-location of photovoltaics (PV) structures and crop cultivation generates new system properties, altered light distribution, moderated microclimates, redistributed soil moisture, and diversified production functions that influence productivity, resource-use efficiency, ecological services, and farm resilience. Using causal loop analysis, we conceptualize four central feedback dynamics: (i) PV–crop trade-offs and spatial-sharing relationships; (ii) microclimate modifications and crop physiological responses; (iii) ecological performance and landscape-level interactions; and (iv) circularity loops connecting resource conservation, renewable-energy substitution, soil processes, and material flows. This feedback collectively determines eco-efficiency outcomes, including enhanced land-equivalent productivity, improved water-use efficiency, strengthened regulating services, and reductions in external energy dependence. At the farming-system scale, AV diversifies income streams and stabilizes yields under climatic variability, whereas at the landscape scale, it fosters multifunctionality by supporting regenerative resource flows and ecological resilience. Building on these insights, we propose an integrated framework that links agroecological elements with dynamic feedback structures to guide context-specific AV design, management, and governance. This system-oriented synthesis provides a foundation for future research and policy efforts aimed at optimizing AV as a circular, resilient, and sustainable farming system innovation. Full article

Many cities adopt greening strategies to reduce contamination from combined sewer overflows (CSOs). Nonetheless, quantifying the impact of urban greening on CSO-affected water quality at the city scale remains challenging. To address this challenge, this work leveraged supervised learning to link water swimmability with the greening of a CSO shed (the drainage area of a CSO outfall), using New York City (NYC) as a case study. Random forest classification models were built to predict water swimmability after rainfall at 46 sites in NYC water bodies impacted by CSOs. A 14-feature model (AUROC =0.81, accuracy = 0.78) revealed that greening improved local water quality. However, water flow speed, antecedent rain depth, and CSO shed area were also influential. A simplified four-feature model (AUROC = 0.8, accuracy = 0.75) explored links between levels of greening and the probability of non-swimmable waters ($P_{ns}$) following different 18 h rainfall depths. Increased greening was found to be most impactful in reducing $P_{ns}$ for CSO sheds discharging to water bodies with flow speeds < 6 cm/s. For CSO sheds discharging to water bodies with flow speeds $\ge$ 14.7 cm/s, urban greening had no impact on $P_{ns}$. The work illustrates the utility of supervised learning in supporting citywide decisions regarding urban greening investments. Full article

Biological differences between sexes—particularly due to fluctuating levels of 17β-estradiol and menstrual cycle dynamics—may influence exercise-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, inflammation and exercise performance. Despite these considerations, there is a lack of research exploring how estradiol and menstrual cycle phases may impact exercise performance, exercise-induced ROS formation and inflammation. This study aimed to examine whether estradiol concentration or menstrual cycle phase may be significantly associated with resistance circuit high-intensity interval training (HIIT) performance, as well as exercise-induced formation of ROS and Interleukin-6 (IL-6). A total of 30 young healthy female participants completed a single bout of resistance-based HIIT in a fasted state. Blood samples were collected at four time points: at baseline after overnight fasting, two hours after consumption of 0.5 L of water (pre-HIIT), immediately post exercise (post-HIIT) and after 15 min of recovery (15-post-HIIT). Additionally, participants attended six fasting baseline assessments scheduled across various menstrual cycle days. These sessions enabled the assessment of estradiol, ROS and IL-6 concentrations throughout the menstrual cycle without being confounded by nutritional factors. Neither baseline levels of ROS nor IL-6 differed significantly between menstrual cycle phases (luteal vs. follicular ROS: 0.013 µmol/min, p = 0.716; IL-6: 0.052, p = 0.679) menstruation status (yes vs. no ROS: −0.056 µmol/min, p = 0.259; IL-6: −0.302 pg/mL, p = 0.088) or 17β-estradiol concentrations (low (11–≤72.5 pg/mL) vs. high (>72.5–394 pg/mL) ROS: −0.038 µmol/min, p = 0.266; IL-6: +0.015 pg/mL, p = 0.906). On the resistance-circuit-HIIT intervention day, no significant differences in ROS or IL-6 were observed between estradiol concentrations (ROS: p = 0.477; IL-6: p = 0.249), menstrual cycle phase (ROS; p = 0.752; IL-6: p = 0.557) or menstruation status (ROS: p = 0.383; IL-6: p = 0.808) from baseline to pre-HIIT, post-HIIT or 15-post-HIIT. These findings should be interpreted with caution, as the menstrual cycle phases were assigned using a calendar-based approach without biochemical ovulation confirmation and the subgroup sizes were relatively small. These findings suggest that natural 17-beta-Estradiol fluctuations within the menstrual cycle, as well as differences in the menstrual cycle itself, may not substantially modulate ROS or IL-6 responses to acute resistance-based HIIT in young healthy female adults. Full article

Background: Prostate cancer (PCa) is the leading male urinary malignancy globally. Our previous article demonstrated the anti-PCa activity of Euphorbia humifusa Willd water extract (EHW) and some of its compounds via downregulating AR expression, but the anti-PCa active compounds from Euphorbia humifusa Willd (EH) and their mechanisms of action are yet to be clarified. Thus, the current article studied the in vitro anti-PCa effects of 3,3′-di-O-methylellagic acid (3,3′-di-O-Me-EA) derived from EHW and the related mechanism involved. Methods: 3,3’-di-O-Me-EA was isolated from EHW applying bioassay-guided fractionation. The spectroscopic methods were used to determining the structure of 3,3′-di-O-Me-EA. The drug-likeness and ADMET properties (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity) of 3,3′-di-O-Me-EA were analyzed in silico. Molecular docking and real-time surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis were performed to measure the interaction of 3,3′-di-O-Me-EA and VDAC1 protein. The viability and apoptosis of 22RV-1 and DU145 PCa cells were determined using MTT and Annexin V-FITC staining assay, respectively. q-PCR and Western blot experiments were used to analyzing the gene and protein expressions of VDAC1. Results: 3,3′-di-O-Me-EA was isolated and purified from EHW with a purity of ≥90.06%, and its structure was identified by HRTOF mass, NMR, and an authentic standard. In silico ADMET analysis indicated its favorable drug-like and pharmacokinetic properties. Molecular docking and SPR results confirmed that 3,3′-di-O-Me-EA could bind with the VDAC1 protein. Moreover, 3,3′-di-O-Me-EA dose- and time-dependently inhibited 22RV-1 and DU145 PCa cell viability, and induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05). RT-qPCR and Western blot results showed that 3,3′-di-O-Me-EA dose-dependently up-regulated VDAC1 gene and protein expression levels in 22RV-1 and DU145 cells (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, in VDAC1-depleted 22RV-1 and DU145 cells, 3,3′-di-O-Me-EA down-regulated VDAC1 gene and protein expression levels, increased cell viability, and inhibited apoptosis compared to 22RV-1 and DU145 cells (p < 0.05). Furthermore, 3,3′-di-O-Me-EA enhanced VDAC1 gene and protein expression levels, inhibited cell viability, and induced apoptosis in VDAC1-overexpressed 22RV-1 and DU145 cells compared with 22RV-1 and DU145 cells (p < 0.05). Overall, EH active compound 3,3′-di-O-Me-EA may inhibit viability and induce apoptosis of 22RV-1 and DU145 PCa cells via up-regulating VDAC1 gene and protein expression levels. Conclusion: The results indicated that the 22RV1 and DU145 PCa cell viability inhibitory effects of 3,3′-di-O-Me-EA isolated from EH may be mediated by induction of apoptosis through up-regulation of VDAC1 gene and protein expression levels. Full article

Freshwater scarcity is a major global issue faced by various regions, and the most common portable water sources globally are estuaries, canals, dams, lakes, and rivers. Existing water resources function as the best sinks for the frequent release of effluents from industrial and residential activities. This common practice often results in water pollution, a deterioration in marine biodiversity, and possible health risks for human populations. This study employed standard analytical methods in assessing the physicochemical and microbial characteristics of water samples collected from the Sundays River estuary in Eastern Cape Province (ECP), South Africa (SA). Microbiological assessment revealed that during the spring season, presumptive Escherichia coli (E. coli) colony counts were 1 cfu/100 mL, while total coliforms (TCs) and fecal coliforms (FCs) were recorded at 42.67 cfu/100 mL and 1 cfu/100 mL, respectively. In the summer season, fecal coliform (FC) counts reached 3.5 cfu/100 mL, while Enterococcus levels were higher, ranging up to 77.75 cfu/100 mL. Furthermore, the average standards of physicochemical parameters assessed in water obtained from both spring and summer seasons ranged as follows: pH (8.71–9.31), temperature (20.98–22.21 °C), turbidity (10–35.55 FNU), total alkalinity (22.25–94.00 mg/L), oxidation–reduction potential (ORP) (8.05–151.6 mV), electrical conductivity (EC) (13,915–40,260 uS/cm), salinity (8.07–25.78 psu), dissolved oxygen (DO) (6.79–7.39 mg/L), total dissolved solids (TDSs) (6960.6–20,125 mg/L), and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) (0.11–2.94 mg/L). The levels of TDS, EC, turbidity, and salinity in the Sundays River estuary water exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines of 2017, rendering the water unfit for even recreational purposes. Additionally, the bacterial levels identified in this study were above the values set by the South Africa Department of Water Affairs (SA-DWAF). The identified microorganisms are perceived as essential indicators of fecal contamination and have the potential to multiply in the environment. Possible pollution may be a result of various municipal effluents consistently discharged into the waterbody. Full article

Regulated deficit irrigation is a vital method for developing water-saving agriculture. The degree of and the period of water deficit are two key factors determining the effectiveness of regulated deficit irrigation. In this study, winter wheat was used as the experimental material, and water deficit was imposed by reducing the irrigation lower limit. Three water deficit treatments were established, with irrigation lower limits set at 65%, 55%, and 45% of field capacity, respectively. There were three stages of water deficit: the jointing stage, the heading-anthesis stage, and the ripening stage; full irrigation (with a minimum irrigation level of 75% field capacity) served as the control. The physiological and growth indicators were measured, including plant water status, osmotic regulation, antioxidant activity, leaf gas exchange and yield. The variation patterns of physiological indicators during the irrigation cycle under reduced irrigation lower limits at different growth stages were explored. The synergistic response relationships among physiological indicators were analyzed; the physiological mechanism by which the degree and stage of water deficit jointly influence winter wheat yield was elucidated. The results indicate that lowering the lower limit of irrigation reduces net photosynthesis prior to irrigation. When the lower irrigation threshold exceeds 55%, chlorophyll content remains largely unaffected. However, increased stomatal conductance following irrigation results in higher net photosynthesis under the low irrigation threshold treatment compared to the control. When the irrigation lower limit is below 55%, chlorophyll content decreases significantly, resulting in net photosynthesis remaining markedly lower than the control even after irrigation. During the jointing stage and heading-anthesis stage, plants exhibit weaker osmotic regulation and antioxidant capacity, and the chlorophyll content is greatly affected by water deficit, resulting in reduced net photosynthesis before and after irrigation, leading to a greater decrease in winter wheat yield. The results on the physiological and biochemical characters (excluding gas exchange parameters) are limited to one year. The research findings provide the theoretical reference for regulated deficit irrigation of winter wheat. Full article

Phenolic-rich extracts from Satureja montana were evaluated before and after diazomethane treatment to determine how chemical derivatization influences their antioxidant capacity. Native and modified extracts were compared experimentally by measuring total phenolic content, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and Fe²⁺-chelating ability. EN1 exhibited the highest concentration of phenolic compounds, reaching 1278.54 mmol/g, whereas EM2 retained only 1.99 mmol/g. In the FRAP assay, reducing power followed the order EN1 (9.36) > EN2 (3.72) > EM2 (2.08), with EM2 still exceeding caffeic, chlorogenic, and ferulic acids. In contrast, the modified extracts showed superior metal chelating capacity, with EM1 and EM2 displaying IC₅₀ values of 0.70 and 0.82 mg/mL, respectively, both markedly lower than those of the native extracts and the pure standards. To rationalize these differences, a DFT study was performed at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level, examining 18 proposed phenolic acids and their methylated derivatives associated with the extracts. All methylation reactions were thermodynamically favorable, particularly for compounds 18 (−57.10 kcal/mol), 16 (−53.96), 6 (−53.34), and 3, 9, and 11 (−52.71). Solvent effects were found to be structure-dependent: caffeic acid showed BDE values of 72.29, 73.59, and 74.43 kcal/mol in the gas phase, water, and benzene, respectively, whereas syringic acid displayed values of 80.44, 77.09, and 80.65 kcal/mol under the same conditions. Likewise, the ionization potential of caffeic acid decreased from 180.09 kcal/mol in the gas phase to 133.26 kcal/mol in water and 154.22 kcal/mol in benzene. Among all analyzed species, methyl 3,4-dihydroxycinnamate exhibited the lowest BDE (71.60 kcal/mol) as well as the most favorable ΔG°r toward HOO• (−11.06 kcal/mol). Full article

A two-dimensional flow model was constructed to assess the impact of levee axis adjustment on flow variation at Xinsha Island. The results indicate that the longer the return periods, the higher the water level in the southern waterway, with a maximum increase of 0.183 m. Conversely, the northern waterway exhibits a water level decrease, with a maximum reduction of 0.128 m. The flow velocity in the southern waterway diminished by roughly 0.3 m/s, but the flow velocity in the northern waterway rose by a maximum of 0.45 m/s. After the levee axis is adjusted, the flow diversion capacity of the north waterway is effectively enhanced, thereby benefiting flood regulation. Relationships between variations in upstream boundary discharge and flow variations surrounding Xinsha Island are presented to facilitate swift and dependable forecasts. These findings clearly illustrate the influence of levee axis changes on the hydrodynamic properties of the river. Full article

Understanding the development characteristics and controlling factors of organic-rich shales in carbonate platform settings is essential for predicting their distribution and assessing their natural gas exploration potential. However, the mechanisms governing the accumulation of such shales in these specific sedimentary environments remain poorly constrained, and the lack of integrated petrological and geochemical studies limits accurate evaluation of their resource potential. The key objective of this study is to investigate the development characteristics and formation mechanisms of organic-rich shales within intraplatform depressions. To address this objective, we conducted a comprehensive petrological and geochemical analysis of the Cambrian Shuijingtuo Formation organic-rich shale deposits deposited in a carbonate platform setting, particularly from Well EYY3 in Western Hubei, Central Yangtze region. The obtained results indicate that total organic carbon (TOC) contents in the Shuijingtuo Formation can reach up to 4.77%, with a thickness of approximately 9.5 m for shales containing over 2% TOC. Vertically, TOC content exhibits a rapid increase at the base, followed by a gradual decline toward the top, reflecting the evolution of depositional environments. The characteristics of organic-rich shale indicate a significant presence of carbonate minerals, which increase in concentration, alongside tuff lenticular bodies and lithological transition surfaces between tuff and shale. While the longitudinal variation of SiO₂ content in shale is subtle, there is a slight increase in land-sourced clasts and excess silica, and TOC has a significant positive correlation. At the base of the Shuijingtuo Formation, redox parameters, including U-EF and Mo-EF, display a rapid increase followed by a gradual decrease. Conversely, changes in Ni-EF, which indicate paleoproductivity, are less pronounced, and their correlation with TOC is relatively poor. These findings suggest that rapid sea-level rise associated with Cambrian transgressions was the main factor influencing organic matter enrichment in the carbonate platform depressions. This rise supplied nutrients and silica-rich organisms, altering the biological landscape and fostering anoxic conditions in the intraplatform depressions, promoting organic-rich shale formation. As sea levels declined, water circulation became restricted, leading to oxidation of shallow water bodies, decreased paleoproductivity, and shale deposits transitioned to tuff. Therefore, organic-rich shale can also be developed on carbonate platforms, with its formation primarily controlled by fluctuations in sea level. During highstand periods, intraplatform depressions may serve as favorable zones for shale gas exploration. Full article