Search Results (233)

The new mineral polyarsite, ideally Na₇CaMgCu₂(AsO₄)₄F₂Cl, was discovered in high-temperature incrustations of the active Arsenatnaya fumarole at the Second scoria cone of the Northern Breakthrough of the Great Tolbachik Fissure Eruption, Tolbachik volcano, Kamchatka, Russia. It is associated with aegirine, sanidine, ferrisanidine, hematite, halite, sylvite, cassiterite, evseevite, axelite, badalovite, johillerite, arsmirandite, aphthitalite, tridymite, potassic-magnesio-fluoro-arfvedsonite and litidionite. Polyarsite forms short-prismatic, equant or tabular crystals up to 0.15 mm across, their clusters up to 0.3 mm in size or crusts up to 0.5 mm across and up to 0.03 mm thick. Polyarsite is transparent, sky-blue to light blue, with vitreous lustre. It is brittle, no cleavage is observed and the fracture is uneven. D_calc. = 3.592 g cm⁻³. Polyarsite is optically biaxial (+), α = 1.624 (4), β = 1.645 (4), γ = 1.682 (4) (589 nm), 2V_meas. = 70 (10)°. The empirical chemical formula calculated based on 19 O+F+Cl apfu is Na_7.04Ca_1.00Mg_0.92Cu_2.06Fe³⁺_0.06(As_3.96S_0.05)_Σ4.01O_16.28F_1.66Cl_1.06. Polyarsite is monoclinic, space group I2/m, a = 8.4323(4), b = 10.0974(4), c = 10.7099(6) Å, β = 90.822(4)°, V = 911.79(8) ų and Z = 2. The crystal structure was determined based on SCXRD data, R = 0.0391. Polyarsite demonstrates a novel structure type. The structure is based on the (1 0 1) heteropolyhedral layers formed by Cu₂O₈Cl dimers built by CuO₄Cl tetragonal pyramids sharing common Cl vertex, AsO₄ tetrahedra and MgO₄F₂ octahedra. Adjacent layers are linked via CaO₈ cubes to form a pseudo-framework which hosts octahedrally coordinated Na cations. Polyarsite was named based on the Greek words πολύς, poly, “many” and due to belonging to arsenates: this arsenate contains many chemical components ordered between different positions in crystal structure. Full article

The extraction of the light stripe center is a pivotal step in line-structured light vision measurement. This paper addresses a key challenge in the online measurement of train wheel treads, where the diverse and complex profile characteristics of the tread surface lead to uneven gray-level distribution and varying width features in the stripe image, ultimately degrading the accuracy of center extraction. To solve this problem, a region-adaptive multiscale method for light stripe center extraction is proposed. First, potential light stripe regions are identified and enhanced based on the gray-gradient features of the image, enabling precise segmentation. Subsequently, by normalizing the feature responses under Gaussian kernels with different scales, the locally optimal scale parameter (σ) is determined adaptively for each stripe region. Sub-pixel center extraction is then performed using the Hessian matrix corresponding to this optimal σ. Experimental results demonstrate that under on-site conditions featuring uneven wheel surface reflectivity, the proposed method can reliably extract light stripe centers with high stability. It achieves a repeatability of 0.10 mm, with mean measurement errors of 0.12 mm for flange height and 0.10 mm for flange thickness, thereby enhancing both stability and accuracy in industrial measurement environments. The repeatability and reproducibility of the method were further validated through repeated testing of multiple wheels. Full article

As a convergent zone of multiple plates, the Caribbean Sea and its adjacent areas have experienced a complex tectonic evolution process and are characterized by prominent microplate development. This region provides a natural laboratory for studying the formation mechanism of continental margins, the evolution process of ocean basins, and the tectonics of microplates. However, the crustal structure and microplate tectonics in this region remain unclear due to limitations of conventional planar gravity inversion methods, which neglect the Earth’s curvature in large-scale areas, as well as the uneven coverage of regional seismic networks. To precisely delineate the crustal structure and microplate boundaries in the Caribbean Sea region, this study employs a nonlinear gravity inversion method based on a spherical coordinate system. By utilizing GOCO06s satellite gravity data, ETOPO1 topographic data, and the CRUST1.0 crustal model, we performed inversion calculations for the Moho depth in the Caribbean Sea and its adjacent regions and systematically analyzed the crustal structure and microplate tectonic characteristics of the region. The results indicate that the gravity inversion method in the spherical coordinate system has good applicability in complex tectonic regions. The inversion results show that the Moho depth in the study area generally presents a spatial distribution pattern of “shallow in the central part and deep in the surrounding areas”. Among them, the Moho depth is the largest (>39 km) at the junction of the Northern Andes and the South American Plate, while it is relatively shallow (<6 km) in regions such as the Cayman Trough, the Colombian Basin, and the Venezuelan Basin. Based on the Moho undulation, gravity anomalies, and topographic features, this study divides the Caribbean Sea and its adjacent areas into 22 microplates and identifies three types of microplates, including oceanic, continental, and accretionary. Among them, there are 10 microplates with oceanic crust, 6 with continental crust, and 5 with accretionary crust, while the Northern Andes Microplate exhibits a mixed type. The crustal structure characteristics revealed in this study support the Pacific origin model of the Caribbean Plate, indicating that most of the plate is a component of the ancient Pacific Plate with standard oceanic crust properties. Locally, the Caribbean Large Igneous Province developed due to hotspot activity, and the subsequent eastward drift and tectonic wedging processes collectively shaped the complex modern microplate tectonic framework of this region. This study not only reveals the variation pattern of crustal thickness in the Caribbean Sea region but also provides new geophysical evidence for understanding the lithospheric structure and microplate evolution mechanism in the area. Full article

For massive monolithic foundation slabs, the risk of early cracking during construction is a pressing issue. This problem is primarily caused by thermal stresses arising from uneven heating of the structure during concrete curing and cooling. The most common approach to assessing thermal stresses is to express them through the temperature difference between the center and surface of the structure. However, this approach fails to take into account that heat transfer conditions on the upper and lower surfaces of the slab may differ. The purpose of this article is to derive calculation relationships that allow thermal stresses to be expressed through temperatures at three characteristic points on the slab: at the lower surface, in the middle of the slab, and at the upper surface. The resulting formulas were validated by comparison with the results of finite element analysis and an experiment presented in the work of other authors. Compared to the results of finite element analysis, the error in determining the maximum tensile stresses at the center of the slab is 0.4%. To assess the applicability limits of the resulting formulas, a series of finite element calculations were also performed for various slab thicknesses. It was established that for a slab thickness of up to 2 m, the error in determining stresses at three characteristic points using the authors’ formulas does not exceed 10%. Full article

The safe disposal of high-level radioactive waste (HLW) is a significant challenge in the nuclear industry. As the buffer backfill material for deep geological disposal engineering barriers, the shrinkage characteristics of bentonite–sand mixtures are critical to the long-term stability of repositories. This study systematically conducted drying shrinkage tests using an improved thin-film technique under varying sand contents R_s (0–50%), salt solution concentrations (0–1.5 mol/L), and ion types (Na⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻). The mechanisms of the effects of sand content and salt solutions on the shrinkage behavior of bentonite were revealed based on the results. In addition, the rationality of the MCG-B model in simulating the shrinkage characteristics of mixtures was also discussed. The results show that a sand content of 30% is the minimum sand content for inhibiting the shrinkage behavior of bentonite–sand mixtures observed in this work: below this ratio, bentonite dominates the shrinkage process, and samples are prone to cracking due to uneven matrix suction; above this ratio, quartz sand forms a rigid skeleton that significantly inhibits volume shrinkage and accelerates water evaporation. Salt solutions suppress shrinkage by compressing the thickness of the diffuse double layer and inducing ion crystallization. Higher cation concentrations and valences (Mg²⁺ > Na⁺ > Ca²⁺) enhance the inhibitory effect. Crystalline salts such as Na₂SO₄ cause measurement deviations in water content due to hydration and delay the shrinkage process. However, NaCl solutions effectively inhibit shrinkage with minimal impact on shrinkage time. Fitting results with the MCG-B model (Coefficient of determination > 0.97) demonstrate that the MCG-B model can empirically describe the results of thin-film technique experiment, though the model’s prediction accuracy decreases for the residual shrinkage stage at high sand contents (>40%). This study provides a theoretical basis for optimizing buffer material proportions and curing processes, with significant implications for the long-term safety of HLW repositories. Full article

Objectives: This study evaluated and compared the sealing ability and elemental composition of a resin-based endodontic sealer (AH Plus) used with three root canal obturation techniques: single cone (SC), lateral compaction (LC), and warm vertical condensation (WVC). The investigation focused on microstructural characteristics, interfacial integrity, and elemental distribution within filled root canals. Material and Methods: Sixty extracted single-root teeth were instrumented using the ProTaper Gold system and randomly assigned to three groups (n = 20) according to the obturation technique. The AH Plus Jet sealer was applied in all cases. Following obturation, samples were subjected to radiographic investigation and analyzed using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) to assess the sealing performance and chemical composition. Results: Radiographic and microscopic assessments indicated that the SC method showed strong gutta-percha adhesion to dentin with a thin cement layer, whereas WVC provided excellent adaptation and penetration of gutta-percha. The LC technique demonstrated good adhesion but displayed occasional structural irregularities. SC has the thicker adhesion layer with uneven distribution regarding coronal, median, and apical, regions ranging from 45 to 80 μm, while WVC ensures a thin and uniform sealing layer of about 35 μm in all regions. SEM and EDX analyses detailed the interfacial microstructure and confirmed the presence of carbon (C), oxygen (O), calcium (Ca), zinc (Zn), barium (Ba), and sulfur (S) across all groups. Conclusions: All three obturation techniques (SC, WVC, LC) achieved effective sealing when combined with the AH Plus sealer. The main difference between the methods consists of the sealer layer thickness and its even distribution regarding gutta-percha cones. Full article

Air pollution is an important environmental issue that affects social development and human life. Atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) is the primary pollutant affecting the air quality of most cities in the authors’ country. It can cause severe haze, reduce air visibility and cleanliness, and affect people’s daily lives and health. Therefore, it has become a primary research object. Ground monitoring and satellite remote sensing are currently the main ways to obtain PM_2.5 data. Satellite remote sensing technology has the advantages of macro-scale, dynamic, and real-time functioning, which can make up for the limitations of the uneven distribution and high cost of ground monitoring stations. Therefore, it provides an effective means to establish a mathematical model—based on atmospheric aerosol optical thickness data obtained through satellite remote sensing and PM_2.5 concentration data measured by ground monitoring stations—in order to estimate the PM_2.5 concentration and temporal and spatial distribution. This study takes the Yangtze River Delta region as the research area. Based on the measured PM_2.5 concentration data obtained from 184 ground monitoring stations in 2023, the newly released sixth version of the MODIS aerosol optical depth product obtained via the US Terra and Aqua satellites is used as the main prediction factor. Dark-pixel AOD data with a 3 km resolution and dark-blue AOD data with a 10 km resolution are combined with the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis meteorological, land use, road network, and population density data and other auxiliary prediction factors, and XGBoost and LSTM models are used to achieve high-precision estimation of the spatiotemporal changes in PM_2.5 concentration in the Yangtze River Delta region. Full article

This article presents a comparison of empirical and simulation studies and the parameters declared by the membrane manufacturer. The analysis concludes that these values differ at each stage. Therefore, a numerical and simulation analysis of an optimal flat membrane was undertaken, which will successfully perform measurement functions across the full pressure range without causing inelastic deformations based on a membrane made of 316 L stainless steel with the following mechanical parameters: Young’s modulus $\mathrm{E}=2\times {10}^{11} \mathrm{P}\mathrm{a}$, Poisson’s ratio $\mathsf{\nu }=0.28$, density $\mathsf{\rho }=7980 \mathrm{k}\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^3$, and yield strength 2.8 × 10⁸ Pa. A diaphragm with an outer diameter of 25.4 mm, an inner diameter of $2.22\times {10}^{-4} \mathrm{m}$, and a thickness of t = $5.08\times {10}^{-5} \mathrm{m}$ was designed for a pressure sensor in vacuum extinguishing chambers of medium-voltage devices, with a pressure difference $\Delta \mathrm{p}$ from 7 × 10⁻⁴ Pa to 1.013 × 10⁵ Pa. Finite element method (FEM) simulations in the COMSOL Multiphysics environment showed maximum von Mises reduced stresses 1.96 × 10⁸ Pa below the yield strength, confirming operation in the linear-elastic range. The central deflection, described analytically by the equation $\mathrm{y}={\displaystyle \frac{3(1-{\mathsf{\nu }}^2)\mathrm{P}{\mathrm{r}}^4}{16\mathrm{E}{\mathrm{t}}^3}}$, increased fivefold with an increase in diameter to $3.81\times {10}^{-2} \mathrm{m}$ (active area A = 1.14 × 10⁻³ m² compared to 5.07 × 10⁻⁴ m²), achieving a metrological sensitivity of 9.1 × 10⁻¹⁰ m/Pa. Experimental studies integrated with Bragg FBG and epoxy adhesive (E = 5 × 10⁹ Pa, tensile strength $4.2\times {10}^7 \mathrm{P}\mathrm{a}$) revealed a significant deviation from the manufacturer’s catalog data (e.g., deflection of $2.0\times {10}^{-5} \mathrm{m}$ at $6.89\times {10}^2 \mathrm{P}\mathrm{a}$), resulting from uneven bonding and a lack of coaxiality. Corrugated membranes with t = $2.0\times {10}^{-5} \mathrm{m}$ exceeded plasticity, while the optimized configuration of a smooth membrane with rounded adhesive edges ($\mathrm{R}=1\times {10}^{-4} \mathrm{m}$) enabled precise pressure monitoring below ${10}^{-1} \mathrm{P}\mathrm{a}$, despite technological restrictions on assembly and miniaturization. Full article

To address the challenge of simulating shear failure in anchor bolts within FLAC3D, a shear failure criterion, F_s(i) ≥ F_smax(i), is proposed based on the PILE structural element. Through secondary development using the FISH programming language, a modified mechanical model of the PILE element is established and integrated into the FLAC3D-FISH framework. Comparative analyses are conducted on shear tests of bolt shafts and on anchor bolt support performance under coal–rock interface slip conditions, using both the original PILE model and the modified mechanical model. The results demonstrate that the shear load–displacement curve of the modified PILE model clearly reflects shear failure characteristics, satisfying a quantitative shear failure criterion. Upon failure, both the shear force and axial force of the structural element at the failure point drop abruptly to zero, enabling effective simulation of shear failure in anchor bolts within the FLAC3D environment. Using the modified model, the distribution of principal stress differences in the surrounding rock after roadway excavation is analyzed. Based on this, the concept of a stress-bearing ring in the surrounding rock is introduced. The reinforcing effects of bolt length, spacing, and ultimate load capacity on the stress-bearing ring in weak and fractured surrounding rock are investigated. The findings reveal that: (1) shear failure initiates in bolt shafts near the coal–rock interfaces, occurring earlier near the coal–floor interface than near the coal–roof interface; (2) the stress-bearing ring in weak and fractured surrounding rock shows a discontinuous and uneven distribution. However, with support improvements—such as increasing bolt length, reducing spacing, and enhancing failure load—the surrounding rock gradually forms a continuous stress-bearing ring with more uniform thickness and stress distribution, migrating inward toward the roadway surface. Full article

As the core component of new energy vehicles, the performance of the steering axle will directly affect the overall maneuverability, stability, and safety of vehicle driving. The structural performance indexes of the steering axle of the pure electric vehicle are analyzed by the finite element method, and a reasonable improvement plan is given according to its shortcomings. Firstly, the 3D model of the steering axle is established by SolidWorks (SOLIDWORKS 2023), and the details are simplified appropriately and then imported into the ANSYS (ANSYS2020R2 software) platform for static force analysis and modal analysis. Then, the stress distribution, deformation, and the first six orders of intrinsic frequency values of the steering axle are calculated and analyzed by using four working conditions, such as regular driving, emergency braking, lateral slip, and uneven road excitation, and it is concluded that the maximum stress of the original structure under each working condition is less than the requirement of the ultimate stress value. However, from the results, the maximum stress value is concentrated in the emergency braking condition and appears in the intermediate beam corner and the steering knuckle journal, which is also the most dangerous condition. In the modal analysis, it is concluded that the intrinsic frequency of this symmetry structure is much larger than the excitation frequency, and it can produce better dynamic effects under the working conditions, and the dynamic performance is better. Based on this, combined with the results of the static analysis of the proposed new increase in the thickness of the intermediate beam to improve the structural strength of the improvement measures, for this symmetry structure, through the re-simulation of the effect of the most critical conditions (emergency braking), the maximum deformation of the steering axle has been greatly reduced. In addition, the overall stiffness of the symmetry structure has been greatly improved, while the maximum stress is still less than the value of the permissible stress range, and the modal characteristics of the structure has not been affected. The finite element analysis software can effectively evaluate the performance and improve the optimization of the steering axle, which has certain theoretical significance and engineering reference value. Full article

The genus Cunninghamella is widely distributed, primarily saprotrophic, occasionally endophytic and phytopathogenic. Analysis based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), the large subunit (LSU) of ribosomal DNA, and translation elongation factor 1 alpha (TEF1α), along with morphological comparisons, resulted in a discovery of eight new species. Molecular phylogenetic analyses placed each of these new species within well-supported clades. Cunninghamella crassior sp. nov., with short and thick spines, and C. fusca sp. nov. with brown sporangiola, are sister clades to each other. C. diffundens sp. nov., containing dispersed granules in sporangiola, is closely related to C. irregularis Zhao. C. tuberculata sp. nov., producing sporangiola with nodule-like protrusions. C. fulvicolor sp. nov., sister to C. irregularis, forms yellowish-brown pigmented colonies. C. guttulata sp. nov., with teardrop-shaped sporangiola, and C. inaequalis sp. nov., with uneven sporangiola, are both closely related to C. regularis Zhao. C. monosporangiola sp. nov., characterized by only one sporangiolum on some vesicles, is sister to C. verrucosa Zhao. This study represents the eleventh installment in a series investigating early-diverging fungal diversity in China and expands the number of accepted species in Cunninghamella to 39. Full article

This study investigates the development of biodegradable, scented bio-composite filaments incorporating industrial residues, specifically spent coffee grounds (SCG) and lignin (LI), into a PLA matrix for FDM 3D printing. Two fragrance additives, essential oil (EO) and microencapsulated fragrance powder (FP), were introduced (3%) to enhance sensory properties. The research investigates the effects of filler content (5%, 10%, and 15%) and fragrance additives on the surface chemistry (FTIR), thermal stability (TGA and DSC), mechanical properties (Tensile, flexural and impact), microstructure, and dimensional stability (Water absorption test and thickness swelling). Incorporating industrial residues and additives into PLA reduced the thermal stability, the degradation temperature and the glass transition temperature but increased the residual mass and the crystallinity. The effect of lignin was more pronounced than that of SCG, significantly influencing these thermal properties. Increasing the filler content of spent coffee grounds and lignin also led to a progressive decrease in tensile, flexural, and impact strength due to poor interfacial adhesion and increased void formation. However, lignin-based biocomposites exhibited enhanced stiffness at lower concentrations (≤10%), while biocomposites containing 15% SCG doubled their elongation at break compared to pure PLA. Adding fragrance reduced the mechanical strength but improved ductility due to plasticizer-like interactions. Microstructural analysis revealed heterogeneity in the biocomposites’ fracture surface characterized by the presence of pores, filler agglomeration, and delamination, indicating uneven filler dispersion and limited interfacial adhesion, particularly at high filler concentrations. The water absorption and dimensional stability of 3D-printed biocomposites increased progressively with the addition of residues. The presence of essential oil slightly improved water resistance by forming hydrogen bonds that limited moisture absorption. This article adds significant value by extending the potential applications of biocomposites beyond conventional engineering uses, making them particularly suitable for the fashion and design sectors, where multi-sensory and sustainable materials are increasingly sought after. Full article

Wellbore stability is a crucial factor affecting the safe exploitation of offshore natural gas hydrates. As a sustainable energy source, natural gas hydrate has significant reserves, high energy density, and low environmental impact, making it an important candidate for alternative energy. Although research on the stability of screen pipes during horizontal-well hydrate production is currently limited, its importance in sustainable energy extraction is growing. This study therefore considers the effects of hydrate phase change, gas–water seepage, energy and mass exchange, reservoir deformation, and screen pipe influence and develops a coupled thermal–fluid–solid–chemical field model for horizontal-well natural gas hydrate production. The model results were validated using experimental data and standard test cases from the literature. The results obtained by applying this model in COMSOL Multiphysics 6.1 showed that the errors in all simulations were less than 2%, with errors of 12% and 6% observed at effective stresses of 0.5 MPa and 3 MPa, respectively. The simulation results indicate that the presence of the screen pipe in the hydrate reservoir exerts little effect on the decomposition of gas hydrates, but it effectively mitigates stress concentration in the near-wellbore region, redistributing the effective stress and significantly reducing the instability risk of the hydrate reservoir. Furthermore, the distribution of mechanical parameters around the screen pipe is uneven, with maximum values of equivalent Mises stress, volumetric strain, and displacement generally occurring on the inner side of the screen pipe in the horizontal crustal stress direction, making plastic instability most likely to occur in this area. With other basic parameters held constant, the maximum equivalent Mises stress and the instability area within the screen increase with the rise in the production pressure drop and wellbore size, and the decrease in screen pipe thickness. The results of this study lay the foundation for wellbore instability control in the production of offshore natural gas hydrates via depressurization. The study provides new insights into sustainable energy extraction, as improving wellbore stability during the extraction process can enhance resource utilization, reduce environmental impact, and promote sustainable development in energy exploitation. Full article

The mechanisation of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) planting remains a significant challenge due to the crop’s small, fragile seeds and non-uniform shape, which hinder the effectiveness of standard seeding systems. Crop emergence and production are adversely affected by poor singulation and uneven seed distribution, which are frequently caused by conventional and general-purpose planting equipment. For sesame, consistency in seed distribution and emergence is very important, necessitating careful consideration of agronomic conditions as well as seed properties. This study was conducted as a systematic review following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines to critically evaluate the existing literature on advanced planting methods that prioritise precision, efficiency, and seed protection. A comprehensive search was conducted across Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar for peer-reviewed studies published from 2000 to 2025. Studies focused on the agronomic parameters of sesame, planting technologies, and/or simulation integration, such as Discrete Element Modelling (DEM), were included in this review, and studies unrelated to sesame planting or not available in full text were excluded. The findings from these studies were analysed to examine the interaction between seed metering mechanisms and seed morphology, specifically seed thickness and shape variability. Agronomic parameters such as optimal seed spacing, sowing depth, and population density are analysed to guide the development of effective planting systems. The review also evaluates limitations in existing mechanised approaches while highlighting innovations in precision planting technology. These include optimised seed plate designs, vacuum-assisted metering systems, and simulation tools such as DEM for performance prediction and system refinement. A total of 22 studies were included and analysed using systematic narrative synthesis, grouped into agronomical, technological, and simulation-based themes. The studies were screened for methodological clarity, and reference list screening was performed to reduce reporting bias. In conclusion, the findings of this research support the development of crop-specific planting strategies tailored to meet the unique requirements of sesame production. Full article

Essential oils are increasingly recognized as promising agents for sustainable weed control due to their selectivity and complex modes of action. This study evaluated the effects of Acorus calamus essential oil (SEO) on mitosis in two Fabaceae species (Vicia faba, Lupinus luteus) and two Brassicaceae species (Brassica napus, Arabidopsis thaliana) treated with species-specific IC₅₀ concentrations (0.03%, 0.025%, 0.01%, and 0.005%, respectively). Previous research showed that SEO induces oxidative stress and S-phase delay via genome instability. Here, SEO consistently disrupted mitosis across all species, reducing mitotic index by 50–60%, decreasing Cdc2 (CDKA homolog) levels, and causing chromosomal aberrations, including uneven chromatin condensation, sticky chromosomes, bridges, and micronuclei. Cells accumulated in metaphase and exhibited abnormal karyokinetic and cytokinetic spindles. Immunolabeling revealed thick, tightly packed microtubules and actin filaments, indicating excessive stabilization and impaired reorganization. Epigenetic regulation was also affected: H3T3 phosphorylation was abnormally strong, widely distributed, and persistent into anaphase/telophase, while H3S10Ph intensity was weakened. These results suggest that SEO targets multiple components of mitotic machinery and epigenetic control, regardless of species. The observed selectivity depends on dosage, not mechanism. This multi-targeted action may limit the development of plant resistance, supporting the potential of SEO as a bioherbicide in sustainable agriculture. Full article