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19 pages, 1881 KiB  
Article
Fault Detection in MV Switchgears Through Unsupervised Learning of Temperature Conditions
by Grazia Iadarola, Alessandro Mingotti, Virginia Negri and Susanna Spinsante
Sensors 2025, 25(15), 4818; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25154818 - 5 Aug 2025
Abstract
This paper presents a distributed measurement system intended to effectively monitor the health status of switchgears under varying temperature conditions. In particular, thermocouples are deployed as temperature sensors for the continuous monitoring of a medium-voltage (MV) switchgear. Then, by integrating a low-cost microcontroller [...] Read more.
This paper presents a distributed measurement system intended to effectively monitor the health status of switchgears under varying temperature conditions. In particular, thermocouples are deployed as temperature sensors for the continuous monitoring of a medium-voltage (MV) switchgear. Then, by integrating a low-cost microcontroller unit, the proposed system can implement previously trained unsupervised learning techniques for health status evaluation. This approach enables the early detection of potential faults by identifying anomalous temperature patterns, thus supporting predictive maintenance and extending the lifespan of switchgears. The results show strong clustering performance with low execution times, highlighting the suitability of the method for resource-constrained hardware. Furthermore, onboard temperature processing eliminates the need for data transmission to remote servers, reducing latency and communication overhead while improving system responsiveness. The paper includes a numerical analysis on synthetic data as well as a validation on real measurements. Overall, the presented distributed measurement system offers a scalable and cost-effective solution to enhance the reliability and safety of MV switchgears. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors Technology Applied in Power Systems and Energy Management)
12 pages, 806 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Enterococcus faecalis Biofilm: A Clinical and Environmental Hazard
by Bindu Sadanandan and Kavyasree Marabanahalli Yogendraiah
Med. Sci. Forum 2025, 35(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/msf2025035005 - 5 Aug 2025
Abstract
This review explores the biofilm architecture and drug resistance of Enterococcus faecalis in clinical and environmental settings. The biofilm in E. faecalis is a heterogeneous, three-dimensional, mushroom-like or multilayered structure, characteristically forming diplococci or short chains interspersed with water channels for nutrient exchange [...] Read more.
This review explores the biofilm architecture and drug resistance of Enterococcus faecalis in clinical and environmental settings. The biofilm in E. faecalis is a heterogeneous, three-dimensional, mushroom-like or multilayered structure, characteristically forming diplococci or short chains interspersed with water channels for nutrient exchange and waste removal. Exopolysaccharides, proteins, lipids, and extracellular DNA create a protective matrix. Persister cells within the biofilm contribute to antibiotic resistance and survival. The heterogeneous architecture of the E. faecalis biofilm contains both dense clusters and loosely packed regions that vary in thickness, ranging from 10 to 100 µm, depending on the environmental conditions. The pathogenicity of the E. faecalis biofilm is mediated through complex interactions between genes and virulence factors such as DNA release, cytolysin, pili, secreted antigen A, and microbial surface components that recognize adhesive matrix molecules, often involving a key protein called enterococcal surface protein (Esp). Clinically, it is implicated in a range of nosocomial infections, including urinary tract infections, endocarditis, and surgical wound infections. The biofilm serves as a nidus for bacterial dissemination and as a reservoir for antimicrobial resistance. The effectiveness of first-line antibiotics (ampicillin, vancomycin, and aminoglycosides) is diminished due to reduced penetration, altered metabolism, increased tolerance, and intrinsic and acquired resistance. Alternative strategies for biofilm disruption, such as combination therapy (ampicillin with aminoglycosides), as well as newer approaches, including antimicrobial peptides, quorum-sensing inhibitors, and biofilm-disrupting agents (DNase or dispersin B), are also being explored to improve treatment outcomes. Environmentally, E. faecalis biofilms contribute to contamination in water systems, food production facilities, and healthcare environments. They persist in harsh conditions, facilitating the spread of multidrug-resistant strains and increasing the risk of transmission to humans and animals. Therefore, understanding the biofilm architecture and drug resistance is essential for developing effective strategies to mitigate their clinical and environmental impact. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Antibiotics)
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22 pages, 1000 KiB  
Review
Is the Activation of the Postsynaptic Ligand Gated Glycine- or GABAA Receptors Essential for the Receptor Clustering at Inhibitory Synapses?
by Eva Kiss, Joachim Kirsch, Jochen Kuhse and Stefan Kins
Biomedicines 2025, 13(8), 1905; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13081905 - 5 Aug 2025
Abstract
One major challenge in cellular neuroscience is to elucidate how the accurate alignment of presynaptic release sites with postsynaptic densely clustered ligand-gated ion channels at chemical synapses is achieved upon synapse assembly. The clustering of neurotransmitter receptors at postsynaptic sites is a key [...] Read more.
One major challenge in cellular neuroscience is to elucidate how the accurate alignment of presynaptic release sites with postsynaptic densely clustered ligand-gated ion channels at chemical synapses is achieved upon synapse assembly. The clustering of neurotransmitter receptors at postsynaptic sites is a key moment of synaptogenesis and determinant for effective synaptic transmission. The number of the ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors at these postsynaptic sites of both excitatory and inhibitory synapses is variable and is regulated by different mechanisms, thus allowing the modulation of synaptic strength, which is essential to tune neuronal network activity. Several well-regulated processes seem to be involved, including lateral diffusion within the plasma membrane and local anchoring as well as receptor endocytosis and recycling. The molecular mechanisms implicated are numerous and were reviewed recently in great detail. The role of pre-synaptically released neurotransmitters within the complex regulatory apparatus organizing the postsynaptic site underneath presynaptic terminals is not completely understood, even less for inhibitory synapses. In this mini review article, we focus on this aspect of synapse formation, summarizing and contrasting findings on the functional role of the neurotransmitters glycine and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) for initiation of postsynaptic receptor clustering and regulation of Cl channel receptor numbers at inhibitory synapses gathered over the last two decades. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synaptic Function and Modulation in Health and Disease)
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18 pages, 1942 KiB  
Article
Surveillance and Characterization of Vancomycin-Resistant and Vancomycin-Variable Enterococci in a Hospital Setting
by Claudia Rotondo, Valentina Antonelli, Alberto Rossi, Silvia D’Arezzo, Marina Selleri, Michele Properzi, Silvia Turco, Giovanni Chillemi, Valentina Dimartino, Carolina Venditti, Sara Guerci, Paola Gallì, Carla Nisii, Alessia Arcangeli, Emanuela Caraffa, Stefania Cicalini and Carla Fontana
Antibiotics 2025, 14(8), 795; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics14080795 (registering DOI) - 4 Aug 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Enterococci, particularly Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium, are Gram-positive cocci that can cause severe infections in hospitalized patients. The rise of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) and vancomycin-variable enterococci (VVE) poses significant challenges in healthcare settings due to their resistance to multiple [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Enterococci, particularly Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium, are Gram-positive cocci that can cause severe infections in hospitalized patients. The rise of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) and vancomycin-variable enterococci (VVE) poses significant challenges in healthcare settings due to their resistance to multiple antibiotics. Methods: We conducted a point prevalence survey (PPS) to assess the prevalence of VRE and VVE colonization in hospitalized patients. Rectal swabs were collected from 160 patients and analyzed using molecular assays (MAs) and culture. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and core-genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) were performed to identify the genetic diversity. Results: Of the 160 rectal swabs collected, 54 (33.7%) tested positive for the vanA and/or vanB genes. Culture-based methods identified 47 positive samples (29.3%); of these, 44 isolates were identified as E. faecium and 3 as E. faecalis. Based on the resistance profiles, 35 isolates (74.5%) were classified as VRE, while 12 (25.5%) were classified as VVE. WGS and cgMLST analyses identified seven clusters of E. faecium, with sequence type (ST) 80 being the most prevalent. Various resistance genes and virulence factors were identified, and this study also highlighted intra- and inter-ward transmission of VRE strains. Conclusions: Our findings underscore the potential for virulence and resistance of both the VRE and VVE strains, and they highlight the importance of effective infection control measures to prevent their spread. VVE in particular should be carefully monitored as they often escape detection. Integrating molecular data with clinical information will hopefully enhance our ability to predict and prevent future VRE infections. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hospital-Associated Infectious Diseases and Antibiotic Therapy)
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20 pages, 10502 KiB  
Article
Strengthening Mechanism of Char in Thermal Reduction Process of Silicon Dioxide
by Xiuli Xu, Peng Yu, Jinxiao Dou and Jianglong Yu
Materials 2025, 18(15), 3651; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18153651 - 3 Aug 2025
Viewed by 97
Abstract
This study investigates the strengthening mechanisms of char in silicon dioxide thermal reduction through systematic high-temperature experiments using three char types (YQ1, CW1, HY1) characterized by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. HY1 char demonstrated superior reactivity due [...] Read more.
This study investigates the strengthening mechanisms of char in silicon dioxide thermal reduction through systematic high-temperature experiments using three char types (YQ1, CW1, HY1) characterized by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. HY1 char demonstrated superior reactivity due to its highly ordered microcrystalline structure, characterized by the largest aromatic cluster size (La) and lowest defect ratio (ID/IG = 0.37), which directly correlated with enhanced reaction completeness. The carbon–silicon reaction reactivity increased progressively with temperature, achieving optimal performance at 1550 °C. Addition of Fe and Fe2O3 significantly accelerated the reduction process, with Fe2O3 exhibiting superior catalytic performance by reducing activation energy and optimizing reaction kinetics. The ferrosilicon formation mechanism proceeds through a two-stage pathway: initial char-SiO2 reaction producing SiC and CO, followed by SiC–iron interaction generating FeSi, which catalytically promotes further reduction. These findings establish critical structure–performance relationships for char selection in industrial silicon production, where microcrystalline ordering emerges as the primary performance determinant. The identification of optimal temperature and additive conditions provides practical pathways to enhance energy efficiency and product quality in silicon metallurgy, enabling informed raw material selection and process optimization to reduce energy consumption and improve operational stability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Carbon Materials)
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25 pages, 3258 KiB  
Article
MTRSRP: Joint Design of Multi-Triangular Ring and Self-Routing Protocol for BLE Networks
by Tzuen-Wuu Hsieh, Jian-Ping Lin, Chih-Min Yu, Meng-Lin Ku and Li-Chun Wang
Sensors 2025, 25(15), 4773; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25154773 - 3 Aug 2025
Viewed by 63
Abstract
This paper presents the multi-triangular ring and self-routing protocol (MTRSRP), which is a new decentralized strategy designed to boost throughput and network efficiency in multiring scatternets. MTRSRP comprises two primary phases: leader election and scatternet formation, which collaborate to establish an effective multi-triangular [...] Read more.
This paper presents the multi-triangular ring and self-routing protocol (MTRSRP), which is a new decentralized strategy designed to boost throughput and network efficiency in multiring scatternets. MTRSRP comprises two primary phases: leader election and scatternet formation, which collaborate to establish an effective multi-triangular ring topology. In the leader election phase, nodes exchange broadcast messages to gather neighbor information and elect coordinators through a competitive process. The scatternet formation phase determines the optimal number of rings based on the coordinator’s collected node information and predefined rules. The master nodes then send unicast connection requests to establish piconets within the scatternet, following a predefined role table. Intra- and inter-bridge nodes were activated to interconnect the piconets, creating a cohesive multi-triangular ring scatternet. Additionally, MTRSRP incorporates a self-routing addressing scheme within the triangular ring architecture, optimizing packet transmission paths and reducing overhead by utilizing master/slave relationships established during scatternet formation. Simulation results indicate that MTRSRP with dual-bridge connectivity outperforms the cluster-based on-demand routing protocol and Bluetooth low-energy mesh schemes in key network transmission performance metrics such as the transmission rate, packet delay, and delivery ratio. In summary, MTRSRP significantly enhances throughput, optimizes routing paths, and improves network efficiency in multi-ring scatternets through its multi-triangular ring topology and self-routing capabilities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wireless Sensor and Mobile Networks)
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9 pages, 4266 KiB  
Protocol
Protocol for the Systematic Quantitative Ultrastructural Analysis of Mitochondria in Cardiac Tissue
by Rebecca Schönmehl, Lina Winter, Daniel H. Mendelsohn, Wing-Hoi Cheung, Ronald Man Yeung Wong, Steffen Pabel, Samuel Sossalla and Christoph Brochhausen
Methods Protoc. 2025, 8(4), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/mps8040087 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025
Viewed by 125
Abstract
Mitochondria play a crucial role in adapting to fluctuating energy demands, particularly in various heart diseases. In addition to functional analyses such as the measurement of ROS or ATP, analysis of mitochondrial ultrastructure can be used to draw further conclusions about their functions [...] Read more.
Mitochondria play a crucial role in adapting to fluctuating energy demands, particularly in various heart diseases. In addition to functional analyses such as the measurement of ROS or ATP, analysis of mitochondrial ultrastructure can be used to draw further conclusions about their functions and effects in tissue. In this protocol, we introduce a set of measurements to compare the ultrastructural and functional characteristics of human left ventricular mitochondria, using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Measured parameters included mean size in µm2, elongation, count, percental mitochondrial area in the measuring frame, and a conglomeration score. We also introduce a novel method of defining hydropic mitochondria as a comparable evaluation standard. With this cluster of measurement parameters, we aim to contribute a protocol for studying human mitochondrial morphology, distribution, and functionality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biomedical Sciences and Physiology)
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35 pages, 5094 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Influencing Factors on Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Traditional Villages in the Liaoxi Corridor
by Han Cao and Eunyoung Kim
Land 2025, 14(8), 1572; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14081572 - 31 Jul 2025
Viewed by 168
Abstract
As a cultural corridor connecting the Central Plains and Northeast China, the Liaoxi Corridor has a special position in the transmission of traditional Chinese culture. Traditional villages in the region have preserved rich intangible cultural heritage and traditional architectural features, which highlight the [...] Read more.
As a cultural corridor connecting the Central Plains and Northeast China, the Liaoxi Corridor has a special position in the transmission of traditional Chinese culture. Traditional villages in the region have preserved rich intangible cultural heritage and traditional architectural features, which highlight the historical heritage of multicultural intermingling. This study fills the gap in the spatial distribution of traditional villages in the Liaoxi Corridor and reveals their spatial distribution pattern, which is of great theoretical significance. Using Geographic Information System (GIS) spatial analysis and quantitative geography, this study analyzes the spatial pattern of traditional villages and the influencing factors. The results show that traditional villages in the Liaoxi Corridor are clustered, forming high-density settlement areas in Chaoyang County and Beizhen City. Most villages are located in hilly and mountainous areas and river valleys and are affected by the natural geographic environment (topography and water sources) and historical and human factors (immigration and settlement, border defense, ethnic integration, etc.). In conclusion, this study provides a scientific basis and practical reference for rural revitalization, cultural heritage protection, and regional coordinated development, aiming at revealing the geographical and cultural mechanisms behind the spatial distribution of traditional villages. Full article
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25 pages, 1990 KiB  
Article
Fecal and Environmental Shedding of Influenza A Virus in Brazilian Swine: Genomic Evidence of Recent Human-to-Swine Transmission
by Nágila Rocha Aguilar, Beatriz Senra Alvares da Silva Santos, Bruno Zinato Carraro, Brenda Monique Magalhães Rocha, Jardelina de Souza Todao Bernardino, Ana Luiza Soares Fraiha, Alex Ranieri Jeronimo Lima, Gabriela Ribeiro, Alessandra Silva Dias, Renata Rezende Carvalho, Bruna Ferreira Sampaio Ribeiro, Marta Giovanetti, Luiz Carlos Júnior Alcântara, Sandra Coccuzzo Sampaio, Maria Carolina Quartim Barbosa Elias Sabbaga, Rafael Romero Nicolino, Zélia Inês Portela Lobato, Maria Isabel Maldonado Coelho Guedes, Cesar Rossas Mota Filho, Vincent Louis Viala, Bruna Coelho Lopes and Erica Azevedo Costaadd Show full author list remove Hide full author list
Pathogens 2025, 14(8), 753; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14080753 (registering DOI) - 31 Jul 2025
Viewed by 221
Abstract
Surveillance of swine influenza A virus (swIAV) traditionally focuses on respiratory matrices, yet emerging evidence suggests that fecal shedding and secondary environmental contamination may also contribute to viral dissemination. In this study, we collected and analyzed nasal, rectal, environmental, milk, and colostrum samples [...] Read more.
Surveillance of swine influenza A virus (swIAV) traditionally focuses on respiratory matrices, yet emerging evidence suggests that fecal shedding and secondary environmental contamination may also contribute to viral dissemination. In this study, we collected and analyzed nasal, rectal, environmental, milk, and colostrum samples from naturally infected pigs in a commercial farm in Minas Gerais, Brazil. IAV RNA was detected in 25% of samples, including 42% from asymptomatic animals, with nasal swabs showing higher detection rates (30%) than rectal swabs (20%), though rectal Ct values were consistently higher, indicative of lower viral loads. We successfully isolated viable viruses from feces and effluent samples. Whole-genome sequencing revealed co-circulation of enzootic pH1N1 clade #2 (HA) and pN1 clade #4 (NA), alongside human-origin H3N2 sequences clustering within clade 3C.2a1b.2a.2a.1, and N2 segments related to pre-3C human lineages from 2001 to 2002. Phylogenetic and p-distance analyses support both recent reverse zoonosis and historical transmission events. Detection of complete HA/NA sequences from rectal swabs and treated effluent further emphasizes the surveillance value of non-respiratory matrices. The integration of respiratory and fecal/environmental sampling appears important to achieve more comprehensive IAV monitoring in swine herds and may have significant implications for One Health strategies in Brazil and beyond. Full article
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18 pages, 3030 KiB  
Article
Morphometric and Molecular Insights into Hepatozoon spp. in Wild and Synanthropic Rodents from Southern and Southeastern Brazil
by Tatiana Pádua Tavares de Freitas, Bernardo Rodrigues Teixeira, Eduarda de Oliveira Silva Lima Machado, Isaac Leandro Lira Pinto, Laís da Silva de Oliveira, Karina Varella, Huarrisson Azevedo Santos, Fernando de Oliveira Santos, Liliani Marilia Tiepolo, Carlos Luiz Massard and Maristela Peckle
Pathogens 2025, 14(8), 756; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14080756 (registering DOI) - 31 Jul 2025
Viewed by 163
Abstract
Small rodents are known hosts of various pathogens, including Hepatozoon, but until now, in Brazil, only Hepatozoon milleri has been described in these animals. In this study, liver samples and blood smears were obtained from 289 rodents belonging to 14 Cricetidae and [...] Read more.
Small rodents are known hosts of various pathogens, including Hepatozoon, but until now, in Brazil, only Hepatozoon milleri has been described in these animals. In this study, liver samples and blood smears were obtained from 289 rodents belonging to 14 Cricetidae and two Muridae species that had been captured in municipalities of the states of Paraná and Rio de Janeiro. Smears were stained with Giemsa, and gametocytes were detected via microscopy in 10.72% (n = 31/289) of samples, with these individuals representing three rodent species. Significant morphometric differences were observed in gametocyte measurements in Akodon rodents. Using conventional PCR, Hepatozoon spp. 18S rDNA fragments were amplified in 24.91% (n = 72/289) of samples, with those individuals representing seven rodent species. Phylogenetic analyses clustered 41 sequences from this study into a subclade with other sequences from small mammals in Brazil, identifying four distinct haplotypes, and, for the first time, a relationship between Hepatozoon haplotype and gametocyte length was observed. Based on phylogenetic analysis, this study reinforces the trophic relationship between rodents and reptiles as a possible link in the Hepatozoon transmission cycle in South America. Furthermore, our findings expand knowledge on Hepatozoon spp. hosts, describing Oxymycterus nasutus and Oxymycterus quaestor as new host species and identifying two novel circulating haplotypes in rodents from Paraná State, southern Brazil. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vector Control and Parasitic Infection in Animals)
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18 pages, 4489 KiB  
Article
Influence of Regional PM2.5 Sources on Air Quality: A Network-Based Spatiotemporal Analysis in Northern Thailand
by Khuanchanok Chaichana, Supanut Chaidee, Sayan Panma, Nattakorn Sukantamala, Neda Peyrone and Anchalee Khemphet
Mathematics 2025, 13(15), 2468; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13152468 - 31 Jul 2025
Viewed by 208
Abstract
Northern Thailand frequently suffers from severe PM2.5 air pollution, especially during the dry season, due to agricultural burning, local emissions, and transboundary haze. Understanding how pollution moves across regions and identifying source–receptor relationships are critical for effective air quality management. This study investigated [...] Read more.
Northern Thailand frequently suffers from severe PM2.5 air pollution, especially during the dry season, due to agricultural burning, local emissions, and transboundary haze. Understanding how pollution moves across regions and identifying source–receptor relationships are critical for effective air quality management. This study investigated the spatial and temporal dynamics of PM2.5 in northern Thailand. Specifically, it explored how pollution at one monitoring station influenced concentrations at others and revealed the seasonal structure of PM2.5 transmission using network-based analysis. We developed a Python-based framework to analyze daily PM2.5 data from 2022 to 2023, selecting nine representative stations across eight provinces based on spatial clustering and shape-based criteria. Delaunay triangulation was used to define spatial connections among stations, capturing the region’s irregular geography. Cross-correlation and Granger causality were applied to identify time-lagged relationships between stations for each season. Trophic coherence analysis was used to evaluate the hierarchical structure and seasonal stability of the resulting networks. The analysis revealed seasonal patterns of PM2.5 transmission, with certain stations, particularly in Chiang Mai and Lampang, consistently acting as source nodes. Provinces such as Phayao and Phrae were frequently identified as receptors, especially during the winter and rainy seasons. Trophic coherence varied by season, with the winter network showing the highest coherence, indicating a more hierarchical but less stable structure. The rainy season exhibited the lowest coherence, reflecting greater structural stability. PM2.5 spreads through structured, seasonal pathways in northern Thailand. Network patterns vary significantly across seasons, highlighting the need for adaptive air quality strategies. This framework can help identify influential monitoring stations for early warning and support more targeted, season-specific air quality management strategies in northern Thailand. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Mathematical Theory in Data Science)
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13 pages, 1009 KiB  
Article
A Statistical Optimization Method for Sound Speed Profiles Inversion in the South China Sea Based on Acoustic Stability Pre-Clustering
by Zixuan Zhang, Ke Qu and Zhanglong Li
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(15), 8451; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15158451 - 30 Jul 2025
Viewed by 168
Abstract
Aiming at the problem of accuracy degradation caused by the mixing of spatiotemporal disturbance patterns in sound speed profile (SSP) inversion using the traditional geographic grid division method, this study proposes an acoustic stability pre-clustering framework that integrates principal component analysis and machine [...] Read more.
Aiming at the problem of accuracy degradation caused by the mixing of spatiotemporal disturbance patterns in sound speed profile (SSP) inversion using the traditional geographic grid division method, this study proposes an acoustic stability pre-clustering framework that integrates principal component analysis and machine learning clustering. Disturbance mode principal component analysis is first used to extract characteristic parameters, and then a machine learning clustering algorithm is adopted to pre-classify SSP samples according to acoustic stability. The SSP inversion experimental results show that: (1) the SSP samples of the South China Sea can be divided into three clusters of disturbance modes with statistically significant differences. (2) The regression inversion method based on cluster attribution reduces the average error of SSP inversion for data from 2018 to 1.24 m/s, which is more than 50% lower than what can be achieved with the traditional method without pre-clustering. (3) Transmission loss prediction verification shows that the proposed method can produce highly accurate sound field calculations in environmental assessment tasks. The acoustic stability pre-clustering technology proposed in this study provides an innovative solution for the statistical modeling of marine environment parameters by effectively decoupling the mixed effect of SSP spatiotemporal disturbance patterns. Its error control level (<1.5 m/s) is 37% higher than that of the single empirical orthogonal function regression method, showing important potential in underwater acoustic applications in complex marine dynamic environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Acoustics and Vibrations)
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30 pages, 20231 KiB  
Article
The Molecular Epidemiology of HIV-1 in Russia, 1987–2023: Subtypes, Transmission Networks and Phylogenetic Story
by Aleksey Lebedev, Dmitry Kireev, Alina Kirichenko, Ekaterina Mezhenskaya, Anastasiia Antonova, Vyacheslav Bobkov, Ilya Lapovok, Anastasia Shlykova, Alexey Lopatukhin, Andrey Shemshura, Valery Kulagin, Aleksei Kovelenov, Alexandra Cherdantseva, Natalia Filoniuk, Galina Turbina, Alexei Ermakov, Nikita Monakhov, Michael Piterskiy, Aleksandr Semenov, Sergej Shtrek, Aleksej Sannikov, Natalia Zaytseva, Olga Peksheva, Aleksandr Suladze, Dmitry Kolpakov, Valeriia Kotova, Elena Bazykina, Vasiliy Akimkin and Marina Bobkovaadd Show full author list remove Hide full author list
Pathogens 2025, 14(8), 738; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14080738 - 26 Jul 2025
Viewed by 433
Abstract
Regional HIV-1 epidemics are evolving with distinct patterns in transmission routes, subtype distribution, and molecular transmission cluster (MTCs) characteristics. We analyzed 9500 HIV-1 cases diagnosed over 30 years using phylogenetic and network methods, integrating molecular, epidemiological, demographic, and behavioral data. Subtype A6 remains [...] Read more.
Regional HIV-1 epidemics are evolving with distinct patterns in transmission routes, subtype distribution, and molecular transmission cluster (MTCs) characteristics. We analyzed 9500 HIV-1 cases diagnosed over 30 years using phylogenetic and network methods, integrating molecular, epidemiological, demographic, and behavioral data. Subtype A6 remains dominant nationally (80.6%), followed by 63_02A6 (7.9%), subtype B (5.6%), 02_AGFSU (1.2%), 03_A6B (0.7%), and 14/73_BG (0.6%). Non-A6 infections were more common among males (OR 1.51) and men who have sex with men (OR 7.33). Network analysis identified 421 MTCs, with 256 active clusters. Clustering was more likely among young individuals (OR: 1.31), those not receiving antiretroviral therapy (OR: 2.70), and injecting drug users (OR: 1.28). Non-A6 subtypes showed a higher likelihood of clustering. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that local clusters of the major subtypes originated between the late 1970s (subtype B) and the mid-2000s (63_02A6) with links to populations in Eastern Europe, Central Asia (subtypes A6, 63_02A6, 02_AGFSU, 03_A6B), and Western Europe and the Americas (subtype B, 14/73_BG). These findings indicate a complex, evolving regional epidemic transitioning from subtype A6 dominance to a more diverse mix of subtypes. The ability of non-A6 subtypes to form active MTCs suggests their establishment in the local population. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue HIV/AIDS: Epidemiology, Drug Resistance, Treatment and Prevention)
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23 pages, 6061 KiB  
Article
Genomic Insights into Emerging Multidrug-Resistant Chryseobacterium indologenes Strains: First Report from Thailand
by Orathai Yinsai, Sastra Yuantrakul, Punnaporn Srisithan, Wenting Zhou, Sorawit Chittaprapan, Natthawat Intajak, Thanakorn Kruayoo, Phadungkiat Khamnoi, Siripong Tongjai and Kwanjit Daungsonk
Antibiotics 2025, 14(8), 746; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics14080746 - 24 Jul 2025
Viewed by 384
Abstract
Background: Chryseobacterium indologenes, an environmental bacterium, is increasingly recognized as an emerging nosocomial pathogen, particularly in Asia, and is often characterized by multidrug resistance. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the genomic features of clinical C. indologenes isolates from Maharaj [...] Read more.
Background: Chryseobacterium indologenes, an environmental bacterium, is increasingly recognized as an emerging nosocomial pathogen, particularly in Asia, and is often characterized by multidrug resistance. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the genomic features of clinical C. indologenes isolates from Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai Hospital, Thailand, to understand their mechanisms of multidrug resistance, virulence factors, and mobile genetic elements (MGEs). Methods: Twelve C. indologenes isolates were identified, and their antibiotic susceptibility profiles were determined. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was performed using a hybrid approach combining Illumina short-reads and Oxford Nanopore long-reads to generate complete bacterial genomes. The hybrid assembled genomes were subsequently analyzed to detect antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes, virulence factors, and MGEs. Results: C. indologenes isolates were primarily recovered from urine samples of hospitalized elderly male patients with underlying conditions. These isolates generally exhibited extensive drug resistance, which was subsequently explored and correlated with genomic determinants. With one exception, CMCI13 showed a lower resistance profile (Multidrug resistance, MDR). Genomic analysis revealed isolates with genome sizes of 4.83–5.00 Mb and GC content of 37.15–37.35%. Genomic characterization identified conserved resistance genes (blaIND-2, blaCIA-4, adeF, vanT, and qacG) and various virulence factors. Phylogenetic and pangenome analysis showed 11 isolates clustering closely with Chinese strain 3125, while one isolate (CMCI13) formed a distinct branch. Importantly, each isolate, except CMCI13, harbored a large genomic island (approximately 94–100 kb) carrying significant resistance genes (blaOXA-347, tetX, aadS, and ermF). The absence of this genomic island in CMCI13 correlated with its less resistant phenotype. No plasmids, integrons, or CRISPR-Cas systems were detected in any isolate. Conclusions: This study highlights the alarming emergence of multidrug-resistant C. indologenes in a hospital setting in Thailand. The genomic insights into specific resistance mechanisms, virulence factors, and potential horizontal gene transfer (HGT) events, particularly the association of a large genomic island with the XDR phenotype, underscore the critical need for continuous genomic surveillance to monitor transmission patterns and develop effective treatment strategies for this emerging pathogen. Full article
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17 pages, 2181 KiB  
Article
Sustainability Analysis of the Global Hydrogen Trade Network from a Resilience Perspective: A Risk Propagation Model Based on Complex Networks
by Sai Chen and Yuxi Tian
Energies 2025, 18(15), 3944; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18153944 - 24 Jul 2025
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Abstract
Hydrogen is being increasingly integrated into the international trade system as a clean and flexible energy carrier, motivated by the global energy transition and carbon neutrality objectives. The rapid expansion of the global hydrogen trade network has simultaneously exposed several sustainability challenges, including [...] Read more.
Hydrogen is being increasingly integrated into the international trade system as a clean and flexible energy carrier, motivated by the global energy transition and carbon neutrality objectives. The rapid expansion of the global hydrogen trade network has simultaneously exposed several sustainability challenges, including a centralized structure, overdependence on key countries, and limited resilience to external disruptions. Based on this, we develop a risk propagation model that incorporates the absorption capacity of nodes to simulate the propagation of supply shortage risks within the global hydrogen trade network. Furthermore, we propose a composite sustainability index constructed from structural, economic, and environmental resilience indicators, enabling a systematic assessment of the network’s sustainable development capacity under external shock scenarios. Findings indicate the following: (1) The global hydrogen trade network is undergoing a structural shift from a Western Europe-dominated unipolar configuration to a more polycentric pattern. Countries such as China and Singapore are emerging as key hubs linking Eurasian regions, with trade relationships among nations becoming increasingly dense and diversified. (2) Although supply shortage shocks trigger structural disturbances, economic losses, and risks of carbon rebound, their impacts are largely concentrated in a limited number of hub countries, with relatively limited disruption to the overall sustainability of the system. (3) Countries exhibit significant heterogeneity in structural, economic, and environmental resilience. Risk propagation demonstrates an uneven pattern characterized by hub-induced disruptions, chain-like transmission, and localized clustering. Accordingly, policy recommendations are proposed, including the establishment of a polycentric coordination mechanism, the enhancement of regional emergency coordination mechanisms, and the advancement of differentiated capacity-building efforts. Full article
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