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The Sustainability of Energy Systems: Policy, Economy, and Environment

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "A: Sustainable Energy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 25 May 2026 | Viewed by 2195

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
School of Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
Interests: energy system resilience; sustainable energy transition; energy and environmental economics

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

I invite submissions to a Special Issue of Energies on the topic “The Sustainability of Energy Systems: Policy, Economic, and Environment.” As the global energy landscape undergoes profound transformations, the interplay between energy policy, economic development, and environmental sustainability has become increasingly complex and dynamic.

Key governance challenges include navigating geopolitical risks while maintaining energy security, managing the socio-economic disruptions of just transitions, and addressing institutional incompatibilities that hinder nexus approaches in practice. The complexity of energy system transformation demands innovative governance frameworks that can reconcile short-term economic pressures with long-term sustainability goals while ensuring equitable participation in transition processes.

This Special Issue seeks interdisciplinary contributions that examine how policies are shaped by environmental constraints and economic pressures, how economies respond to regulatory and ecological changes, and how governance systems can be redesigned to address conflicts. Here, we can look at multi-level energy policies ranging from national strategic planning and decarbonization targets to market reforms, financial incentives, carbon pricing, and sector-specific regulations. We particularly welcome contributions that critically assess the trade-offs and synergies among these three dimensions in different national, regional, or sectoral contexts.

Topics may include (but are not limited to) the following:

  • Just transition governance;
  • Low-carbon energy systems;
  • Fossil fuel phase-out;
  • Energy security vs. sustainability trade-offs;
  • Environmental and economic assessment;
  • Geopolitical risks in energy policy;
  • Democratic energy governance;
  • Resilience under policy uncertainty.

Dr. Yueting Ding
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • sustainable energy systems
  • energy policy and governance
  • environmental economics
  • energy justice
  • energy security
  • energy affordability
  • carbon pricing and regulation
  • clean energy investment
  • policy–economy–environment nexus
  • climate and energy strategy

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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19 pages, 2259 KB  
Article
Flexibility Incentive Market Mechanism for Combined Frequency Regulation and Electricity Markets for the Power System with Distributed Energy Resources Aggregators via Modified Leiden Algorithm
by Xiaoyan Hu, Zesen Li, Jing Shi, Bingjie Li, Yi Ge and Hu Li
Energies 2025, 18(23), 6231; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18236231 - 27 Nov 2025
Viewed by 223
Abstract
Distributed energy resources provide local power as a supplement on the customer side. Recent rapid development of the distributed energy source enhances the clear energy production at the terminal of the power system. Whereas the small capacity of a single distributed energy source [...] Read more.
Distributed energy resources provide local power as a supplement on the customer side. Recent rapid development of the distributed energy source enhances the clear energy production at the terminal of the power system. Whereas the small capacity of a single distributed energy source and the scaling of numbers pose difficulties for market design and clearance. In addition, the stochastic and quickly varying output power of the amount of (distributed) renewable energy sources increases the necessity for flexible regulation capacities. In response to the above issues, this paper develops a modified Leiden algorithm to aggregate distributed energy sources with similar regulation properties and connectives, avoiding complex power allocation strategies within the intra-aggregator and ensuring ordered power flow among inter-aggregators. Then, a bi-level market mechanism is proposed to highlight the regulation contributions of both distributed aggregators and conventional energy sources. The upper-level model optimizes the price of combined frequency regulation and electricity markets. The lower-level model regulates the output power of the aggregators and conventional energy sources. Furthermore, the modification of the bi-level model is proposed via the Karush–Kuhn–Tucker condition to ensure its solvability. The proposed market mechanism and the aggregating method are verified using a modified IEEE 30-bus system with IEEE 123-node test feeders and terminal-side energy resources. The results reflect the incentive impacts of the designed market mechanism and the effectiveness of the aggregating algorithm. Full article
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30 pages, 6209 KB  
Article
Unraveling the Surrounding Drivers of Interprovincial Trade Embodied Energy Flow Based on the MRIO Model: A Case Study in China
by Wen Wen, Yijing He, Yang Zhang, Weize Song and Yujuan Fang
Energies 2025, 18(19), 5222; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18195222 - 1 Oct 2025
Viewed by 591
Abstract
To achieve the carbon neutrality target, China has proposed “dual control” policies on provincial energy consumption. However, inter-provincial trade drives significant embodied energy flows beyond local demand. How do we identify key energy consumers driving through other provinces? And how does energy, especially [...] Read more.
To achieve the carbon neutrality target, China has proposed “dual control” policies on provincial energy consumption. However, inter-provincial trade drives significant embodied energy flows beyond local demand. How do we identify key energy consumers driving through other provinces? And how does energy, especially from coal, flow to other provinces? Current studies analyzed regional and sectoral energy flow, which are always separated. And seldom was attention paid to coal flow. Intending to identify the critical energy-consuming province in China and investigate how energy and coal flow out from it, this study applied the EE-MRIO model to measure energy and coal embodied in provincial trades. The results suggest the following: (1) The energy embodied in provincial trade was mostly from energy-rich regions to provinces that lacked energy but had developed economies. Shanxi is a critical embodied-energy export province; (2) neighboring provinces and economically developed provinces drive the most embodied energy from Shanxi, and embodied energy mainly flows from the energy sectors and high-energy-intensity sectors; and (3) the provincial and sectoral coal flow in Shanxi presents consistent characteristics of embodied energy flow. We contributed to understanding the energy equity affected by embodied energy flow and propose energy consumption as a relieving measure. Full article
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17 pages, 2181 KB  
Article
Sustainability Analysis of the Global Hydrogen Trade Network from a Resilience Perspective: A Risk Propagation Model Based on Complex Networks
by Sai Chen and Yuxi Tian
Energies 2025, 18(15), 3944; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18153944 - 24 Jul 2025
Viewed by 688
Abstract
Hydrogen is being increasingly integrated into the international trade system as a clean and flexible energy carrier, motivated by the global energy transition and carbon neutrality objectives. The rapid expansion of the global hydrogen trade network has simultaneously exposed several sustainability challenges, including [...] Read more.
Hydrogen is being increasingly integrated into the international trade system as a clean and flexible energy carrier, motivated by the global energy transition and carbon neutrality objectives. The rapid expansion of the global hydrogen trade network has simultaneously exposed several sustainability challenges, including a centralized structure, overdependence on key countries, and limited resilience to external disruptions. Based on this, we develop a risk propagation model that incorporates the absorption capacity of nodes to simulate the propagation of supply shortage risks within the global hydrogen trade network. Furthermore, we propose a composite sustainability index constructed from structural, economic, and environmental resilience indicators, enabling a systematic assessment of the network’s sustainable development capacity under external shock scenarios. Findings indicate the following: (1) The global hydrogen trade network is undergoing a structural shift from a Western Europe-dominated unipolar configuration to a more polycentric pattern. Countries such as China and Singapore are emerging as key hubs linking Eurasian regions, with trade relationships among nations becoming increasingly dense and diversified. (2) Although supply shortage shocks trigger structural disturbances, economic losses, and risks of carbon rebound, their impacts are largely concentrated in a limited number of hub countries, with relatively limited disruption to the overall sustainability of the system. (3) Countries exhibit significant heterogeneity in structural, economic, and environmental resilience. Risk propagation demonstrates an uneven pattern characterized by hub-induced disruptions, chain-like transmission, and localized clustering. Accordingly, policy recommendations are proposed, including the establishment of a polycentric coordination mechanism, the enhancement of regional emergency coordination mechanisms, and the advancement of differentiated capacity-building efforts. Full article
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Review

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29 pages, 738 KB  
Review
Toward Low-Carbon Power Systems: Reviewing Life Cycle Carbon Footprints of Diverse Generation Pathways
by Xu Wang, Li Guo, Guiyuan Xue, Jian Tan, Wenjuan Niu and Yin Wu
Energies 2025, 18(24), 6413; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18246413 - 8 Dec 2025
Viewed by 352
Abstract
Electricity generation is the largest contributor to anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This review synthesizes life cycle assessment (LCA) evidence for major power generation technologies published from 2015 to 2025. Using a structured screening approach, it identifies consistent cross-technology patterns and the methodological [...] Read more.
Electricity generation is the largest contributor to anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This review synthesizes life cycle assessment (LCA) evidence for major power generation technologies published from 2015 to 2025. Using a structured screening approach, it identifies consistent cross-technology patterns and the methodological factors driving variation in reported results. Unabated coal and oil show the highest life cycle intensities; natural gas varies widely with methane management; and nuclear, geothermal, hydropower, wind, and solar power generally fall one to two orders of magnitude lower. Differences arise mainly from upstream processes, siting conditions, and system boundary definitions. Key mitigation levers include plant efficiency improvements, methane abatement, carbon capture and storage (CCS), and low-carbon manufacturing. The review also highlights how emerging policies—including the EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) and China’s carbon-footprint standards—are integrating life cycle and Scope-2 accounting. Standardized, AR6-aligned LCA practices and transparent upstream data remain essential for credible, comparable electricity-sector decarbonization. Full article
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