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10 pages, 950 KiB  
Article
Modern Analytical Chemistry Meets Heritage Books: Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) from Two Books Preserved at the Biblioteca Capitolare of Busto Arsizio
by Chiara Chiodini, Pierangela Rovellini, Matteo Chiodini, Luca Giacomelli, Daniela Baglio and the 5B IISS Torno Working Group
Molecules 2025, 30(11), 2447; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30112447 - 3 Jun 2025
Viewed by 682
Abstract
The development of sensitive, non-invasive methods is essential for the preservation and study of heritage books, allowing insights into their historical production processes and conservation needs. Volatile organic compound (VOC) analysis provides a valuable, non-destructive approach to assess paper composition and degradation in [...] Read more.
The development of sensitive, non-invasive methods is essential for the preservation and study of heritage books, allowing insights into their historical production processes and conservation needs. Volatile organic compound (VOC) analysis provides a valuable, non-destructive approach to assess paper composition and degradation in historical volumes. In this study, we analyzed VOC emissions from two books preserved at the Biblioteca Capitolare of Busto Arsizio, Italy: a 16th-century Latin grammar book and a 19th-century mathematics handbook for measurement conversions. Using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS), VOCs were sampled after 24 h of storage at room temperature. The results revealed distinct degradation markers: Straight-chain aldehydes, indicative of lipid oxidation, were more prevalent in the 16th-century book, reflecting the higher quality and durability of its rag-based paper. In contrast, elevated furfural levels in the 19th-century book suggest accelerated cellulose hydrolysis typical of wood pulp paper. Additionally, the presence of menthol and anethole in both volumes points to the use of bacteriostatic agents for preservation. These findings not only highlight differences in material composition but also underscore the importance of tailored conservation approaches for historical documents from different eras. Full article
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17 pages, 7845 KiB  
Article
Production of Long-Fiber Pulp from Enset Plant Residues by Soda Pulping
by Hanna Berhanu Lemma, Friedrich Steffen, Abubeker Yimam Ali and Bodo Saake
Molecules 2024, 29(20), 4874; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29204874 - 14 Oct 2024
Viewed by 1279
Abstract
This paper evaluates the modification of fiber morphology and the strength property development of paper from Enset fiber as a function of soda pulping conditions and refining energy. Soda pulping was conducted at pulping temperatures between 160 and 180 °C. The NaOH charge [...] Read more.
This paper evaluates the modification of fiber morphology and the strength property development of paper from Enset fiber as a function of soda pulping conditions and refining energy. Soda pulping was conducted at pulping temperatures between 160 and 180 °C. The NaOH charge was 16, 20, and 24% based on the initial raw material. The beating of pulp was conducted using a Jokro mill. The refining of pulp was conducted in a laboratory refiner at different refining intensities. The mild Jokro mill beating was not effective on Enset fiber pulp. On the other hand, the laboratory refiner effectively refined the pulp. The fiber morphology was altered in the way of improving the paper formation and strength. The beating degree of the pulp was increased to about 49 °SR. The tensile index was enhanced to around 80 Nm/g using a refining energy input of 250 kwh/t. From the results, it can be concluded that Enset fiber pulp is suitable for packaging papers due to its high strength level. On the other hand, Enset fiber can be a potential raw material for specialty papers like filter paper and tea bags because of its high porosity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lignocellulosic Biomass III)
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15 pages, 4185 KiB  
Article
Exploiting the Properties of Non-Wood Feedstocks to Produce Tailorable Lignin-Containing Cellulose Nanofibers
by Meghan E. Lamm, Donna A. Johnson, Katie Copenhaver, Samarthya Bhagia, Amber M. Hubbard, Colleen C. Walker, Kevin Doyle and Soydan Ozcan
Polymers 2024, 16(18), 2598; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16182598 - 14 Sep 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1513
Abstract
Lignin-containing cellulose nanofibrils (LCNFs) are mainly produced commercially from treated wood pulp, which can decrease some of the carbon-negative benefits of utilizing biomass feedstock. In this work, LCNFs are prepared from non-wood feedstocks, including agricultural residues such as hemp, wheat straw, and flax. [...] Read more.
Lignin-containing cellulose nanofibrils (LCNFs) are mainly produced commercially from treated wood pulp, which can decrease some of the carbon-negative benefits of utilizing biomass feedstock. In this work, LCNFs are prepared from non-wood feedstocks, including agricultural residues such as hemp, wheat straw, and flax. These feedstocks allowed for the preparation of LCNFs with a variety of properties, including tailored hydrophobicity. The feedstocks and their subsequent LCNFs are extensively characterized to determine the roles that feedstocks play on the morphology and properties of their resultant LCNFs. The LCNFs were then incorporated into paper handsheets to study their usefulness in papermaking applications, which indicated good potential for the use of wheat straw LCNFs as a surface additive to improve the oil resistance coating. Full article
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17 pages, 5325 KiB  
Article
The Potential of Sugarcane Waste-Derived Cellulose Fibres as Haemostatic Agents
by Siobhan Malone, Ramanathan Yegappan, Amanda W. Kijas, Anna Gemmell, Alan E. Rowan, Divya Rajah, Minjun Kim, Jan Lauko and Nasim Amiralian
Polymers 2024, 16(12), 1654; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16121654 - 11 Jun 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1699
Abstract
Haemorrhage control during surgery and following traumatic injury remains a critical, life-saving challenge. Cellulose products are already employed in commercially available haemostatic dressings. This work explores sourcing cellulose from sugarcane trash pulp to produce micro- and nanosized fibres with hydroxyl, carboxylic acid, and [...] Read more.
Haemorrhage control during surgery and following traumatic injury remains a critical, life-saving challenge. Cellulose products are already employed in commercially available haemostatic dressings. This work explores sourcing cellulose from sugarcane trash pulp to produce micro- and nanosized fibres with hydroxyl, carboxylic acid, and trimethylamine functional groups, resulting in either positive or negative surface charges. This paper assesses the influence of these fibres on multiple blood clotting parameters in both dispersed solutions and dry gauze applications. In vitro blood clotting studies demonstrated the significant haemostatic potential of cellulose fibres derived from sugarcane waste to initiate clotting. Plasma absorbance assays showed that the 0.25 mg/mL cellulose microfibre dispersion had the highest clotting performance. It was observed that no single property of surface charge, functionality, or fibre morphology exclusively controlled the clotting initiation measured. Instead, a combination of these factors affected clot formation, with negatively charged cellulose microfibres comprising hydroxyl surface groups providing the most promising result, accelerating the coagulation cascade mechanism by 67% compared to the endogenous activity. This difference in clot initiation shows the potential for the non-wood agricultural waste source of cellulose in haemostatic wound healing applications, contributing to the broader understanding of cellulose-based materials’ versatility and their applications in biomedicine. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Hydrogels for Biomedical Application)
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15 pages, 2170 KiB  
Article
Relative Expression of Genes Elicited by Clonostachys rosea in Pinus radiata Induces Systemic Resistance
by Priscila Moraga-Suazo, Regis Le-Feuvre, Dario Navarrete and Eugenio Sanfuentes
Forests 2024, 15(5), 854; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15050854 - 13 May 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1681
Abstract
Radiata pine is one of the most commonly planted tree species in Chile due to its fast growth and desirable wood and pulp properties. However, its productivity is hampered by several diseases. Pitch canker disease (PCC) caused by Fusarium circinatum, is considered [...] Read more.
Radiata pine is one of the most commonly planted tree species in Chile due to its fast growth and desirable wood and pulp properties. However, its productivity is hampered by several diseases. Pitch canker disease (PCC) caused by Fusarium circinatum, is considered the most damaging disease to the pine forest industry. Several control measures have been established, with biological control emerging as an environmentally friendly and effective way for F. circinatum control. Previous studies support the value of Clonostachys rosea in reducing PCC damage, with evidence suggesting a potential induced systemic resistance (ISR) triggered in radiata pines by this agent. Ten-month-old radiata pine plants were pre-treated with C. rosea on a substrate at 8 and 1 days before inoculation with F. circinatum on the stem tip, and expression levels were determined for DXS1, LOX, PAL, and PR3 genes 24 h later. Lesion length was 45% lower on plants pre-treated with C. rosea and infected with F. circinatum compared to non-pre-treated and infected plants. Additionally, LOX and PR3 were induced 23 and 62 times more, respectively, in comparison to untreated plants. Our results indicate that C. rosea causes an ISR response in pre-treated plants, significantly increasing the expression of resistance genes and reducing lesion length. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Forest Health)
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14 pages, 3364 KiB  
Article
Preparation of Filter Paper from Bamboo and Investigating the Effect of Additives
by Zahra Kazemi Karchangi, Noureddin Nazarnezhad, Jalel Labidi and Seyed Hassan Sharifi
Materials 2024, 17(9), 1977; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17091977 - 24 Apr 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3139
Abstract
As air pollution escalates, the need for air filters increases. It is better that the filters used be based on natural fibers, such as non-wood fibers, which cause low damage to the environment. However, the short fiber lengths, low apparent densities, and high [...] Read more.
As air pollution escalates, the need for air filters increases. It is better that the filters used be based on natural fibers, such as non-wood fibers, which cause low damage to the environment. However, the short fiber lengths, low apparent densities, and high volumes of non-wood materials can make it challenging to prepare filter paper with the required mechanical and physical properties. In that context, this study focused on utilizing bamboo fibers to fabricate filter paper by employing the anthraquinone soda pulping method. The pulp underwent bleaching and oxidation processes, with the incorporation of cationic starch (CS) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to enhance resistance properties, resulting in the creation of handmade filter papers. The findings revealed that the tear, burst, and tensile strength of filter paper increased with the oxidation and addition of CS and PVA. Air permeability increased with addition of PVA and combination of CS and PVA. FTIR demonstrated the conversion of hydroxyl groups in cellulose chains to carboxyl groups due to oxidation. SEM images illustrated alterations in the fiber structure post-oxidation treatment, with CS reducing pores while PVA and the CS-PVA combination enlarged pore size and enhanced porosity. The BET surface area surface area expanded with oxidation and the addition of the CS-PVA blend, indicating heightened filter paper porosity. Notably, the combined inclusion of CS and PVA not only augmented mechanical strength but also increased porosity while maintaining pore size. Full article
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18 pages, 2731 KiB  
Article
Sodium Carbonate Pulping of Wheat Straw—An Alternative Fiber Source for Various Paper Applications
by Friedrich Steffen, Tamas Kordsachia, Tobias Heizmann, Maximilian Paul Eckardt, Yue Chen and Bodo Saake
Agronomy 2024, 14(1), 162; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14010162 - 11 Jan 2024
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4226
Abstract
European paper mills are currently facing the question of whether recovered paper, their main raw material, will be available in sufficient quantities and an acceptable quality in the future. An alternative to recovered paper or wood fiber is the use of agricultural residues [...] Read more.
European paper mills are currently facing the question of whether recovered paper, their main raw material, will be available in sufficient quantities and an acceptable quality in the future. An alternative to recovered paper or wood fiber is the use of agricultural residues such as wheat straw. Sodium carbonate-based straw pulping processes have the advantage of not requiring recausticizing for chemical recovery, which reduces investment and operating costs. With the addition of oxygen, delignification can be significantly improved to provide pulps suitable for bleaching. This study compares the pulping of wheat straw using sodium carbonate, sodium carbonate + oxygen, and sodium carbonate + sodium hydroxide + oxygen. Pulping parameters such as temperature, retention time, and chemical charge were varied, and their influence on pulp properties was studied. The use of sodium carbonate alone produced pulps with high yields of up to 72% and comparably high burst and compressive strength. The addition of oxygen and small amounts of sodium hydroxide produced pulps with a high initial brightness of 42 %ISO and a low kappa number (18), still at high pulp yields of 62%. These pulps were two-stage bleached to achieve brightness levels of up to 73 %ISO. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pretreatment and Bioconversion of Crop Residues II)
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16 pages, 4344 KiB  
Article
Quantification of the Influence of Ink Penetration and Optical Ink Density on the Print-through of Printed Straw-Based Papers
by Irena Bates, Ivana Plazonić, Maja Rudolf and Diana Bratić
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(1), 288; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14010288 - 28 Dec 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1522
Abstract
In recent years, due to environmental awareness regarding the harmfulness of polymeric materials, there has been a growing interest in using papers, especially those from alternative raw materials. The importance of using all available raw materials is imperative today. Raw materials that were [...] Read more.
In recent years, due to environmental awareness regarding the harmfulness of polymeric materials, there has been a growing interest in using papers, especially those from alternative raw materials. The importance of using all available raw materials is imperative today. Raw materials that were once viewed as waste are now of great importance because they have the ability to replace raw materials that are used irrationally or are lacking. Cereal straw is a lignocellulosic material that could be used in the paper industry and in the production of increasingly prevalent paper packaging. The aim of this research was to analyze the relationships between the qualitative parameters of straw-based printed papers containing 30% agricultural residues (wheat, barley, or triticale). The influence of two qualitative parameters (ink penetration depth and optical ink density) on the print-through was observed using multiple regression analysis on straw-based papers produced at the laboratory level. Throughout the research, 100% recycled wood paper was used as a reference sample. The results of the regression analysis showed that none of the variables individually make a statistically significant contribution to the prediction of the dependent variable in a linear context, that is, they indicate a non-linear interaction between the variables and the specific conditions under which the dependent variable reaches local extremes and changes in the gradient. Considering the results of the regression analysis and the visualization of the relationship, the model was additionally tested with other independent variables (paper type). From the results obtained, it can be concluded that the alternative straw-based paper with 30% barley pulp has the best interaction between ink and paper, which is the most similar to the reference sample in terms of printability, while the alternative straw-based paper with 30% wheat generally differs significantly from the reference paper when all three prints are considered. Full article
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13 pages, 3464 KiB  
Article
A New Microwave-Assisted Protocol for Cellulose Extraction from Eucalyptus and Pine Tree Wood Waste
by Silvia Vinhas, Mafalda Sarraguça, Tânia Moniz, Salette Reis and Maria Rangel
Polymers 2024, 16(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16010020 - 20 Dec 2023
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3603
Abstract
An enormous interest in the development of efficient protocols for cellulose extraction has been demonstrated in the last few years, although usually based on non-sustainable chemical and thermal approaches. In this work, we propose a new and more sustainable method for cellulose extraction [...] Read more.
An enormous interest in the development of efficient protocols for cellulose extraction has been demonstrated in the last few years, although usually based on non-sustainable chemical and thermal approaches. In this work, we propose a new and more sustainable method for cellulose extraction from eucalyptus and pine tree wood waste products exclusively performed using microwave-assisted radiation. The methodology includes three main steps: (i) alkaline treatment; (ii) bleaching I, using H2O2; and (iii) bleaching II, an acidic treatment. Samples obtained in each step were characterized by Fourier-transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results were compared with the structural and thermal profile of the starting materials, a commercially available microcrystalline cellulose and with an industrial paper pulp sample. Results confirmed that for both types of wood wastes, cellulose was retained during the extraction procedures and that the removal of hemicellulose and lignin was mainly achieved in the last step, as seen by the FTIR spectra and TGA curves. The developed protocol is innovative, as it constitutes an easy and quick approach for extracting cellulose from eucalyptus and pine tree wood waste. Mild chemical and thermal conditions are used during the three extraction steps (microwave irradiation, aqueous solutions, maximum of 120 °C in a total of 3 h). Moreover, environmentally friendly purification steps are applied based on the use of water and ethanol. This approach offers the possibility of a future scale-up study to potentially apply the developed protocol to the extraction of cellulose on an industrial scale. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymers and Biopolymers for Sustainable Life and Applications)
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14 pages, 913 KiB  
Review
Development of Raw Materials and Technology for Pulping—A Brief Review
by Piwu Li, Yanpeng Xu, Liang Yin, Xiaoli Liang, Ruiming Wang and Kaiquan Liu
Polymers 2023, 15(22), 4465; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15224465 - 20 Nov 2023
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 8868
Abstract
Paper is one of the most significant inventions in human civilization, which considerably advanced global cultural development. Pulping is a key step in the conversion of fiber raw materials into paper. Since its inception, pulping has rapidly evolved, continually adapting to technological advancements. [...] Read more.
Paper is one of the most significant inventions in human civilization, which considerably advanced global cultural development. Pulping is a key step in the conversion of fiber raw materials into paper. Since its inception, pulping has rapidly evolved, continually adapting to technological advancements. Researchers are constantly investigating various types of raw materials for pulping. In this review, some of the materials employed in pulping are outlined, and the fiber content, pulping method, as well as the strength of wood and non-wood crop straw as pulping raw materials are analyzed and discussed. In addition, this review explores the effects of different materials under various pulping conditions and assesses the future trends in raw material selection for pulping while considering the current global environmental pressures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biobased and Biodegradable Polymers)
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15 pages, 4941 KiB  
Article
Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Kraft and Sulfite Pulps: What Is the Best Cellulosic Substrate for Industrial Saccharification?
by Aleksandr R. Shevchenko, Ksenia A. Mayorova, Dmitry G. Chukhchin, Alexey V. Malkov, Evgeniy A. Toptunov, Vadim D. Telitsin, Aleksandra M. Rozhkova, Ivan N. Zorov, Maria A. Rodicheva, Vadim A. Plakhin, Denis A. Akishin, Daria N. Poshina, Margarita V. Semenova, Andrey S. Aksenov and Arkady P. Sinitsyn
Fermentation 2023, 9(11), 936; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9110936 - 27 Oct 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2893
Abstract
Sulfite and kraft pulping are two principal methods of industrial delignification of wood. In recent decades, those have been considered as possibilities to pretreat recalcitrant wood lignocellulosics for the enzymatic hydrolysis of polysaccharides and the subsequent fermentation of obtained sugars to valuable bioproducts. [...] Read more.
Sulfite and kraft pulping are two principal methods of industrial delignification of wood. In recent decades, those have been considered as possibilities to pretreat recalcitrant wood lignocellulosics for the enzymatic hydrolysis of polysaccharides and the subsequent fermentation of obtained sugars to valuable bioproducts. Current work compares chemistry and technological features of two different cooking processes in the preparation of polysaccharide substrates for deep saccharification with P. verruculosum glycosyl hydrolases. Bleached kraft and sulfite pulps were subjected to hydrolysis with enzyme mixture of high xylanase, cellobiohydrolase, and β-glucosidase activities at a dosage of 10 FPU/g of dry pulp and fiber concentration of 2.5, 5, and 10%. HPLC was used to analyze soluble sugars after hydrolysis and additional acid inversion of oligomers to monosaccharides. Kraft pulp demonstrated higher pulp conversion after 48 h (74–99%), which mostly resulted from deep xylan hydrolysis. Sulfite-pulp hydrolysates, obtained in similar conditions due to higher hexose concentration (more than 50 g/L), had higher fermentability for industrial strains producing alcohols, microbial protein, or organic acids. Along with saccharification, enzymatic modification of non-hydrolyzed residues occurred, which led to decreased degree of polymerization and composition changes in two industrial pulps. As a result, crystallinity of kraft pulp increased by 1.3%, which opens possibilities for obtaining new types of cellulosic products in the pulp and paper industry. The high adaptability and controllability of enzymatic and fermentation processes creates prospects for the modernization of existing factories. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polysaccharides Fermentation)
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14 pages, 7979 KiB  
Article
Next-Generation Cellulosic Filaments from Hemp Pulp via Dry-Jet Wet Spinning Using HighPerCell® Technology
by Antje Ota, Marc Philip Vocht, Ronald Beyer, Anne Reboux, Charles Reboux and Frank Hermanutz
Fibers 2023, 11(11), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib11110090 - 26 Oct 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3497
Abstract
Fiber demand of cellulosic fibers is rapidly increasing; however, these fibers are mainly based on the use of wood pulp (WP), which often have long transport times and, consequently, a high CO2 footprint. So, alternative pulps based on non-wood, annual fast-growing plants [...] Read more.
Fiber demand of cellulosic fibers is rapidly increasing; however, these fibers are mainly based on the use of wood pulp (WP), which often have long transport times and, consequently, a high CO2 footprint. So, alternative pulps based on non-wood, annual fast-growing plants are an option to cover the demand for raw materials and resources. Herein, we report on the use of a novel developed hemp pulp (HP) for man-made cellulosic fiber filament spinning. Commercial WP was used as a reference material. While HP could be used and directly spun as received without any further pretreatment, an additional step to adjust the degree of polymerization (DP) was needed to use the wood pulp. Continuous filaments were spun using a novel dry-jet wet spinning (HighPerCell® process) technique, which is based on the use of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium octanoate ([C2C1im][Oc]) as a solvent. Via this approach, several thousand meters (12,000 m–15,000 m) of continuous multifilament filaments were spun. The HP pulps showed excellent spinning performance. The novel approach allows the preparation of cellulosic fibers for either technical—with high tensile strength—or textile—possessing a low fibrillation tendency—applications. Textile hemp-based filaments were used for first weaving trials, resulting in a flawless fabric. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fibers 10th Anniversary: Past, Present, and Future)
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24 pages, 2531 KiB  
Review
Industrial Hemp as a Potential Nonwood Source of Fibres for European Industrial-Scale Papermaking—A Review
by Dariusz Danielewicz
Materials 2023, 16(19), 6548; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16196548 - 4 Oct 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2770
Abstract
The suitability of industrial hemp (IH) as a source of fibres for European industrial-scale papermaking, including, in particular, European kraft pulp mills (EKMPs) (i.e., plants producing the predominant amount of virgin pulps in Europe), was discussed, considering the causal, cultivation, technological, and application [...] Read more.
The suitability of industrial hemp (IH) as a source of fibres for European industrial-scale papermaking, including, in particular, European kraft pulp mills (EKMPs) (i.e., plants producing the predominant amount of virgin pulps in Europe), was discussed, considering the causal, cultivation, technological, and application aspects of this issue. The work showed that there are generally premises for using straw from nonwood crops in European papermaking. As for the IH, it was found that IH stalks are the best IH fibrous raw material for EKMPs. There are a few cultivation factors favouring the use of IH stalks in them and a few, though important (e.g., small cultivation areas), factors not conducive to this use. Most technological factors favour the use of IH stalks in EKPMs, apart from the large differences in the length of the IH bast and woody-core fibres. The analysis of application factors indicates lower usefulness of IH stalks than wheat, rye or triticale straws, stalks of Miscanthus × giganteus, Virginia mallow, and kenaf. This is due to the much greater availability of these cereal straws than IH and less variation in the fibre length of cereal straws, Miscanthus × giganteus, Virginia mallow, and kenaf than in IH stalks. The main conclusion from the conducted query is the statement that the presence of IH varieties with fibre lengths more similar to wood would reduce the number of technological and application factors unfavourable to their use in EKPMs and increase the competitiveness of hemp straw vs. wood as a raw material for European large-scale papermaking. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials)
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14 pages, 2561 KiB  
Article
Rubberwood—Potential for Pulp and Composite Board Utilization
by Ighoyivwi Onakpoma, Olukayode Y. Ogunsanwo, Oghenekevwe A. Ohwo, Sameen Raut, Queen Aguma, Laurence R. Schimleck and Scott Leavengood
Forests 2023, 14(9), 1722; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14091722 - 26 Aug 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2345
Abstract
Rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg) is underutilized in most developing countries but has potential to be a solution to the shortage of wood for pulp, paper and wood composite products at the end of its production cycle. Determining and understanding its fibre [...] Read more.
Rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg) is underutilized in most developing countries but has potential to be a solution to the shortage of wood for pulp, paper and wood composite products at the end of its production cycle. Determining and understanding its fibre properties (fibre dimensions and morphology) is key in its utilization for pulp and paper as well as composites. This study assessed the effect of age on the fibre properties of rubberwood. Samples of wood at four ages (10, 15, 20 and 25 years) were obtained at both the axial (base and top of merchantable length) and radial direction (innerwood, middlewood and outerwood). Slivers were obtained from the samples and macerated to provide individual fibres for optical measurement. Fibre dimensions at the four ages were measured, and their morphology was determined. Fibre properties and morphology were significantly affected by age at p = 0.05. Average fibre length was 1.47 ± 0.12 mm, with non-constant variation observed across the different ages, and from pith to bark. Average lumen width was 16.87 µm, and fibre diameter ranged from 25.02 µm to 27.23 µm. The fibre properties of rubberwood potentially make it suitable for pulp and paper production as well as wood composite boards. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Wood Science and Forest Products)
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15 pages, 3485 KiB  
Article
Emissions and By-Products from Producing Torrefied Solid Recovered Fuel Using Pulp Industry Waste
by Min-Hao Yuan, Chia-Chi Chang, Michael Huang, Je-Lueng Shie, Chao-Hsiung Wu, Ching-Yuan Chang, Yi-Hung Chen, Far-Ching Lin, Cheng-Fang Lin, Chang-Ping Yu, Yen-Hau Chen, Wei-Ren Chang, Tzu-Yi Yang and Bo-Liang Liu
Environments 2023, 10(8), 135; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments10080135 - 2 Aug 2023
Viewed by 2356
Abstract
Emissions and by-products from manufacturing torrefied solid recovered fuel using pulp industry waste containing wood waste with pulp sludge (WPS) were studied. Two batches of WPS1 and WPS2 were tested. The torrefaction of WSP1 and WPS2 were performed at their respectively optimal temperature [...] Read more.
Emissions and by-products from manufacturing torrefied solid recovered fuel using pulp industry waste containing wood waste with pulp sludge (WPS) were studied. Two batches of WPS1 and WPS2 were tested. The torrefaction of WSP1 and WPS2 were performed at their respectively optimal temperature of 573 and 593 K and time of 20 min, referred as cases WPST1-573-20 and WPST2-593-20, respectively. WPS1 contained higher fixed carbons and volatile matters but lower ash content than WPS2. The results showed that the solid yields of 56 and 61 wt.%, gas yields of 16 and 16 wt.% and liquid yields of 28 and 24 wt.% for WPST1-573-20 and WPST2-593-20, respectively. The maximal concentration of emissions for WPST1-573-20 and WPST2-593-20 are about 1952.5 and 3743.5 ppmv for CO, 26.5 and 156 ppmv for NOx and 31.5 and 392 ppmv for SO2, respectively. The CCO exceeded the emission standard and required further action. The collected non-condensable gases consisted of hydrocarbons ranging from C1-HC to C6-HC, with C4-HC being the predominant component. Here, Cn-HC represents hydrocarbons with a carbon atom count of n. The GC-MS analysis revealed the primary liquid byproducts. The liquid products can be used directly as pyroligneous liquor in agriculture. Furthermore, with refining techniques, these liquid byproducts can be transformed into high-quality chemicals for applications such as fungicides, pesticides, solvents, surfactants, and as precursors or monomers in the synthesis of other chemicals. Full article
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