Search Results (2,152)

This study presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of the performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of a single-cylinder, four-stroke spark-ignition engine fueled by commercial gasoline and raw biogas enhanced with cerium oxide (CeO₂) nanoparticles. Raw biogas containing 58% methane was tested without carbon dioxide removal to reflect practical rural applications, while CeO₂ nanoparticles were ultrasonically dispersed in the fuel to promote homogeneous suspension and catalytic activity. Experiments were conducted under wide-open and part-throttle conditions across a range of engine speeds, with simultaneous measurement of brake thermal efficiency, brake-specific fuel consumption, volumetric efficiency, in-cylinder pressure, heat release rate, combustion phasing, and regulated emissions. The results showed that while gasoline consistently outperformed biogas in torque and power due to its higher heating value and flame speed, the addition of CeO₂ significantly reduced the performance gap. For the biogas mode, CeO₂ addition increased brake thermal efficiency by up to 5%, lowered brake-specific fuel consumption by up to 8%, and shifted the start of main combustion to earlier crank angles, indicating faster and more complete combustion, particularly at high loads where higher temperatures activate CeO₂’s catalytic behavior. Emission analysis revealed that CeO₂-blended biogas reduced carbon monoxide emissions by approximately 25% and unburned hydrocarbons by up to 55% compared with gasoline, while nitrogen oxide emissions were consistently 15–22% lower. These reductions were observed across both wide-open and part-throttle conditions, confirming improved combustion completeness and lower peak flame temperatures. These improvements are attributed to CeO₂’s oxygen-storage capability, catalytic oxidation activity, and enhanced thermal conductivity, which collectively strengthen combustion completeness and cyclic stability. The findings demonstrate that nanoparticle-enhanced biogas can substantially improve the environmental and operational viability of spark-ignition engines, offering a practical pathway for integrating renewable gaseous fuels into existing transportation systems. Full article

Simultaneous hydrogen fuel and value-added chemical production from renewable resources is a key strategy in sustainable catalysis. This work presents a novel strategy employing metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) as precursors for synthesizing advanced titanium dioxide (TiO₂) photocatalysts with enhanced structural and optical properties. Two photocatalysts, M-BDC and M-2,5PDC, were synthesized via controlled calcination of MIL-125(Ti) using terephthalic and 2,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acids, respectively. Characterization confirmed the formation of mixed anatase/rutile TiO₂ phases with mesoporous structures. Notably, nitrogen incorporation in M-2,5PDC reduced the optical band gap to 2.94 eV compared with 3.08 eV for M-BDC, enhancing visible-light absorption. Photocatalytic experiments conducted at near-neutral pH (6.0) demonstrated effective simultaneous glycerol oxidation and hydrogen evolution without the use of alkaline additives. M-BDC achieved 30% glycerol conversion with 78.85% selectivity toward dihydroxyacetone and 21.15% toward glyceraldehyde, while M-2,5PDC exhibited selectivities of 71.55% and 28.45%, respectively. Glycerol underwent partial oxidation without complete mineralization, generating high-value products in parallel with hydrogen production. Both catalysts displayed excellent reuse stability across three consecutive cycles, with M-BDC showing enhanced dihydroxyacetone selectivity (78.85% to 84.42% between cycles). This MOF-derived TiO₂ platform integrates controlled synthesis, near-neutral pH operation, high selectivity, and catalytic stability, thereby establishing a viable strategy for the simultaneous production of clean fuel and value-added chemicals from renewable resources. Full article

This study estimates the association between respiratory outcomes among employees of a secondary aluminum plant and airborne pollutants. Additionally, it looks into the relationship between pulmonary dysfunction in workers and X-Ray repair cross-complementing one (XRCC1) gene polymorphisms. 110 exposed workers and 58 non-exposed workers were enrolled in the study. Measurements were conducted on sulfur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), and particulate particles. Pulmonary function was tested. Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), C-reactive protein (CRP), matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), interleukin 6 (IL6), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), XRCC1 protein, and genotyping of XRCC1 gene polymorphisms were examined. The annual average concentrations of particulate matter (PM_2.5, PM₁₀), total suspended particulates (TSP), SO₂, and NO₂ were lower than the permissible limit. The areas around ovens, evaporators, and cold rolling mills exhibited the highest amounts. The majority of employees in these departments had impaired lung function. Prolonged exposure was associated with a significant decrease in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1%) and forced vital capacity (FVC%) among the exposed group (p = 0.001 & 0.04, respectively). Serum XRCC1 levels were significantly higher among exposed workers (p = 0.02). Inflammatory biomarkers showed no statistically significant differences between groups. Aluminum workers are at risk of developing respiratory disorders. The level of serum XRCC1 may serve as a potential biomarker for detecting susceptible workers. Full article

Urban air pollution is increasingly recognised as a determinant of mental wellbeing, yet most existing studies rely on static exposure estimates and lack spatial granularity. This limits understanding of how pollutant-specific patterns influence psychological states in real-world settings. To address this gap, we integrate real-time environmental and physiological data from 40 participants using the DigitalExposome dataset, applying multivariate and spatial analysis techniques. Our findings confirm that Particulate Matter (PM_2.5) exerts the strongest negative association with mental wellbeing while extending prior work by establishing a preliminary ranking of other pollutants Particulate Matter (PM₁₀), Particulate Matter (PM₁), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO₂), Ammonia (NH₃). We applied statistical and spatial analysis methods, including heatmaps and Voronoi diagrams, to explore links between pollutants and wellbeing and compare the relative influence of air pollution and noise. This enabled identification of pollutant-specific hotspots and multi-level wellbeing patterns across individual, accumulated, and collective scales. These results demonstrate the value of spatial analysis for environmental health research and support targeted urban interventions, such as green space placement and traffic re-routing, to mitigate mental wellbeing risks. Full article

Despite a growing interest in biochar for olive orchard fertility management, little is known about its effects on nitrogen (N) dynamics and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Mediterranean soils, particularly when comparing neutral (pH 6.7) and alkaline (pH 8.2) soils using farmer-accessible flame-curtain pyrolysis biochar. In this 60-day soil mesocosm study, we hypothesized that biochar amendments in fertilized soils would enhance soil N availability and potentially reduce N₂O emissions, with effects modulated by soil pH. Treatments included: control, urea fertilizer, and urea plus biochar (5% w/w). Urea fertilization significantly increased soil ammonium (NH₄⁺) and total oxidized nitrogen (NO₃⁻ + NO₂⁻) in both soils, and co-application of biochar further increased these pools, particularly in the neutral soil (NH₄⁺: + 91% and + 62% in neutral and alkaline soil, respectively). Biochar addition consistently reduced cumulative carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions in both soils, supporting its role in stabilizing soil organic carbon. However, impacts on nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions were soil-pH-dependent: biochar slightly reduced N₂O emissions in neutral soil, though nearly doubled N₂O emissions in alkaline soil, highlighting that biochar’s efficacy for GHG mitigation is context-specific. These findings underscore biochar’s potential to improve soil N availability and reduce carbon losses but reveal clear limitations for N₂O mitigation in alkaline soils, necessitating site-specific application strategies that explicitly consider soil pH when targeting climate benefits in Mediterranean olive production. Full article

Decarbonizing energy production is critical to slowing the effects of climate change and furthering global sustainability. Progress is often gauged via carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions; however, sources of CO₂ vary beyond combustion, presenting a significant challenge to accurate tracking due to these various sources and sinks and the ubiquitous nature of CO₂ in the atmosphere. Nitrogen oxide (NO_X) emissions have previously been proposed as a surrogate for tracking sustainability, as they are primarily released from combustion processes. Facility-level data from Canada’s National Pollutant Release Inventory and Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program over a six-year period is used to assess the correlation between NO_X and CO₂ emissions from integrated facilities across Canada. Combustion-related CO₂ emissions accounting for approximately 94% of Canadian industrial emissions are examined, targeting eleven industries which together encompass over 90% of combustion emissions. Multiple linear regressions (MLRs) on each industry correlating NO_X, CO₂, and the inventory methods used (i.e., emission factors (EFs), source monitoring, mass balance, engineering estimates, and speciation) show R² values ranging from 0.81 to 0.96 for all but one industry. Several industries indicate that the methods used to calculate emissions influence the correlation of CO₂ to NO_X, highlighting issues in the current inventory techniques. The NO_X-to-CO₂ ratios calculated for the integrated facilities are similar to the ratios of the published main process-level EFs for NO_X to CO₂ (where available). These MLR models on NO_X could be used to predict CO₂ emissions with relative ease and accuracy in other jurisdictions, thereby simplifying large-scale emission inventory compilation while tracking sustainability. Full article

Benzothiophene polymers, as a class of novel organic semiconductor materials, exhibit significant potential in the field of photocatalysis due to their broad light-responsive range and tunable energy level structures. In this study, a benzothiophene-based polymer organic semiconductor (denoted as P42) was integrated with titanium dioxide (TiO₂) via a simple sol–gel method, yielding an organic–inorganic hybrid material. This composite facilitates the modulation of energy level potentials and promotes the effective separation of photogenerated charges, thereby demonstrating remarkable synergistic catalytic performance in the photocatalytic oxidative coupling of benzylamines. By optimizing the ratio of organic to inorganic components and various photocatalytic reaction conditions, the hybrid material 1.7%P42-TiO₂, containing 1.7 wt% of the dithiophene polymer without any metal cocatalysts, exhibited outstanding performance under an air atmosphere and visible light irradiation after 12 h. It achieved a yield of over 88.7% and a selectivity exceeding 89.8% in the synthesis of N-benzoylaniline, significantly surpassing the performance of pure TiO₂ (52.9% yield, 54.9% selectivity) and P42 (54.4% yield, 54.9% selectivity). Structural and photophysical characterizations, including UV–Vis DRS, XRD, SEM, TEM, and EPR, reveal that the enhanced photocatalytic activity originates from broad visible-light absorption, improved charge separation, and well-matched energy levels. Mechanistic investigations suggest a synergistic pathway involving photoinduced hole oxidation and radical-mediated coupling. This work provides valuable insights and a reference for the solar-driven photocatalytic synthesis of nitrogen-containing platform molecules under mild conditions. Full article

This paper presents the design of a sensor system for remote measurements of exhaust emissions from automotive combustion engines. The system’s purpose is to determine the likelihood of a given vehicle’s potential harmfulness to the environment. This system, if implemented, could detect vehicles posing a threat to the environment in road traffic. A remote measurement system can be installed in the front of a measuring vehicle driving behind the vehicle being diagnosed. This approach allows for rapid road testing of multiple vehicles while they are operating in real-world conditions where engines can emit the highest levels of undesirable pollutants. Exceeding emission standards may be related to modifications made to the vehicle’s exhaust gas aftertreatment systems, engine wear, or malfunctions of engine-related systems such as the diesel particulate filter (DPF) or catalytic converter. Toxic and undesirable substances include carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NO_x), carbon dioxide (${\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_2$), and particulate matter (PM) particles. The main goal of the measurements is to identify vehicles that potentially pose a threat to the environment during normal operation. The sensor system consists of several types of sensors utilizing various physical and chemical phenomena, with particular emphasis on their low cost and easy availability. The measurement unit utilizes MEMS technology, photoacoustic spectroscopy, electrochemical methods, light absorption and scattering, spectrophotometry, and electro-optical detection. Full article

China’s stringent clean air policies have substantially reduced nitrogen oxides (NO_x) emissions, leading to a general decline in nitrogen dioxide (NO₂). However, surface ozone (O₃) pollution remains severe, creating a complex challenge due to the non-linear relationship between O₃ and its precursors. To disentangle the drivers behind these trends, this study quantifies the impacts of interannual variations in top-down constrained NO_x emissions on surface NO₂ and O₃ concentrations from 2014 to 2021 across mainland China and five national urban agglomerations. We employed the WRF-CMAQ model with a fixed-emission simulation approach, using an observationally optimized NO_x emission inventory derived from the assimilation of surface NO₂ measurements. Results reveal that NO₂ reductions were predominantly emission-driven (>80% post-2017), with declines most pronounced in winter. A strong linear consistency was found between interannual changes in top-down NO_x emissions and attributed NO₂ concentration variations, validating the methodology. In contrast, O₃ responses to NO_x reductions were spatially and seasonally heterogeneous, reflecting a non-linear photochemical regime. In major urban agglomerations (e.g., Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH), Yangtze River Delta (YRD), Pearl River Delta (PRD)), NO_x reductions post-2018 showed limited effectiveness in mitigating summertime O₃ and even increased O₃ in spring and autumn, indicating a prevalent VOC-sensitive regime where NO_x reduction can disinhibit O₃ formation. Conversely, certain provinces (e.g., Anhui, Shanxi, Jilin) exhibited O₃ decreases, suggesting a NO_x-sensitive regime. The area benefiting from NO_x reductions expanded steadily in summer after 2017 but not in other seasons. This study confirms the efficacy of NO_x-focused policies for reducing primary NO₂ pollution but highlights that mitigating persistent O₃ requires a strategic shift to synergistic, region-specific control of volatile organic compounds alongside NO_x, informed by local chemical sensitivity. Full article

In permanently submerged coastal wetlands, interactions between biogeochemical processes and microbial communities strongly influence greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes. To improve our understanding of how redox-driven processes shape GHG dynamics in these ecosystems, we investigated the relationships among iron (Fe) pools, microbial dynamics, and the potential GHG production in subaqueous soils from an interdunal wetland in San Vitale Park (Italy), permanently submerged and affected by seasonal oscillations of the saline water table. Two subaqueous soil columns (WAS-2 and WAS-4), collected from similar settings, were analyzed. Surface layers of WAS-4 showed higher salinity and carbonate content, whereas WAS-2 was characterized by overall higher Fe concentrations. Distinct vertical distributions of organic matter and sulfur (S) were shown along depth. Laboratory incubations revealed that nitrous oxide (N₂O) production was up to ten times higher in WAS-2 than in WAS-4, with peaks in the top 13–14 cm, consistent with more active nitrification-denitrification in surface layers. Methane (CH₄) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) fluxes decreased with depth, reflecting reduced availability of labile carbon. Methanomicrobiales dominated CH₄-producing layers, indicating hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis, while amoA-carrying Nitrosomonadales and Thaumarchaeota, occurred in shallow, organic-rich layers where ammonia supported nitrification and denitrification. Denitrifiers mainly belonged to α- and β-Proteobacteria, consistent with their direct contribution to N₂O peaks. Spearman’s correlations showed N₂O positively correlated to sulfur and labile carbon (C), supporting denitrification under moderately reducing conditions. CH₄ and CO₂ positively correlated with organic C (Corg), total nitrogen (TN), and reactive Fe forms, reflecting redox-mediated microbial respiration and methanogenesis. Trace elements (B, Cr, Cu, Ni) acted as micronutrients or inhibitors depending on concentration. Canonical correspondence analysis indicated depth-structured links among gas fluxes, soil chemistry (Corg, TN, S/C, CaCO₃, P), and microbial distributions: surface layers, rich in labile C and nutrients, supported active bacteria and archaea involved in decomposition, nitrification, and denitrification, whereas deeper layers hosted oligotrophic archaea adapted to inorganic substrates. Overall, Fe pools appeared to be associated with soil processes relevant to GHG dynamics, although the extent of their regulatory role remains uncertain due to potential alterations of redox-sensitive Fe fractions during sample handling. These results contribute to broader efforts to predict GHG emissions in submerged wetland soils by linking redox stratification, inorganic chemistry, and microbial functional groups. Full article

A novel catalyst, Tm₂FeSbO₇, was synthesized by employing the solid-phase high-temperature sintering method, and, for the first time, it was utilized to create a Z-type heterojunction with BiYO₃. A direct Z-scheme Tm₂FeSbO₇/BiYO₃ heterojunction photocatalyst (TBHP) was successfully produced by employing the ball-milling technique. X-ray diffraction analysis results indicated that Tm₂FeSbO₇ crystallized in a cubic pyrochlorestructure which owned the Fd-3m space group, with a unit cell parameter of 10.1769 Å, whereas BiYO₃ displayed a fluorite structure in the Fm-3m space group, with a unit cell parameter of 5.4222 Å. The Mossbauer spectrum of Tm₂FeSbO₇ showed that Fe³⁺ ions might locate at octahedral sites. The measured bandgap widths for the TBHP, Tm₂FeSbO_7, and BiYO₃ were 2.14 eV, 2.21 eV, and 2.30 eV, respectively. Multiple experimental results demonstrated that the TBHP exhibited a higher valence band ionization potential, a narrower band gap width, and a higher removal efficiency of the sulfamethoxazole (SMX) compared with the Dy₂TmSbO₇/BiHoO₃ heterojunction photocatalyst. Under visible-light irradiation (VISLI) of 115 min, the TBHP showcased exceptional photocatalytic elimination performance; therefore, the elimination rate of the SMX and the total organic carbon (TOC) mineralization rate reached 99.51% and 98.10%, respectively. In contrast to single-component Tm₂FeSbO₇, BiYO_3, or conventional nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide (N-TiO₂) catalyst, the TBHP exhibited removal efficiency enhancement for degrading the SMX by 1.17 times, 1.31 times, or 4.06 times. Simultaneously, the matching mineralization rate for removing the TOC density by employing the TBHP was 1.20 times, 1.34 times, or 4.73 times higher than that by employing Tm₂FeSbO₇, BiYO₃, or conventional N-TiO₂. Above experimental results indicated that the mineralization efficiency for removing TOC density by employing the TBHP was higher than that by employing Tm₂FeSbO₇, BiYO₃, or N-TiO₂. Radicals trapping experiments and the electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy results revealed that hydroxyl radicals, superoxide anions, and photoinduced holes were the primary active species during the catalytic elimination course of the SMX by employing the TBHP under VISLI. The results demonstrated that the direct Z-scheme TBHP, which was developed in this study, exhibited the maximal removal efficiency for degrading the SMX in contrast to Tm₂FeSbO₇, BiYO₃, or N-TiO₂. Additionally, the possible elimination routes and elimination mechanisms of the SMX were proposed. Therefore, an important scientific foundation for developing high-performance heterojunction catalysts was established. Full article

Nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) is a short-lived atmospheric pollutant primarily emitted by road traffic, maritime shipping, and industrial combustion. It is a key indicator of anthropogenic air pollution due to its harmful health effects, its role in the formation of secondary particulate matter, and its strong association with other traffic-related pollutants. Elevated NO₂ concentrations are closely linked to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, with children and elderly populations being particularly vulnerable due to physiological susceptibility and exposure patterns. This study uses satellite-based remote sensing data to assess the spatial and temporal variability of NO₂ concentrations in the Lithuanian coastal zone and adjacent marine areas. The analysis focuses on identifying spatial patterns of NO₂ concentration distribution, localized pollution hotspots, and their relationships with population distribution. Correlation analysis for the 2022–2024 period revealed a statistically significant negative relationship between NO₂ concentrations and distance from the coastline in inland areas, whereas no statistically significant relationship was observed offshore. NO₂ concentrations at 0 m and 50 m were strongly positively correlated across all spatial domains and seasons (r > 0.98, p < 0.001), indicating consistent vertical spatial patterns. Annual mean NO₂ concentrations were also strongly positively associated with population density (r = 0.81). Full article

This study investigates the feasibility of treating acidic gases produced in oilfields using a novel method that combines cavitation-jet reactor (CJR) technology with electric arc discharge (EAD). The integration of these two approaches enhances the ionization process by converting neutral gas molecules into chemically reactive ion-radical and radical fragments. These highly reactive species eventually recombine, creating new chemical compounds and simpler molecules from incoming acid gas and water vapor. Theoretical validation and experimental demonstration have revealed possible mechanisms and pathways of low-temperature plasma-chemical processes resulting from the synergistic effects of cavitating-jet flow and arc discharge on the molecular degradation of neutral gaseous molecules, such as hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide in water vapor, which lead to the generation of new compounds. Research indicates that the most effective method for processing associated petroleum gas (APG) involves minimizing the sequential nature of chemical reactions in low-temperature non-equilibrium plasma environments, thus eliminating the need for costly and complex catalysts. Additionally, studies have shown that the cavitation-jet flow of a gas–vapor–liquid mixture, when combined with an electric arc discharge in the truncated region of the low-temperature plasma of CJR, results in the synthesis of hydrogen, two forms of S₈ (S₈^I and S₈^II), crystalline carbon, and its organic derivatives containing oxygen and nitrogen, specifically methanol, ethanol, acetone, and acetonitrile. The data obtained suggest that the generation of low-temperature plasma in the cavitation-jet chamber, induced by an electric discharge, is essential for the production of reaction products, such as hydrogen, sulfur, and oxygen- and nitrogen-containing derivatives of organic carbon, when water vapor and acid gas molecules traverse the reactor. Full article

Methane (CH₄) is the second-largest contributor to climate change after carbon dioxide (CO₂) and has a global warming potential about 72 times greater than CO₂ over a 20-year timescale. A possible solution to mitigate CH₄ emissions from diluted sources is direct removal of CH₄ through tailored sorbents. In this work, ion-exchanged zeolites have been investigated, owing to their low cost, excellent chemical stability, and ease of production. The impact of barium, lithium, and nickel exchange was investigated, along with one, three, and five ion-exchange sequences. XRD analysis confirmed that the structure remained intact after ion exchange. However, nitrogen physisorption revealed that nickel- and barium-exchanged zeolites had reduced pore volume and surface area compared to the parent zeolite, possibly due to mesopore formation from lattice strain relaxation. ICP-OES and SEM-EDX confirmed the successful incorporation of metals into the zeolite. Finally, breakthrough experiments were carried out to assess the saturation capacity of the synthesized sample. The results demonstrated that the lithium-exchanged samples provided the highest saturation capacity, namely 1.58 ± 0.05 mmol g⁻¹ for the Li-13X-3 and 1.76 ± 0.07 mmol g⁻¹ for the Li-SAPO34-5 over 10 adsorption cycles. Furthermore, the stability of the Li-SAPO34-5 was confirmed over 100 adsorption cycles. Full article

Urban business-to-business distribution in Casablanca relies heavily on light commercial vehicles (LCVs) operating in a constrained street environment where loading/unloading access, intersection capacity, and recurring bottlenecks jointly shape performance and environmental impacts. However, high-resolution freight origin–destination (OD) observations and junction calibration data are limited, which complicates direct estimations of congestion and externalities attributable to commercial activity. This study develops a reproducible, large-scale modeling workflow that couples tour-based freight demand generation in order units with simulation-based traffic assignment (SBA) on a metropolitan network and translates network performance into emissions and monetary losses. Warehouses are modeled as primary producers and commercial activity zones as attractors via sector-tagged production and attraction functions; the resulting order distribution is converted to OD vehicle trips using the tour-based trip generation procedure with the mean targets-per-tour fixed to one to ensure numerical stability, yielding a direct-shipment approximation appropriate for stress–response analysis. Junction impedance is represented through turn-type volume–delay relationships and node-level impedance procedures, and congestion is evaluated using vehicle kilometers traveled/vehicle hours traveled (VKT/VHT)-based indicators, delay-intensity measures, and link/node bottleneck rankings. Across demand-scaling scenarios, VKT increases from 302,159 to 1,017,686 veh·km/day, while network delay rises nonlinearly from 392.5 to 2738.4 veh·h/day, indicating saturation-driven amplification of time losses. The Handbook of Emission Factors for Road Transport (HBEFA)-compatible emission estimates scale with activity: total carbon dioxide (CO₂) increases from 154.1 to 519.5 t/day, and nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM_2.5) totals rise proportionally under fixed fleet assumptions. Monetizing delay with a purchasing-power-adjusted value-of-time range yields a congestion cost per trip that increases from approximately 0.20 to 0.41 Moroccan dirham, MAD/trip (at 60 MAD/veh·h), consistent with rising delay intensity. Bottleneck extraction shows welfare losses to be structurally concentrated on a small persistent corridor set, led by ‘Boulevard de la Résistance’, with recurrent hotspots including ‘Rue d’Arcachon’ and ‘Rue d’Ifni’. The framework supports policy-relevant reporting of congestion, emissions, and welfare impacts under data scarcity, with explicit sensitivity bounds. Full article