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Smart Traffic Control Based on Sensor Technology

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Vehicular Sensing".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 December 2026 | Viewed by 1874

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Intelligent Transportation Systems, Faculty of Transport and Traffic Sciences, University of Zagreb, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
Interests: intelligent transportation systems; adaptive traffic control; artificial intelligence; deep reinforcement learning; multi-agent systems; microscopic traffic simulation; connected and autonomous vehicle
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, Unska Street 3, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
Interests: optimization; estimation and regression; computer simulations; traffic assignment; neural networks; sensors and signal conditioning; data and signal processing

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Guest Editor Assistant
Faculty of Technical Sciences, University “St Kliment Ohridski”—Bitola, Ul. Makedonska Falanga 37, MK-7000 Bitola, North Macedonia
Interests: intelligent transport systems; adaptive traffic control; artificial intelligence; reinforcement learning; traffic simulations and traffic modelling

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

It is a very common fact that large urban areas are prone to recurring daily congestion, which requires innovative solutions to address it. Today, new challenges also arise, with the increased negative impact from rapid climate change. This development compromises the quality of life through congested urban motorways, long queues at intersections, increased travel time, delayed public transportation, temporary unavailability of existing infrastructure, slower response times for emergency services, and lower air quality. Classic solutions to address these problems, such as building new transportation infrastructure, mode shift, and urban traffic control, cannot adequately cope with the increasing traffic demand, more stringent environmental demands, and the optimal usage of transportation infrastructure in the event of accidents or extreme weather conditions in crucial transport network areas. Such situations can easily negatively affect the possibility of using the transport network to alleviate the congestion that has occurred or to enable an adequate response of emergency services. The domain of Intelligent Transportation Systems provides a structured framework for creating effective and integrated solutions for city-wide traffic management, taking into account all the aforementioned aspects. New, heterogeneous data-rich approaches to traffic control could help create innovative solutions for addressing urban mobility challenges and monitoring the availability of transportation infrastructure during various incidents in crucial transport network areas. Additionally, the increasing levels of road vehicle automation and their connectivity create a new channel for gathering measurements about the traffic state and for changing it. Thus, the dawn of Connected and Autonomous Vehicles marks a new research direction in traffic management, where the vehicle itself becomes an integral part of the traffic control loop. It becomes a moving sensor and actuator, adding additional monitoring and feedback possibilities to the classic roadside-mounted sensors and signalization devices. However, this possibility comes with its own challenges. The large amount of microscopic data available in the form of data streams requires real-time processing and fusion with data from traditional sensors. Therefore, new approaches to sensor fusion are necessary among both moving and stationary sensors. Additionally, except for stationary traffic signalization, control output must also be generated for moving actuators, as Connected and Autonomous Vehicles can receive information for better routes and for variable speed limit control. Thus, the vehicles in the traffic flow can be optimally assigned to adequate travel routes that change rapidly during incident situations that affect large, important areas of the transportation network. The fused measurements from stationary and moving sensors create a virtual sensor with a constantly changing configuration, also creating useful information for optimizing new shared mobility services. Thus, Connected and Autonomous Vehicles being part of Mobility as a Service frameworks can be better deployed with their routes being created adequately to the current state of the transportation network and passenger needs. Additionally, such gathered data creates a new dataset for analyzing travel patterns using methods from data science. Thus, the identified hidden user habits and new user behaviors during city-wide incident situations can be applied to improve urban mobility, especially when the needed amount of vehicles can be reduced using the Mobility as a Service framework. This consequently positively affects congestion by optimally assigning vehicles to free areas of the transportation network, improving monitoring of the transportation network state, and increasing air quality by reducing traffic-related pollution when applied in new concepts of managing urban mobility.

This Special Issue will focus on exploring potential new solutions for enhancing urban mobility by leveraging Intelligent Transportation Systems, Connected and Autonomous Vehicles, Mobility as a Service, and the application of data science. It will provide the most recent advances in the application of data science for processing large amounts of real-time traffic measurements, the integration of CAVs into the traffic control loop, creating better user and mobility provider behavior patterns for Mobility as a Service-based approaches, and the more effective assignment of vehicles to rapidly changing available travel routes during city-wide incident situations.

Dr. Edouard Ivanjko
Dr. Nikica Hlupić
Guest Editors

Dr. Daniela Koltovska Nechoska
Guest Editor Assistant

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sensors is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • intelligent transportation systems
  • connected autonomous vehicles as mobile sensors and actuators
  • shared mobility
  • demand-responsive transport (DRT)
  • spatial-temporal travel pattern modeling
  • dynamic traffic assignment
  • Mobility as a Service (MaaS)
  • data science in urban mobility
  • sustainable traffic management

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

19 pages, 2479 KB  
Article
Remote Sensor System for Assessing the Toxicity of Car Exhaust Gases
by Krzysztof Więcławski, Jędrzej Mączak and Krzysztof Szczurowski
Sensors 2026, 26(6), 1928; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26061928 - 19 Mar 2026
Viewed by 1206
Abstract
This paper presents the design of a sensor system for remote measurements of exhaust emissions from automotive combustion engines. The system’s purpose is to determine the likelihood of a given vehicle’s potential harmfulness to the environment. This system, if implemented, could detect vehicles [...] Read more.
This paper presents the design of a sensor system for remote measurements of exhaust emissions from automotive combustion engines. The system’s purpose is to determine the likelihood of a given vehicle’s potential harmfulness to the environment. This system, if implemented, could detect vehicles posing a threat to the environment in road traffic. A remote measurement system can be installed in the front of a measuring vehicle driving behind the vehicle being diagnosed. This approach allows for rapid road testing of multiple vehicles while they are operating in real-world conditions where engines can emit the highest levels of undesirable pollutants. Exceeding emission standards may be related to modifications made to the vehicle’s exhaust gas aftertreatment systems, engine wear, or malfunctions of engine-related systems such as the diesel particulate filter (DPF) or catalytic converter. Toxic and undesirable substances include carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon dioxide (CO2), and particulate matter (PM) particles. The main goal of the measurements is to identify vehicles that potentially pose a threat to the environment during normal operation. The sensor system consists of several types of sensors utilizing various physical and chemical phenomena, with particular emphasis on their low cost and easy availability. The measurement unit utilizes MEMS technology, photoacoustic spectroscopy, electrochemical methods, light absorption and scattering, spectrophotometry, and electro-optical detection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Traffic Control Based on Sensor Technology)
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16 pages, 4086 KB  
Article
A Behavioral Ground Truth for Exteroceptive Sensors: Geometric Constraints and Stochastic Duration in Parking Maneuvers
by Salvatore Leonardi and Natalia Distefano
Sensors 2026, 26(6), 1911; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26061911 - 18 Mar 2026
Viewed by 330
Abstract
The deterministic simplification of parking maneuvers in traditional traffic models presents a critical challenge for the safe integration of Autonomous Vehicles (AVs). This study establishes a stochastic human baseline to provide a naturalistic ground truth dataset essential for calibrating perception and prediction sensors [...] Read more.
The deterministic simplification of parking maneuvers in traditional traffic models presents a critical challenge for the safe integration of Autonomous Vehicles (AVs). This study establishes a stochastic human baseline to provide a naturalistic ground truth dataset essential for calibrating perception and prediction sensors in mixed traffic scenarios. Through the analysis of 1038 maneuvers observed in a university shared space in Catania, Generalized Linear Models and Kaplan–Meier estimators were applied to quantify the impact of geometric constraints on 0°, 45°, and 90° configurations. Results identify 45° angled parking as the Pareto-optimal solution regarding stability and speed, achieving an average maneuver time of 7.54 s. Furthermore, a vertical parking paradox emerges: in the presence of narrow aisles, entry times increase drastically, generating bottlenecks with an 85th percentile exceeding 50 s. Finally, a structural functional asymmetry reveals that exit maneuvers require approximately 54% of the time needed for entry. These findings provide empirical metrics essential for validating human behavior models and fine-tuning decision-making and timeout logic in autonomous driving systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Traffic Control Based on Sensor Technology)
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