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24,041 Results Found

  • Article
  • Open Access
71 Citations
12,046 Views
18 Pages

The Effect of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations on Academics’ Entrepreneurial Intention

  • Davide Antonioli,
  • Francesco Nicolli,
  • Laura Ramaciotti and
  • Ugo Rizzo

3 November 2016

This work investigates entrepreneurial intentions among academic scientists. Drawing from the literature on entrepreneurial behavior, it contributes to delineate the differences in motivations that are correlated with entrepreneurial intention to tho...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovation and Entrepreneurship)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2,780 Views
21 Pages

Factor Structure and Psychometric Properties of the Italian Version of the Childbearing Motivations Scale

  • Antonio Gattamelata,
  • Maria Elisabetta Coccia,
  • Giulia Fioravanti,
  • Vanessa Prisca Zurkirch and
  • Nieves Moyano

The Childbearing Motivations Scale (CMS) is a multidimensional self-report measure of positive and negative motivations influencing the decision to become a parent. This study aimed to validate the Italian version of the CMS. A sample of 522 particip...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Risk and Protective Factors for Maternal and Paternal Mental Health during the Perinatal Period)
  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
4,265 Views
14 Pages

Motivations of Volunteers in Danish Grazing Organizations

  • Sari F. Madsen,
  • Flemming Ekelund,
  • Niels Strange and
  • Jesper Sølver Schou

21 July 2021

Global biodiversity is under pressure from human activities, and the effort for nature conservation and restoration and the allocation of economic resources for biodiversity policies remain insufficient. In such a context, volunteers can play an impo...

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainability, Biodiversity and Conservation)
  • Article
  • Open Access
14 Citations
4,837 Views
13 Pages

Gastronomy Motivations as Predictors of Satisfaction at Coastal Destinations

  • Mauricio Carvache-Franco,
  • Miguel Orden-Mejía,
  • Wilmer Carvache-Franco,
  • María del Carmen Lapo and
  • Orly Carvache-Franco

13 September 2022

Local gastronomy is a strategic vector for the sustainability of coastal destinations. The present study had the following objectives: first, to establish the motivational dimensions based on the gastronomic demand in a coastal destination; and secon...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marketing Management in Hospitality and Tourism Industries)
  • Article
  • Open Access
18 Citations
7,435 Views
16 Pages

Pilgrimages on the Portuguese Way to Santiago de Compostela: Evolution and Motivations

  • Fátima Matos Silva,
  • José Luis Braga,
  • Miguel Pazos Otón and
  • Isabel Borges

8 August 2023

This research paper is based on the study of the evolution of pilgrimages on the Santiago Way, highlighting the Portuguese Way to Santiago—Central Portuguese Way and Coastal Portuguese Way—which has experienced massive popularity over the...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Material Culture and Religion: Perspectives over Time)
  • Article
  • Open Access
25 Citations
7,600 Views
14 Pages

Motivations of Sports Volunteers at the 2023 European Games in Poland

  • Mateusz Rozmiarek,
  • Joanna Poczta and
  • Ewa Malchrowicz-Mośko

4 June 2021

Volunteering is fundamental in the organization of sporting events of any rank, and there is no doubt that without volunteers, the realization of such events would not be possible. The purpose of this study was to investigate relationships between se...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability in Sport: When the Future of Sport Is Being Decided Now)
  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
5,543 Views
19 Pages

Many people listen to music that conveys challenging emotions such as sadness and anger, despite the commonly assumed purpose of media being to elicit pleasure. We propose that eudaimonic motivation, the desire to engage with aesthetic experiences to...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
4,371 Views
14 Pages

Household Food Waste Awareness in Relation to Motivations

  • Claudia Giordano,
  • Gianluca Di Fiore,
  • Fabrizio Alboni,
  • Elisa Carloni,
  • Sergio Rivaroli and
  • Luca Falasconi

27 July 2023

The current study investigates which motivations to reduce food waste influence respondents’ likelihood to accurately self-assess food waste quantities. Some studies suggest that motivations to prevent household food waste influence respondents...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecological Resilience, Next Generation EU and Sustainable Social Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
5,918 Views
23 Pages

Diving Deeper into Wreck Diver Motivations and Attitudes

  • Joanne Edney,
  • Kay Dimmock and
  • William E. Boyd

11 May 2021

Increased demand by dive tourists for high-quality underwater wreck sites requires managers to balance heritage conservation and tourism at these vulnerable sites to ensure quality diving experiences while protecting underwater cultural heritage. Int...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
3,748 Views
9 Pages

Early Adolescents’ Motivations to Defend Victims of Cyberbullying

  • Nathaniel Oliver Iotti,
  • Damiano Menin and
  • Tomas Jungert

The aim of this study was to investigate how different types of motivation to defend victims of bullying would be associated with various bystander behaviors in cyberbullying situations among early adolescents in Sweden. Data were collected from 460...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cyberbullying, Mental Health and Behavioral Difficulties in Early Adolescents)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,949 Views
17 Pages

Marketing Differences Study Motivations between Luso and Brazil Students

  • Ricardo Gouveia Rodrigues,
  • Rui Silva,
  • Carmem Leal and
  • Emerson Wagner Mainardes

Motivation to learn is one of the most relevant aspects of student success in the learning process. Measuring motivation is essential in all higher education institutions (HEI). It is also important for teachers to understand the best way to encourag...

  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
7,026 Views
10 Pages

24 May 2022

With the rapidly increasing use of social media platforms, much of our lives is spent online. Despite the great advantages of using social media, unfortunately, the spread of hate, cyberbullying, harassment, and trolling can be very common online. Ma...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Knowledge Extraction from Data Using Machine Learning)
  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
7,082 Views
18 Pages

Motivations for Cannabis Use in Individuals with Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD)

  • Sonja Elsaid,
  • Ruoyu Wang,
  • Stefan Kloiber,
  • Bernard Le Foll and
  • Ahmed N. Hassan

9 December 2023

Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is a debilitating psychiatric condition. Consequently, it is common for those affected to resort to cannabis to cope with their symptoms. The primary objective of this study was to understand the differences between moti...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Addictive and Concomitant Psychiatric Disorders)
  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
5,685 Views
20 Pages

This study was conducted to empirically investigate the effects of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation on job satisfaction perceived by married female flight attendants after reinstatement, the effect of job satisfaction on service performance after r...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tourism/Hospitality and Well-being)
  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
6,101 Views
12 Pages

Understanding the Motivations of Foster Caregivers at Animal Shelters

  • Roxy Ackerman,
  • Brittany Watson,
  • James Serpell,
  • Chelsea L. Reinhard and
  • Lauren Powell

23 August 2023

Foster care programs in animal shelters have been shown to benefit animals and shelters, but little is known about what motivates foster caregivers to volunteer. This cross-sectional study explored the motivations and expectations of 131 foster careg...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Animal Sheltering)
  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
3,513 Views
13 Pages

21 December 2024

This paper investigates socioeconomic variation in motivations for ritual practices among Mauritian Hindus. Using cultural domain analysis, we explore individuals’ reported reasons for engaging in a variety of religious rituals. Our findings de...

  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
5,068 Views
13 Pages

Motivations Associated with Food Choices among Adults from Urban Setting

  • Ana Ilić,
  • Ivana Rumbak,
  • Dina Dizdarić,
  • Marijana Matek Sarić,
  • Irena Colić Barić and
  • Raquel Pinho Ferreira Guiné

24 September 2023

Motivation for food choices is one of the most important determinant of eating behavior, because it comes from within the person. The aim of this study was to observe food choice motivations and estimate differences in demographic and health characte...

(This article belongs to the Section Sensory and Consumer Sciences)
  • Article
  • Open Access
334 Views
21 Pages

Why She Stays: A Role-Based Analysis of Women’s Motivations in Construction

  • Aba Essanowa Afful,
  • Cynthia Changxin Wang,
  • Riza Yosia Sunindijo,
  • Benjamin Baah and
  • Grace Otsyina

17 September 2026

The construction industry is actively promoting female participation, but the motivation to drive their entry and stay, particularly into different job roles, remains underexplored. Previous studies typically treated extrinsic motivation as a single,...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Building Safe, Equitable, and Inclusive Construction Workplaces for the Future)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,665 Views
13 Pages

Assessment of Health Beliefs and Motivations for Cervical Cancer Screening

  • Gülsüm Hatice Yüksel and
  • Ayşe Nilüfer Özaydın

Background and Aim: This study evaluated Turkish women’s health beliefs and motivations for participating in cervical cancer screening using the Health Belief Model Scale for Cervical Cancer and Pap Smear Test (HBMS-CCPST). Although the HPV vac...

  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
6,593 Views
19 Pages

22 October 2020

Consumers are often overexposed to sustainability symbols and claims on food product packages and find it difficult to accurately judge their meaning when making purchase decisions. Based on the heuristic-systematic model (HSM), this paper aims to id...

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
4,991 Views
20 Pages

21 March 2022

In recent years, there has been a remarkable rebirth of the streetcar in China, with dozens of projects under consideration, in planning and construction, or already completed in cities throughout the country. The development of such a relatively meg...

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Transportation)
  • Article
  • Open Access
20 Citations
7,405 Views
29 Pages

Motivations and Barriers for Using Speed Pedelecs for Daily Commuting

  • Nikolaas Van den Steen,
  • Bert Herteleer,
  • Jan Cappelle and
  • Lieselot Vanhaverbeke

Speed pedelecs, electric bicycles that can provide pedal assistance up to 45 km/h, have seen rapid uptake over the past ten years in Flanders, Belgium, yet perceptions around motivators and barriers have not been studied and understood in detail. Thi...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A World of E MOTION—Selected Papers from the 32nd International Electric Vehicles Symposium and Exhibition (Lyon, France))
  • Article
  • Open Access
32 Citations
13,217 Views
14 Pages

Motivations for Food Consumption during Specific Eating Occasions in Turkey

  • Delores Chambers,
  • Uyen T. X. Phan,
  • Sirichat Chanadang,
  • Curtis Maughan,
  • Karolina Sanchez,
  • Brizio Di Donfrancesco,
  • David Gomez,
  • Federica Higa,
  • Han Li and
  • Eyyup Esen
  • + 1 author

24 May 2016

Several studies in different countries have been conducted to investigate factors affecting food choices. The objective of this study was to understand the motivations of specific food and beverage choices for different eating occasions in a typical...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
8,007 Views
20 Pages

Testing Variation in Esports Spectators’ Motivations in Relation to Consumption Behaviour

  • Yueh-Tung Hua,
  • Kun-Yu Liu,
  • Hsien-Che Huang,
  • Ian D. Rotherham and
  • Shang-Chun Ma

20 January 2023

This study aims to examine firstly the motivations of esports spectators driving them to engage in consumption behaviour, and secondly, two spectator groups (League of Legends, LOL; Hearthstone) to compare the findings of the independence model and t...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,658 Views
11 Pages

23 December 2022

To enhance the sustainability of local communities in an aging society, older people have begun independently organizing community activities as social support services. The knowledge created by the community-dwelling older people for these community...

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)
  • Article
  • Open Access
50 Citations
9,591 Views
19 Pages

Segmentation of Religious Tourism by Motivations: A Study of the Pilgrimage to the City of Mecca

  • Tahani Hassan,
  • Mauricio Carvache-Franco,
  • Wilmer Carvache-Franco and
  • Orly Carvache-Franco

28 June 2022

The present study about the pilgrimage to Mecca aims to: (i) identify the motivational dimensions of the demand for religious tourism, (ii) determine the segments of the demand for religious tourism, (iii) establish the relationship between the segme...

(This article belongs to the Section Tourism, Culture, and Heritage)
  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
4,516 Views
19 Pages

The purpose of this study is to identify the most significant motivations for Russian companies to make green investments. This article presents a multiple regression model based on panel data, designed to assess the impact of various factors on gree...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Firms’ Behavior, Productivity and Economics of Innovation)
  • Article
  • Open Access
21 Citations
22,194 Views
16 Pages

Generation Z and Travel Motivations: The Impact of Age, Gender, and Residence

  • Jorge Marques,
  • Sofia Gomes,
  • Mónica Ferreira,
  • Marina Rebuá and
  • Hugo Marques

This study investigates the relationship between demographic factors and travel motivations among Generation Z leisure tourists through the lens of the Travel Career Pattern (TCP) theory. More specifically, the research focuses on how gender, age, an...

  • Article
  • Open Access
22 Citations
6,870 Views
28 Pages

Motivations for the Use of IoT Solutions by Company Managers in the Digital Age: A Romanian Case

  • Mirela Cătălina Tűrkeș,
  • Sorinel Căpușneanu,
  • Dan Ioan Topor,
  • Adela Ioana Staraș,
  • Mihaela Ștefan Hint and
  • Laurentiu Florentin Stoenica

1 October 2020

The purpose of our study is to research and identify intrinsic and extrinsic motivations but also their impact on the behavioral intentions of using Internet of Things (IoT) solutions among company managers in Romania in the future. The research meth...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Managing Innovation and Sustainable Development in the Era of Industry 4.0)
  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
6,100 Views
18 Pages

The Role of Motivations in the Segmentation of Ecotourism Destinations: A Study from Costa Rica

  • Mauricio Carvache-Franco,
  • Wilmer Carvache-Franco,
  • Ana Gabriela Víquez-Paniagua,
  • Orly Carvache-Franco and
  • Allan Pérez-Orozco

1 September 2021

In recent years, the interests and motivations of tourists for nature and leisure have increased. The objectives of this study include following: (i) identifying the underlying variables or motivational dimensions in ecotourism; and (ii) analyzing th...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Accessible Tourism in Protected Natural Areas (PNAs))
  • Article
  • Open Access
34 Citations
6,364 Views
16 Pages

Do Years of Running Experience Influence the Motivations of Amateur Marathon Athletes?

  • Ewa Malchrowicz-Mośko,
  • François Gravelle,
  • Agata Dąbrowska and
  • Patxi León-Guereño

The aim of the study was to investigate if years of running experience influence the motivations of marathon athletes. An empirical study was conducted during the last (20th) PKO Poznan Marathon, one of the largest and most popular mass running event...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Management and Promotion of Healthy Habits and Active Life)
  • Article
  • Open Access
21 Citations
10,716 Views
16 Pages

19 August 2019

This investigation aims to explore the moderating role of volunteers’ age in the relation between motivations for volunteering and, respectively, satisfaction with volunteerism and emotional exhaustion. A longitudinal study was conducted with a...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Working Conditions: Occupational health in the 21st Century)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
5,989 Views
19 Pages

Exploring Tourist Motivations: Mixed-Methods Insights for Destination Management

  • Attila Lengyel,
  • Zoltán Bács,
  • Éva Bácsné Bába,
  • Veronika Fenyves,
  • Renátó Balogh and
  • Anetta Müller

14 October 2025

This study explores tourist motivations through a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative coding of open-ended responses with quantitative network analysis. By examining why vacationing is important, we identified eight motivation categories in...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,278 Views
17 Pages

25 November 2025

Despite Türkiye’s high agricultural potential, consumer interest in organic foods remains limited. Understanding the motivations of Turkish consumers who prefer organic foods is crucial for expanding the domestic organic market. This resea...

  • Article
  • Open Access
82 Citations
24,886 Views
16 Pages

Generation Z (Gen Z), the future of America’s workforce, is forecasted to represent more than 30 million persons by 2020. Volunteer rates have been declining since 2002. Most compelling is that overall lowest volunteer rates were found to be wi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
33 Citations
12,227 Views
17 Pages

Motivations and Loyalty of the Demand for Adventure Tourism as Sustainable Travel

  • Mauricio Carvache-Franco,
  • Daniel Contreras-Moscol,
  • Miguel Orden-Mejía,
  • Wilmer Carvache-Franco,
  • Héctor Vera-Holguin and
  • Orly Carvache-Franco

11 July 2022

Adventure tourism as a form of sustainable tourism is a potential source of social, economic, and environmental development, and the more the tourism industry is exploited in a responsible manner, the greater the development of a country. The present...

(This article belongs to the Section Tourism, Culture, and Heritage)
  • Article
  • Open Access
38 Citations
12,753 Views
21 Pages

Age-Dependent Influence of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations on Construction Worker Performance

  • Nobuki Hashiguchi,
  • Shintaro Sengoku,
  • Yasushi Kubota,
  • Shigeo Kitahara,
  • Yeongjoo Lim and
  • Kota Kodama

The increasing sophistication and complexity of construction technology have also increased workers’ physical risk and psychological stress. This study examined the relationships between health risks, work motivation, and productivity as percei...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Occupational Safety and Risks in Construction)
  • Article
  • Open Access
31 Citations
10,433 Views
20 Pages

Dark Tourists: Profile, Practices, Motivations and Wellbeing

  • José Magano,
  • José A. Fraiz-Brea and
  • Ângela Leite

This work aims to address whether knowing what dark tourism is (or not) impacts rumination on sadness, self-hatred, hostility, psychological vulnerability, and tourist wellbeing, as well as practices and motivations for dark tourism. A quantitative a...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tourism and Wellbeing)
  • Article
  • Open Access
17 Citations
5,471 Views
9 Pages

Motivations and the Level of Practicing Physical Activities by Physio-Kinetotherapy Students

  • Adela Badau,
  • Anca Rachita,
  • Cristian Radu Sasu and
  • Andriana Clipa

(1) Background: The aim of the study was to identify the physical activity index of physio-kinetotherapy (PKT) students during the three years of study, as well as the motivation to practicing Physical Activity (PA); (2) Methods: The study comprised...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Valorization of Physical Education)
  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
4,770 Views
14 Pages

3 April 2023

This research investigated the impact of motivations on work–home enrichment experience among male Saudi academics working in universities. Drawing on self-determination theory (SDT) and the conservation of resources theory (COR), the study emp...

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)
  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
2,098 Views
13 Pages

Motivations and Attitudes Toward Further Education: A Cross-Sectional, Descriptive Predictive Study

  • Ivana Sušilović,
  • Marija Ljubičić,
  • Tatjana Matijaš,
  • Ivana Bokan and
  • Mario Marendić

Background: Educational requirements in healthcare are constantly evolving, and understanding nurses’ motivations toward continuing education is critical to designing nursing programs, developing workforce strategies, and ensuring better health...

(This article belongs to the Section Nursing Education and Leadership)
  • Review
  • Open Access
18 Citations
9,186 Views
18 Pages

22 January 2023

This paper examines people’s motives for urban gardening during the pandemic waves of 2020 and 2021. Interest in this practice has often ebbed and flowed in response to changing socioeconomic conditions and depended on positive effects in terms...

  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
4,012 Views
16 Pages

Narrative Insights Reveal the Motivations of Young Agricultural Entrepreneurs in Laos

  • Manithaythip Thephavanh,
  • Joshua Neil Monty Philp,
  • Ian Nuberg,
  • Matthew Denton and
  • Kim Alexander

13 October 2022

The participation of youth in agricultural entrepreneurship (agripreneurship) is beneficial for the sustainable development of agrarian societies that are transitioning towards the commercialization of agriculture. Accordingly, we investigated the ph...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
6,125 Views
18 Pages

Tourist Motivations and Segmentation in Coastal Tourism: A Study in Montañita, Ecuador

  • Mauricio Carvache-Franco,
  • Lidija Bagarić,
  • Orly Carvache-Franco and
  • Wilmer Carvache-Franco

27 May 2025

Coastal tourism benefits the sustainability of destinations and includes a wide range of experiences related to sun and sand, culture, nature, and social interactions. This study aimed to (i) identify the motivations driving tourists to coastal desti...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Tourism Management and Marketing)
  • Review
  • Open Access
18 Citations
10,471 Views
18 Pages

Motivations and Future Intentions in Sport Event Volunteering: A Systematic Review

  • Salvador Angosto,
  • Hyejin Bang,
  • Gonzalo A. Bravo,
  • Arturo Díaz-Suárez and
  • José María López-Gullón

11 November 2021

Understanding the future intentions of individuals who are part of a sport organization is a critical step for the success and the accomplishment of the goals of such organizations, particularly for sporting events that highly depend on the work of v...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Contributions of the SDGs as Drivers of Sustainability through Physical Activity and Sport)
  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
5,388 Views
17 Pages

The Role of the Social Sciences When Choosing University Studies: Motivations in Life Stories

  • Mario Corrales Serrano,
  • Jesús Sánchez-Martín,
  • José Moreno Losada and
  • Francisco Zamora Polo

10 August 2021

The motivations that lead students to decide on a study modality or on a university degree provide relevant information to improve teaching–learning processes. This work addresses the question regarding the choice of study through analysis of four pa...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
6,041 Views
20 Pages

Why Do Consumers Buy Organic? Exploring Motivations and Socio-Economic Patterns

  • Dominika Jakubowska,
  • Małgorzata Grzywińska-Rąpca and
  • Mariola Grzybowska-Brzezińska

The study explored the relationship between motivations and attitudes for purchasing certified organic food and the socio-economic characteristics of consumers. The research involved 1020 Polish respondents, using in-depth interviews with a structure...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agri-Food Marketing Strategies and Consumer Behavior)
  • Article
  • Open Access
29 Citations
8,123 Views
18 Pages

20 October 2016

The objective of this paper is to analyze the influence of the sources of motivation that lead companies to adopt a global standard of the Environmental Management System and the barriers found in the process, on the perceived benefits of the impleme...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
4,765 Views
11 Pages

Motivations behind Active Sport Tourists Participating in Natural and Cultural Landscapes

  • Basagaitz Guereño-Omil,
  • Patxi León-Guereño,
  • Eunate Garro,
  • Mateusz Rozmiarek,
  • Ewa Malchrowicz-Mośko,
  • Maciej Młodzik,
  • Arkadiusz Włodarczyk and
  • Bartłomiej Łuć

8 October 2024

Recreational running, both on roads and in mountains, is one of the most practiced physical activities worldwide, and so, the motivations behind participating have been quite extensively described in the literature. However, the cultural and environm...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pro-environmental and Sustainable Consumer Behavior)
  • Article
  • Open Access
6,973 Views
17 Pages

An Analysis of Motivations and Typologies for the Consumption of Prostitution as Perceived by a Young Spanish Sample

  • Mariela Velikova Dimitrova,
  • María del Carmen Terol Cantero,
  • Maite Martin-Aragón Gelabert and
  • Carolina Vázquez Rodríguez

19 February 2025

Our study addresses prostitution as a phenomenon linked to the feminization of poverty, the exploitation of women, and gender inequality, highlighting the role of male demand in its perpetuation. Spain is positioned as one of the main destinations fo...

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