Search Results (3,306)

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) impairs the function of ovine follicular granulosa cells (GCs), representing a primary cause of follicular atresia. Selenium (Se), an essential trace element, possesses anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective properties; however, its effects on GC ultrastructure remain largely unknown. In this study, primary ovine GCs were exposed to LPS (10 µg/mL) and treated with sodium selenite (25 nM). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), JC-1 staining, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection, flow cytometry, and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) were employed to evaluate cellular ultrastructure, mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), and downstream physiological processes. LPS induced severe mitochondrial pyknosis, cristae loss, and reduced ΔΨm, accompanied by inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and impaired steroidogenesis. Se intervention markedly ameliorated these ultrastructural injuries, preserving mitochondrial morphology and ΔΨm. Functionally, Se suppressed the release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β); enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT) while attenuating ROS accumulation; inhibited apoptosis by upregulating BCL-2 and downregulating BAX and CASPASE-3; and restored E₂ and P₄ secretion via upregulation of STAR and NR5A1. This study provides direct morphological evidence that Se protects ovine GCs from LPS-induced damage by repairing mitochondrial ultrastructure. This structural restoration is central to its integrated anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and steroidogenic effects. These in vitro findings suggest that Se may serve as a promising nutritional strategy for mitigating inflammation-driven follicular atresia, pending further in vivo validation. Full article

Low temperatures limit the yield and stability of autumn-sown oats; thus, investigating cold resistance physiological responses is essential. In this study, we compared a cold-resistant variety (‘Aiwo’) and a cold-sensitive variety (‘Hewang’). ‘Aiwo’ exhibited a significantly higher overwintering survival rate (96.9%) and superior physiological traits, including elevated levels of soluble proteins, proline, putrescine, unsaturated fatty acids, and glutathione, alongside greater ATPase activity and reduced ROS levels. Exogenous putrescine application suggested a potential role of Put in alleviating lipid peroxidation. Metabolomic analysis showed that the arginine–proline and cysteine–methionine pathways were enriched among DAMs associated with ‘Aiwo’, accompanied by the accumulation of stress-protective metabolites. These metabolic changes may contribute to improved energy balance and membrane stability under low-temperature conditions. Our findings suggest that proline, putrescine, and glutathione are candidate physiological indicators associated with the cold-resistant phenotype, which may facilitate future screening of cold-resistant oat germplasm. Full article

Cadmium is a toxic heavy metal classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as a human carcinogen and recognized as an endocrine-disrupting chemical. The present study aimed to evaluate tissue-specific susceptibility to cadmium-induced oxidative damage to membrane lipids (lipid peroxidation, LPO) and to assess the antioxidative effects of melatonin in porcine tissue homogenates representing endocrine (the thyroid and the ovary) and non-endocrine (the liver, the kidney, and the brain) organs. Homogenates were incubated with cadmium chloride (CdCl₂; 2.5–1000 µM) without/with melatonin (0.1–5.0 mM). Lipid peroxidation was assessed spectrophotometrically by measuring malondialdehyde + 4-hydroxyalkenals (MDA + 4-HDA) levels. Cadmium significantly increased LPO in the liver (2.5–1000 μM) and in the kidney (25–1000 μM), whereas no prooxidative effect was observed in endocrine tissues or in the brain. Liver damage was mitigated by melatonin doses as low as 0.1 μM across the 250–1000 μM cadmium range, while protection in the kidney was limited to higher melatonin concentrations (2.5–5.0 mM) against damage induced by 100–1000 μM cadmium concentrations. The findings demonstrate pronounced tissue-specific differences in susceptibility to cadmium-induced oxidative stress and support the potential of melatonin as a preventive agent against heavy metal-induced oxidative stress, particularly in non-endocrine organs. Full article

Eosinophils are highly granulated white blood and tissue cells that play complex roles in the immune system including host protection against helminthic parasites, viruses, fungi, and bacteria. These bone marrow-derived cells cause tissue damage in a range of diseases and disorders, particularly in allergy, asthma, and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Eosinophils are recruited to tissues in response to chemotactic signals, and during inflammation, they release a plethora of mediators, including immunoregulatory cytokines, through multiple pathways involving degranulation, respiratory burst, lipid mediator release, exosome release, and extracellular trap formation. Degranulation from eosinophils has been implicated as a major effector mechanism in airway diseases, particularly late phase asthma responses and in nasal polyps from patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. In degranulation responses, eosinophils release numerous granule proteins by classical exocytosis, compound exocytosis, piecemeal degranulation, and cytolysis, which refers to cell lysis through membrane rupture and cell destruction. Cytolysis can lead to suicidal extracellular trap formation, which is a regulated form of cell death involving the release of extracellular DNA traps and granule proteins. Granule release from eosinophils is dependent on activation of specific and tightly regulated intracellular signaling pathways, including Rac and Rab guanosine triphosphatases, soluble NSF attachment protein (SNAP) receptors (SNAREs), Cdk5 kinase, and actin dynamics. These observations have shown selective and nonredundant roles for signaling in degranulation responses. In this review, we explore findings from the literature on the mechanisms controlling granule-derived mediator release from eosinophils. Full article

Drought is one of the major abiotic stresses limiting soybean production, and its detrimental effects are jointly influenced by stress intensity, duration, and cultivation conditions. To investigate the morphological and physiological regulatory mechanisms by which mepiquat chloride (DPC) alleviates drought stress at the soybean seedling stage, this study used the drought-tolerant soybean cultivar Heinong 44 (H-44) and the drought-sensitive cultivar Heinong 65 (H-65) as experimental materials. Osmotic stress was simulated with 10% PEG-6000 at the V2 stage, and the effects of foliar application of different DPC concentrations (125–500 mg/L) on soybean morphology, biomass allocation, antioxidant systems, and osmotic adjustment capacity were systematically analyzed. The results showed that drought stress significantly inhibited the growth of both soybean cultivars and induced severe oxidative damage. Appropriate DPC concentrations moderately restricted shoot growth to reduce transpiration area while promoting root growth to enhance water acquisition capacity. The optimal DPC concentrations for alleviating drought stress were 200 mg/L for H-44 and 275 mg/L for H-65. Allometric growth analysis indicated that drought disrupted the original root–shoot growth pattern, whereas appropriate DPC concentrations significantly promoted dry matter accumulation in drought-stressed plants and improved root–shoot growth coordination. However, an excessive concentration of DPC (500 mg/L) caused an abnormal deviation in the growth trajectory. In addition, appropriate DPC concentrations synergistically enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in leaves and roots under drought conditions; promoted the accumulation of proline (Pro), soluble sugars (Ss), and soluble proteins (Sp); effectively reduced the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂); and protected cell membrane stability. In conclusion, DPC synergistically enhances drought resistance in soybean by reshaping the root–shoot allometric growth configuration and systematically activating physiological defense networks, providing a theoretical basis for chemically regulated cultivation of soybean under stress conditions. Full article

Citrus peel is examined here as a naturally evolved protective surface, with the goal of developing a transferable quantitative framework for extracting engineering-relevant descriptors from biological protective surfaces and using them as design templates for biomimetic counterparts. A single-specimen-per-species design is adopted to map intra-fruit geometric variation across regions and magnifications; absolute descriptor values are therefore reported as ordinal indicators of inter-species ranking rather than as population means. Five citrus species (lemon, orange, mandarin, grapefruit, and bitter orange) were characterised by mechanical testing (cutting, puncture, and compression; five replicates per fruit), gravimetric peel density and thickness, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at 100×–10,000×. The 135-image SEM dataset was processed with an automatic-calibration pipeline performing per-image scale-bar detection, multilevel-Otsu segmentation of albedo air space, cell-bounded surface segment (CBSS) and oil-gland segmentation on flavedo, and grey-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) texture analysis with a directional anisotropy index $A_F$. Calibration was consistent across all images (FoV × magnification $=\mathrm{403,273}\pm 410$ $\mathsf{\mu }$m$·\times$, $\pm 0.10\%$). Principal component analysis separated flavedo and albedo at every magnification (PC1 + PC2 = 84–92%). Within this dataset, grapefruit showed the densest CBSS cover (1072 ${\mathrm{mm}}^{-2}$) together with the highest oil-gland density (2.77 ${\mathrm{mm}}^{-2}$); bitter orange showed the largest CBSS area (23.7 $\mathsf{\mu }{\mathrm{m}}^2$) and the thickest peel (13.1 mm); mandarin showed the most directionally oriented flavedo film ($A_F=0.0885$); and lemon showed the most open albedo (${\phi }_{2D}=36.2\%$). Oil-gland equivalent diameter was essentially invariant (∼45 $\mathsf{\mu }$m) across the five fruits, while gland density varied 4.4-fold. The structural metrics define a layered descriptor space—a dense isotropic surface relief versus a thick cellular bulk—that supplies two distinct bioinspired-design priors: dense surface films as a structural prior for selective-permeability membranes and layered cellular cores as a prior for impact-absorbing panels. A modified-atmosphere packaging (MAP)-compatible biomimetic film is identified as one downstream design hypothesis requiring direct gas-permeability verification on synthetic membranes. Full article

Large volumes of orange residues generated by domestic and industrial consumption in Ecuador are commonly discarded, contributing to environmental burdens despite their high content of bioactive antioxidant compounds. This study evaluated the impact of osmotic dehydration (OD) on the physicochemical properties and functional attributes of Ecuadorian Valencia orange (Citrus sinensis) peels. A 2³ factorial design was applied, evaluating blanching time (BT: 5–10 min), sucrose concentration (SC: 50–70 °Brix), and immersion time (IT: 12–24 h). Results revealed highly significant (p < 0.01) non-linear effects of processing variables on mass transfer kinetics. Notably, milder intermediate conditions (50 °Brix, 12 h, 5 min BT) yielded significantly lower water activity (0.70 ± 0.005) and moisture content (11.83% ± 0.12%) compared to severe processing (70 °Brix, 24 h, 5 min BT), which trapped internal water (aw = 0.81 ± 0.009, moisture = 13.77% ± 0.20%), which suggested the occurrence of solute-induced surface case hardening, minimizing subsequent moisture diffusion. Processing induced an extraordinary reduction in total phenolic content (TPC) by 86% to 93% (p < 0.01) from the fresh baseline down to a range of 1.40–2.70 mg GAE/g dw, alongside a critical drop in antioxidant capacity, with post-dehydration ABTS retained at <65% and FRAP at <30% of fresh values due to cellular membrane disruption and subsequent hydrophilic leaching. Conversely, lipophilic total carotenoid content was maximized under severe configurations (10 min BT, 70 °Brix SC, 24 h IT) at 52.92 ± 2.19 µg/g dw (p < 0.01) due to protective sugar matrix encapsulation. Ultimately, these findings demonstrate that while osmotic processing involves an inherent trade-off in soluble antioxidant depletion, it establishes a precise technological process window to stabilize highly perishable citrus by-products into microstructurally stable, value-added dietary fiber matrices, providing a predictable and scalable upcycling strategy for functional ingredient development within the regional circular bioeconomy. Full article

The growing concern over antimicrobial resistance and the increasing demand for safer and more sustainable antimicrobial strategies have driven extensive research into peptide-based natural antimicrobials. This review focuses specifically on antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), bacteriocins and mycocins as peptide- or proteinaceous antimicrobial compounds with potential applications as active ingredients, biopreservatives and antimicrobial tools. These compounds exhibit activity against spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms and are increasingly being explored in food safety, agriculture, cosmetics, animal health and human healthcare. AMPs, bacteriocins and mycocins act through diverse and sometimes overlapping mechanisms, including membrane disruption, pore formation, inhibition of cell wall biosynthesis, interference with intracellular targets, induction of oxidative stress and modulation of host or microbial responses. These mechanisms support their potential use in food biopreservation, crop protection, biofungicide and biopesticide development, topical antimicrobial formulations, cosmetic preservation, antibiofilm strategies and adjunctive therapeutic approaches. Recent advances in encapsulation, peptide engineering, recombinant production, nanodelivery and combination strategies with conventional antibiotics, hurdle technologies or other natural antimicrobials have improved the stability, bioavailability and antimicrobial efficacy of these compounds in experimental systems. However, broader translation remains limited by several major challenges. These include proteolytic degradation, reduced stability in complex matrices, context-dependent antimicrobial activity, possible toxicity, resistance development, high production and purification costs, formulation difficulties, scale-up limitations and regulatory constraints. Further validation is also needed regarding safety, microbiome impact, environmental fate and performance under realistic food-preservation, agricultural, cosmetic and clinical conditions. This review summarises and compares the diversity, mechanisms, applications and translational challenges of AMPs, bacteriocins and mycocins across food safety, sustainable agriculture, cosmetics, animal health and healthcare. It also discusses the main challenges that must be addressed before broader translation, including resistance risk, stability, formulation, scale-up, safety assessment and regulatory approval. Full article

Desiccation, ionizing radiation, ultraviolet exposure, and oxidative stress impose severe physicochemical stress that threatens the integrity of both DNA and RNA. Water loss promotes molecular crowding, protein and membrane destabilization, and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), while rehydration can intensify oxidative injury and expose lesions accumulated during metabolic suppression. As a result, stress-tolerant metazoans must do more than survive water loss: they must also protect, monitor, and restore nucleic-acid integrity. Here, we review how tardigrades, bdelloid rotifers, Artemia, nematodes, and selected insect species preserve genomic and transcriptomic integrity under extreme dehydration, oxidative stress, and radiation-related insults. We compare conserved defence systems, including antioxidant enzymes, trehalose, LEA proteins, heat shock proteins, and core DNA repair pathways. These pathways include base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, homologous recombination, and non-homologous end joining. We then examine how these conserved mechanisms contrast with lineage-specific innovations, such as the tardigrade proteins Dsup, TDR1, and TRID1, as well as the unusual genome plasticity of bdelloid rotifers. We argue that stress biology of these organisms is best understood through a framework that distinguishes damage prevention during drying from repair and recovery during rehydration. In this framework, extremotolerant metazoans provide biologically informative models for understanding oxidative nucleic-acid damage, redox defence and the molecular logic underlying radioprotection and dry-state preservation. Full article

Reduced-oxide titanium (Ti) protective coatings were fabricated on 316L stainless-steel substrates to improve the corrosion resistance of low-cost metallic components for proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE). A low-temperature atmospheric plasma spraying process assisted by a self-designed extended protective nozzle was employed to suppress the oxidation of Ti particles during deposition. The nozzle provided auxiliary argon shielding and reduced the thermal exposure of in-flight particles, thereby limiting their interaction with ambient air. The deposited coatings exhibited a continuous lamellar structure with average thicknesses of approximately 78–98 μm. Phase and elemental analyses indicated that α-Ti(O) was the dominant phase, with limited oxide formation in the coating. ONH analysis further showed that the oxygen and nitrogen contents of the coatings were 0.95–1.69 wt.% and 0.049–0.087 wt.%, respectively. During the 6 h potentiostatic test, all Ti-coated samples showed lower and more stable current densities than bare stainless steel, with the 500 A 55 V coating maintaining the lowest final current density of approximately 0.4–0.5 mA/cm². These results demonstrate that low-temperature atmospheric plasma spraying is a feasible and cost-effective approach for preparing reduced-oxide Ti coatings for PEMWE components. Full article

Stainless-steel bipolar plates (BPPs) are attractive for proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) due to their low cost and manufacturability, yet their use is limited by severe corrosion. Despite the advantages of plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD) in producing dense films, ion bombardment may induce surface damage and increase roughness. This paper describes a cross-flow PEALD strategy with a remote plasma source to deposit metallic tantalum (Ta) coatings on stainless steel. In a cross-flow reactor, plasma species reach the substrate primarily through diffusion across the boundary layer of the gas flow, providing a gentler plasma–surface interaction and enabling the formation of dense, smooth Ta coatings. The roughness of the Ta films is markedly reduced from 1.45 nm to 0.24 nm, which is favorable for interfacial electrical contact. The process exhibits self-limiting growth with a linear growth rate of ~0.49 Å cycle⁻¹. In a simulated PEMWE environment, Ta-coated stainless steel shows improved corrosion resistance, with the corrosion potential increasing from −0.27 to 0.07 V vs. Ag/AgCl (pH 0.3) and the corrosion current density decreasing to 2.05 × 10⁻⁷ A cm⁻². Overall, cross-flow PEALD enables high-quality metallic Ta coatings that enhance corrosion protection and interfacial electrical performance for BPPs. Full article

Objectives: Doxorubicin (DOX) is an effective chemotherapeutic agent, but its clinical use is limited by hepatotoxicity associated with oxidative stress and inflammatory signaling. This study aimed to investigate the potential protective effects of melatonin and agomelatine on DOX-induced hepatic injury using scintigraphic, biochemical, and molecular parameters. Methods: Twenty-eight rats were randomly divided into four groups: Control, DOX, DOX + Melatonin, and DOX + Agomelatine. Melatonin and agomelatine were administered as a one-week pretreatment, and DOX was injected during the experimental period (total dose: 18 mg/kg). Hepatic injury was evaluated using 99mTc-PYP scintigraphic imaging, serum liver enzymes (AST, ALT, and LDH), oxidative stress markers (MDA, GSH, Nrf2, and SIRT1), and inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10). Results: DOX administration significantly increased hepatic 99mTc-PYP uptake, as well as serum AST, ALT, and LDH levels, indicating hepatocellular necrosis and membrane damage. DOX also increased MDA, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels while reducing GSH, Nrf2, SIRT1, and IL-10, demonstrating pronounced oxidative stress and inflammatory activation. Treatment with melatonin or agomelatine significantly reduced tracer uptake and liver enzyme levels compared with the DOX group. Both treatments improved antioxidant status by decreasing MDA and restoring GSH, Nrf2, and SIRT1 levels, while simultaneously attenuating inflammatory cytokine responses through reduction in TNF-α and IL-6 and partial restoration of IL-10. Conclusions: Melatonin and agomelatine attenuated DOX-induced hepatotoxicity by reducing oxidative stress, modulating inflammatory responses, and restoring hepatic SIRT1 and Nrf2 levels. These findings suggest that melatonergic interventions may represent promising protective strategies against doxorubicin-induced liver injury. Full article

Background: Autoimmune diseases such as primary Sjögren’s syndrome and type 1 diabetes are frequently complicated by hepatic injury, yet therapies that simultaneously target inflammation and parenchymal damage remain limited. Mitochondrial dysfunction with excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production drives a self-amplifying pathogenic loop by activating the cGAS-STING innate immune pathway. We previously observed that a Chinese herbal formula preserved mitochondrial ultrastructure in autoimmune NOD mice, and computational screening identified trifolirhizin—a natural pterocarpan flavonoid—as the candidate active constituent mediating this protection. Here, we investigated the hepatoprotective effects and underlying mechanisms of trifolirhizin in autoimmune-associated liver injury. Methods: Female NOD mice received trifolirhizin (5, 10, or 20 mg/kg/day) for four weeks, with C57BL/6J mice as healthy controls. Hepatic histopathology, inflammatory cytokines, mitochondrial ultrastructure (TEM), mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), and ROS levels were evaluated. Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic profiling was performed to unbiasedly characterize protective mechanisms. In vitro, H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress was established in HepG2 cells. Cells were treated with trifolirhizin (15–25 µM) and assessed for antioxidant enzyme activities, ΔΨm, ROS production, glycolytic and mitochondrial respiration (Seahorse analysis), and cGAS-STING pathway protein expression. Pharmacological rescue experiments using the cGAS agonist cGAMP were conducted to test pathway dependency. Results: Trifolirhizin dose-dependently alleviated hepatic pathological damage and reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in NOD mice. Multi-omics profiling revealed that oxidative stress responses, the mitochondrial electron transport chain, and glutathione metabolism were the most significantly restored pathways. Trifolirhizin preserved mitochondrial ultrastructure, restored ΔΨm, and attenuated ROS accumulation both in vivo and in vitro. Functionally, Seahorse analysis demonstrated that trifolirhizin rescued overall cellular bioenergetics, restoring both glycolytic capacity and mitochondrial respiratory parameters (basal respiration, ATP production, maximal respiration, and spare respiratory capacity). Mechanistically, trifolirhizin suppressed the cGAS-STING-TBK1-IRF3 axis, as evidenced by reduced expression of cGAS, p-STING, ZBP1, p-TBK1, and p-IRF3. Importantly, the cGAS agonist cGAMP abrogated the protective effects of trifolirhizin, confirming that the cGAS-STING pathway is functionally required for its action downstream of mitochondrial protection. Conclusion: Trifolirhizin attenuates liver injury in the nod mouse by preserving mitochondrial integrity, maintaining cellular energy metabolism, and thereby suppressing the ROS/cGAS-STING inflammatory cascade. These findings position trifolirhizin as a promising mitochondria-targeted therapeutic candidate for pSS-related hepatic complications and provide a mechanistic framework for discovering active compounds from mitochondrially active herbal formulations. Full article

Betalains are natural antioxidant pigments valued as food colorants (E162), yet their combined responses to light quality and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) during long-term growth remain poorly understood. In this study, the interactive effects of blue light and MeJA on growth, betacyanin, betaxanthin, antioxidant enzyme activities [peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT)], malondialdehyde (MDA), and proline (PRO) were investigated at weeks 3, 10, and 13 of sugar beet seedling growth. Four treatments were established: white light (W, control), white light + MeJA (WM), white light + blue light (WB), and white light + blue light + MeJA (WBM). The results showed that WB rapidly induced betaxanthin accumulation and enhanced SOD and POD activities while reducing MDA at week 3. MeJA alone triggered an explosive increase in betacyanin (45.74 mg·g⁻¹ FW) at week 10, accompanied by elevated activities of POD, SOD, and CAT. The combined treatment (WBM) maintained the highest betacyanin (36.48 mg·g⁻¹ FW) and betaxanthin (8.97 mg·g⁻¹ FW) contents, the lowest MDA level (17.17 nmol·g⁻¹ FW), and a high proline level (528.39 μg·g⁻¹ FW) at week 13, providing sustained pigment maintenance at the late stage. The three antioxidant enzymes exhibited a temporal division of labor: high SOD activity at the early stage, while POD and CAT activities continuously increased during the middle and late stages. Notably, the correlation between proline and MDA shifted from positive at week 10 to negative at week 13, suggesting a temporal transition in the protective role of proline against membrane lipid peroxidation during late-stage development. In conclusion, blue light and MeJA enhance the antioxidant capacity of sugar beet seedlings through a temporally synergistic pattern of “priming by blue light, burst by MeJA, and maintenance by combined treatment,” offering a potential preharvest regulation strategy for the production of natural pigments and functional food ingredients. Full article