Search Results (642)

Background: Linear growth during childhood is a key indicator of health status and child development, and liquid cow’s milk has been proposed as a potentially relevant dietary component for this outcome. In this systematic review, we aimed to synthesize the available evidence on the association between liquid cow’s milk consumption and linear growth outcomes in infants and children aged 6 months to 12 years. Methods: A systematic review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines. Observational and experimental studies published in peer-reviewed journals, with no language restrictions, were included if they assessed habitual liquid cow’s milk consumption as the main exposure and reported linear growth outcomes such as height, growth velocity, or height-for-age z-scores. Searches were performed in PubMed (MEDLINE) and Scopus from database inception to 15 January 2026. Study selection, data extraction, and risk-of-bias assessment were carried out systematically. Due to methodological heterogeneity among the included studies, results were synthesized narratively. Results: Twelve studies conducted across diverse geographic and socioeconomic contexts were included. Most studies reported positive associations between liquid cow’s milk consumption and indicators of linear growth, including greater height, higher growth velocity, or improved height-for-age z-scores. Experimental studies showed significant increases in linear growth among children who received milk regularly, whereas some observational studies reported non-significant associations or results dependent on statistical adjustment. One study assessing complete cow’s milk exclusion observed deceleration in linear growth. Overall, the risk of bias was predominantly moderate. Conclusions: Habitual consumption of liquid cow’s milk during childhood appears to be predominantly associated with favorable linear growth outcomes, although variability exists according to study design, age at exposure, milk type, and exposure assessment. Further research using more robust designs is warranted to clarify the magnitude of the association, potential mechanisms, and implications for weight-related outcomes. Full article

Background/Objectives: Direct-fed microbials (DFMs) are widely used in dairy calves to improve gut health and mitigate neonatal disorders, yet their systemic metabolic effects remain poorly defined. This study evaluated the impact of DFM supplementation on the plasma metabolome of pre-weaned dairy calves using untargeted liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS). Methods: Eighty-six Holstein bull calves (2 to 5 days old) were assigned to one of four treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial randomized complete block design: Lactobacillus plantarum in starter (CLP), a culture mix of Bifidobacterium animalis and Lactobacillus animalis in milk replacer (BBCM), and a combination of both (CMLP), or no supplementation (CON). Blood samples collected on days 0 and 56 were subjected to metabolomic profiling, and metabolites were annotated using Human Metabolome Database and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes databases. Results: A total of 231 plasma metabolites were detected. Compared with CON, 24 metabolites were differentially abundant in DFM-treated calves (fold change ≥ 1.2 or ≤ 0.83; p ≤ 0.05). Supplemented calves exhibited increased abundances of ketone functional groups, aldehydes and amino acid-related metabolites. Metabolite set enrichment analysis identified 11 significantly enriched pathways. Branched-chain amino acid degradation pathways (valine, leucine, and isoleucine) were enriched in CLP and CMLP calves, whereas carbohydrate metabolism pathways, including pentose and glucuronate interconversions, were enriched in the CLP and BBCM groups. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that DFM supplementation modulates systemic metabolism in dairy calves, particularly pathways involved in amino acid and carbohydrate utilization, suggesting enhanced metabolic efficiency during early life. Full article

This study investigated the effects of single-strain fermentation (using Lactobacillus paracasei XY1-4 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae XX1-2) and 1:1 mixed fermentation on the differential metabolites and in vitro cholesterol-lowering activity of Cyperus esculentus L. tuber milk. A non-targeted metabolomics approach based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was applied, and the dynamic changes in physicochemical properties and in vitro cholesterol-lowering rates during fermentation were determined to systematically compare the metabolite profiles and functional characteristics of tuber milk samples subjected to single-strain fermentation and mixed fermentation for 12 h and 24 h, respectively. The results showed that a total of 1085 differential metabolites were screened across all fermentation groups under the criteria of VIP ≥ 1, p < 0.05, and FC ≥ 2 or FC ≤ 0.5, which were primarily classified as lipids and lipid-like molecules as well as organic acids and their derivatives. Enrichment analysis of these differential metabolites identified ten metabolic pathways closely associated with fermentation progression and functional activity, including arginine biosynthesis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and glutathione metabolism. Further correlation analysis demonstrated that key metabolites such as succinic acid and L-glutamic acid were significantly and positively correlated with the in vitro cholesterol-lowering rate. This study clarifies the effects of different fermentation treatments on the metabolome and functional properties of tuber milk, laying a solid theoretical foundation for the development and quality optimization of functional fermented Cyperus esculentus L. products. Full article

Ketosis is one of the most economically significant metabolic disorders affecting periparturient dairy cows, causing production losses and predisposing animals to secondary complications. Current blood-based diagnostics are invasive and provide limited insight into the underlying metabolic perturbations. This study employed an integrated three-platform metabolomics approach to characterize milk metabolite alterations in ketotic Holstein dairy cows and to evaluate milk-based biomarker panels for early ketosis detection. Milk samples from 20 healthy control (CON) cows and 6 ketotic cows were collected at 2 weeks postpartum and analyzed by direct injection/liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (DI/LC-MS/MS), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR) spectroscopy, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Ketosis was confirmed by serum β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations ≥ 1400 μmol/L. Principal component analysis, partial least squares-discriminant analysis, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were applied. All three platforms discriminated ketotic cows from healthy cows, with clear cluster separation validated by 2000 permutation tests (p < 0.05). DI/LC-MS/MS identified 16 significantly altered metabolites (p < 0.05), with butyrylcarnitine (C4), phosphatidylcholine 30:0 (PC 30:0), ether-linked phosphatidylcholine O-38:3 (PC O-38:3), and citrulline identified as the top discriminatory biomarkers (AUC = 0.920; 95% CI: 0.85–0.98; sensitivity = 91.7%; specificity = 93.3%). ICP-MS revealed significantly reduced selenium (Se, p = 0.017), manganese (Mn, p = 0.045), and chromium (Cr, p = 0.037), as well as elevated cobalt (Co, p = 0.014) in ketotic milk (AUC = 0.870). ¹H-NMR detected no individually significant metabolites; however, multivariate analysis distinguished groups (AUC = 0.890), with succinate (numerical fold change: +5.77×; p = 0.059), methanol (−1.94×; not significant), and acetate (+2.88×; not significant) as top VIP contributors. The combined multi-platform biomarker panel (joint classification using top VIP features from all three platforms, without formal data fusion) achieved superior diagnostic performance (AUC = 0.970; 95% CI: 0.93–1.00; sensitivity = 95.0%; specificity = 96.7%). These findings identify coordinated perturbations in glycerophospholipid metabolism, acylcarnitine profiles, amino acid homeostasis, antioxidant mineral status, and energy metabolism during early ketosis, and suggest that milk metabolomics is a promising non-invasive approach for precision dairy health monitoring, pending validation in independent cohorts. We acknowledge the small ketotic group size (n = 6) as a limitation; therefore, these findings should be considered discovery cohort observations requiring prospective validation before clinical translation. Full article

The valorization of dairy by-products, particularly whey, represents a key challenge and opportunity in sustainable food systems. This study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical and amino acid composition of milk and whey-derived products and to identify optimal whey–milk mixtures using integrated multivariate and desirability-based approaches. Ten model systems (M1–M10) were prepared with increasing whey content (7.5–75%), and their composition was analyzed using infrared spectroscopy and high-performance liquid chromatography. Multivariate analysis, including PCA and correlation heatmaps, revealed that protein, casein, TS, SNF, and amino acid fractions (ΣEAA and ΣBCAA) were the primary drivers of compositional variability, whereas lactose and acidity-related parameters contributed to secondary differentiation. Desirability function analysis was applied by integrating nutritional quality, functional balance, and sustainability score into a composite index. The results demonstrated that intermediate formulations achieved a more balanced profile compared with extreme compositions. Among all mixtures, the formulation containing 30% whey (M5) showed the highest overall desirability within the evaluated parameters, reflecting a favorable balance between compositional quality and whey utilization. These findings highlight the potential of integrated analytical approaches for the development of nutritionally optimized and resource-efficient dairy systems. Full article

Benzophenones (BPs) and derivatives are endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) widely used in personal care products, food packaging, and flavoring ingredients. This systematic review and bibliometric analysis aimed to identify and summarize analytical methods used to determine BPs in human milk and infant formulas. Furthermore, the bibliometric evaluation explored publication trends by journal, citation count, and geographical distribution, providing insight into the global research landscape on this topic. The most employed sample preparation techniques included liquid–liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction, dispersive solid-phase extraction, low-temperature partitioning, QuEChERS, and dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction, frequently combined with enzymatic treatments with β-glucuronidase or arylsulfatase to improve recovery and sensitivity. Gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) were the predominant analytical platforms, with LC–MS being the most used for its ability to detect BPs without derivatization. Recent studies have shown a trend of replacing conventional organic solvents with greener, sustainable, and environmentally friendly approaches, such as miniaturized methods. This trend aligns with Green Analytical Chemistry principles and highlights the need for ongoing methodological and regulatory advancements to ensure food safety and protect public health. Full article

Bovine milk adulteration with coconut milk poses a significant threat to food safety, as both liquids are visually similar yet nutritionally distinct. This study presents an integrated analytical framework combining excitation–emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy with chemometric and deep learning techniques to detect and quantify coconut milk adulteration in bovine milk across nine concentration levels (0–100% v/v). Parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) resolved two dominant fluorescent components, tryptophan (λ ex/em: 290/350 nm) and riboflavin (λ ex/em: 450/525 nm), whose scores decreased monotonically with increasing adulteration, confirming their role as key chemical biomarkers. For quantitative prediction, PLSR and 1D-CNN models were developed using emission spectra at three excitation wavelengths, with best performances achieved at 450 nm (PLSR: R²P = 0.97, RMSEP = 5.00%; 1D-CNN: R²P = 0.94, RMSEP = 6.75%). A lightweight 2D-CNN utilizing full EEM contour maps as image inputs outperformed all quantitative models, achieving R²P = 0.99, RMSEP = 2.36%, and RPD = 12.97, demonstrating the advantage of preserving the full two-dimensional fluorescence topology over discrete wavelength selection. These results confirm that EEM combined with 2D-CNN provides a highly accurate and non-destructive tool for dairy authentication. Full article

This study aimed to investigate the effects of pterostilbene (PTE) on the intestinal barrier function, antioxidant capacity, lipid metabolism, and microbial and metabolite homeostasis of suckling piglets via its action on breast milk. Findings indicate that PTE supplementation enhanced the antioxidant status of mature milk and strengthened intestinal barrier function in piglets. Specifically, PTE enhanced intestinal antioxidant status and fatty acid β-oxidation in piglets by regulating the PI3K-AKT and SIRT1-Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathways. 16S rDNA sequencing and Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectroscopy (LC–MS) identified breast milk and gut microbiota and their metabolites, respectively. Results indicate that PTE significantly elevated levels of amino acid derivatives in colostrum (Glutathione Reducedform (GSH) and N-acetyl-L-glutamate (NAG)), whilst concurrently reducing levels of glycerophospholipid-related metabolites in both colostrum and mature milk (p < 0.05). Moreover, PTE supplementation markedly altered the composition of the colonic mucosal microbiota in piglets, with Faecalibacterium, Mucispirillum and Ruminococcus identified as key beneficial microbial markers of the colonic mucosa. Combined multi-omics revealed strong correlations in microbial community composition between mature milk and the colon, identifying glycerophospholipid metabolism as a key metabolic pathway that may be associated with the regulatory effects of PTE on milk and the piglet colon. In conclusion, the PTE supplement can improve the quality of breast milk and have a positive impact on the intestinal homeostasis of the offspring. Full article

To date, the problem of mastitis in cattle remains relevant for both the industrial sector and scientific research. Despite numerous active investigations, the causes of this disease have not been fully established. It is postulated that several factors may be involved, such as bacterial pathogens, animal husbandry practices, and weather and climatic conditions. In this study, we selected cows from farms in Yakutia to investigate microbial isolates present in the milk of cows affected by mastitis and treated with antibiotics. Five identified Staphylococcus aureus isolates were investigated using whole-genome sequencing (Illumina sequencing and nanopore sequencing), followed by analysis of virulence factors in the genomes and cultural properties of the isolates. The profile of S. aureus virulence genes (exotoxins, cytotoxins, superantigen-like proteins, adhesins) was identified via WGS. Hemolysin gene (hla) was detected in all isolates. An investigation of the cultural properties of the isolates, specifically through hemolysis of rabbit erythrocytes and Western blot analysis of the culture liquid of S. aureus, revealed different expression levels of alpha-hemolysin among the strains. One isolate (17-21) exhibited the highest secretion level of about 320 ± 37 ng, both in the hemolysis test and immunoblotting assay. An investigation of the isolates’ antibiotic resistance showed that all isolates exhibited multidrug resistance, as confirmed by the presence of antibiotic resistance genes in these isolates. One isolate (7-7) exhibited the broadest range of phenotypic resistance and was resistant to all tested antibiotics (except clindamycin). Phylogenetic analysis suggested that the evolution of these isolates occurred independently in their respective ecological niches, although their transfer from cattle to humans, and vice versa, is possible. Isolates 7-7, 18-22, 33-40, and 35-42 are most typical to Yakutian cattle, while isolate 17-21 might have been introduced from a different region. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first in-depth study into a range of S. aureus isolates associated with mastitis infection in Yakutian cattle. Full article

Milk fat synthesis in dairy cows is a complex process affected by ruminal fermentation, systemic metabolism, and mammary gland activity. To explore the metabolic interplay across these systems, a multi-tissue metabolomics approach (rumen fluid, plasma, and milk) using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry was used to identify metabolic differences between Chinese Holstein cows with high (H-MF, 5.82 ± 0.41%) and low (L-MF, 3.60 ± 0.12%) milk fat content under the same diet. The bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) were also cultured to evaluate the impact of a key metabolite, malic acid (MA), on lipid metabolism. Our findings reveal distinct metabolic profiles across rumen fluid, plasma, and milk, with 96, 109, and 79 differential metabolites, respectively, between the L-MF and H-MF groups. In rumen fluid, H-MF cows showed higher levels of lauric acid and succinic acid, linked to fatty acid biosynthesis, while the L-MF cows had elevated citraconic and orotic acids, associated with amino acid metabolism and liver stress. Plasma from the H-MF cows contained higher β-hydroxybutyric acid, methionine sulfoxide, and phosphatidylcholine, supporting lipogenesis, whereas L-MF plasma showed increased 3-hydroxy-L-proline, indicating tissue catabolism. In milk, the L-MF cows had higher MA, while the H-MF cows exhibited elevated L-carnitine, linked to fatty acid β-oxidation. Metabolite trend analysis during rumen fluid–plasma–milk showed that 211 metabolites were classified into 8 profiles. Profile 1 had the largest number of metabolites whose levels were down-regulated from rumen to plasma and enriched in lipid metabolism. Profile 3 (mainly related to amino acid metabolism) and profile 4 (mainly related to energy metabolism) exhibited opposite trends from plasma to milk. In vitro, 200 μM of MA reduced the triglyceride content in BMECs and down-regulated lipogenic genes and their protein expression levels (fatty acid synthase, stearoyl-CoA desaturase and sterol regulatory element binding protein 1). These results highlight how rumen fluid, plasma, and milk metabolites collectively influence milk fat synthesis, with MA acting as a key regulator of lipid metabolism in mammary epithelial cells. Full article

Liquid infant formula has garnered increasing attention due to its mild thermal processing and superior retention of bioactive nutrients. Within such matrices, the lipid source is a critical determinant of protein digestion behavior, yet its influence on peptide bioavailability and intestinal homeostasis remains undefined. Given that efficient peptide absorption is vital for the systemic delivery of bioactivity in infants, understanding the lipid–protein synergy is essential for formula optimization. Moreover, excessive oxidative stress is closely associated with impaired intestinal health and developmental disorders in infants, making the regulation of oxidative stress crucial for maintaining intestinal function. The present study evaluated the effects of three distinct lipid sources—soybean oil (SM), bovine milk fat (BM), and goat milk fat (GM)—on the physicochemical stability, proteolytic digestion, peptide release, intestinal absorption, and oxidative stress modulation of goat-milk-based infant formula. An integrated approach combining physicochemical characterization, in vitro simulated infant digestion, and a Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cell model was employed. we demonstrate that all three lipids (3% w/w) formed stable emulsions with uniform spherical structures and mean particle diameters of 117–300 nm, as visualized by laser confocal microscopy. Following in vitro simulation of infant gastrointestinal digestion, the SM group exhibited the most extensive protein hydrolysis, yielding the highest total peptide content (4.28 ± 0.10 mg/mL) and generated the highest number of peptides identified by LC-MS/MS (474 types). Bioinformatic analysis predicted that peptides from all groups possess potential antihypertensive, hypoglycemic, and immunomodulatory activities. The Caco-2 monolayer cell model demonstrated that although the GM group produced fewer identified peptide species than the SM group (365 types), it achieved significantly higher intestinal peptide absorption rate (55.34 ± 1.05%). Furthermore, the GM digests provided superior protection against H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress in Caco-2 cells, markedly reducing reactive oxygen species levels and suppressing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6. Collectively, these findings reveal that while soybean oil promotes more extensive proteolysis, the use of homologous goat milk lipid enhances peptide bioaccessibility and confers potential cytoprotective effects on intestinal epithelial cells, underscoring its potential as a preferred lipid source in infant formula formulations. Full article

A cost-effective and practical method for characterizing the dielectric properties of liquids at 1 MHz is presented in this article. A cylindrical parallel-plate capacitive sensor was developed, in which the circular end plates function as electrodes and the sidewall is formed by a thin polyvinyl chloride ring cut from a standard water pipe to enclose the liquid sample. Dielectric constant values of air, distilled water, ethanol, and methanol were determined through analytical calculations, electromagnetic simulations, and experimental measurements at 1 megahertz. Consistent results were obtained across all methods, and the extracted values were found to agree well with theoretical values, yielding extraction errors of 0.06% for methanol and 1.85% for ethanol with respect to theoretical values from the literature. A calibration technique was applied in which air and water were used as reference materials with known dielectric constants, effectively mitigating uncertainties associated with sensor geometry, spacer material, and fringing fields. Through this work, a practical and effective technique for dielectric characterization at low frequency has been demonstrated, with core validation of four reference materials (air, deionized water, ethanol, and methanol) at 1 MHz and an additional application example in which cow’s milk is characterized over 10–30 MHz. The 10–30 MHz measurement demonstrates the applicability of the proposed method in the low megahertz region, while the primary validation is conducted at 1 MHz. The technique is applicable to a wide range of applications in materials science, chemical, and biomedical engineering. Full article

Antibiotic residues in water buffalo milk are a food-safety concern, yet depletion data are scarce. The purpose of this study was to characterize the depletion profiles of amoxicillin (AMOX) and its two major metabolites, amoxicilloic acid (AMA) and amoxicillin diketopiperazine-2′,5′-dione (2,5-DKP), in Anatolian water buffalo milk after a single intramuscular administration and to estimate a milk withdrawal time relative to the EU MRL. We tested the hypothesis that AMOX concentrations would decrease below the EU MRL over successive milkings and that AMA and 2,5-DKP would exhibit depletion kinetics distinct from the parent compound. Five lactating Anatolian water buffaloes received a single intramuscular injection of amoxicillin (15 milligrams per kilogram). Milk was collected at each milking (twice daily) for seven days and analyzed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry with quantification limits below the European Union maximum residue limit for amoxicillin in milk (4 micrograms per kilogram). Amoxicillin peaked at the second milking (mean 13.65 micrograms per kilogram), mean concentrations fell below the maximum residue limit from the sixth milking, and they became non-quantifiable from the tenth milking onward. Two major metabolites, amoxicillinic acid and amoxicillin diketopiperazine-2′,5′-dione, peaked earlier (2,5-DKP Tmax 12 h) or at higher concentrations (AMA Cmax 32.64 µg/kg vs. AMOX 13.65 µg/kg) and remained detectable up to the thirteenth milking, with longer apparent terminal half-lives (32.0 and 52.8 h) than amoxicillin (23.5 h); the mixed-effects model confirmed different depletion rates among analytes (milking × analyte interaction p = 4.63 × 10⁻⁵). A log-linear withdrawal model applying the EMA 95/95 tolerance limit indicated that the first time point at which the upper tolerance limit fell below the EU MRL was 84.7 h after dosing; rounded up to the next 12 h milking interval, this corresponds to a reported withdrawal period of 96 h (≈8 milkings). These results provide species-specific residue kinetics for amoxicillin in Anatolian buffalo milk and support considering metabolites in monitoring and withdrawal-time decisions. Full article

β-agonists are prohibited antibiotics that have raised concerns due to their illegal use in the livestock industry, posing potential toxicity risks to human health. For ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) analysis of β-agonists, effective sample pretreatment is a crucial and challenging process that dictates the overall reliability and sensitivity of the method. Thus, this study developed a reliable method utilizing dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE) with NH₂-UiO-66 as a superior adsorbent, coupled with UPLC-MS/MS, to extract and quantify β-agonists in environmental water, swine urine, and milk. The synthesized NH₂-UiO-66 exhibited outstanding adsorption capacities (146.06–358.00 mg/g) towards the target analytes. The optimized method demonstrated excellent performance: low matrix effects (−13.10–15.30%), wide linearity (0.1–50 μg/L), low limits of detection (0.04–0.09 μg/L), and satisfactory recoveries (81.48–106.67%) with good precision (intra-day RSDs 1.51–6.24%; inter-day RSDs 2.06–10.96%). Adsorption mechanism studies revealed that the extraction process, which followed the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models, was driven primarily by electrostatic interactions, π-π stacking, and hydrogen bonding. Moreover, the material could be reused up to 10 times, with satisfactory recoveries of 81.30% to 116.10%. The proposed NH₂-UiO-66-d-SPE-UPLC-MS/MS protocol is generic and provides a robust and practical solution for monitoring trace β-agonists in animal-derived foods and environmental samples, ensuring food safety and environmental health. Full article

Background/Objectives: Milk and dairy products are among the most relevant foods both nutritionally and commercially. Costa Rica stands out as one of the main producers and consumers of dairy products in Central America. However, in recent years, the use of antibiotics in the livestock industry has increased, with implications for public health and food security, generating a need to monitor residues of these drugs in food. The present research focuses on developing a liquid chromatography method for the simultaneous quantification of penicillin G (PEN) and cloxacillin (CLO) in raw and commercial bovine milk, as well as in various dairy products, including fresh cheese and liquid yogurt. Methods/Results: During the validation of the methodology, average sensitivities of (960 ± 8)·10¹ mg L⁻¹ and (1580 ± 9)·10¹ mg L⁻¹ were achieved for PEN and CLO, respectively. Determination coefficients of 0.9995 and 0.9998 were also achieved, respectively. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) for PEN and CLO were (0.330 ± 0.025) mg L⁻¹ and (0.65 ± 0.12) mg L⁻¹, (1.10 ± 0.083) mg L⁻¹ and (2.2 ± 0.4) mg L⁻¹, respectively, on both accounts. Recoveries were 68–77%, 92–106%, and 78–112% for PEN and 57–79%, 99–114%, and 95–120% for CLO in milk, cheese, and yogurt, respectively, across all three concentration levels evaluated. The precision of the method, in terms of reproducibility, was assessed for liquid yogurt (3–12% RSD_R for PEN and 4–12% RSD_R for CLO) and in cheese (8–14% RSD_R for PEN and 4–12% RSD_R for CLO). Nineteen bovine milk samples from the Cartago area were evaluated, including commercial and milk samples. Additionally, cheese (n = 17) and yogurt samples (n = 8) were analyzed. Conclusions: None of the samples showed detectable signals of the antibiotics. In addition, antibiotic sensitivity testing was performed on n = 9 Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) strains isolated from the raw milk samples, revealing the presence of some resistant traits to several antibiotics, including β-lactams. Full article