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Keywords = inter-system coupling

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18 pages, 3038 KB  
Article
A Multi-Objective Metaheuristic and Multi-Armed Bandit Hybrid-Based Multi-Corridor Coupled TTC Calculation Method
by Zengjie Sun, Wenle Song, Lei Wang and Jiahao Zhang
Electronics 2025, 14(20), 4075; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14204075 (registering DOI) - 16 Oct 2025
Abstract
The calculation of Total Transfer Capability (TTC) for transmission corridors serves as the foundation for security region determination and electricity market transactions. However, existing TTC methods often neglect corridor correlations, leading to overly optimistic results. TTC computation involves complex stability verification and requires [...] Read more.
The calculation of Total Transfer Capability (TTC) for transmission corridors serves as the foundation for security region determination and electricity market transactions. However, existing TTC methods often neglect corridor correlations, leading to overly optimistic results. TTC computation involves complex stability verification and requires enumerating numerous renewable energy operation scenarios to establish security boundaries, exhibiting high non-convexity and nonlinearity that challenge gradient-based iterative algorithms in approaching global optima. Furthermore, practical power systems feature coupled corridor effects, transforming multi-corridor TTC into a complex Pareto frontier search problem. This paper proposes a MOEA/D-FRRMAB (Fitness–Rate–Reward Multi-Armed Bandit)-based method featuring: (1) a TTC model incorporating transient angle stability constraints, steady-state operational limits, and inter-corridor power interactions and (2) a decomposition strategy converting the multi-objective problem into subproblems, enhanced by MOEA/D-FRRMAB for improved Pareto front convergence and diversity. IEEE 39-bus tests demonstrate superior solution accuracy and diversity, providing dispatch centers with more reliable multi-corridor TTC strategies. Full article
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21 pages, 12126 KB  
Article
Optimization of Synergistic Water Resources, Water Environment, and Water Ecology Remediation and Restoration Project: Application in the Jinshan Lake Basin
by Wenyang Jiang, Xin Liu, Yue Wang, Yue Zhang, Xinxin Chen, Yuxing Sun, Jun Chen and Wanshun Zhang
Water 2025, 17(20), 2986; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17202986 - 16 Oct 2025
Abstract
The concept of synergistic water resources, water environment, water ecology remediation, and restoration (3WRR) is essential for addressing the interlinked challenges of water scarcity, pollution, and ecological degradation. An intelligent platform of remediation and restoration project optimization was developed, integrating multi-source data fusion, [...] Read more.
The concept of synergistic water resources, water environment, water ecology remediation, and restoration (3WRR) is essential for addressing the interlinked challenges of water scarcity, pollution, and ecological degradation. An intelligent platform of remediation and restoration project optimization was developed, integrating multi-source data fusion, a coupled air–land–water model, and dynamic decision optimization to support 3WRR in river basins. Applied to the Jinshan Lake Basin (JLB) in China’s Greater Bay Area, the platform assessed 894 scenarios encompassing diverse remediation and restoration plans, including point/non-point source reduction, sediment dredging, recycled water reuse, ecological water replenishment, and sluice gate control, accounting for inter-annual meteorological variability. The results reveal that source control alone (95% reduction in point and non-point loads) leads to limited improvement, achieving less than 2% compliance with Class IV water quality standards in tributaries. Integrated engineering–ecological interventions, combining sediment dredging with high-flow replenishment from the Xizhijiang River (26.1 m3/s), increases compliance days of Class IV water quality standards by 10–51 days. Concerning the lake plans, including sluice regulation and large-volume water exchange, the lake area met the Class IV standard for COD, NH3-N, and TP by over 90%. The platform’s multi-objective optimization framework highlights that coordinated, multi-scale interventions substantially outperform isolated strategies in both effectiveness and sustainability. These findings provide a replicable and data-driven paradigm for 3WRR implementation in complex river–lake systems. The platform’s application and promotion in other watersheds worldwide will serve to enable the low-cost and high-efficiency management of watershed water environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Water Resources Management, Policy and Governance)
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11 pages, 319 KB  
Article
Non-Linear Quantum Dynamics in Coupled Double-Quantum- Dot-Cavity Systems
by Tatiana Mihaescu, Mihai A. Macovei and Aurelian Isar
Physics 2025, 7(4), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/physics7040047 - 14 Oct 2025
Viewed by 35
Abstract
The steady-state quantum dynamics of a compound sample consisting of a semiconductor double-quantum-dot (DQD) system, non-linearly coupled with a leaking superconducting transmission line resonator, is theoretically investigated. Particularly, the transition frequency of the DQD is taken to be equal to the doubled resonator [...] Read more.
The steady-state quantum dynamics of a compound sample consisting of a semiconductor double-quantum-dot (DQD) system, non-linearly coupled with a leaking superconducting transmission line resonator, is theoretically investigated. Particularly, the transition frequency of the DQD is taken to be equal to the doubled resonator frequency, whereas the inter-dot Coulomb interaction is considered weak. As a consequence, the steady-state quantum dynamics of this complex non-linear system exhibit sudden changes in its features, occurring at a critical DQD-cavity coupling strength, suggesting perspectives for designing on-chip microwave quantum switches. Furthermore, we show that, above the threshold, the electrical current through the double-quantum dot follows the mean photon number into the microwave mode inside the resonator. This might not be the case any more below that critical coupling strength. Lastly, the photon quantum correlations vary from super-Poissonian to Poissonian photon statistics, i.e., towards single-qubit lasing phenomena at microwave frequencies. Full article
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22 pages, 2523 KB  
Article
Network Modeling and Risk Assessment of Multi-Stakeholder-Coupled Unsafe Events in the Airspace System
by Yiming Dai, Honghai Zhang, Zongbei Shi and Yike Li
Aerospace 2025, 12(10), 923; https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace12100923 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025
Viewed by 65
Abstract
Unsafe events in civil aviation increasingly arise from multi-stakeholder interactions, motivating system-level methods to quantify event risk and coupling. This study analyzes 1551 airspace unsafe-operation reports and models each report as a node with four attributes; edges capture co-occurrence based on cosine similarity, [...] Read more.
Unsafe events in civil aviation increasingly arise from multi-stakeholder interactions, motivating system-level methods to quantify event risk and coupling. This study analyzes 1551 airspace unsafe-operation reports and models each report as a node with four attributes; edges capture co-occurrence based on cosine similarity, and risk is scored via an entropy-weight TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution) scheme. Risk scores range 0–0.858, with 7% of nodes above 0.8 forming a high-risk tail; entropy weights emphasize recovery time and hazard level. Community detection yields three modules aligned with Controller, Resource, and User stakeholders; key nodes occur predominantly in Controller and Resource groups, with Controller nodes showing the highest betweenness. Coupling analysis using an N–K perspective and edge-based inter-stakeholder strength further highlights controller-centric links. The proposed framework objectively ranks node risk, reveals cross-stakeholder coupling patterns, and isolates structurally influential events, providing evidence to prioritize monitoring and mitigation in airspace safety management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Air Traffic and Transportation)
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21 pages, 3517 KB  
Article
Double-Layer Optimal Configuration of Wind–Solar-Storage for Multi-Microgrid with Electricity–Hydrogen Coupling
by Dong Yang, Gangying Pan, Jianhua Zhang, Jun He, Yulin Zhang and Chuanliang Xiao
Processes 2025, 13(10), 3263; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13103263 - 13 Oct 2025
Viewed by 104
Abstract
To address the collaborative optimization challenge in multi-microgrid systems with significant renewable energy integration, this study presents a dual-layer optimization model incorporating power-hydrogen coupling. Firstly, a hydrogen energy system coupling framework including photovoltaics, storage batteries, and electrolysis hydrogen production/fuel cells was constructed at [...] Read more.
To address the collaborative optimization challenge in multi-microgrid systems with significant renewable energy integration, this study presents a dual-layer optimization model incorporating power-hydrogen coupling. Firstly, a hydrogen energy system coupling framework including photovoltaics, storage batteries, and electrolysis hydrogen production/fuel cells was constructed at the architecture level to realize the flexible conversion of multiple energy forms. From a modeling perspective, the upper-layer optimization aims to minimize lifecycle costs by determining the optimal sizing of distributed PV systems, battery storage, hydrogen tanks, fuel cells, and electrolyzers within the microgrid. At the lower level, a distributed optimization framework facilitates energy sharing (both electrical and hydrogen-based) across microgrids. This operational layer maximizes yearly system revenue while considering all energy transactions—both inter-microgrid and grid-to-microgrid exchanges. The resulting operational boundaries feed into the upper-layer capacity optimization, with the optimal equipment configuration emerging from the iterative convergence of both layers. Finally, the actual microgrid in a certain area is taken as an example to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Energy Systems)
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23 pages, 8455 KB  
Article
Monitoring River–Lake Dynamics in the Mid-Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River Using Sentinel-2 Imagery and X-Means Clustering
by Zhanshuo Qi, Shiming Yao, Xiaoguang Liu, Bing Ding, Hongyang Wang, Yuqi Jiang and Jinpeng Hu
Remote Sens. 2025, 17(20), 3421; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17203421 - 13 Oct 2025
Viewed by 117
Abstract
River–lake systems are essential for sustaining ecosystems and human livelihoods. However, the complexity and variability of large river–lake systems, coupled with characteristic differences in water bodies across regions, have made quantifying their extent and changes inherently challenging. This study implements a robust water [...] Read more.
River–lake systems are essential for sustaining ecosystems and human livelihoods. However, the complexity and variability of large river–lake systems, coupled with characteristic differences in water bodies across regions, have made quantifying their extent and changes inherently challenging. This study implements a robust water extraction method based on the multidimensional X-means clustering algorithm. This method leverages the advantages of Sentinel-2 imagery for water detection. Utilizing the X-means algorithm, it generates a new seasonal surface water area (SWA) product for the mid-lower reaches of the Yangtze River (MLRYR). The implemented method achieved an overall accuracy of 97.98%, a producer’s accuracy of 98.02%, a user’s accuracy of 96.01%, a Matthews correlation coefficient of 0.954, and a Kappa coefficient of 0.954. Analysis of water body dynamics reveals that over the past six years, the overall trend of SWA in the MLRYR has remained stable. However, within a broad range including multiple sub-basins, a decline in SWA has been observed on an inter-annual scale. Among the large lakes and reservoirs in the MLRYR, the water areas of Poyang Lake, Dongting Lake and Shijiu Lake all showed a marked decline. Among all water bodies with a significant increase in area, the Danjiangkou Reservoir is the largest. Further correlation analysis indicates that SWA exhibited the strongest correlations with precipitation and drought index in most sub-basins. In sub-basins where large lakes and reservoirs exist, the presence of river networks played a buffering role by regulating and storing water, thereby reducing the direct influence of climatic factors on lake and reservoir water extent. These findings highlight the complex interplay of climatic and hydrological factors. By integrating satellite imagery and Earth observation, this study advances understanding of MLRYR surface water dynamics, providing a robust framework for monitoring in other regions. It offers critical insights into drought impacts and informs effective water resource management and conservation strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Remote Sensing in Geology, Geomorphology and Hydrology)
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19 pages, 6415 KB  
Article
Combustion and Heat-Transfer Characteristics of a Micro Swirl Combustor-Powered Thermoelectric Generator: A Numerical Study
by Kenan Huang, Jiahao Zhang, Guoneng Li, Yiyuan Zhu, Chao Ye and Ke Li
Aerospace 2025, 12(10), 916; https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace12100916 (registering DOI) - 11 Oct 2025
Viewed by 182
Abstract
Micro-combustion-powered thermoelectric generators (μ-CPTEGs) combine the high energy density of hydrocarbons with solid-state conversion, offering compact and refuelable power for long-endurance electronics. Such characteristics make μ-CPTEGs particularly promising for aerospace systems, where conventional batteries face serious limitations. Their achievable performance [...] Read more.
Micro-combustion-powered thermoelectric generators (μ-CPTEGs) combine the high energy density of hydrocarbons with solid-state conversion, offering compact and refuelable power for long-endurance electronics. Such characteristics make μ-CPTEGs particularly promising for aerospace systems, where conventional batteries face serious limitations. Their achievable performance hinges on how a swirl-stabilized flame transfers heat into the hot ends of thermoelectric modules. This study uses a conjugate CFD framework coupled with a lumped parameter model to examine how input power and equivalence ratio shape the flame/flow structure, temperature fields, and hot-end heating in a swirl combustor-powered TEG. Three-dimensional numerical simulations were performed for the swirl combustor-powered TEG, varying the input power from 1269 to 1854 W and the equivalence ratio from φ = 0.6 to 1.1. Results indicate that the combustor exit forms a robust “annular jet with central recirculation” structure that organizes a V-shaped region of high modeled heat release responsible for flame stabilization and preheating. At φ = 1.0, increasing Qin from 1269 to 1854 W strengthens the V-shaped hot band and warms the wall-attached recirculation. Heating penetrates deeper into the finned cavity, and the central-plane peak temperature rises from 2281 to 2339 K (≈2.5%). Consistent with these field changes, the lower TEM pair near the outlet heats more strongly than the upper module (517 K to 629 K vs. 451 K to 543 K); the inter-row gap widens from 66 K to 86 K, and the incremental temperature gains taper at the highest power, while the axial organization of the field remains essentially unchanged. At fixed Qin = 1854 W, raising φ from 0.6 to 1.0 compacts and retracts the reaction band toward the exit and weakens axial penetration; the main-zone temperature increases up to φ = 0.9 and then declines for richer mixtures (peak 2482 K at φ = 0.9 to 2289 K at φ = 1.1), cooling the fin section due to reduced transport, thereby identifying φ = 0.9 as the operating point that best balances axial penetration against dilution/convective-cooling losses and maximizes the TEM hot-end temperature at the fixed power. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Thermal Fluid, Dynamics and Control)
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20 pages, 1579 KB  
Article
Towards Trustworthy and Explainable-by-Design Large Language Models for Automated Teacher Assessment
by Yuan Li, Hang Yang and Quanrong Fang
Information 2025, 16(10), 882; https://doi.org/10.3390/info16100882 - 10 Oct 2025
Viewed by 106
Abstract
Conventional teacher assessment is labor-intensive and subjective. Prior LLM-based systems improve scale but rely on post hoc rationales and lack built-in trust controls. We propose an explainable-by-design framework that couples (i) Dual-Lens Hierarchical Attention—a global lens aligned to curriculum standards and a local [...] Read more.
Conventional teacher assessment is labor-intensive and subjective. Prior LLM-based systems improve scale but rely on post hoc rationales and lack built-in trust controls. We propose an explainable-by-design framework that couples (i) Dual-Lens Hierarchical Attention—a global lens aligned to curriculum standards and a local lens aligned to subject-specific rubrics—with (ii) a Trust-Gated Inference module that combines Monte-Carlo-dropout calibration and adversarial debiasing, and (iii) an On-the-Spot Explanation generator that shares the same fused representation and predicted score used for decision making. Thus, explanations are decision-consistent and curriculum-anchored rather than retrofitted. On TeacherEval-2023, EdNet-Math, and MM-TBA, our model attains an Inter-Rater Consistency of 82.4%, Explanation Credibility of 0.78, Fairness Gap of 1.8%, and Expected Calibration Error of 0.032. Faithfulness is verified via attention-to-rubric alignment (78%) and counterfactual deletion tests, while trust gating reduces confidently wrong outputs and triggers reject-and-refer when uncertainty is high. The system retains 99.6% accuracy under cross-domain transfer and degrades only 4.1% with 15% ASR noise, reducing human review workload by 41%. This establishes a reproducible path to trustworthy and pedagogy-aligned LLMs for high-stakes educational evaluation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Educational Innovation with Artificial Intelligence)
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20 pages, 2867 KB  
Article
Aromaticity Tuning in Biaryl Monophosphines and Their Derivatives
by Barbara Miroslaw, Pawel Rejmak, Izabela Dybala, Urszula Kosikowska, Sylwia Andrzejczuk, Łukasz Świątek, Kinga Salwa and Oleg M. Demchuk
Molecules 2025, 30(19), 4018; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30194018 - 8 Oct 2025
Viewed by 594
Abstract
Aromaticity tuning of biaryl monophosphines can significantly impact their catalytic performance. Biaryl monophosphines constitute a crucial class of compounds due to their potential as ligand precursors in asymmetric Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling and some other catalytic reactions. In this study, we investigate the tuning of [...] Read more.
Aromaticity tuning of biaryl monophosphines can significantly impact their catalytic performance. Biaryl monophosphines constitute a crucial class of compounds due to their potential as ligand precursors in asymmetric Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling and some other catalytic reactions. In this study, we investigate the tuning of aromaticity within a series of selected biaryl monophosphine derivatives exhibiting diverse steric and electronic properties. XRD structures and Hirshfeld surface analyses were complemented by DFT calculations. Aromaticity indices, such as geometric HOMA, HOMER, and magnetic NICS, were evaluated and correlated with ligand properties. NICS(1)zz was the most sensitive to aromaticity changes. The results showed that among the ring-activating substituents, methoxy groups were more beneficial than hydroxy ones. The hydroxy groups not only modulated the aromaticity but also induced unfavorable conformational changes of the catalyst precursors through strong inter- and intramolecular hydrogen bonding. The spatial arrangement of the P atom adjacent to the aryl ring system confers catalytic advantages by promoting the assembly of coordination compounds (catalysts) in which Pd—C bond formation occurs, yielding C,P-chelated five-membered palladacyclic structures. The hydroxy substituents blocked access to the P atom, thereby hindering catalytic performance. The studies show that even subtle changes in the monophosphine biaryl scaffold, especially aromaticity tuning should be carefully evaluated during the rational design of new efficient catalysts. The studied compounds were evaluated for their biological activity against three Gram-positive and four Gram-negative bacteria as model microorganisms. The research was supplemented by in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Preparations and Applications of Organophosphorus Compounds)
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21 pages, 8591 KB  
Article
Simulation of Compaction Process of Tight Sandstone in Xiashihezi Formation, North Ordos Basin: Insights from SEM, EDS and MIP
by Hongxiang Jin, Feiyang Wang, Chong Han, Chunpu Wang, Yi Wu and Yang Hu
Processes 2025, 13(10), 3191; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13103191 - 8 Oct 2025
Viewed by 272
Abstract
The Permian Xiashihezi Formation in the Ordos Basin is a typical tight sandstone gas reservoir, which is characterized by low porosity and strong heterogeneity. Diagenesis plays a crucial role in controlling reservoir quality. However, the multiple phases and types of diagenetic processes throughout [...] Read more.
The Permian Xiashihezi Formation in the Ordos Basin is a typical tight sandstone gas reservoir, which is characterized by low porosity and strong heterogeneity. Diagenesis plays a crucial role in controlling reservoir quality. However, the multiple phases and types of diagenetic processes throughout geological history make the compaction mechanisms highly complex. This study employed a high-temperature and high-pressure diagenesis simulation system to conduct geological simulation experiments. Typical reservoir samples from the 2nd Member of the Permian Xiashihezi Formation were selected for these simulations. The experiments replicated the diagenetic evolution of the reservoirs under various temperature, pressure, and fluid conditions, successfully reproducing the diagenetic sequences. The diagenetic sequence included early-stage porosity reduction through compaction, early carbonate cementation, quartz overgrowth, chlorite rim formation, feldspar dissolution, and late-stage illite and quartz cementation. Mechanical compaction is the primary factor reducing reservoir porosity, exhibiting a distinct four-stage porosity reduction pattern: (1) continuous burial stage (>4000 m); (2) stagnation stage of burial (3900 m–4100 m); (3) the secondary continuous burial stage (>5000 m); (4) tectonic uplift stage (3600 m). The experiments confirmed that the formation of various authigenic minerals is strictly controlled by temperature, pressure, and fluid chemistry. Chlorite rims formed in an alkaline environment enriched with Fe2+ and Mg2+ (simulated temperatures of 280–295 °C), effectively inhibiting quartz overgrowth. Illite appeared at higher temperatures (>300 °C) in platy or fibrous forms. Feldspar dissolution was noticeable upon injection of acidic fluids (simulated organic acids), providing material for authigenic quartz and kaolinite. The key mineral composition significantly impacts reservoir diagenesis. The dissolution released Mg2+ and Fe2+ ions, crucial for forming early chlorite rims in the overlying sandstones, confirming the importance of inter-strata interactions in “source-facies coupling.” Through physical simulation methods, this study deepened the understanding of the diagenetic evolution and compaction mechanisms of tight sandstones. This provides significant experimental evidence and theoretical support for predicting “sweet spot” reservoirs in the area. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Exploitation and Underground Storage of Oil and Gas)
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14 pages, 2439 KB  
Article
A Traceable Low-Frequency Attenuation Standard from 1 kHz to 10 MHz for Next-Generation Wireless and EMC Calibration
by Anton Widarta
Sensors 2025, 25(19), 6227; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25196227 - 8 Oct 2025
Viewed by 296
Abstract
The growing demand for traceable, high-precision attenuation measurements in electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) testing and low-frequency wireless communication systems has driven the development of a primary attenuation standard covering 1 kHz to 10 MHz. The system employs a dual channel null-detection method using an [...] Read more.
The growing demand for traceable, high-precision attenuation measurements in electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) testing and low-frequency wireless communication systems has driven the development of a primary attenuation standard covering 1 kHz to 10 MHz. The system employs a dual channel null-detection method using an inductive voltage divider (IVD) as a reference, ensuring the highest accuracy and traceability while eliminating sensitivity to detector nonlinearity. Attenuation at 1 kHz, 9 kHz, and 10 kHz is measured directly against the IVD ratio, while higher-frequency measurements (100 kHz–10 MHz) are performed via heterodyne detection, down-converting signals to 1 kHz for comparison. To ensure comparable accuracy at higher attenuation levels, a double-step method is applied at 9 kHz and 10 kHz to mitigate the increased IVD uncertainty above 1 kHz. Linearity is ensured by suppressing common-mode currents with toroidal ferrite chokes and minimizing inter-channel coupling. Type B (non-statistical) measurement uncertainties are evaluated, with major contributions from the IVD reference, system errors, and mismatch. The expanded uncertainties are 2.2 × 10−3 dB at 20 dB, 3.0 × 10−3 dB at 40 dB, and 4.0 × 10−3 dB at 60 dB attenuation. To facilitate wider dissemination and extend the calibration range, a resistive step attenuator with 10 dB pads is evaluated as a practical transfer standard, providing a simple and robust solution for traceable attenuation calibration in this frequency range. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Signal Processing Techniques for Wireless Communications)
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27 pages, 1706 KB  
Article
An End-to-End Framework for Spatiotemporal Data Recovery and Unsupervised Cluster Partitioning in Distributed PV Systems
by Bingxu Zhai, Yuanzhuo Li, Wei Qiu, Rui Zhang, Zhilin Jiang, Yinuo Zeng, Tao Qian and Qinran Hu
Processes 2025, 13(10), 3186; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13103186 - 7 Oct 2025
Viewed by 258
Abstract
The growing penetration of distributed photovoltaic (PV) systems presents significant operational challenges for power grids, driven by the scarcity of historical data and the high spatiotemporal variability of PV generation. To address these challenges, we propose Generative Reconstruction and Adaptive Identification via Latents [...] Read more.
The growing penetration of distributed photovoltaic (PV) systems presents significant operational challenges for power grids, driven by the scarcity of historical data and the high spatiotemporal variability of PV generation. To address these challenges, we propose Generative Reconstruction and Adaptive Identification via Latents (GRAIL), a unified, end-to-end framework that integrates generative modeling with adaptive clustering to discover latent structures and representative scenarios in PV datasets. GRAIL operates through a closed-loop mechanism where clustering feedback guides a cluster-aware data generation process, and the resulting generative augmentation strengthens partitioning in the latent space. Evaluated on a real-world, multi-site PV dataset with a high missing data rate of 45.4%, GRAIL consistently outperforms both classical clustering algorithms and deep embedding-based methods. Specifically, GRAIL achieves a Silhouette Score of 0.969, a Calinski–Harabasz index exceeding 4.132×106, and a Davies–Bouldin index of 0.042, demonstrating superior intra-cluster compactness and inter-cluster separation. The framework also yields a normalized entropy of 0.994, which indicates highly balanced partitioning. These results underscore that coupling data generation with clustering is a powerful strategy for expressive and robust structure learning in data-sparse environments. Notably, GRAIL achieves significant performance gains over the strongest deep learning baseline that lacks a generative component, securing the highest composite score among all evaluated methods. The framework is also computationally efficient. Its alternating optimization converges rapidly, and clustering and reconstruction metrics stabilize within approximately six iterations. Beyond quantitative performance, GRAIL produces physically interpretable clusters that correspond to distinct weather-driven regimes and capture cross-site dependencies. These clusters serve as compact and robust state descriptors, valuable for downstream applications such as PV forecasting, dispatch optimization, and intelligent energy management in modern power systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Energy Systems)
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17 pages, 3749 KB  
Article
Exploring Low Energy Excitations in the d5 Iridate Double Perovskites La2BIrO6 (B = Zn, Mg)
by Abhisek Bandyopadhyay, Dheeraj Kumar Pandey, Carlo Meneghini, Anna Efimenko, Marco Moretti Sala and Sugata Ray
Condens. Matter 2025, 10(4), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/condmat10040053 - 6 Oct 2025
Viewed by 430
Abstract
We experimentally investigate the structural, magnetic, transport, and electronic properties of two d5 iridate double perovskite materials La2BIrO6 (B = Mg, Zn). Notably, despite similar crystallographic structure, the two compounds show distinctly different magnetic behaviors. The M [...] Read more.
We experimentally investigate the structural, magnetic, transport, and electronic properties of two d5 iridate double perovskite materials La2BIrO6 (B = Mg, Zn). Notably, despite similar crystallographic structure, the two compounds show distinctly different magnetic behaviors. The M = Mg compound shows an antiferromagnetic-like linear field-dependent isothermal magnetization below its transition temperature, whereas the M = Zn counterpart displays a clear hysteresis loop followed by a noticeable coercive field, indicative of ferromagnetic components arising from a non-collinear Ir spin arrangement. The local structure studies authenticate perceptible M/Ir antisite disorder in both systems, which complicates the magnetic exchange interaction scenario by introducing Ir-O-Ir superexchange pathways in addition to the nominal Ir-O-B-O-Ir super-superexchange interactions expected for an ideally ordered structure. While spin–orbit coupling (SOC) plays a crucial role in establishing insulating behavior for both these compounds, the rotational and tilting distortions of the IrO6 (and MO6) octahedral units further lift the ideal cubic symmetry. Finally, by measuring the Ir-L3 edge resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) spectra for both the compounds, giving evidence of spin–orbit-derived low-energy inter-J-state (intra t2g) transitions (below ~1 eV), the charge transfer (O 2p → Ir 5d), and the crystal field (Ir t2geg) excitations, we put forward a qualitative argument for the interplay among effective SOC, non-cubic crystal field, and intersite hopping in these two compounds. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Quantum Materials)
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30 pages, 25126 KB  
Article
Study on Seismic Performance of Asymmetric Rectangular Prefabricated Subway Station Structures in Soft Soil
by Yi Zhang, Tongwei Zhang, Shudong Zhou, Tao Du, Jinsheng Huang, Ming Zhang and Xun Cheng
Buildings 2025, 15(19), 3537; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15193537 - 1 Oct 2025
Viewed by 192
Abstract
With the continuous improvement of the prefabricated modular technology system, the prefabricated subway station structures are widely used in underground engineering projects. However, prefabricated subway stations in soft soil can suffer significant adverse effects under seismic action. In order to study the seismic [...] Read more.
With the continuous improvement of the prefabricated modular technology system, the prefabricated subway station structures are widely used in underground engineering projects. However, prefabricated subway stations in soft soil can suffer significant adverse effects under seismic action. In order to study the seismic performance of a prefabricated subway station, this work is based on an actual project of a subway station in soft soil. And the nonlinear static and dynamic coupling two-dimensional finite element models of cast-in-place structures (CIPs), assembly splicing structures (ASSs), and assembly monolithic structures (AMSs) are established, respectively. The soil-structure interaction is considered, and different peak ground accelerations (PGA) are selected for incremental dynamic analysis. The displacement response, internal force characteristics, and structural damage distribution for three structural forms are compared. The research results show that the inter-story displacement of the AMS is slightly greater than that of the CIP, while the inter-story displacement of the ASS is the largest. The CIP has the highest internal force in the middle column, the ASS has the lowest internal force in the middle column, and the AMS is between the two. The damage to the CIP is concentrated at the bottom of the middle column and sidewall. The AMS compression damage moves upward, but the tensile damage mode is similar to the CIP. The ASS can effectively reduce damage to the middle column and achieve redistribution of internal force. Further analysis shows that the joint splicing interface between cast-in-place and prefabricated components is the key to controlling the overall deformation and seismic performance of the structure. The research results can provide a theoretical basis for the seismic design optimization of subway stations in earthquake-prone areas. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)
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22 pages, 2245 KB  
Article
The Impact of Utilizing a Balancing Blindfold During Training on the Backward Running Technique in Experienced and Novice Male Handball Players
by Aydin Najipour, Siamak Khorramymehr and Kamran Hasani
Biomimetics 2025, 10(10), 649; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10100649 - 28 Sep 2025
Viewed by 410
Abstract
Backward running is common in handball defense and relies heavily on proprioceptive control when visual information is limited. Twenty-eight male handball players were allocated to three groups: experimental novice group with blindfold training (n = 7), control novice group with the same [...] Read more.
Backward running is common in handball defense and relies heavily on proprioceptive control when visual information is limited. Twenty-eight male handball players were allocated to three groups: experimental novice group with blindfold training (n = 7), control novice group with the same training without blindfold (n = 7), and target professional group (n = 14). Both novice groups completed a 6-week balance program (3 × 20 min/week). Lower-limb kinematics during backward running were captured with a 6-camera motion analysis system, and inter-joint coordination was quantified by Mean Absolute Relative Phase (MARP) and Deviation Phase (DP) for ankle–knee and knee–pelvic couplings. At baseline, professionals showed greater ankle–knee MARP than novices (ANOVA F(2,25) = 9.42, p < 0.001). Representative means (mean ± SD): ankle–knee MARP novices 1.62–1.79 vs. professionals 3.83. After training, ankle–knee MARP increased in both novice groups (experimental: t(6) = 4.72, p < 0.001; control: t(6) = 5.02, p < 0.001), approaching professional values (post-training novices ≈ 3.22–3.26). Post-training between-group differences were non-significant for ankle–knee MARP (ANOVA F(2,25) = 1.24, p = 0.30), while ankle–knee DP showed a group effect (F(2,25) = 5.12, p = 0.01; experimental vs. professional t(19) = 3.12, p = 0.01). A short-term balance program improved ankle–knee coordination during backward running in novice male players; additional blindfolding did not yield extra benefit over 6 weeks. These findings can inform short-term training and rehabilitation planning for handball, while long-term effects require future study. Full article
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