Search Results (109)

Since around the year 2000, following the introduction of electric vehicles (EVs) to the market, some people have expressed concerns about the level of magnetic flux density (MFD) inside vehicles. In 2013, we reported the results of MFD measurements for electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). However, those 2013 measurements were conducted using a chassis dynamometer, and no measurements were taken during actual driving. In recent years, with the rapid global spread of EVs and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), the international standard IEC 62764-1:2022, which defines methods for measuring magnetic fields (MF) in vehicles, has been issued. In response, and for the first time, we conducted new MF measurements on current Japanese vehicle models in accordance with the international standard IEC 62764-1:2022, identifying the MFD levels and their sources at various positions within EVs, PHEVs, and ICEVs. The measured MFD values in all vehicle types were below the reference levels recommended by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) for public exposure. Furthermore, we performed comparative measurements with the MF data obtained in 2013 and confirmed that the MF levels remained similar. These findings are expected to provide valuable insights for risk communication with the public regarding electromagnetic fields, particularly for those concerned about MF exposure inside electrified vehicles. Full article

The core powertrain components of electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are the power batteries and battery management system (BMS), jointly determining the performance, safety, and economy of the vehicle. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the evolution and current advancements in power battery and BMS technology for electric vehicles (EVs). It emphasizes product upgrades and replacements while also analyzing future research hotspots and development trends driven by the increasing demand for EVs and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). This review aims to give recommendations and support for the future development of power batteries and BMSs that are widely used in EVs, HEVs, and energy storage systems, which will lead to industry and research progress. Full article

The presence of toxic gas emissions from conventional vehicles is worrisome globally. Over the past few years, there has been a broad adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) to reduce energy usage and mitigate environmental emissions. The EVs are characterized by limited range, cost, and short range. This prompts the need for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). This study describes the conversion of a 2022 Volkswagen Crafter (VW) 35 TDI 340 delivery van from a conventional diesel powertrain into a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) augmented with synchronous electrical machines (motor and generator) and a BMW i3 60 Ah battery pack. A downsized 1.5 L diesel engine and an electric motor–generator unit are integrated via a planetary power split device supported by a high-voltage lithium-ion battery. A MATLAB (R2024b) Simulink model of the hybrid system is developed, and its speed tracking PID controller is optimized using genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) methods. The simulation results show significant efficiency gains: for example, average fuel consumption falls from 9.952 to 7.014 L/100 km (a 29.5% saving) and CO₂ emissions drop from 260.8 to 186.0 g/km (a 74.8 g reduction), while the vehicle range on a 75 L tank grows by ~40.7% (from 785.7 to 1105.5 km). The optimized series–parallel powertrain design significantly improves urban driving economy and reduces emissions without compromising performance. Full article

Due to the limitations of current battery technologies—such as lower energy density and high cost compared to fossil fuels—electric vehicles (EVs) face constraints in applications requiring extended range or heavy payloads, such as refuse trucks. As a midterm solution, hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) combine internal combustion engines (ICEs) and electric powertrains to enable flexible energy usage, particularly in urban duty cycles characterized by frequent stopping and idling. This study introduces a model-based energy management strategy using the Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS), tailored for a retrofitted series hybrid refuse truck. A conventional ISUZU NPR 10 truck was instrumented to collect real-world driving and operational data, which guided the development of a vehicle-specific ECMS controller. The proposed strategy was evaluated over five driving cycles—including both standardized and measured urban scenarios—under varying load conditions: Tare Mass (TM) and Gross Vehicle Mass (GVM). Compared with a rule-based control approach, ECMS demonstrated up to 14% improvement in driving range and significant reductions in exhaust gas emissions (CO, NO_x, and CO₂). The inclusion of auxiliary load modeling further enhances the realism of the simulation results. These findings validate ECMS as a viable strategy for optimizing fuel economy and reducing emissions in hybrid refuse truck applications. Full article

The transportation sector in South Asia largely depends on internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, which are responsible for a large share of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, air pollution, and the increase in fuel prices. Although hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), and fully electric vehicles (EVs) constitute promising alternatives, the rate of their implementation is low due to factors such as the high initial investment, the absence of the required infrastructure, and the reliance on fossil fuel-based electricity. This study is the first of its kind to examine Bangladesh’s drivetrain options in a comprehensive way, with in-depth real-world emission testing and economic analysis as the main tools of investigation into the environmental and economic feasibility of different technologies used in the vehicles available in Bangladesh, including lifecycle costs and infrastructure constraints. The study findings have shown that hybrid and plug-in hybrid vehicles are the best options, since they have moderate emissions and cost efficiency, respectively. Fully electric vehicles, however, face two main challenges: the overall lack of charging infrastructure and the overall high purchase prices. Among the evaluated technologies, PHEVs exhibited the lowest environmental and economic burden. The Toyota Prius PHEV emitted 98% less NOx compared to the diesel-powered Pajero Sport and maintained the lowest per-kilometer cost at BDT 6.39. In contrast, diesel SUVs emitted 178 ppm NOx and cost 22.62 BDT/km, reinforcing the transitional advantage of plug-in hybrid technology in Bangladesh’s context. Full article

Accurate assessment of lithium-ion battery state of health (SOH) represents a cross-disciplinary challenge that is critical for the reliability, safety, and total cost of ownership of electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). This review systematically examines the evolutionary trajectory of SOH estimation methods, ranging from conventional experimental measurement approaches to cutting-edge data-driven techniques. We analyze how these techniques address critical challenges in battery aging and performance evaluation, while discussing their respective advantages across different application scenarios. The paper highlights emerging trends in artificial intelligence-integrated advanced technologies for SOH estimation, along with practical implementation considerations. Special emphasis is placed on key challenges of SOH estimation in EVs/HEVs applications with proposed alternative solutions. By synthesizing current research directions and identifying critical knowledge gaps, this work provides valuable insights for fundamental research and industrial applications in battery health management. Full article

In response to escalating environmental concerns and the imperative for a transition to a more sustainable economy, the European Union enacted a new regulation on the electric battery market in July 2023. This regulation integrates the principles of the circular economy, as outlined in the European Green Deal, addressing all phases of the battery life cycle, including the mining of raw materials, product design, production processes, reuse, and recycling. In light of this development, the principal manufacturers of electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) have undertaken various circular economy (CE) and life cycle (LC) strategies. Their objective is to align their operations with these new regulatory requirements and enhance their sustainability credentials. The global automotive industry, encompassing thousands of entities with an annual turnover exceeding USD 3 trillion, is a significant economic sector. Within this industry, it is estimated that more than 50 manufacturers are involved in the production of EVs, ranging from established automakers to emerging startups. This study applies content analysis to obtain qualitative and quantitative information from data disclosed by companies and organizations, with a specific focus on entities that currently feature EVs or HEVs. The methodology involves examining publicly available reports and corporate disclosures to assess industry trends and regulatory compliance. For this purpose, the analysis selected the 10 largest EV manufacturers in the world, based on sales reports provided by the manufacturers themselves and their respective market shares, as reported by automotive news portals and blogs. The evaluation of their actions was derived from the annual sustainability reports of these companies, with the aim of identifying the practices already implemented and their anticipated contributions to extending battery life and minimizing environmental impact. Full article

As global initiatives to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and combat climate change expand, electric vehicles (EVs) powered by fuel cells and lithium-ion batteries are gaining global recognition as solutions for sustainable transportation due to their high energy conversion efficiency. Considering the driving range limitations of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and the low efficiency of internal combustion engines (ICEs), fuel cell hybrid vehicles offer a compelling alternative for long-distance, low-emission driving with less refuelling time. To facilitate their wider scale adoption, it is essential to understand their energy performance through models that consider external weather effects, driving styles, road gradients, and their simultaneous interaction. This paper presents a microlevel, multicriteria assessment framework to investigate the performance of BEVs, fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs), and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), with a focus on energy consumption, drive systems, and emissions. Simulation models were developed using MATLAB 2021a Simulink environment, thus enabling the integration of standardized driving cycles with real-world wind and terrain variations. The results are presented for various trip scenarios, employing quantitative and qualitative analysis methods to identify the most efficient vehicle configuration, also validated through the simulation of three commercial EVs. Predictive modelling approaches are utilized to estimate a vehicle’s performance under unexplored conditions. Results indicate that trip conditions have a significant impact on the performance of all three vehicles, with HEVs emerging as the most efficient and balanced option, followed by FCEVs, making them strong candidates compared with BEVs for broader adoption in the transition toward sustainable transportation. Full article

The transportation sector has a significant impact on climate change, as it is responsible for 20% of the global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This paper evaluates the role of electric vehicles (EVs) in achieving Europe’s ambitious target of carbon neutrality by 2050. The limitations of internal combustion engines (ICEs) along with the recent advancements, such as Euro 6 standards, are examined with a pseudo–lifecycle analysis (pseudo-LCA). While ICEs remain cost-effective initially, their higher long-term cost and environmental impact make them unsustainable. The benefits of EVs, including high energy efficiency, minimal maintenance, and reduced GHG emissions, are stated. However, challenges such as range limitations, charging infrastructure, and the environmental cost of battery production persist. Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are highlighted as transitional technologies, offering improved thermal efficiency and reduced emissions, enhancing air quality in both urban and rural areas. The analysis extends to the use of alternative fuels, such as bioethanol, biodiesel, and hydrogen. These provide interim solutions but face scalability and sustainability issues. Policy interventions, including subsidies, tax incentives, and investments in renewable energy, are crucial factors for EV adoption. As EVs are pivotal to decarbonization, integrating renewable energy and addressing systemic challenges are essential for a sustainable transition. Full article

The global adoption of battery electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) as a substitute for internal combustion engine cars (ICEs) in various nations offers a substantial opportunity to reduce carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from land transportation. EVs are fitted with an energy conversion system that efficiently converts stored energy into propulsion, referred to as “tank-to-wheel (TTW) conversion”. Battery-electric vehicles have a significant advantage in that their exhaust system does not produce any pollutants. This hypothesis is equally relevant to public transport. Despite their higher upfront cost, electric buses contribute significantly to environmental sustainability during their operation. This study aimed to evaluate the environmental sustainability of electric buses during their operational phase by utilizing the life cycle assessment (LCA) technique. This paper used the MATLAB R2021b code to ascertain the mean load of the buses during their operation. The energy consumption of battery electric and hybrid electric buses was evaluated using the WLTP Class 2 standard, which refers to vehicles with a power-to-mass ratio between 22 and 34 W/kg, overing four speed phases (low, medium, high, extra high) with speeds up to 131.3 km/h. The code was used to calculate the energy consumption levels for the complete test cycle. The code adopts an idealized rectangular blind box model, disregarding the intricate design of contemporary buses to streamline the computational procedure. Simulating realistic test periods of 1800 s resulted in an average consumption of 1.451 kWh per km for electric buses and an average of 25.3 L per 100 km for hybrid buses. Finally, through an examination of the structure of the Hungarian power system utilization, it was demonstrated that electrification is a more appropriate method for achieving the emission reduction goals during the utilization phase. Full article

Developing nations like Bangladesh have yet to adopt hybrid (HEVs) or electric vehicles (EVs) for goods carrying, whereas environmental pollution and fuel costs are hitting hard. The electrically powered cars and trucks market promises an excellent opportunity for environmentally friendly transportation. However, these countries’ inadequate infrastructure, substantial initial expenses, and insufficient policies impeding widespread acceptance hold market growth back. This study examines the current status of the electric car market in low- and middle-income developing nations like Bangladesh, focusing on the infrastructure and regulatory framework-related barriers and the aspects of growth promotion. To promote an expanding hybrid and EV ecosystem, this article outlines recent studies and identifies critical regions where support for policy and infrastructural developments is needed. It discusses how developing nations may adapt successful international practices to suit their specific needs. At the same time, the research adopted system dynamics and case study methods to assess the transportation fleet (142 vehicles) of a livestock farm and find the feasibility of adopting HEVs and EVs. Several instances are improving infrastructures for recharging, providing incentives for lowering the adoption process cost, and creating appropriate regulatory structures that promote corporate and consumer involvement. Findings highlight how crucial it is for governments, businesses, customers, and international bodies to collaborate to build an affordable and sustainable EV network. The investigation concludes with recommendations for more research and appropriate regulations that may accelerate the adoption of EVs, reduce their adverse impacts on the environment, and promote economic growth. Full article

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) play a critical role in electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and degradation of LIBs influences lifetime, reliability, safety and dependability. The ability to assess and quantify degradation enables assessment of LIB’s true state of health. This paper investigates LIB degradation using a pseudo two-dimensional (P2D) model, particularly focusing on the changes to Electrochemical Impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results due to degradation. Three key degradation mechanism are considered and the impact of State-of-Charge (SoC) and temperature on EIS results are discussed. This paper also identifies the need for a more realistic approach to assess degradation. Simulations are conducted considering four repetitive standard drive cycles (viz., HTDDT, HWFET, US06 and OCTBC) for a vehicle travel distance of 150,000 km for each case. The cycle counting method is used to convert partial SoC variations during a drive cycle to an equivalent full cycle count which is then used within the degradation model to modify the parameters to represent the P2D model. This study demonstrates a robust process for analyzing degradation dynamics. The methodology presented here can guide future researchers with experimental data, enabling validation and refinement of model parameters to advance LIB degradation analysis and improve battery life predictions under operational scenarios. Full article

The increasing demand for electric vehicles (EVs) requires accurate forecasting to support strategic decisions by manufacturers, policymakers, investors, and infrastructure developers. As EV adoption accelerates due to environmental concerns and technological advances, understanding and predicting this demand becomes critical. In light of these considerations, this study presents an innovative methodology for forecasting EV demand. This model, called EVs-PredNet, is developed using deep learning methods such as LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory) and CNNs (Convolutional Neural Networks). The model comprises convolutional, activation function, max pooling, LSTM, and dense layers. Experimental research has investigated four different categories of electric vehicles: battery electric vehicles (BEV), hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV), and all electric vehicles (ALL). Performance measures were calculated after conducting experimental studies to assess the model’s ability to predict electric vehicle demand. When the performance measures (mean absolute error, root mean square error, mean squared error, R-Squared) of EVs-PredNet and machine learning regression methods are compared, the proposed model is more effective than the other forecasting methods. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in forecasting the electric vehicle demand. This model is considered to have significant application potential in assessing the adoption and demand of electric vehicles. This study aims to improve the reliability of forecasting future demand in the electric vehicle market and to develop relevant approaches. Full article

In the ongoing shift toward electric vehicles (EVs) primarily utilizing lithium-ion battery technology, a significant population of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) remains operational, which are reliant on established NiMH battery systems. Over the last twenty years, these HEVs have generated a substantial number of NiMH batteries that are either inoperable, experiencing performance degradation, or approaching the end of their service life. This situation results in a twofold challenge: (i) a growing volume of environmentally hazardous waste due to the difficulty of NiMH battery reclamation and (ii) escalating maintenance costs for HEV owners necessitated by replacement battery purchases. To overcome this scenario, patent WO2015092107A1, published in 2015, proposed a ‘Method for regenerating NiMH batteries.’ This method claimed the ability to restore NiMH batteries to their original functionality based on a non-intrusive approach. However, a comprehensive review of the relevant scientific literature fails to identify any empirical evidence supporting the efficacy of this regeneration technique. Within this context, this study provides a detailed analysis and evaluation of the regeneration process based on an unsupervised and non-intrusive prototype. The proposed prototype can be used not only to implement and evaluate the previous patent, but also to test any other process or methodology based on controlled charging/discharging periods under certain current conditions. NiMH battery cells from a Toyota Prius were included in this work as a real case study. The experimental results from this prototype demonstrate the reduced potential for battery regeneration using the proposed method. Future contributions should offer a promising solution for mitigating the challenges associated with NiMH battery disposal, maintenance within the HEV domain, and other second-life alternative options. Full article

The carbon footprint of a product and organization is one of the most important environmental indicators in many sectors, including transport. Consequently, electric vehicles (EV) are being introduced as an alternative to achieve decarbonization targets. This article presents an overview of methodologies for assessing the carbon footprint of electric vehicles, including a review of concepts, methods, standards, and calculation models based on the life cycle of the carbon footprint. The article also includes a systematic review of the results of EV carbon footprint analyses. The analysis of current knowledge on the carbon footprint focuses on road transport vehicles: Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV), Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEV), Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV), and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV). Additionally, a review of factors determining the carbon footprint assessment of electric vehicles, considering their entire life cycle, has been conducted. Full article