Search Results (1,513)

The Jiangnan Orogenic Belt is a world-renowned metallogenic region for Au-W-Sb mineralization, with the Wangu deposit being a representative one. Previous research has demonstrated that tungsten in this Au-W-Sb deposit is sourced from the hosting metasedimentary rocks, but the specific mineral that provides tungsten is still unclear. This study evaluates the tungsten source by conducting petrographic observations and geochemical and geochronological analyses on the rutile from the host slate the Wangu deposit. The results show that rutile from wall rocks of the Wangu deposit yields an age of 955 ± 13 Ma, which is older than both the ore-forming age of the deposit and the age of the host strata. Electron microprobe analyses (EMPA) and laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) elemental analyses show that detrital rutile is enriched in elements such as Fe, Cr, V, and W, as well as high-field-strength elements (HFSE) including Nb, Ta, Zr, and Hf. The total rare earth element (ΣREE) ranges from 3.37 ppm to 156.85 ppm. The samples are generally enriched in light rare earth elements (LREEs) and exhibit distinct negative Eu anomalies. These geochemical features and a geochronological age of 955 ± 13 Ma suggest that the rutile is of detrital origin and they are possibly derived from the Grenvillian rocks. It is concluded that the detrital rutile in the metasediments could be an important source for hydrothermal tungsten enrichment. Full article

The reconstruction of detrital flux, paleoclimate, paleosalinity, paleo-primary productivity, paleohydrodynamic conditions, and paleo-water depth enhances understanding of sedimentary processes and their drivers during deep-time greenhouse-icehouse transitions, such as the Eocene–Oligocene transition. This study uses detailed geochemical analyses of major oxides and trace elements in sediment samples collected from the Beni Suef Formation (Bartonian–Priabonian) and the Maadi Formation (Priabonian) in the southern Tethys shelf (Egypt, northeastern Desert). Detrital proxies, including Si/Al, Ti/Al, and Zr/Al, indicate an enhanced influx of terrigenous sediments in the middle portion of the Qurn Member of the Beni Suef Formation, as further supported by noticeable facies variations, particularly the transition from shale to coarser silt- and sand-sized fractions. Paleoclimate indicators (Sr/Ba, Rb/Sr, K₂O/Al₂O₃, and Sr/Cu) point to a climatic shift from humid to arid conditions, consistent with the regional Late Eocene aridification across the Tethyan realm. Paleosalinity proxies (Sr/Ba, Ca/Al, and Mg/Al×100) suggest episodic intensification of open-marine influence and a reduction in freshwater input, with an upsection increase in Sr/Ba ratios, reflecting phases of enhanced marine water settings or decreased terrestrial runoff. Primary productivity was evaluated using multiple geochemical proxies, including P, Ni/Al, Cu/Al, P/Al, P/Ti, and Babio ratios. These collectively indicate generally low primary productivity interrupted by intervals of enhanced paleoproductivity or increased organic matter export to the sediments. This interpretation is further supported by the low total organic carbon (TOC) values. These results highlight the sensitivity of the southern Tethys shelf to Middle–Late Eocene climatic variability and the key role of prevailing paleoenvironmental conditions in controlling sediment supply, water chemistry, and biological productivity. Full article

The Xinqiao Cu-S polymetallic deposit is located in the Tongling ore concentration area of the Middle-Lower Yangtze River metallogenic belt. The orebodies consist of skarn orebodies and stratiform sulfide orebodies, but the genetic link between them remains controversial. In this study, magnetite was used as a proxy to systematically constrain the hydrothermal evolution from the intrusion to the contact zone and further to the stratiform orebodies. A representative drill hole (E603) was logged, and samples were systematically collected from the Jitou pluton outward to the contact zone. Composite samples from the 8–28 m interval were crushed and prepared as resin mounts for integrated TIMA automated mineralogy, BSE textural observation, and in situ LA-ICP-MS trace element analysis. Five types of magnetite (Mt1 to Mt5) were systematically identified. Mt1 occurs as inclusions within feldspar in the quartz monzodiorite. It exhibits typical magmatic magnetite characteristics and contains grid-like ilmenite exsolution, indicating crystallization during the late magmatic stage. Mt2 is distributed in the interstices of magmatic minerals, commonly showing hematitization and replacement of ilmenite exsolution lamellae by titanite. Its trace element geochemistry displays magmatic–hydrothermal transitional features. Mt3–Mt5 in the skarn and stratiform orebodies are paragenetic with retrograde alteration minerals (e.g., epidote, chlorite, and actinolite) and sulfides, and are characterized by low Ti, Al, and V contents and high Mg, Mn, and Sn contents, indicating a hydrothermal origin. From Mt3 to Mt5, (Ti + V) and (Al + Mn) decrease, while Zn and Mn increase, accompanied by a decrease in the (Si + Al)/(Mg + Mn) ratio. This reflects a trend of decreasing fluid temperature and progressively enhanced wall-rock buffering. The Mg-in-magnetite geothermometer yields relatively consistent results for Mt1–Mt3, but anomalously high temperatures for Mt4–Mt5. This suggests that the elevated Mg activity in the fluid, caused by reaction with carbonate wall rocks, can significantly influence the calculated temperatures. Therefore, this geothermometer should be used cautiously for magnetite in the outer skarn zone and interpreted in combination with other temperature constraints. The textures, paragenetic mineral assemblages, and trace element characteristics of magnetite collectively reveal a continuous mineralization process linking the skarn and stratiform orebodies at Xinqiao, providing robust mineralogical and geochemical evidence for the contribution of Yanshanian magmatic–hydrothermal activity to the stratiform mineralization. Full article

Rare earth elements (REEs) play a critical role in provenance tracing and the environmental reconstruction of the Earth. However, systematic investigations into the geochemical behavior and fractionation mechanisms of REEs during halite crystallization in brine–salt systems remain limited. This study reports new trace element and REE data for Late Cretaceous halites from the Thakhek Basin, Laos. Ratios of Sr/Ba, Sr/Cu, and V/Cr indicate a marine origin for the halites, which formed under hot climatic and oscillating oxidizing–anoxic redox conditions. Both primary and secondary halites display uniform Post-Archean Australian Shale (PAAS)-normalized REE distribution patterns, characterized by relative enrichment in medium rare earth elements (MREE) and depletion in light (LREE) and heavy rare earth elements (HREE). Similar REE patterns are also observed in halites from other modern and ancient, continental and marine salt basins worldwide. These observations suggest that the influences of parent brine composition and external provenance supplies on REE fractionation are negligible, given the consistent source, salinity, and redox conditions recorded in these halites. Accordingly, REE fractionation in halite was largely controlled by crystallographic effects, with aqueous MREE preferentially incorporated into halite crystals during deposition. In addition, the relatively lower Zr/Hf ratios in secondary halites compared to primary halites further validate the utility of the Zr/Hf ratio for distinguishing authigenic halite from salt modified by diagenesis, weathering, dissolution, or recrystallization. While our results establish a fundamental REE distribution pattern for halite, further research is needed to better constrain the underlying fractionation mechanisms of REEs in evaporite minerals within brine–salt systems. Full article

Dahua in Guangxi is an important soft jade mining area in southern China. Despite this, research on the nephrite from this region, particularly on the coloring mechanism of black nephrite, remains limited. This study systematically investigates the gemological, mineralogical, and geochemical properties of black nephrite from Dahua. Petrographic analysis reveals that tremolite is the primary mineral, with clinochlore and apatite as associated minerals. Tremolite (SiO₂: 58.00 wt%; MgO: 24.75 wt%; CaO: 12.46 wt%) in Dahua nephrite is close to the theoretical values of tremolite. Chlorite thermometry indicates formation temperatures of 240 °C and 328 °C. Geochemical analysis of the samples shows enrichment in light rare earth elements (LREEs), flat heavy rare earth element (HREEs) patterns, and Ce and Eu anomalies. The Mg²⁺/(Mg²⁺ + Fe²⁺) ratio was below 0.06. In the c(Ca²⁺), c(Mg²⁺), and c(Fe²⁺ + Fe³⁺) ternary diagram, the amphibole plots close to the Dahua green nephrite, suggesting a similar genetic environment and supporting a contact metasomatic origin for the amphibole. Combined with the geological setting, mineralization was driven by hydrothermal fluids from diabase magma, which introduced Si and heat, with Ca and Mg being mobilized from the dolomitic limestone host rocks. These findings contribute to the understanding of nephrite formation in Dahua, distinguishing it from nephrite from other regions and providing a foundation for future studies on the geochemical and mineralogical characteristics of nephrite. Full article

The increasing accumulation of microplastics (MPs) in soils necessitates a better understanding of their effects on soil chemistry and trace element behavior. This study examined the influence of three MPs—low-density poly(ethylene) (LDPE), polypropylene (PP), and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)—on cadmium (Cd) and copper (Cu) mobility in four clayey–sandy soils with similar organic matter content but differing pH, representing acidic and alkaline terrestrial matrices. Soils were incubated with 1% (w/w) MPs at 60% water-holding capacity for 30 and 90 days. Total Cd and Cu concentrations remained largely unaffected; however, time-dependent changes in metal availability and distribution were observed. Extractability (CaCl₂ and DTPA), sequential BCR fractionation, and environmental risk indices (CF, Igeo, RAC, MF, and PLI) indicated slight increases in Cd availability after 30 days, which became more pronounced after 90 days, particularly in acidic soils (pH 5.5). The magnitude of the MP effect followed the trend PET > PP > LDPE in all cases. Among the two target metals, Cd exhibited substantially higher mobility than Cu, as reflected by RAC and MF values. Specifically, Cd RAC (6–35%) and Cd MF (28–63%) values were considerably higher than those of Cu (1.1–3.8% and 15–28%, respectively). Overall, although the general pollution indices remained relatively stable, MPs altered the extractability and geochemical partitioning of the examined heavy metals—particularly Cd—indicating their potential role as vectors in soil environments. These results demonstrate that incubation time, polymer type, and soil pH jointly regulate MP-induced change in Cd and Cu mobility, with important implications for soil ecosystem risk. Full article

The Jiaodong gold-mineralized area is one of the most significant gold districts in China. The newly discovered Moshan gold deposit is hosted in the Late Jurassic Queshan granite, previously considered a prospecting blind zone. In this study, pyrite from the Moshan gold deposit is examined as the primary research subject. To elucidate the ore-forming processes and genetic mechanisms of this deposit, we conducted a comprehensive mineralogical and geochemical study on pyrite, the principal gold-bearing mineral. EPMA and LA-MC-ICP-MS analyses reveal that the pyrite is slightly sulfur-deficient (average S/Fe ratio of 1.976) and exhibits trace element variations (As, Co, and Ni) strongly correlated with distinct metallogenic stages. Gold occurs in various forms, including visible inclusion gold, fracture gold, and invisible nano-particulate gold (Au⁰). The in situ sulfur isotope δ³⁴S values range from 7.11‰ to 9.40‰ (average 8.00‰), displaying high homogeneity and a positive deviation from the troilite in the Canyon Diablo iron meteorite. By integrating pyrite S-Fe relationships, Co-Ni-As systematics, and sulfur isotope characteristics, the study indicates that the Moshan gold deposit originates from a magmatic-hydrothermal source. The ore-forming materials predominantly derive from Mesozoic granite-derived magmatic-hydrothermal fluids, with a minor contribution from crustal basement materials. The depth of mineralization is interpreted as mid-shallow. These findings not only highlight the metallogenic potential of the Queshan granite and clarify the genetic relationship between the Moshan gold deposit and other regional gold deposits but also provide a novel theoretical foundation and technical support for deep gold exploration in the Jiaodong region. Full article

Pegmatites with miarolitic cavities have not previously been reported from the Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica, and their age and origin remain poorly constrained. We report the first geochemical and geochronological data for fluorapatite from a newly discovered pegmatite with miarolitic cavities in the Larsemann Hills. Large Fe-rich fluorapatite crystals (up to 5 cm) contain abundant oriented monazite-(Ce) inclusions and display elevated REE (1397–7966 ppm), relatively high Y (945–4192 ppm), and low Sr (52.2–83.5 ppm). Their trace-element signatures plot within the fields of partial melts, high-grade metamorphic rocks, and evolved fluid-rich magmatic systems. U–Pb dating of fluorapatite yields concordant ages of 519 ± 4 Ma (ID-TIMS) and 521 ± 31 Ma (LA-ICP-MS), indicating crystallization during the D₄ stage of the Pan-African orogeny. The isotopic equilibrium between apatite and monazite inclusions suggests synchronous formation and late-stage fluid overprinting. Combined geological, geochemical, and isotopic evidence shows that the pegmatite formed in situ as a product of anatexis of the Broknes paragneisses and evolved within a volatile-rich magmatic–hydrothermal system. These results provide the first direct age constraints on pegmatites with miarolitic cavities in Antarctica and shed new light on the final stages of East Gondwana assembly. Full article

Establishing the soil geochemical baseline and background values is critical for agricultural soil environmental management. This study collected 5207 topsoil (0–20 cm) and 1311 subsoil (150–180 cm) samples from an intensive agricultural area in Eastern China to quantify the element enrichment and depletion patterns, evaluate the integrated soil fertility, and assess the potential ecological risks, with a focus on disentangling the links between human activities and soil environmental changes. The results showed that most elements had higher baseline/background values than national averages, except for CaO, Mo, MgO, Sr, Na₂O, and Br, reflecting the control of homogeneous parent material. Topsoil elements largely inherited subsoil characteristics, while anthropogenic disturbances such as fertilization and industrial activities caused the enrichment of Cd, Se, TN, TP, S, and SOC, and the depletion of I, V, and Mn. Soil fertility presented an obvious vertical heterogeneity, in which the topsoil had moderate-to-rich nutrients with a mean SOC of 10.05 g kg⁻¹ and mean TN of 1.10 g kg⁻¹, whereas the subsoil was severely deficient with a mean SOC of 1.96 g kg⁻¹ and TN of 0.66 g kg⁻¹. The integrated fertility index (IFI) indicated that the topsoil and subsoil in Changfeng and western Feixi exhibited higher fertility levels, while Feidong and Hefei had lower fertility levels. An ecological risk assessment identified western Feidong as a high-risk hotpot, with Cd as the primary contributor to potential ecological risk. The source analysis confirmed Ni, As, and Cr as geogenic, Cd as anthropogenic, and Pb and Cu as mixed natural–industrial–agricultural sources. Our findings highlight the necessity of adopting zoned precision fertilization to improve the nutrient efficiency and applying organic amendments to immobilize Cd and reduce the ecological risk. This study provides targeted strategies for soil fertility improvement, precision fertilization, and Cd risk control, supporting sustainable agricultural development. Full article

Uranium mining generates complex multi-element contamination that affects interconnected ecosystem components, posing long-term ecological and sanitary risks; this review places these impacts in a broad environmental context and aims to synthesize current knowledge on the distribution, migration, and accumulation of uranium and associated heavy metals in water, soil, and plants. A structured analysis of international peer-reviewed literature was conducted, focusing on documented pathways of metal release from tailings and waste dumps, geochemical controls on mobility, and biological uptake by vegetation. The reviewed studies consistently show that tailings and disturbed ore-bearing strata act as persistent sources of uranium and heavy metals (e.g., Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Zn, Mn, As), which migrate through infiltration, acid mine drainage, and atmospheric dispersion, leading to elevated concentrations in surface and groundwater and long-term accumulation in soils. Soils function as the principal sink controlling metal bioavailability, while vegetation reflects the bioavailable fraction and exhibits pronounced species-specific accumulation patterns. These processes establish an active “soil–water–plant” transfer chain that facilitates entry of contaminants into food webs. The synthesis indicates that combined uranium and heavy metal contamination represents a sustained ecological and public health concern in uranium-mining regions and underscores the need for integrated monitoring of soils, waters, and vegetation, along with quantitative risk assessment and scientifically grounded remediation strategies. Full article

In recent decades, ion-adsorption-type rare earth element (iREE) deposits have been widely documented in the weathering crusts of granitic and volcanic rocks and their geological characteristics and genetic mechanisms extensively studied. Ion-adsorption-type REE mineralization was documented for the first time in the weathered crust overlying the epimetamorphic rocks in Ningdu County, China. In contrast to well-documented granite-derived weathering profiles, investigations of epimetamorphic rocks as protoliths for such REE deposits remain limited, particularly regarding the mineralogy of REE-bearing phases and the geochronology and geochemistry of their parent rocks. To address this gap, the present study combines comprehensive petrographic and mineralogical analyses of REE-mineralized Shenshan Formation phyllites with the U–Pb dating of zircon and apatite and trace element geochemical investigations. U–Pb zircon and apatite geochronology yields a protolith age of ca. 785 Ma for Shenshan Formation metamorphic rocks, consistent with mid-Neoproterozoic magmatism. REE-bearing minerals in the Shenshan Formation phyllites comprise allanite-(Ce), apatite, cerianite-(Ce), monazite-(Ce), rhabdophane-(La), rutile, Y-bearing thorianite and xenotime-(Y). Among these, apatite is the most abundant and likely the principal source of ionic REEs in the deposit. Ti-in-zircon thermometry indicates crystallization temperatures of 641–749 °C (mean ~704 °C), reflecting a prolonged magmatic–hydrothermal evolution. This extended history chiefly controlled the differentiation and redistribution of rare earth elements (REEs), thus governing their availability for subsequent supergene enrichment. Zircon-based oxygen fugacity (fO₂) estimates a range from −31.4 to −9.9 (mean −17.9), consistent with reduced magmatic conditions. Trace element correlation diagrams for zircon and apatite indicate that the intrusion underwent an extensive fractional crystallization of accessory phases (zircon, monazite, apatite, titanite, rutile) and plagioclase. The distribution patterns of trace elements further suggest that the Shenshan Formation protolith formed in a continental margin arc or arc-related orogenic belt setting, with geochemical signatures characteristic of an S-type granite. The Shenshan Formation phyllites in southern Jiangxi exhibit high REE abundances and host a labile assemblage of weatherable REE-bearing minerals, providing an optimal material framework for ion-adsorption-type REE deposits and indicating substantial mineralization potential. Full article

Ion-adsorption rare earth element (REE) deposits represent strategic critical resources in China, which were traditionally considered to be predominantly hosted in granite weathering crusts. However, the recent discovery of new deposit types within the weathering crusts of shallow metamorphic rocks in South China has opened up novel exploration frontiers, while research on their metallogenic mechanisms remains insufficient. To elucidate the REE enrichment mechanisms in shallow metamorphic rock weathering crusts, this study focuses on the Getengzui ion-adsorption REE deposit in southern Jiangxi Province. Twenty-four samples were collected from the weathering crust profiles of the Qingbaikouan Shenshan and Kuli Formations. Multiple analytical approaches were employed, including major and trace element analysis, Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA), Base Leaching Index (BA), and quantitative evaluation of element mass transfer coefficients (τ). Trace element spider diagrams, REE distribution patterns, and A-CN-K diagram analysis were also utilized. The results reveal that the weathering crusts have progressed to the middle–late stage of chemical weathering. The average CIA value is 83 for the middle-upper part of the completely weathered horizon in the Kuli Formation. In contrast, for the completely weathered horizon in the Shenshan Formation, the value is 86. Intense chemical weathering has resulted in the near-complete decomposition of primary silicate minerals and extensive leaching of base cations. This progress has created an acidic pore water environment, which is critical for REE mobilization. REEs exhibit characteristics of in situ secondary enrichment, with significant enrichment of ΣREE in the middle-upper part of the completely weathered horizon. The peak τ(ΣREE) values reach 0.78 and 2.43 for the Kuli and Shenshan Formations, respectively. Apatite dissolution is identified as the primary source of REE ions. Differences exist in the geochemical mobility sequences of elements between the two formations. REE enrichment is controlled by multi-stage geochemical barriers, including an oxidation barrier and a clay adsorption barrier. The oxidation barrier preferentially fixes Ce⁴⁺, whereas the clay adsorption barrier serves as the dominant mechanism for large-scale REE enrichment. Parent rock lithology is the primary factor governing the efficiency, scale, and fractionation characteristics of REE enrichment. The Kuli Formation is favorable for forming the thick, large-scale orebodies enriched in light rare earth elements (LREEs). In the contrast, the Shenshan Formation tends to host higher-grade orebodies, characterized by a relatively balanced ratio of LREEs and heavy rare earth elements (HREEs). This study clarifies the main controlling factors for ion-adsorption REE mineralization in two shallow metamorphic rocks. It thereby provides a theoretical basis for future exploration. This framework is applicable to analogous REE resources within shallow metamorphic rock distributions across South China and nationwide. Full article

The Ordovician system in the Shunbei area of the Tarim Basin hosts typical ultra-deep, fault-controlled fracture–vuggy hydrocarbon reservoirs. Compared with the surrounding Tabei and Tazhong areas, the genetic types of Ordovician formation water in Shunbei are more complex, and the relationships and spatial distribution of oil, gas, and water exhibit strong heterogeneity and pronounced fault control. This study systematically collected formation water geochemical and pressure data to clarify the geochemical characteristics and origin of Ordovician formation water in the Shunbei area and to investigate the indicative relationships between ion concentrations and ionic ratios of formation water and reservoir dolomitization, hydrocarbon migration, and accumulation. Research shows that, in contrast to the Tabei and Tazhong areas, the Ordovician formation water in Shunbei is predominantly of the calcium chloride (CaCl₂) type, with enrichment in Ca²⁺ and depletion in Mg²⁺, which may be related to euhedral dolomitization. In fault-controlled fracture–vuggy reservoirs, a high desulfurization coefficient—contrary to its interpretation in conventional reservoirs—corresponds to favorable zones for hydrocarbon accumulation. The rare earth element (REE) composition of the formation water is characterized by heavy REE enrichment, a distinct negative cerium (Ce) anomaly, and a positive europium (Eu) anomaly. Combined with hydrogen–oxygen and strontium isotopic data, these features indicate that the Ordovician formation water in Shunbei represents original depositional paleoseawater that has undergone cross-formational flow and concentration. The water bodies are divided into two distinct formation water systems bounded by the Shunbei No. 5 fault zone. Favorable zones for hydrocarbon enrichment are controlled by source rock distribution, and hydrocarbons migrate together with formation water along strike-slip faults within the Shunbei area, showing a northwest-to-southeast trend. The region between the middle segments of the Shunbei No. 4 and No. 8 fault zones is identified as a favorable area for hydrocarbon accumulation. Full article

The demand for lead–zinc–antimony ore resources in China has increased steadily, while shallow deposits are approaching depletion, leading to intensified exploration for deep, concealed orebodies. Electro-geochemical surveys, as a penetrative geochemical exploration technique, are particularly effective in areas with thick overburden. In this study, the Bancai area in Hechi, Guangxi, was selected to evaluate the applicability of this method for concealed mineral exploration. Feasibility testing was conducted along the A4 profile over an engineering-controlled orebody. Distinct electro-geochemical anomalies were identified directly above the known orebody, showing strong spatial correspondence and favorable ore-indicating characteristics, confirming the effectiveness of the method in the study area. Based on the deposit’s geological characteristics, prospecting indicators were established by integrating geological features, electro-geochemical responses, and wall-rock alteration. A geological electro-geochemical prospecting model was constructed for the Bancai mining area and applied for deep exploration of the Bancai B block. By analyzing the spatial distribution of electro-geochemical anomalies and integrating geological conditions, mineralization potential, and related factors, three prospective target areas were delineated to provide guidance for subsequent explorations. Among these targets, Target Area III exhibits favorable structural conditions, well-developed calcite veins, and pronounced superposition of multi-element geochemical anomalies, indicating considerable potential for further mineral exploration. Full article

The Guposhan ore field, located in the Nanling metallogenic belt, is well known for large-scale Sn-W mineralization genetically linked to the Late Jurassic Guposhan pluton. The Lisong pluton, a product of regional magmatism, occurs in the central part of the Guposhan ore field. However, the critical factors responsible for the absence of intensive Sn polymetallic mineralization in the Lisong pluton remain poorly understood. Our geochronological results show that the coarse-grained hornblende-bearing and hornblende-free biotite monzogranites of the Lisong pluton were emplaced at 162.9 ± 1.5 Ma and 162.2 ± 2.3 Ma, respectively, which are contemporaneous with the Guposhan pluton. Geochemically, these intrusions are characterized by high SiO₂, Al₂O₃, and total alkalis (K₂O + Na₂O), high Ga/Al ratios (3.09–3.69), and peraluminous compositions (A/CNK = 1.15–1.23), consistent with high K calc-alkaline A-type granites. Similar to the adjacent Guposhan pluton, the Lisong granites yield variable _εHf(t) values from −3.0 to 5.7, apatite ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of 0.69747–0.71190, and old two-stage Hf model ages (T_DM2) of 0.85–1.40 Ga. These features suggest that the Lisong and Guposhan granites may share a common magma source involving mixing of crustal and mantle-derived melts. Apatite grains from the Lisong granites display negative Eu anomalies (δEu = 0.03–0.22) and near-normal to positive Ce anomalies (δCe = 0.99–1.07), which we interpret to reflect plagioclase fractional crystallization and reduced melt conditions, respectively. Bulk rock geochemistry and multi-element systematics of the Lisong granites indicate that they represent early-stage magmatic products. Their relatively low differentiation signatures were unfavorable for Sn enrichment and mineralization in the melt, which likely explains the lack of intensive Sn polymetallic mineralization in the Lisong pluton. Full article