Search Results (2,907)

Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal disease driven by feline coronavirus induced immune dysregulation and excessive inflammatory cytokine production. Immunomodulatory agents capable of rebalancing this response are therefore of increasing interest. Phallus indusiatus (P. indusiatus), an edible mushroom containing diverse bioactive compounds, has previously demonstrated antiviral and anti-inflammatory potential. This study investigated the immunomodulatory effects of P. indusiatus extract on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy cats and FIP cats and characterized its chemical constituents using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). PBMCs were isolated from whole blood and FIP fluid. Cytotoxicity screening identified 19 µg/mL as a non-toxic concentration for subsequent assays. Cytokine responses (IL-1β, IFN-γ, and IL-10) were evaluated following LPS stimulation in PBMCs from whole blood and under basal conditions in PBMCs from FIP fluid after treatment with P. indusiatus extract and dexamethasone. LC–MS/MS profiling combined with STITCH analysis was used to identify bioactive metabolites and their predicted molecular targets. PBMCs derived from FIP fluid exhibited markedly elevated IL-1β and IFN-γ, indicating strong baseline immune activation. P. indusiatus significantly reduced IL-1β and IFN-γ in PBMCs from FIP fluid and suppressed LPS-induced IL-1β and IL-10 in whole-blood PBMCs, demonstrating immunomodulatory patterns comparable to dexamethasone. LC–MS/MS analysis identified compounds including adenosine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, cystathionine, arginine, and sialic acid, which were linked to inflammatory signaling. Overall, the extract exhibited context-dependent modulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, suggesting that P. indusiatus may serve as a promising natural adjunctive candidate for managing immune imbalance in cats with FIP. Full article

The family Lactobacillaceae, reclassified in 2020 into 25 genera comprising 261 species, remains one of the most extensively studied groups of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) due to its wide distribution in fermented products, commensal presence in the gastrointestinal tract, and studied health effects. Long classified as “generally recognized as safe (GRAS)” by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), these organisms not only contribute to the flavor, texture, and preservation of fermented foods and beverages but also provide important health benefits as probiotics. Their metabolic versatility allows them to produce lactic acid, bacteriocins, and other bioactive compounds that inhibit pathogenic microorganisms and enhance food quality. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the functional roles of members of the Lactobacillaceae family in the context of the food matrix in fermentation, health, and biotechnology, and examines recent advances in functional genomics, metabolomics, and extracellular vesicle research to highlight future directions for leveraging these microorganisms in sustainable and innovative applications. Full article

Verbascum sinaiticum (V. sinaiticum), locally known as “Qetetina” in Ethiopia, is a rich source of phenolic compounds, but its stability and sensory limitations restrict its application. This study evaluated the physicochemical, functional, morphological, structural, storage stability, and in vitro digestibility characteristics of V. sinaiticum extract encapsulated with 100% Gum Arabic (GA), 100% maltodextrin (MD), and a mixed coating material (MD:GA = 8:2 ratio) using freeze-drying. MD-based microcapsules demonstrated superior functional properties, including high water solubility (98.48%), low moisture content (1.36%), low hygroscopicity (14.61%), and high encapsulation efficiency (81.31%). During 32 days of storage, MD microcapsules retained 71.84% of total phenolic content and showed minimal release under gastric and thermal conditions, while GA encapsulates were less stable. Structural analysis using XRD, FTIR, and SEM confirmed successful encapsulation, with compact morphology, consistent phenolic preservation, and structural integrity. Furthermore, encapsulation masked the undesirable sensory attributes of the extract, enhancing its potential use in nutraceuticals. Overall, freeze-drying with MD provided the most effective encapsulation system, significantly improving the stability and storage potential of V. sinaiticum extract. Full article

Collagenases can specifically degrade collagen, showing a wide application prospect in food, leather, waste utilization, biotechnology, and other industries. Currently, Hathewaya histolytica is commonly used in industry to produce collagenases, but its application is greatly limited by its pathogenicity. This study first identified five potential Pseudomonas-derived collagenases by sequence alignment. Bioinformatics tools were used to analyze their structures and functions. Heterologous expression of two P. chlororaphis-derived collagenases was achieved in E. coli, and their enzymatic properties were characterized. Bioinformatics analysis shows that the Pseudomonas-derived collagenases had low molecular weights (22.1~50.5 kDa) and good thermal stability (aliphatic index 73.73~88.81). Deletion of P. chlororaphis GP72ANO strain colP1 and colP2 genes had no significant effect on cell growth. The yields of collagenase ColP1 and ColP2 obtained from E. coli BL21(DE3) cultivation broth were 148 mg/L and 322 mg/L, respectively. The optimum temperature of each collagenase was 28 °C, and the soluble collagen activities of ColP1 and ColP2 were up to 42.64 U/mg and 21.21 U/mg, respectively. Collagenase ColP1 had the highest enzyme activity at pH 8, while collagenase ColP2 had the highest enzyme activity at pH 4. Metal ions such as Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Ni²⁺, and Mn²⁺ inhibited the activity of collagenases to different degrees. This study successfully achieved recombinant expression and preliminary purification of Pseudomonas-derived collagenases in E. coli and explored their function and physicochemical properties. Full article

Background/Objectives: Cold-smoked salmon (CSS) is a ready-to-eat product with minimal preservation hurdles and a microbiota shaped by raw-material contamination and processing environments. Short breaks in refrigeration commonly occur during shopping and transport, yet their microbiological impact remains unclear. Here, we used ASV-resolved 16S rRNA gene metataxonomics to characterize storage-driven microbiota dynamics in CSS—quantifying ASV-level genetic diversity and phylogeny-aware (UniFrac) community structure—and to evaluate the effect of a brief, consumer-mimicking 2 h room-temperature cold-chain disruption. Methods: Three CSS types (organic, conventional Norwegian, and conventional Scottish) were stored at 5 °C for 35 days. On day 16, half of each batch was exposed to 2 h at room temperature (RT) before analysis; paired controls remained refrigerated. Culture-based counts (total mesophiles, lactic acid bacteria, Photobacterium spp.; indicator/pathogen screens) were performed per ISO methods. Community profiling used 16S rRNA (V3–V4) amplicon sequencing with QIIME 2/DADA2 and SILVA taxonomy. Linear mixed effects modelled alpha diversity; beta diversity by PERMANOVA on UniFrac distances; differential abundance by ANCOM-BC. Results: ASV-resolved 16S rRNA gene profiles of CSS were dominated by Pseudomonadota and Bacillota, with storage-driven shifts and taxon-specific trajectories (e.g., increasing Latilactobacillus). Both time and product type significantly explained phylogeny-aware community structure (unweighted and weighted UniFrac), consistent with storage-driven phylogenetic convergence across products. At day 16, ASV-level genetic diversity (Shannon/Observed features) and genus-level composition did not differ between RT-disrupted and continuously refrigerated samples. Culture-dependent counts increased from baseline to day 16 and largely plateaued by day 35, with lactic acid bacteria in Norwegian CSS continuing to rise; no systematic effect of the 2 h RT exposure was observed in culture-based comparisons. Indicator/pathogen screens detected no unexpected pathogenic species throughout the study period. Conclusions: Refrigerated storage drives pronounced, phylogeny-aware microbiota shifts and cross-product convergence in cold-smoked salmon, whereas a single 2 h RT interruption at mid-storage did not measurably alter ASV-level genetic diversity or community structure under the tested conditions. Integrating culture-based enumeration with ASV-resolved 16S rRNA gene metataxonomics provides complementary insights for shelf-life evaluation and risk assessment in ready-to-eat seafood. Full article

Background/Objectives: Metabolic-dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MASLD) is characterised by an excessive hepatic lipid accumulation. The present research aims to study the impact of an Opuntia stricta var. dillenii peel extract and an Opuntia ficus-indica var. colorada pulp extract, known for their high content of betalains and phenolic compounds, on the prevention of hepatic lipid accumulation in the liver of rats with steatosis. Methods: For this, MASLD was induced in 60 male Wistar rats by a high-fat high-fructose diet. They were supplemented with Opuntia stricta var. dillenii peel extract or Opuntia ficus-indica var. colorada pulp extract at 25 or 100 mg/kg body weight/d. Results: The high-fat high-fructose diet caused an increase in final body and liver weight, hepatic triglyceride (TG) content, and altered liver histology. The increase in hepatic TG was due to the rise in fatty acid uptake and the increased assembly of TG, although increased de novo lipogenesis cannot be ruled out. The treatment with a low dose of Opuntia ficus-indica var. colorada pulp extract (L-OFI group) significantly prevented hepatic TG accumulation, and the high dose (H-OFI group) showed a tendency towards lower values compared to the rats fed the high-fat high-fructose diet. The main mechanism of action appears to be a down-regulation of fatty acid uptake. By contrast, Opuntia stricta var. dillenii peel extract did not prevent the high-fat high-fructose diet-induced steatosis. Conclusions: Overall, Opuntia ficus-indica var. colorada pulp extract may represent a potential strategy for MASLD prevention, although its beneficial effects require confirmation in human studies. Full article

Introduction: Today, scientists are searching for alternative approaches to preventing metabolic diseases, particularly non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, which reduces the healthy life expectancy of the working population. Fungi, such as Hericium coralloides (Scop.) Pers., are promising raw materials for extracting bioactive substances with preventative potential. Materials and Methods: This review covered review and research articles published over the last 42 years and indexed in the databases of the eLIBRARY.RU, the National Center for Biotechnology Information, and Scopus. Results and Discussion: It has been established that H. coralloides is valued for its nutritional properties due to its rich protein, fat, and mineral composition. It is in demand for pharmaceutical purposes due to its content of bioactive metabolites. The most studied metabolites are lovastatin and ergothioneine. The activity of these biologically active substances against NAFLD has been confirmed by studies in vitro and in vivo. Market analysis revealed that most dietary supplements contain fungal mycelium or its extract. It is preferable to use pure metabolites of H. coralloides as nutrients in dietary supplements and functional foods, since it allows the scientists to standardize their doses, target the therapeutic effect (immunity, neuroprotection, or antitumor), and reduce the required intake of the product. Since this fungus is a rare species in nature, its biomass should be grown in vitro for industrial use. Conclusions: Further research will focus on developing methods for extracting H. coralloides metabolites and assessing their biopotential in vivo and clinical studies. Full article

Natural bioactive peptides have emerged as pivotal candidates in modern science due to their multifaceted biological activities and versatile applications across biomedicine, biotechnology, and nutraceuticals. These molecules exhibit a broad pharmacological spectrum including antimicrobial, antiplatelet, antioxidant, antihypertensive, and antitumor properties, positioning them as potent therapeutic agents and essential functional food constituents. Compared to synthetic alternatives, their inherent structural diversity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability offer a superior safety profile by minimizing systemic toxicity and adverse effects. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the primary natural reservoirs of these peptides, which encompass terrestrial flora and fauna as well as marine organisms and microorganisms, while elucidating their complex mechanisms of action and structure–function relationships. Furthermore, we evaluate contemporary methodologies for peptide identification and optimization, such as high-throughput proteomics, computational modeling, and strategic chemical modifications aimed at enhancing metabolic stability and bioavailability. Although bottlenecks in extraction, scalable production, and proteolytic susceptibility persist, recent breakthroughs in recombinant technology and rational design are facilitating their industrial translation. Finally, we discuss future perspectives focused on the synergy between artificial intelligence, nanotechnology, and sustainable circular economy strategies to maximize the therapeutic accessibility and functional efficacy of natural peptides. Full article

Background/Objectives: Lactic acid bacteria have long been recognized as pivotal microorganisms in food fermentation and health promotion. However, their significance has recently grown due to innovative applications in various fields, particularly at the intersection of biotechnology and nanotechnology. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of these emerging applications. Methods: The latest scientific literature was drawn from online databases and thoroughly reviewed. The new nomenclature system based on the post-2020 reclassification was used for reports. Results: The current study highlighted the evolving role of lactic acid bacteria, beyond their traditional use as starter cultures for food fermentation, in newer challenges, including the production of high-value bioactive compounds through bioprocessing under optimal conditions to enhance the yield, underlining the involved genes and pathways. Furthermore, this review addressed the beneficial effects of lactic acid bacteria as probiotics, postbiotics, and paraprobiotics in the treatment of various diseases and disorders, their application in the production of functional foods, and the encapsulation of their bioproducts to produce advanced health-promoting functional ingredients. The potential use of lactic acid bacteria to synthesize metallic nanoparticles, minicells, and carbon dots was also explored, promising significant advancements in nanomedicine. Conclusions: This review could open a new horizon for leveraging the potential of lactic acid bacteria in biotechnology, food science, and nanomedicine. The multilateral perspective offered here would provide a foundation for future research and development to exploit the capabilities of lactic acid bacteria across these innovative fields. Full article

Filamentous fungi are widely used in biotechnological processes because they secrete significant amounts of protein, use inexpensive nutrient media, and are predictably scalable in technological processes. Penicillium verruculosum B1-537 (now renamed Talaromyces verruculosus) produces large amounts of secreted protein (up to 70 g/L) and is used for large-scale enzyme production. Although P. verruculosum has an excellent protein expression system under the control of a strong cbh1 promoter, some heterologous enzymes such as Aspergillus awamori glucoamylase (aaGlaA) are still produced in insufficient quantities (15–20% of the total secreted protein), and this limits the application of enzyme preparations derived from P. verruculosum strains in the alcohol industry for the enzymatic treatment of grain starch together with α-amylase. One of the well-known approaches to addressing this is signal peptide replacement to increase protein expression. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of signal peptide replacement. Various signal peptides (SPs), which were previously used for other well-expressed heterologous proteins, such as xylanases, β-glucosidases, and others, were analyzed to determine their effect on aaGlaA secretion. Five plasmids containing signal peptide sequences fused to the glaA gene were constructed and used to transform P. verruculosum. The resulting strains were cultured and screened for protein content and glucoamylase activity. Copy number analysis was performed on the most productive strains. The best one was an SP of homologous glucoamylase in P. verruculosum (pvGlaA). The use of this particular SP increased the secretion of heterologous aaGlaA by 2.5 times when cultivating recombinant strains on cellulose-containing fermentation media for P. verruculosum. Thus, SP replacement is a useful way to increase expression levels in the P. verruculosum expression system. Application of this method in P. verruculosum could address some productivity issues and enable the large-scale production of other industrial and food enzymes. Full article

Intracellular metabolites markedly change in yeast during fermentation, especially under various stresses in beer post-fermentation. To address the current limitations in understanding the regulatory mechanisms in this complex environment, industrial brewing yeast was analyzed using integrated transcriptomics and proteomics across the post-fermentation phases, dynamically profiling the transcriptional levels and protein abundances of differentially expressed genes. As a result, 6110 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 3533 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified. Additionally, transcriptomics showed the induced expression of low-pH- and oxidative stress-related genes (HAL1, HAL4, YAP5), gluconeogenesis- and sugar transport-related genes (HXT, MAL, FBP), and mannan synthetic genes (FSK, MNN) during early post-fermentation. Moreover, heat-shock-related genes were upregulated throughout post-fermentation. Furthermore, proteomics revealed the sustained upregulation of glucosidase Scw, mannoprotein Pir, hexose transporter Hxt, and heat-shock proteins (Hsp). These findings indicate that yeast adapts to stress in the wort environment during post-fermentation by enhancing cell wall biosynthesis, activating heat-shock responses, and modulating metabolic pathways. These integrated omics analyses provide guidance for selecting robust, tolerant strains to industrial-scale stresses and improving beer flavor profiles, establishing a theoretical foundation for optimizing brewing and enhancing beer quality. Full article

The transformation of Andean grains and tubers through fermentation and bioencapsulation has emerged as a key strategy to enhance their nutritional, functional, and biotechnological value, driven by advances in proteomic and metabolomic techniques. This study aimed to systematize recent evidence on the biochemical and functional modifications induced by these processes and their potential application in the development of functional foods. The methodology integrated 67 studies analyzed using tools such as R 4.5.1 with the JupyterLab interface 4.5.2, SCImago Graphica Beta 1.0.53, and VOSviewer 1.6.20, incorporating data generated through LC-MS/MS, UHPLC-QTOF, Orbitrap platforms, transcriptomics, and combined omics approaches, considering original studies published between 2020 and 2025. The main findings indicate substantial increases in free amino acids (up to 64.8%), phenolic compounds (2.9–5.2%), and antioxidant activity (up to 45%), along with the identification of 430 polyphenols, 90 flavonoids, 14 novel oxindole acetates, and bioactive peptides with IC50 values ranging from 0.51 to 0.78 mg/mL. Bioencapsulation showed controlled release of bioactive compounds, highlighting nanocapsules of 133–165 nm with a maximum release of 9.86 mg GAE/g. In conclusion, the combination of fermentation and encapsulation enhances the stability, bioavailability, and functionality of Andean crops, supporting their industrial adoption for the development of sustainable nutraceutical foods that improve health and promote the valorization of traditional resources. Full article

Aquaponic systems are the integration of aquaculture and hydroponic systems to enhance productivity, reduce land use, and improve sustainability. This review focused on commonly used life cycle assessment (LCA) methodologies, system boundaries, and functional units used in aquaponics, standard impact categories, and identified hotspots. The scope is worldwide and encompasses a variety of aquaponic designs, fish species, and crops, illustrating the diversity of the systems examined. The analysis indicates that aquaponics provides the considerable environmental advantages of decreased fertilizer consumption and water conservation in comparison with aquaculture and hydroponic system. However, aquaponics systems are characterized by high energy consumption and may produce greater greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions compared to traditional farming methods when reliant on fossil fuel energy sources. Studies show that fish feed production, system infrastructure, and electricity usage for pumps, lights, heating, and other controls are hotspots. Harmonized comparisons of previous studies show methodological differences, especially in fish–plant co-production. Despite these variations, most believe that energy efficiency, renewable energy, feed optimization, and waste reuse may make aquaponics more sustainable. The study recommends the inclusion of broader environmental and social impacts. Also, future focus might be on making a standard functional unit or specifying system boundaries which might provide different accurate outcomes. Full article

Aquaculture has grown rapidly worldwide and has become a key source of food and employment opportunities. However, its expansion faces environmental, health, reproductive, and technological challenges that threaten its long-term sustainability. In this context, biologists play a crucial role in promoting sustainable practices and integrated management of aquaculture systems. This article reviews their main contributions to animal health, genetic improvement, assisted reproduction, and resource conservation. They also highlight their leadership in applying advanced technologies, including biotechnology, nanotechnology, and genetic engineering. Moreover, this study explores emerging research trends and emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary training to address the evolving demands of the sector. This underscores the need to strengthen collaboration between science, technology, and public policy to ensure sustainable aquaculture. Enhancing the role of biologists is essential for overcoming current challenges and advancing efficient, ethical, and environmentally responsible aquaculture systems that meet global demand. Full article

Squalene, a hydrocarbon with several industrial applications, is obtained from plants, animals, and microorganisms. Oleaginous thraustochytrids are also potential sources of squalene. In eukaryotes, squalene, an intermediary in the sterol/cholesterol pathway, accumulates when the activity of squalene epoxidase or an Alternative SQualene Epoxidase (AltSQE) is inhibited. The objective of this study was to evaluate the polyphenols extracted from barley bagasse for enhancement of the squalene content in Thraustochytrium sp. RT2316-16. In the media supplemented with terbinafine, an antifungal compound known as an inhibitor of squalene epoxidase, or the polyphenols from barley bagasse 72 h after inoculation, the squalene concentration was 308.7 ± 0.8 and 286.5 ± 0.1 mg L⁻¹ after 168 h, respectively, whereas in the control medium, it was 85.6 ± 0.2 mg L⁻¹. The final concentrations of the lipid-free biomass (4.5 ± 0.1 g L⁻¹) and total lipids (2.5 ± 0.3 g L⁻¹) were not affected by the polyphenols from barley bagasse; on the contrary, the concentration of total lipids in the terbinafine treatment was 30% lower than in the control. In RT2316-16, the gene coding for AltSQE, which is not found in all thraustochytrids, was upregulated under the control treatment, whereas its relative expression was not affected by terbinafine. The squalene accumulation in RT2316-16 in response to the treatment with polyphenols and the antifungal agent makes this strain a promising source of the triterpenoid. Full article