Search Results (41)

In extreme scenarios such as nuclear explosions and high-energy radiation detection in space, UV-cured adhesives are usually used as coupling media to bind tapered optic fiber arrays with intensified charge-coupled devices or complementary metal–oxide semiconductors and a tapered optic fiber array for effective optical signal transmission. To address the issue of weak bonding strength caused by the small binding area between charge-coupled devices or complementary metal–oxide semiconductors and TOFA, a stage-wise curing process was investigated and proved to be efficient through comparison with the single curing process. The effect of interval time between the initial and final curing on coupling strength was characterized by tensile strength, shear strength and shock acceleration testing, and the samples were exposed to high and low temperatures for evaluation of their environmental adaptability. The curing mechanism was analyzed by surface morphology of the adhesive layer after decoupling and an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy elemental analysis of interface layer. The results show that when the interval time is extended from 5 min to 60 min, the shock acceleration of the coupling device decreases by 26.1%, while the tensile and shear strengths also decrease by 49.4% and 60.7%, respectively. The decline in coupling strength is attributed to oxygen inhibition during interval time. The exposure of the adhesive surface to the air allows oxygen to diffuse into and react with active the free radicals that remain from the initial curing, which inhibits further polymerization and generates a thin, incompletely cured weak boundary layer. These findings provide insights for optimizing stage-wise curing processes and improving the reliability of coupled imaging devices. Full article

In this study, to reveal the changes in explosion pressure and flame propagation characteristic, a 12 L cylindrical explosion device was used to conduct experiments on the explosions of two-phase mixtures of paper powder and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at varying concentrations. The findings indicate that, at a constant paper powder concentration, increasing the VOCs concentration initially causes minor fluctuations in the maximum explosion pressure (P_max), followed by an increase. At a constant VOCs concentration, as the paper powder concentration rises, the P_max also increases, while the time to reach peak explosion pressure initially decreases before increasing. Additionally, under the two-phase concentration range produced in the production process, higher concentrations of paper powder and VOCs significantly enhance flame brightness, combustion intensity, heat release rate, and flame duration. These insights provide data support for determining the alarm limit values of VOCs concentration detection, provide a scientific basis for evaluating and predicting explosion risks associated with paper powder and VOCs, offering significant practical implications for fire and explosion prevention in the printing industry. Full article

The current contact of pyro-breakers must rapidly interrupt current when the superconducting magnet loses its superconductivity. To enhance the microsecond-scale current-breaking capability of pyro-breakers in nuclear fusion devices, this study investigates the impact of current contact notch structures on dynamic fracture behavior. Through multi-physics field modeling and controlled explosive testing, it is revealed for the first time that the rectangular-notch structure demonstrates enhanced fracture performance relative to the V-notch configuration under explosive impact loading conditions, achieving a 27.3% reduction in fracture initiation time alongside a 47.5% increase in crack propagation width. These findings provide a robust theoretical basis for designing pyro-breakers with enhanced fast-break capabilities in fusion devices. Full article

Owing to their superior performance in countering electromagnetic interference on the battlefield, laser fuzes have become a promising candidate for application in munition systems. However, as the short-pulse laser is activated by an electrical signal, the possibility of accidental emissions caused by logic device failure cannot be ruled out, making it vulnerable under the effects of strong electromagnetic coupling. Integrating an encrypted, MEMS-based Safety and Arming Device (SAD) into the energy channel to control the propagation of short-pulse lasers can significantly enhance the safety level of munition systems. In the present work, the effect of MEMS SAD integration on laser propagation is investigated. The results demonstrate that the insertion of a MEMS SAD does not introduce significant attenuation of short-pulse laser propagation. A firing test is conducted using the laser-driven flyer detonator to verify the safety, charging mechanism, and function to provide a comprehensive characterization of the laser fuze. To guarantee the initiation of insensitive explosives, the coupling efficiency and laser transmission energy density of multi-mode quartz fibers are studied. Full article

As the initial energetic device and driving force of weapon systems, pyrotechnics serve as the core and most sensitive explosive initiating device of weaponry. To accommodate the development requirements of various informatized and miniaturized weapons, MEMS pyrotechnics, characterized primarily by energy conversion informatization, structural miniaturization, and train integration, have become a significant direction in the development of pyrotechnics technology. MEMS Safety and Arming Devices, serving as the energy transfer control mechanisms for micro-explosive trains in MEMS pyrotechnics, are one of the key technologies in the design of MEMS pyrotechnics. This study conducted a classification study of a silicon-based MEMS Safety and Arming Device from the perspective of micro-explosive train structures, analyzed the technical principles of different S&A device, explored their application progress and research status, and summarizes the trends of the micro-miniaturization, integration, and informatization of the silicon-based MEMS Safety and Arming Device, providing new ideas for the research and the design of MEMS Safety and Arming Devices. Full article

Gas control and extraction are essential for energy use and sustainable development. In order to study the gas diffusion and transportation law of high-gas tunnels after excavation and blasting and the influence of ventilation on gas concentration, an engineering example is used as a research object. We put forward the “energy concentrating device + digital electronic detonator”, a new type of peripheral hole in the joint initiation of explosive technology, applied to a tunnel in the plateau, studied through field tests and the original “detonating cord + digital electronic detonator” joint detonation technology after a comparative analysis of the blasting effect. On this basis, the characteristics of gas diffusion and transportation near the palm face were studied by numerical simulation under the two working conditions of ventilated and unventilated, and the law of gas diffusion and transportation near the palm face was obtained. The research shows that: with the “energy concentrating device + digital electronic detonator”, a new perimeter hole joint detonation technology compared to the original “detonating cord + digital electronic detonator” joint detonation technology, the explosive unit consumption reduced by 0.2 kg/m³, half-hole retention rate increased by 5%, average charging time shortened from the original 1.3 h to 1.0 h, and stabilizing the cycle of footage at the same time greatly reduces the cost of consumables, improving the tunnel surface blasting effect; numerical simulation shows that under the condition of no ventilation, the gas accumulation near the arch top and arch waist at the tunnel face is severe, with the gas concentration close to 30%, the gas concentration is higher up to 7 m from the face after the gas state is stabilized, and the gradient of the gas concentration in the area beyond 7 m is small. The gas concentration in the area can be reduced to the safe range after ventilation in about 30 s, but gas accumulation easily occurs in the foot and arch waist on the opposite side of the wind pipe. The results of this study can provide a reference basis for similar gas tunnel blasting construction and ventilation optimization and promote the sustainable development of energy. Full article

This study systematically explored the characteristics of explosion and pressure fluctuations of ethyl acetate (EA)/hydrogen (H₂)/air mixtures under different initial pressures (1–3 bar), H₂ fractions (4%, 8%, 12%), and equivalence ratios of EA (0.5–1.4). The flame images indicated that a higher pressure, a higher H₂ fraction, and a higher equivalence ratio could cause flame instability. An analysis of the dimensionless growth rate indicated that the flame instability was impacted by both thermal diffusion and hydrodynamic effects. The results also indicated that a higher initial pressure or H₂ fraction could accelerate the combustion reaction and increase the explosion pressure and deflagration index. The maximum values were observed at 21.841 bar and 184.153 bar·m/s. However, their effects on explosion duration and heat release characteristics differed between lean and rich mixtures. Additionally, this study examined pressure fluctuations in both the time and frequency domains. The findings indicated a strong correlation between pressure fluctuation and flame instability. Modifying the H₂ fraction and equivalence ratio to enhance flame stability proved effective in reducing pressure fluctuation amplitude. This study offers guidance for evaluating explosion risks associated with EA/H₂/air mixtures and for designing related combustion devices. Full article

In the distributed cyber-physical systems (CPSs) within the industrial domain, the volume of data produced by interconnected devices is escalating at an unprecedented pace, presenting novel opportunities to enhance service quality through data sharing. Nevertheless, data privacy protection emerges as a significant challenge for data providers in wireless networks. This paper puts forward a solution integrating blockchain and lightweight federated learning, designated as LFL-COBC, which aims to tackle the issues related to data privacy and device performance optimization. We initially analyze multiple dimensions influencing the performance of computing devices, such as mining capacity, data quality, computational efficiency and local device deviation, which are crucial for augmenting user engagement. Based on these dimensions, we deduce a set of cooperation strategies for selecting the optimal committee members and rewarding the contributions of node devices equitably, thereby stimulating cooperation between users and servers. To intelligently and automatically detect device anomalies and alleviate the operational burden, a convolutional neural network (CNN) model is employed. Additionally, to address the escalating cost of customer participation and the potential data explosion issue, a near-optimal model pruning algorithm is designed. This algorithm can make the model obtained from the training of node equipment lightweight, thereby reducing the load of federated learning and the blockchain, as well as enhancing the overall efficiency of the system. The efficacy of our approach is demonstrated through numerical experiments on the HDFS and BGL public data sets. Experimental results indicate that the LFL-COBC scheme can effectively safeguard data privacy and optimize device performance concurrently, providing an effective solution for device anomaly detection in CPSs. Full article

The shell explosion by hot air drying is a critical step in the processing of Camellia oleifera fruit (COF), which directly affects the degree of the shell explosion, and the separation effect of Camellia oleifera seed and Camellia oleifera shell after the shell explosion of COF. To reveal the characteristics of the COF shell explosion, a hot air drying device was designed based on mass conservation and drying principles. The physical characteristics of COF and the evolution of drying parameters were thoroughly analyzed with a combination method of drying analysis and experimental. Moreover, under the conditions of air temperature 50–70 °C, relative humidity 20–50%, and air velocity 1.3–1.9 m/s, the internal relationship between COF shell explosion formation through hot air drying and the hot air drying medium was systematically investigated by response surface methodology, and a prediction model for the shell explosion rate of COF by hot air drying was constructed using statistical methods. Results demonstrated that decreasing the relative humidity and increasing the temperature and air velocity of the drying medium could reduce the dehydration time of COF. The moisture content of Camellia oleifera shell was found to be 177.45% d.b. (dry basis) at the initial cracking stage of COF. Furthermore, at temperatures ranging from 50 to 70 °C D_eff values of COF were estimated to be within the range of 0.915 × 10⁻⁹ to 1.782 × 10⁻⁹ m²/s. Similarly, at relative humidity levels of 20 to 50%, D_eff values ranged from 1.226 × 10⁻⁹ to 1.501 × 10⁻⁹ m²/s. At an air velocity of 1.3 to 1.9 m/s, D_eff values ranged from 0.956 × 10⁻⁹ to 1.501 × 10⁻⁹ m²/s. The measured values of the shell explosion rate were in close agreement with that calculated using the fitted model, with a correlation coefficient of 0.997 and a root mean square error of 0.9743. This study will provide a theoretical basis for optimizing the shell explosion process and improving shell explosion rate of COF by hot air drying. Full article

This study investigates the evaporation and ignition characteristics of a single droplet of ammonium dinitramide (ADN)-based liquid propellant utilizing a waveguide resonant cavity device, in conjunction with a high-speed photographic imaging system and testing system. Experimental methods are employed to analyze the impact of microwave pulse width and duty cycle on the puffing and meicro-explosion phenomena of the droplet, as well as the delay time and duration of ignition. The experimental findings reveal that increasing the duty cycle enhances the ignition success rate and diminishes flame development time. Specifically, elevating the microwave duty cycle from 60% to 80% reduces the ignition delay time of the droplet from 132.8 ms to 88.1 ms, and the ignition duration from 23.1 ms to 19.9 ms. Furthermore, an increase in microwave energy pulse width expedites the combustion process of the flame and influences plasma generation. Increasing the pulse width of microwave energy from 20 µs to 40 µs prolongs the ignition delay time from 140.3 ms to 200.5 ms and extends the ignition duration from 56.7 ms to 77.8 ms. Additionally, it is observed that a higher duty cycle leads to a more pronounced puffing phenomenon that initiates earlier. In contrast, a higher pulse width results in a more pronounced puffing phenomenon that commences later. This study provides a thorough investigation into the microwave ignition mechanism of ADN-based liquid propellants, offering theoretical insights into the ignition and combustion stability of such propellants in microwave-assisted ignition systems. Full article

The performance degradation of initiating explosive devices is influenced by various internal and external factors, leading to uncertainties in their reliability and lifetime predictions. This paper proposes an uncertain degradation model based on uncertain differential equations, utilizing the Liu process to characterize the volatility in degradation rates. The ignition delay time is selected as the primary performance parameter, and the uncertain distributions, expected values and confidence intervals are derived for the model. Moment estimation techniques are employed to estimate the unknown parameters within the model. A real data analysis of ignition delay times under accelerated storage conditions demonstrates the practical applicability of the proposed method. Full article

This study explored the impact of short rest intervals on resisted sprint training in elite youth soccer players, specifically targeting enhanced initial-phase explosive acceleration without altering sprint mechanics. Fifteen U19 soccer players participated in a randomized crossover design trial, executing two sprint conditions: RST2M (6 sprints of 20 m resisted sprints with 2 min rest intervals) and RST40S (6 sprints of 20 m resisted sprints with 40 s rest intervals), both under a load equivalent to 30% of sprint velocity decrement using a resistance device. To gauge neuromuscular fatigue, countermovement jumps were performed before and after each session, and the fatigue index along with sprint decrement percentage were calculated. Interestingly, the results indicated no significant differences in sprint performance or mechanical variables between RST2M and RST40S, suggesting that the duration of rest intervals did not affect the outcomes. Horizontal resistance appeared to mitigate compensatory patterns typically induced by fatigue in short rest periods, maintaining effective joint movement and hip extensor recruitment necessary for producing horizontal ground forces. These findings propose a novel training strategy that could simultaneously enhance sprint mechanics during initial accelerations and repeated sprint abilities for elite youth soccer players—a methodology not previously employed Full article

The capacity to update firmware is a vital component in the lifecycle of Internet of Things (IoT) devices, even those with restricted hardware resources. This paper explores the best way to wirelessly (Over The Air, OTA) update low-end IoT nodes with difficult access, combining the use of unicast and broadcast communications. The devices under consideration correspond to a recent industrial IoT project that focuses on the installation of intelligent lighting systems within ATEX (potentially explosive atmospheres) zones, connected via LoRa to a gateway. As energy consumption is not limited in this use case, the main figure of merit is the total time required for updating a project. Therefore, the objective is to deliver all the fragments of the firmware to each and all the nodes in a safe way, in the least amount of time. Three different methods, combining unicast and broadcast transmissions in different ways, are explored analytically, with the aim of obtaining the expected update time. The methods are also tested via extensive simulations, modifying different parameters such as the size of the scenario, the number of bytes of each firmware chunk, the number of nodes, and the number of initial broadcast rounds. The simulations show that the update time of a project can be significant, considering the limitations posed by regulations, in terms of the percentage of airtime consumption. However, significant time reductions can be achieved by using the proper method: in some cases, when the number of nodes is high, the update time can be reduced by two orders of magnitude if the correct method is chosen. Moreover, one of the proposed methods is implemented using actual hardware. This real implementation is used to perform firmware update experiments in a lab environment. Overall, the article illustrates the advantage of broadcast approaches in this kind of technology, in which the transmission rate is constant despite the distance between the gateway and the node. However, the advantage of these broadcast methods with respect to the unicast one could be mitigated if the nodes do not run exactly the same firmware version, since the control of the broadcast update would be more difficult and the total update time would increase. Full article

Blast-induced neurotrauma (BINT) is a pressing concern for veterans and civilians exposed to explosive devices. Affected personnel may have increased risk for long-term cognitive decline and developing tauopathies including Alzheimer’s disease-related disorders (ADRD) or frontal-temporal dementia (FTD). The goal of this study was to identify the effect of BINT on molecular networks and their modulation by mutant tau in transgenic (Tg) mice overexpressing the human tau P301L mutation (rTg4510) linked to FTD or non-carriers. The primary focus was on the phosphoproteome because of the prominent role of hyperphosphorylation in neurological disorders. Discrimination learning was assessed following injury in the subsequent 6 weeks, using the automated home-cage monitoring CognitionWall platform. At 40 days post injury, label-free phosphoproteomics was used to evaluate molecular networks in the frontal cortex of mice. Utilizing a weighted peptide co-expression network analysis (WpCNA) approach, we identified phosphopeptide networks tied to associative learning and mossy-fiber pathways and those which predicted learning outcomes. Phosphorylation levels in these networks were inversely related to learning and linked to synaptic dysfunction, cognitive decline, and dementia including Atp6v1a and Itsn1. Low-intensity blast (LIB) selectively increased pSer262tau in rTg4510, a site implicated in initiating tauopathy. Additionally, individual and group level analyses identified the Arhgap33 phosphopeptide as an indicator of BINT-induced cognitive impairment predominantly in rTg4510 mice. This study unveils novel interactions between ADRD genetic susceptibility, BINT, and cognitive decline, thus identifying dysregulated pathways as targets in potential precision-medicine focused therapeutics to alleviate the disease burden among those affected by BINT. Full article

Recent developments in the mobile and intelligence industry have led to an explosion in the use of multiple smart devices such as smartphones, tablets, smart bracelets, etc. To achieve lasting security after initial authentication, many studies have been conducted to apply user authentication through behavioral biometrics. However, few of them consider continuous user authentication on multiple smart devices. In this paper, we investigate user authentication from a new perspective—continuous authentication on multi-devices, that is, continuously authenticating users after both initial access to one device and transfer to other devices. In contrast to previous studies, we propose a continuous user authentication method that exploits behavioral biometric identification on multiple smart devices. In this study, we consider the sensor data captured by accelerometer and gyroscope sensors on both smartphones and tablets. Furthermore, multi-device behavioral biometric data are utilized as the input of our optimized neural network model, which combines a convolutional neural network (CNN) and a long short-term memory (LSTM) network. In particular, we construct two-dimensional domain images to characterize the underlying features of sensor signals between different devices and then input them into our network for classification. In order to strengthen the effectiveness and efficiency of authentication on multiple devices, we introduce an adaptive confidence-based strategy by taking historical user authentication results into account. This paper evaluates the performance of our multi-device continuous user authentication mechanism under different scenarios, and extensive empirical results demonstrate its feasibility and efficiency. Using the mechanism, we achieved mean accuracies of 99.8% and 99.2% for smartphones and tablets, respectively, in approximately 2.3 s, which shows that it authenticates users accurately and quickly. Full article