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Keywords = electro-thermal heating

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15 pages, 2521 KiB  
Article
Interface-Driven Electrothermal Degradation in GaN-on-Diamond High Electron Mobility Transistors
by Huanran Wang, Yifan Liu, Xiangming Dong, Abid Ullah, Jisheng Sun, Chuang Zhang, Yucheng Xiong, Peng Gu, Ge Chen and Xiangjun Liu
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(14), 1114; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15141114 - 18 Jul 2025
Viewed by 315
Abstract
Diamond is an attractive substrate candidate for GaN high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMT) to enhance heat dissipation due to its exceptional thermal conductivity. However, the thermal boundary resistance (TBR) at the GaN–diamond interface poses a significant bottleneck to heat transport, exacerbating self-heating and limiting device [...] Read more.
Diamond is an attractive substrate candidate for GaN high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMT) to enhance heat dissipation due to its exceptional thermal conductivity. However, the thermal boundary resistance (TBR) at the GaN–diamond interface poses a significant bottleneck to heat transport, exacerbating self-heating and limiting device performance. In this work, TCAD simulations were employed to systematically investigate the effects of thermal boundary layer (TBL) thickness (dTBL) and thermal conductivity (κTBL) on the electrothermal behavior of GaN-on-diamond HEMTs. Results show that increasing the TBL thickness (5–20 nm) or decreasing its thermal conductivity (0.1–1.0 W/(m·K)) leads to elevated hotspot temperatures and degraded electron mobility, resulting in a notable deterioration of IV characteristics. The nonlinear dependence of device performance on κTBL is attributed to Fourier’s law, where heat flux is inversely proportional to thermal resistance. Furthermore, the co-analysis of substrate thermal conductivity and interfacial quality reveals that interface TBR has a more dominant impact on device behavior than substrate conductivity. Remarkably, devices with low thermal conductivity substrates and optimized interfaces can outperform those with high-conductivity substrates but poor interfacial conditions. These findings underscore the critical importance of interface engineering in thermal management of GaN–diamond HEMTs and provide a theoretical foundation for future work on phonon transport and defect-controlled thermal interfaces. Full article
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20 pages, 2419 KiB  
Article
The Application of Electrothermal Averaged Models to Analyze the Distribution of Power Losses in the Components of DC-DC Converters
by Krzysztof Górecki and Paweł Górecki
Energies 2025, 18(13), 3552; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18133552 - 5 Jul 2025
Viewed by 293
Abstract
This paper analyzes the possibility of using averaged models to analyze the distribution of power losses in the components of a DC-DC converter including a power module. An electrothermal averaged model of a buck converter including the IGBT module was formulated. This model [...] Read more.
This paper analyzes the possibility of using averaged models to analyze the distribution of power losses in the components of a DC-DC converter including a power module. An electrothermal averaged model of a buck converter including the IGBT module was formulated. This model takes into consideration conduction and switching losses in the mentioned components, the self-heating phenomenon in each component, and mutual thermal coupling between their sub-components. It is designed for SPICE software (version PSPICE A/D 17.4). Its correctness was verified experimentally, and the results obtained were compared with the results of analyses performed with the use of PLECS software and the IGBT module model proposed by the manufacturer. The proposed model’s results show very good accuracy. Through the use of the proposed model, the dependences of the components of power losses and the case temperature of the IGBT module and the inductor on parameters describing the control signal and load of this converter were determined. The distribution of power losses in the converter components was analyzed for selected operating conditions of the buck converter. On the basis of the results obtained, some recommendations were formulated for designers of such DC-DC converters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section F3: Power Electronics)
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19 pages, 4002 KiB  
Article
Experimental Testing of New Concrete-Based, Medium-Temperature Thermal Energy Storage Charged by Both a Thermal and Electrical Power Source
by Raffaele Liberatore, Daniele Nicolini, Michela Lanchi and Adio Miliozzi
Energies 2025, 18(13), 3511; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18133511 - 3 Jul 2025
Viewed by 484
Abstract
This study aims to explore a new concept for a Power to Heat (P2H) device and demonstrate its effectiveness compared to a thermal heating method. The proposed concept is a medium-temperature system where electro-thermal conversion occurs via the Joule effect in a metallic [...] Read more.
This study aims to explore a new concept for a Power to Heat (P2H) device and demonstrate its effectiveness compared to a thermal heating method. The proposed concept is a medium-temperature system where electro-thermal conversion occurs via the Joule effect in a metallic tube (resistive element). This tube also serves as a heat exchange surface between the heat transfer fluid and the thermal storage medium. The heat storage material here proposed consists of base concrete formulated on purpose to ensure its operation at high temperatures, good performance and prolongated thermal stability. The addition of 10%wt phase change material (i.e., solar salts) stabilized in shape through a diatomite porous matrix allows the energy density stored in the medium itself to increase (hybrid sensible/latent system). Testing of the heat storage module has been conducted within a temperature range of 220–280 °C. An experimental comparison of charging times has demonstrated that electric heating exhibits faster dynamics compared to thermal heating. In both electrical and thermal heating methods, the concrete module has achieved 86% of its theoretical storage capacity, limited by thermal losses. In conclusion, this study successfully demonstrates the viability and efficiency of the proposed hybrid sensible/latent P2H system, highlighting the faster charging dynamics of direct electrical heating compared to conventional thermal methods, while achieving a comparable storage capacity despite thermal losses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stationary Energy Storage Systems for Renewable Energies)
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21 pages, 5159 KiB  
Article
Energy-Efficient AC Electrothermal Microfluidic Pumping via Localized External Heating
by Diganta Dutta, Lanju Mei, Xavier Palmer and Matthew Ziemke
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(13), 7369; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15137369 - 30 Jun 2025
Viewed by 247
Abstract
In this study, we present a comprehensive numerical investigation of alternating-current electrothermal (ACET) pumping strategies tailored for energy-efficient microfluidic applications. Using coupled electrokinetic and thermal multiphysics simulations in narrow microchannels, we systematically explore the effects of channel geometry, electrode asymmetry and external heating [...] Read more.
In this study, we present a comprehensive numerical investigation of alternating-current electrothermal (ACET) pumping strategies tailored for energy-efficient microfluidic applications. Using coupled electrokinetic and thermal multiphysics simulations in narrow microchannels, we systematically explore the effects of channel geometry, electrode asymmetry and external heating on flow performance and thermal management. A rigorous mesh convergence study confirms velocity deviations below ±0.006 µm/s across the entire operating envelope, ensuring reliable prediction of ACET-driven flows. We demonstrate that increasing channel height from 100 µm to 500 µm reduces peak temperatures by up to 79 K at a constant 2 W heat input, highlighting the critical role of channel dimensions in convective heat dissipation. Introducing a localized external heat source beneath asymmetric electrode pairs enhances convective circulations, while doubling the fluid’s electrical conductivity yields a ~29% increase in net flow rate. From these results, we derive practical design guidelines—combining asymmetric electrode layouts, tailored channel heights, and external heat bias—to realize self-regulating, low-power microfluidic pumps. Such devices hold significant promises for on-chip semiconductor cooling, lab-on-a-chip assays and real-time thermal control in high-performance microelectronic and analytical systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Applied Thermal Engineering)
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15 pages, 5168 KiB  
Article
The Anisotropic Electrothermal Behavior and Deicing Performance of a Self-Healing Epoxy Composite Reinforced with Glass/Carbon Hybrid Fabrics
by Ting Chen and Xusheng Du
Molecules 2025, 30(13), 2794; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30132794 - 28 Jun 2025
Viewed by 283
Abstract
Hybrid fiber-reinforced polymer-laminated composites are often used under icy conditions (such as for reinforcing parts in aircraft frames and bridge beams), where there is an urgent demand for deicing. In this paper, besides the different mechanical properties of laminates along the longitudinal carbon [...] Read more.
Hybrid fiber-reinforced polymer-laminated composites are often used under icy conditions (such as for reinforcing parts in aircraft frames and bridge beams), where there is an urgent demand for deicing. In this paper, besides the different mechanical properties of laminates along the longitudinal carbon fiber (CF) and glass fiber (GF) directions, the anisotropic electrothermal behavior of a hybrid glass/carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy (GCF/EP) is also investigated, as well as its deicing performance and self-repairing capability. The surface equilibrium temperature of GCF/EP composites can conveniently be adjusted by tuning the current magnitude and its flow direction. Compared to the longitudinal CF direction of the GCF/EP, where 0.3 A was loaded to achieve a surface equilibrium temperature of 122.8 °C, a much weaker current (0.03 A) was needed to load along the longitudinal GF direction to reach almost the same temperature. However, besides the higher flexural strength and fast temperature response, along the longitudinal CF direction, the GCF/EP exhibited excellent deicing performance, including a shorter time and larger energy efficiency. Furthermore, the self-repairing ability of the GCF/EP and its effect on the deicing performance of the composite were characterized. Studying the Joule heating effect of GCF/EP composite laminates and their corresponding deicing performance lays the foundation for their design and practical application in icy environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Micro/Nano-Materials for Anti-Icing and/or De-Icing Applications)
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13 pages, 2352 KiB  
Article
Research on Improving the Avalanche Current Limit of Parallel SiC MOSFETs
by Hua Mao, Binbing Wu, Xinsheng Lan, Yalong Xia, Junjie Chen and Lei Tang
Electronics 2025, 14(13), 2502; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14132502 - 20 Jun 2025
Viewed by 451
Abstract
The transient overvoltage caused by coupling of loop inductance during rapid turn off of a silicon carbide metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (SiC MOSFET) can easily induce avalanche breakdown. Meanwhile, the instantaneous high-density heat flux generated by energy dissipation can create significant electrothermal coupling stress, [...] Read more.
The transient overvoltage caused by coupling of loop inductance during rapid turn off of a silicon carbide metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (SiC MOSFET) can easily induce avalanche breakdown. Meanwhile, the instantaneous high-density heat flux generated by energy dissipation can create significant electrothermal coupling stress, potentially leading to device failure under severe conditions. To address the issue that the multi-chip parallel structure of power modules cannot linearly enhance avalanche withstand capability, an innovative device screening method based on parameter matching is proposed in this paper. The effectiveness of the proposed solution is verified through experiments, with the total current limit of dual-tube parallel devices and three-tube parallel devices achieving 1.9 times and 2.4 times that of single-tube devices, respectively. This research is of great significance for improving safe and reliable operation of the system. Full article
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21 pages, 6063 KiB  
Article
Effect of Steel Fiber Content on the Electrical, Electrothermal, and Thermal Conductivity Properties of Iron Tailings-Based UHPC
by Qi Zhen, Yulin Wang, Xiaoyan Zheng, Henggan Li, Xiaotian Lin and Jinhua Wang
Buildings 2025, 15(12), 2104; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15122104 - 17 Jun 2025
Viewed by 292
Abstract
Iron tailings-based ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) was developed using iron tailings as aggregates, with steel fiber incorporation ranging from 0% to 2.5%. This study investigates the effects of steel fiber dosage and curing age on the electrical, electrothermal, and thermal conductivity properties of iron [...] Read more.
Iron tailings-based ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) was developed using iron tailings as aggregates, with steel fiber incorporation ranging from 0% to 2.5%. This study investigates the effects of steel fiber dosage and curing age on the electrical, electrothermal, and thermal conductivity properties of iron tailings-based UHPC. A comprehensive evaluation protocol was implemented to quantify resistivity, electrothermal conversion efficiency, and heat transfer characteristics, providing a systematic understanding of the material’s multifunctional properties. Results demonstrate that steel fiber incorporation significantly reduces electrical resistivity, achieving optimal conductivity at 1.5% fiber content. Electrothermal analysis under a 60 V applied voltage revealed maximum heating efficiency (ΔT = 32.5 °C/30 min for UHPC cured for 7 days and ΔT = 8.0 °C/30 min for UHPC cured for 28 days) at 1.5% fiber content. Thermal conductivity measurements identified a non-monotonic relationship with steel fiber content, initially increasing and then decreasing, with maximum thermal conductivity observed at 1.5% fiber content. This trend aligns with the observed resistivity behavior, suggesting a strong correlation between electrical and thermal properties. Fiber distribution within the iron tailings-based UHPC matrix revealed that steel fiber dispersion significantly affects material properties, with 1.5% fiber content achieving optimal percolation network formation for electrical current flow and heat transfer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)
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28 pages, 3451 KiB  
Article
Scheduling Optimization of the Thermoelectric Coupling Virtual Power Plant with Carbon Capture System Under the Energy-Side and Load-Side Dual Response Mechanism
by Ting Pan, Qiao Zhao, Yuqing Wang and Ruining Cai
Processes 2025, 13(6), 1777; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13061777 - 4 Jun 2025
Viewed by 423
Abstract
To promote low-carbon transformation and achieve carbon peak and neutrality in the energy field, this study proposes an operational optimization model considering the energy- and load-side dual response (ELDR) mechanism for electrothermal coupled virtual power plants (VPPs) containing a carbon capture device. The [...] Read more.
To promote low-carbon transformation and achieve carbon peak and neutrality in the energy field, this study proposes an operational optimization model considering the energy- and load-side dual response (ELDR) mechanism for electrothermal coupled virtual power plants (VPPs) containing a carbon capture device. The organic Rankine cycle (ORC) waste heat boiler (WHB) is introduced on the energy side. The integrated demand response (IDR) of electricity and heat is performed on the load side based on comprehensive user satisfaction (CUS), and the carbon capture system (CCS) is used as a flexible resource. Additionally, a carbon capture device operation mode that makes full use of new energy and the valley power of the power grid is proposed. To minimize the total cost, an optimal scheduling model of virtual power plants under ladder-type carbon trading is constructed, and opportunity-constrained planning based on sequence operation is used to address the uncertainty problems of new energy output and load demand. The results show that the application of the ELDR mechanism can save 27.46% of the total operating cost and reduce CO2 emissions by 45.28%, which effectively improves the economy and low carbon of VPPs. In particular, the application of a CCS in VPPs contributes to reducing the carbon footprint of the system. Full article
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35 pages, 16910 KiB  
Article
A Simplified Model Validation for the Energy Assessment of Opaque Adaptive Façades with Variable Thermal Resistance
by Ismael Palacios Mackay, Laura Marín-Restrepo and Alexis Pérez-Fargallo
Energies 2025, 18(11), 2682; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18112682 - 22 May 2025
Viewed by 674
Abstract
Adaptive façades, also known as climate-adaptive building shells (CABSs), could make a significant contribution towards reducing the energy consumption of buildings and their environmental impacts. There is extensive research on glazed adaptive façades, mainly due to the available technology for glass materials. The [...] Read more.
Adaptive façades, also known as climate-adaptive building shells (CABSs), could make a significant contribution towards reducing the energy consumption of buildings and their environmental impacts. There is extensive research on glazed adaptive façades, mainly due to the available technology for glass materials. The technological development of opaque adaptive façades has focused on variable-thermal-resistance envelopes, and the simulation of this type of façade is a challenging task that has not been thoroughly studied. The aim of this study was to configure and validate a simplified office model that could be used for simulating an adaptive façade with variable thermal resistance via adaptive insulation thickness in its opaque part. Software-to-software model comparison based on the results of an EnergyPlus Building Energy Simulation Test 900 (BesTest 900)-validated model was used. Cooling and heating annual energy demand (kWh), peak cooling and heating (kW), and maximum, minimum, and average annual hourly zone temperature variables were compared for both the Adaptive and non-adaptive validated model. An Adaptive EnergyPlus model based on the BesTest 900 model, which uses the EnergyPlus SurfaceControl:MovableInsulation class list, was successfully validated and could be used for studying office buildings with a variable-thermal-resistance adaptive façade wall configuration, equivalent to a heavyweight mass wall construction with an External Insulation Finishing System (EIFS). An example of the Adaptive model in the Denver location is included in this paper. Annual savings of up to 26% in total energy demand (heating + cooling) was achieved and could reach up to 54% when electro-chromic (EC) glass commanded by a rule-based algorithm was added to the glazed part of the variable-thermal-resistance adaptive façade. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Building Materials for Energy Saving—2nd Edition)
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15 pages, 2042 KiB  
Article
An Artificial Neural Network-Based Battery Management System for LiFePO4 Batteries
by Roger Painter, Ranganathan Parthasarathy, Lin Li, Irucka Embry, Lonnie Sharpe and S. Keith Hargrove
World Electr. Veh. J. 2025, 16(5), 282; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj16050282 - 19 May 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 625
Abstract
We present a reduced-order battery management system (BMS) for lithium-ion cells in electric and hybrid vehicles that couples a physics-based single-particle model (SPM) derived from the Cahn–Hilliard phase-field formulation with a lumped heat-transfer model. A three-dimensional COMSOL® 5.0 simulation of a LiFePO [...] Read more.
We present a reduced-order battery management system (BMS) for lithium-ion cells in electric and hybrid vehicles that couples a physics-based single-particle model (SPM) derived from the Cahn–Hilliard phase-field formulation with a lumped heat-transfer model. A three-dimensional COMSOL® 5.0 simulation of a LiFePO4 particle produced voltage and temperature data across ambient temperatures (253–298 K) and discharge rates (1 C–20.5 C). Principal component analysis (PCA) reduced this dataset to five latent variables, which we then mapped to experimental voltage–temperature profiles of an A123 Systems 26650 2.3 Ah cell using a self-normalizing neural network (SNN). The resulting ROM achieves real-time prediction accuracy comparable to detailed models while retaining essential electrothermal dynamics. Full article
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20 pages, 4542 KiB  
Article
A Multifunctional Capsule-like Puncture Biopsy Robot for the Gastrointestinal System
by Xinmiao Xu, Jinghan Gao, Dingwen Tong, Yiqun Zhao, Xinjian Fan and Wanning Ge
Micromachines 2025, 16(5), 589; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16050589 - 18 May 2025
Viewed by 737
Abstract
Gastrointestinal submucosal tumors (SMTs) are difficult to diagnose accurately due to their deep location and the limitations of traditional biopsy tools. To address these issues, we propose a multifunctional capsule-shaped puncture biopsy robot (PBR) with capabilities for tissue sampling, thermal hemostasis, and multi-stage [...] Read more.
Gastrointestinal submucosal tumors (SMTs) are difficult to diagnose accurately due to their deep location and the limitations of traditional biopsy tools. To address these issues, we propose a multifunctional capsule-shaped puncture biopsy robot (PBR) with capabilities for tissue sampling, thermal hemostasis, and multi-stage drug delivery. The PBR measures 27 mm in length and 13 mm in diameter, integrating a micro-scale electro-permanent magnetic system with a 60-turn dual-layer coil (wire diameter: 0.6 mm) to drive an 8 mm-depth puncture needle. A graphene–carbon nanotube composite heating film enables rapid and safe temperature elevation, achieving effective hemostasis and triggering sequential drug release using paraffin-based phase-change materials. Heating remains within the clinical safety range. Experiments demonstrated successful tissue penetration, precise magnetic control, and reliable staged pigment release simulating drug delivery. Tests on an ex vivo porcine stomach confirmed adaptability to irregular gastric surfaces. This compact PBR provides an integrated and minimally invasive approach to both the diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal lesions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section A:Physics)
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15 pages, 8916 KiB  
Article
Preheating Modeling of Forming Region and Design of Electrode Structure During Integral Electric Hot Incremental Forming
by Zhengfang Li, Lijia Liu, Jiangpeng Song, Shuang Wu, Li Liu and Xinhao Zhai
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(9), 698; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090698 - 6 May 2025
Viewed by 351
Abstract
Recently, integral electric hot incremental forming technology has been proposed to form hard-to-form sheet metals and to eliminate some defects obtained through the local heating method via current, such as inhomogeneous temperature distribution, arc burns for the sheet and the tool, unsuitability for [...] Read more.
Recently, integral electric hot incremental forming technology has been proposed to form hard-to-form sheet metals and to eliminate some defects obtained through the local heating method via current, such as inhomogeneous temperature distribution, arc burns for the sheet and the tool, unsuitability for multistage forming, etc. However, the simulation of integral electric hot incremental forming involves coupled electro-thermal-mechanical analysis, which is difficult through existing simulation software. Meanwhile, the effect of the electrode structure on temperature distribution is not clear; therefore, a preheating flux model for Joule heat was proposed to simulate the temperature distribution of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy sheet in this work, which could simplify the coupled electro-thermal-mechanical analysis to the coupled thermal–mechanical simulation. Meanwhile, the effect of the electrode section and length on the temperature distribution was analyzed in detail, and then a design criterion for the electrode length was obtained during integral electric hot incremental forming. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Interaction of Electron Phenomena on the Mesoscopic Scale)
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22 pages, 3776 KiB  
Article
Multi-Timescale Dispatching Method for Industrial Microgrid Considering Electrolytic Aluminum Load Characteristics
by Ruiping Liu, Xubin Liu, Jianling Tang, Hua Han, Mei Su and Yongbo Huang
Processes 2025, 13(5), 1411; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13051411 - 6 May 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 374
Abstract
In response to the challenges posed by the high proportion of photovoltaic (PV) in electrolytic aluminum (EA) industrial isolated microgrids, such as the low carbon economy problem and the dynamic dispatchability of EA and its combined heat and power (CHP) unit, a multi-timescale [...] Read more.
In response to the challenges posed by the high proportion of photovoltaic (PV) in electrolytic aluminum (EA) industrial isolated microgrids, such as the low carbon economy problem and the dynamic dispatchability of EA and its combined heat and power (CHP) unit, a multi-timescale optimal dispatching method considering the dynamic temperature characteristics of an aluminum electrolytic cell is proposed for an EA isolated microgrid. Firstly, based on an electrothermal coupling model, the electrolyte dynamic temperature expression of aluminum electrolytic is derived, and the optimal dispatching method of an EA load considering the dynamic temperature characteristics of EA is proposed. Secondly, based on the carbon emission models of CHP units and EA loads, and with the optimization objective of maximizing the operating revenue of industrial isolated microgrids, a day-ahead-intraday multi-timescale optimal dispatching model considering the participation of EA loads in the demand response (DR) for isolated microgrids was established. Finally, numerical results for an industrial isolated microgrid have verified the effectiveness of the proposed method in improving the PV consumption rate and realizing low-carbon and economic operation of industrial islanded microgrids. Full article
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25 pages, 2513 KiB  
Review
Protein Manipulation via Dielectrophoresis: Theoretical Principles and Emerging Microfluidic Platforms
by Zuriel Da En Shee, Ervina Efzan Mhd Noor and Mirza Farrukh Baig
Micromachines 2025, 16(5), 531; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16050531 - 29 Apr 2025
Viewed by 610
Abstract
Dielectrophoresis (DEP) has been widely employed in microfluidic platforms for particle or cell manipulation in biomedical science applications due to its accurate, fast, label-free, and low-cost diagnostic technique. However, the application of the DEP technique towards protein manipulation has yet to be extensively [...] Read more.
Dielectrophoresis (DEP) has been widely employed in microfluidic platforms for particle or cell manipulation in biomedical science applications due to its accurate, fast, label-free, and low-cost diagnostic technique. However, the application of the DEP technique towards protein manipulation has yet to be extensively explored due to the challenges of the complexity of protein itself, such as its complex morphologies, extremely minuscule particle size, inherent electrical properties, and temperature sensitivity, which make it relatively more challenging. Furthermore, given that protein DEP investigation requires entering the micro- to nano-scale level of DEP configuration, various challenging factors such as electrohydrodynamic effects, electrolysis, joule heating, and electrothermal force that emerge will make it more difficult in realizing protein DEP investigation. This review study has discussed the fundamental theory of DEP and considerations toward protein DEP manipulation. In particular, it focused on the DEP theoretical principle towards protein, protein DEP application challenges, microfluidic platform considerations, medium considerations, and a critically reviewed list of protein bioparticles that have been investigated were all highlighted. Full article
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11 pages, 4628 KiB  
Article
Research on the Heating of Multi-Power Supply Units for Large-Area and Curved-Surface Transparent Electrothermal Films
by Yinjie Dai, Yuehui Hu, Huiwen Liu, Yichuan Chen, Yefu Hu, Xinyue Xu, Jiashun Chen, Zhenghang Lü and Hao Gao
Coatings 2025, 15(5), 524; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15050524 - 28 Apr 2025
Viewed by 384
Abstract
Using multi-power supply units to power large-area electrothermal films can achieve high electrothermal power under low voltage. However, this method may result in poor contact between the electrodes and the electrothermal film, especially for films with large areas and curved surfaces, as well [...] Read more.
Using multi-power supply units to power large-area electrothermal films can achieve high electrothermal power under low voltage. However, this method may result in poor contact between the electrodes and the electrothermal film, especially for films with large areas and curved surfaces, as well as for power supply units with small electrode spacing. This study found that the relative deviation between the measured value (RM) and the theoretical value (RP) of the parallel resistance, RMRPRP, exceeds 12.8% when powering a planar Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) electrothermal film with an area of 5 cm × 5 cm and electrode spacing of less than 0.5 cm using four or more power supply units. This deviation is significantly higher than that observed for power supply units with electrode spacing ≥0.8 cm, where RMRPRP is 1.4% and 0.3% for spacings of 0.8 cm and 1.1 cm, respectively. By using fine sand, springs, and airbags as power supply pedestals, close contact between the electrodes and the electrothermal film can be achieved for large-area and curved-surface films due to the deformation of the sand, springs, or airbags under the heater’s weight. When an airbag power supply pedestal with twelve power supply units is used to power the bottom of an electrothermal ceramic teacup with a 20 cm2 curved ITO transparent electrothermal film, the RMRPRP is 13.3% and the heating temperature reaches 83.1 °C. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmentally Friendly Energy Conversion Materials and Thin Films)
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