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Stationary Energy Storage Systems for Renewable Energies
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Stationary Energy Storage Systems for Renewable Energies

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "D: Energy Storage and Application".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 5 September 2025 | Viewed by 2144

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Dimitrios Zafirakis

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Mechanical Engineers, School of Engineering, University of West Attica, 12241 Egaleo-Athens, Greece
Interests: technoeconomic evaluation of energy storage systems; novel RES and storage applications; business models and dispatch strategies; energy systems’ flexibility mechanisms; islands’ clean energy transition
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The large-scale integration of renewable energy sources achieved over recent years and associated with more ambitious targets being set with regard to the near future, especially concerning the electricity generation sector, calls for the introduction of flexibility means, led by energy storage. Both mature and emerging energy storage technologies may be identified in this context, with stationary storage gradually turning into a viable solution for the support of renewable energy across different sectors, scales and topologies. With this in mind, this Special Issue aims to present and disseminate the most recent advances related to design, modelling, operation, intelligent energy management, applications, economics and business models for similar systems, bringing together different types of stationary energy storage and renewable energies.

Topics of interest for publication include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • Large-scale energy storage dedicated to an increase in RES at grid-level;
  • Community/prosumer-level stationary storage and RES;
  • Virtual power plant applications;
  • Front-of-the-meter and behind-the-meter stationary storage;
  • Market-integrated RES and storage systems;
  • Real-life applications, demonstration projects and pilot systems;
  • Intelligent energy management of integrated storage and RES systems;
  • Economics and novel business models for stationary storage in support of RES. 

Dr. Dimitrios Zafirakis
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • stationary energy storage
  • renewable energies
  • topologies
  • applications
  • energy management
  • economics
  • business models

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 3483 KiB  
Article
A Feasibility Study of a Virtual Power Line Device to Improve Hosting Capacity in Renewable Energy Sources
by Seong-Eun Rho, Sung-Moon Choi, Joong-Seon Lee, Hyun-Sang You, Seung-Ho Lee and Dae-Seok Rho
Energies 2025, 18(14), 3714; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18143714 - 14 Jul 2025
Viewed by 317
Abstract
As many renewable energy sources have been waiting to be interconnected with distribution systems due to the lack of power system infrastructure in Korea, studies to solve the delayed problem for renewable energy sources required. In order to overcome these problems, this paper [...] Read more.
As many renewable energy sources have been waiting to be interconnected with distribution systems due to the lack of power system infrastructure in Korea, studies to solve the delayed problem for renewable energy sources required. In order to overcome these problems, this paper presents an introduction model and optimal capacity algorithm of a VPL (virtual power line) device, which is a virtual power line operation technology to manage the power system by operating an ESS installed at the coupling point of renewable energy source without additionally expanding the power system infrastructure in a conventional way; this paper also proposes an economic evaluation method to assess the feasibility of the VPL device. The optimal capacity of the VPL device is determined by solving the over-voltage problem for the customer, and the economic evaluation method for the VPL device is considered by cost and benefit elements to evaluate the feasibility of introduction model for VPL device. From the simulation result of the proposed optimal capacity algorithm and economic evaluation method based on the introduction model in the VPL device, and it was confirmed that the optimal kW capacity of VPL device was selected as the maximum value in power control values, and the optimal kWh capacity was also determined by accumulating the power control values over the time intervals; also, the proper capacity of the VPL can be more economical than the investment cost of power system infrastructure expansion in the conventional method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stationary Energy Storage Systems for Renewable Energies)
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18 pages, 2016 KiB  
Article
The Optimal Timing of Storage Additions to Solar Power Plants
by Aidan Hughes, Jarred King and Eric Hittinger
Energies 2025, 18(14), 3619; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18143619 - 9 Jul 2025
Viewed by 701
Abstract
The addition of battery storage to solar plants enhances the ability of those plants to deliver electricity during high-value periods. However, the value proposition of storage improves over time due to falling battery costs and increasing volatility in electricity prices, making it unclear [...] Read more.
The addition of battery storage to solar plants enhances the ability of those plants to deliver electricity during high-value periods. However, the value proposition of storage improves over time due to falling battery costs and increasing volatility in electricity prices, making it unclear when storage adoption should occur. In this work, we consider a 100 MW solar plant constructed in the year 2022 and build a techno-economic model to determine the optimal system design and timing of storage additions in four locations (CAISO, NYISO, ERCOT, and PJM). We find that the optimal time to add storage is 5–10 years after solar plant construction and that the optimal storage quantity is much higher than the amount selected if storage is included during the initial plant construction. Additionally, the model suggests significant upscaling in inverter capacity, allowing storage to deliver electricity during brief high-price periods. We also consider the effects of temporary and permanent subsidies for batteries, showing that a long-term subsidy encourages economically optimal delays in storage adoption. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stationary Energy Storage Systems for Renewable Energies)
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19 pages, 4002 KiB  
Article
Experimental Testing of New Concrete-Based, Medium-Temperature Thermal Energy Storage Charged by Both a Thermal and Electrical Power Source
by Raffaele Liberatore, Daniele Nicolini, Michela Lanchi and Adio Miliozzi
Energies 2025, 18(13), 3511; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18133511 - 3 Jul 2025
Viewed by 550
Abstract
This study aims to explore a new concept for a Power to Heat (P2H) device and demonstrate its effectiveness compared to a thermal heating method. The proposed concept is a medium-temperature system where electro-thermal conversion occurs via the Joule effect in a metallic [...] Read more.
This study aims to explore a new concept for a Power to Heat (P2H) device and demonstrate its effectiveness compared to a thermal heating method. The proposed concept is a medium-temperature system where electro-thermal conversion occurs via the Joule effect in a metallic tube (resistive element). This tube also serves as a heat exchange surface between the heat transfer fluid and the thermal storage medium. The heat storage material here proposed consists of base concrete formulated on purpose to ensure its operation at high temperatures, good performance and prolongated thermal stability. The addition of 10%wt phase change material (i.e., solar salts) stabilized in shape through a diatomite porous matrix allows the energy density stored in the medium itself to increase (hybrid sensible/latent system). Testing of the heat storage module has been conducted within a temperature range of 220–280 °C. An experimental comparison of charging times has demonstrated that electric heating exhibits faster dynamics compared to thermal heating. In both electrical and thermal heating methods, the concrete module has achieved 86% of its theoretical storage capacity, limited by thermal losses. In conclusion, this study successfully demonstrates the viability and efficiency of the proposed hybrid sensible/latent P2H system, highlighting the faster charging dynamics of direct electrical heating compared to conventional thermal methods, while achieving a comparable storage capacity despite thermal losses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stationary Energy Storage Systems for Renewable Energies)
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