Search Results (2,724)

Cosmetic wastewater is increasingly recognized not only as a disposal problem but also as a potential source of recoverable water and formulation-derived compounds. This review critically examines the relationship between cosmetic formulation chemistry, wastewater composition, pollutant removal mechanisms, membrane separation, fouling behaviour, and reuse-oriented treatment design. Cosmetic wastewater shows high compositional variability, with reported COD values ranging from approximately 2400 mg O₂/L to more than 100,000 mg O₂/L, depending on product type, cleaning practices, and raw material losses. Surfactants, emulsifiers, oils, polymeric thickeners, preservatives, fragrances, UV filters, dyes, and microplastics contribute differently to organic load, emulsion stability, toxicity, and treatment resistance. Conventional treatment processes reduce coarse, suspended, emulsified, and biodegradable fractions, but they are limited by low biodegradability, sludge generation, inhibitory compounds, and incomplete removal of persistent micropollutants. Advanced oxidation, adsorption, electrochemical processes, and hybrid systems can improve the transformation, phase transfer, retention, and polishing of recalcitrant compounds, with AOPs typically achieving COD removal of approximately 55–85% and hybrid systems improving overall performance by about 10–25% compared with biological treatment alone. Membrane technologies are evaluated as selective barriers enabling clarification, polishing, water reuse, and resource recovery. MBRs can remove more than 90–95% of COD and BOD₅, while NF/RO polishing may reject more than 90–95% of selected recalcitrant organics and microcontaminants. The novelty of this review lies in shifting the discussion from end-of-pipe wastewater treatment toward source-oriented recovery, integrated treatment trains, and mechanism-based selection of technologies before cosmetic wastewater becomes diluted, mixed, and difficult to reuse. Full article

Microbial biotransformation of para-hydroxycinnamic acids (pHCAs) such as para-coumaric, caffeic, ferulic and sinapic acids into vinylphenols is catalyzed by phenolic acid decarboxylases (PADs), while reduction to their corresponding aldehydes and alcohols is mediated by carboxylic acid reductases (CARs) and alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs), respectively. The present study systematically evaluated a diverse set of endophytic and basidiomycetes fungi as whole-cell biocatalysts for the transformation of pHCAs into their corresponding vinylphenols and/or aldehydes and alcohols. Twenty-three fungal strains were screened for their PAD, CAR and ADH activities. Based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detector (UHPLC-DAD) analysis, fourteen strains were selected for preparative-scale biotransformations across all four substrates. Previous literature largely emphasizes enzyme activity or single substrates, seldom covering all four pHCAs. The strain Umbelopsis sp. JAR-T demonstrated promising biotransformation of para-coumaric acid and ferulic acid to 4-vinylphenol (28% isolated yield) and 4-vinylguaiacol (40% isolated yield), respectively, with minimal by-product formation. The results highlight endophytic fungi as largely untapped and versatile biocatalysts for pHCA biotransformation and establish whole-cell fungal systems as robust, non-recombinant alternatives to engineered platforms. This integrated screening-to-preparative workflow provides a scalable framework for the production of value-added compounds with potential applications in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Full article

Seed mucilage is a natural hydrophilic polysaccharide gel secreted by seed coat epidermal cells comprising xylan, pectin, glucomannan, and cellulose alongside minor proteins, minerals, and lipids, with its composition varying substantially across plant species. This review critically compares conventional and green extraction technologies, including ultrasound-, microwave-, enzyme-, and subcritical water-assisted extraction, on a seed-mass-normalized yield basis together with their solvent-to-seed ratios and processing times, showing that green technologies can reduce solvent consumption, energy use, and processing time relative to matched conventional controls, though the magnitude of these gains is method and species-specific rather than uniform. We synthesize how molecular weight, uronic acid content, branching pattern, and microfibril organization govern seed mucilage hydration, rheological, emulsifying, and foaming behavior, and link these structure–function relationships to its antioxidant, prebiotic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial bioactivities. Beyond functional characterization, this review evaluates the translational barriers, extraction standardization, safety and regulatory status, and clinical validation that currently limit seed mucilage adoption in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Unlike previous reviews focused on ecological function or application cataloging, this review uniquely reframes seed mucilage as a structurally programmable bioactive polysaccharide, integrating molecular architecture, green process intensification, and structure–function–application relationships to bridge fundamental chemistry with industrial translation. Full article

Lactobionic acid (LBA) is a compound that, in the last decade, has become critically important due to its potential applications in the food, chemical, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Enzymatic biosynthesis in the presence of a redox mediator is one method of producing LBA biologically. Cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) oxidizes the lactose to lactobionic acid, while laccase (LAC) enables the regeneration of the redox mediator (ABTS), which acts as an electron acceptor for CDH. The aim of this study was to develop an effective immobilized enzymatic system for the production of LBA. Two enzymes were used in the experiment: CDH from Phanerodontia chrysosporium (PchCDH) and LAC from Cerrena unicolor (CuLAC), which were immobilized on precipitated silica (Sipernat 22) activated by APTES and PEI. The immobilization process increased enzyme stability, improved the efficiency of LBA synthesis, and reduced costs, particularly in the context of using Sipernat 22 silica, which is inexpensive and widely used across various industries. The co-immobilization of both enzymes on the carrier proved to be the most effective approach, achieving a 90% conversion of lactose to lactobionic acid after ten cycles of synthesis. Comprehensive biochemical characterization, including protein loading, catalytic activity, and optimal pH, is provided in the main text. Full article

Microencapsulation has become an indispensable technique across various industries that require the controlled release and stability of bioactive agents. In this study, the encapsulation of cinnamon essential oil (CEO), known for its antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, was study to enable controlled release when applied to textile substrates. This procedure involves defining and examining several steps to establish a stable, scalable complex coacervation methodology. To form a stable microcapsule matrix, CEO was emulsified using a combination of surfactants (Span 80, Tween 20, and Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate). After forming micelles containing CEO, two biopolymers (chitosan and gum Arabic) were used at various proportions to form a microcapsule shell via a layer-by-layer approach. Advanced characterization techniques, such as spectrophotometry and laser scattering, were used to evaluate microcapsule stability, size, and release kinetics, as well as to assess potential antibacterial activity. The presence of oil-containing microcapsules was confirmed using fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results demonstrate that Span 80 concentrations of 0.4 and 0.7 g/L provided the most stable encapsulation environment and enabled a controlled CEO release profile after being applied to cotton substrates. In addition, the influence of the fabric’s chemical characteristics was clearly illustrated in the drug delivery experiments. However, antibacterial efficacy was limited due to the low CEO concentration within the microcapsules, indicating the need for further optimization. These findings provide valuable insights into the broader application of essential oil encapsulation, particularly within the pharmaceutical, textile, and cosmetic sectors. Full article

The search for sustainable and ethical alternatives to conventional protein production has become increasingly important due to climate change, population growth, and the need to reduce the environmental impact of food systems. This work explores the development of animal-free proteins produced in laboratory settings using innovative technologies such as precision fermentation, submerged fermentation, plant cell culture, and molecular engineering. These methods enable the production of high-quality proteins without relying on animal farming or large-scale traditional agriculture. In addition to reviewing traditional plant-based protein sources and their nutritional limitations, the study highlights novel protein sources derived from fungi, algae, and bacteria, focusing on their nutritional profiles, production methods, and challenges related to digestibility, safety, and consumer perception. Special attention is given to downstream processing techniques that preserve protein functionality and enhance key food attributes such as texture, flavor, and stability. The use of agro-industrial residues is also discussed as a strategy to improve sustainability and economic viability. Key barriers to large-scale implementation, including production costs, regulatory approval, and consumer acceptance, are addressed, alongside emerging applications beyond food, such as cosmetics, animal nutrition, and biodegradable materials. Overall, animal-free proteins represent a promising path toward a more sustainable, resilient, and ethical global food system. Full article

Citrus fruits are among the most widely cultivated and consumed crops worldwide, exhibiting a complex evolutionary history driven by extensive hybridization and genomic admixture. They are widely appreciated for their sensory quality, rich nutritional composition, and health-promoting benefits, as well as for their significant contribution to the global economy. Considering the growing interest in citrus crops and particularly in citrus by-products as valuable natural resources, as evidenced in the comprehensive literature search, this study provides an overview of recent advances in our understanding of citrus origin, genetic diversity and global production trends. It also examines the phytochemical composition of citrus fruits and by-products and discusses the biological activities associated with these constituents, including antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects, as well as their potential health benefits. Additionally, conventional and environmentally friendly strategies for the utilization of citrus residues are presented within a biorefinery framework, with particular emphasis on the recovery and valorization of bioactive compounds. These circular economy approaches highlight the potential use of citrus by-products as valuable raw materials for applications in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical fields. Overall, this review aims to provide a better understanding of citrus history, composition and potential applications that could support the sustainable and resource-efficient use of citrus substrates in industrial practice for the development of high-value products. Full article

Background and objective: A huge part of cosmetics research is devoted to the identification of new molecules and new ingredients which could prevent skin aging. Crithmum maritimum has attracted interest in the cosmetic field because it has been used since antiquity in traditional medicine and is traditionally consumed in Mediterranean regions. However, data about demonstrated efficacy on living cells remain sparse. To better understand the potential of this plant for the cosmetics industry, we aimed to investigate in vitro some key properties in line with anti-aging skin care. Methods and results: Molecular results demonstrated an impressive antioxidant effect which was confirmed in vitro on living keratinocytes with a decrease of 50% of oxidative stress measured with the fluorescent CM-H₂DCFDA probe. Additionally, an inhibitory effect around 20% was observed on isolated collagenase and elastase, highlighting the ability of C. maritimum to preserve the skin matrix. Lastly, anti-inflammatory properties were explored at protein levels by ELISA method, indicating a clear decrease of six inflammatory mediators, IL-6, IL-8, IL-18, CXCL9, CXCL10, and CCL5, on stressed keratinocytes. These observed decreases span from 20% up to 75% in the case of the IL-18. Conclusions: All together, these results reveal how efficient C. maritimum extract could be to alleviate signs of aging. Full article

Background: Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba), locust bean (Ceratonia siliqua), fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum), and tara (Caesalpinia spinosa) are plant-derived materials that contain galactomannans as their major polysaccharide component. Galactomannans are soluble, highly viscous, and fermentable dietary fibers widely used in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries because of their favorable technological properties. Methods: We performed our systematic search on 16 April 2026, in MEDLINE (via PubMed), Scopus, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), without language restrictions. Eligible randomized controlled trials compared the effects of guar gum, locust bean gum, and fenugreek on glycemic parameters, lipid profile, and body weight-related outcomes in healthy adults or patients with metabolic disorders. Results: A total of 50 randomized controlled trials were included in the analysis. Of these, 27 investigated guar gum, 20 fenugreek (12 seed powder, 7 seed extract, 1 leaf extract), two mixed galactomannan preparations, and one locust bean gum intervention. Considerable heterogeneity was observed across studies regarding participant characteristics, intervention doses, and treatment duration. Nevertheless, fenugreek-derived preparations consistently improved glycemic outcomes. In contrast, guar gum demonstrated more consistent effects on lipid parameters. Effects on body weight and body mass index were less consistent across studies. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the metabolic effects of galactomannans are source-dependent, with fenugreek-based interventions appearing to have greater potential for improving glycemic outcomes, while guar gum may be more effective in improving lipid parameters. Since these fibers can be easily consumed in the form of dietary supplements, it is worth considering their regular, daily intake. The protocol was prospectively registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD420261368159). Full article

Morinda citrifolia (Noni) is well known as a plant with therapeutic potential and is also attractive to the food and cosmetic industries. Traditional medicine supports its use, mainly for the treatment of metabolic disorders and chronic inflammation but also for certain types of cancer. Noni has been the subject of considerable interest within the scientific community due to its purported health benefits. However, despite its growing popularity and extensive traditional use, significant gaps remain in the empirical understanding of its properties, mechanisms, and potential applications. To understand its biological activity, particular attention has been given to several chemical compounds present in its leaves and fruits, as they have been identified as bioactive agents. Moreover, several studies support the idea that specific flavonoids and anthraquinones from noni act on enzymes and transporters associated with glucose and lipid metabolism in humans. Its involvement in cardiovascular, neurological, metabolic, and inflammatory regulation across several high-burden diseases expands the potential medical applications of noni. This narrative review presents the current state of knowledge, highlighting preclinical studies that suggest the mechanisms of action underlying the observed effects, including theoretical approaches proposing specific interactions between noni compounds and proteins associated with human diseases as potential therapeutic targets. It also identifies areas where information remains insufficient and proposes future research directions for pharmacological applications, including the need for additional clinical studies and more comprehensive pharmacokinetic and toxicological evaluations. Full article

Agro-industrial residues have emerged as promising sources of bioactive compounds for dermo-cosmetic applications, particularly as inhibitors of collagenase, elastase, hyaluronidase, and tyrosinase. However, the interpretation of reported inhibitory activities is frequently complicated by variations in extraction strategies, matrix composition, assay design, and methodological rigor. This critical narrative review examines how these factors collectively influence the reliability, comparability, and translational relevance of enzyme inhibition data obtained from residue-derived extracts. The literature was analyzed using a framework-oriented approach based on representative peer-reviewed studies selected according to their methodological quality, experimental design, and mechanistic relevance. The analysis integrates three complementary dimensions: extraction and processing strategies, compositional complexity of the recovered matrices, and evidence quality supporting the reported bioactivities. The reviewed literature demonstrates that enzyme inhibition is rarely an intrinsic property of isolated compounds but rather an emergent behavior arising from complex physicochemical systems in which synergistic interactions, matrix effects, and assay-dependent artefacts frequently influence the observed responses. The widespread reliance on simplified in vitro screening methods, often without dose–response evaluation, kinetic characterization, or adequate control of assay interference, remains a major obstacle to reproducibility and cross-study comparison. Based on this analysis, an integrative framework is proposed to guide the interpretation of enzyme inhibition in complex botanical extracts by explicitly linking process design, matrix composition, and methodological evidence. This perspective provides a more robust basis for the identification, validation, and industrial translation of sustainable bioactive ingredients obtained from agro-industrial residues for next-generation dermo-cosmetic formulations. Full article

Eye cosmetics, including eyeliners, mascaras, eyeshadows, and eyebrow products, are widely used to enhance the aesthetic appearance of the eyes. While generally considered safe, their application to the delicate periocular region can pose significant risks to ocular surface health. Growing clinical and experimental evidence links the use of eye cosmetics to ocular surface disorders, including blepharitis, conjunctivitis, dry eye syndrome, and meibomian gland dysfunction. These adverse effects may result from mechanical irritation, chemical exposure, microbial contamination, or allergic reactions associated with cosmetic ingredients such as pigments, preservatives, emulsifiers, and fragrances. In addition, emerging periocular aesthetic procedures and novel formulations containing nanoparticles and complex additives may further contribute to ocular surface instability and inflammation. The growing popularity of eye cosmetics, influenced by social media, cultural trends, and the global beauty industry, underscores the importance of understanding their impact on ocular health. Thus, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the composition, types, ocular migration, and potential adverse effects of eye cosmetics and periocular aesthetic practices. By highlighting the clinical implications of cosmetic use on the ocular surface, this study emphasizes the need for evidence-based guidance, safe cosmetic practices, and further research to mitigate lifestyle-related ocular risks. Full article

Amomum tsaoko Crevost & Lem. (AT) is a representative edible, medicinal spice widely used in Southeast Asia for food seasoning and flavor enhancement. Growing evidence suggests that it is a rich source of bioactive phytochemicals with diverse health-promoting properties, necessitating a systematic synthesis of its functional attributes and underlying mechanisms to better guide future applications. AT has been reported to contain flavonoids, diarylheptanoids, phenolic acids, terpenoids, steroids, and volatile oils. These constituents are associated with a broad spectrum of biological activities, including antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, neuroprotective, anti-obesity, gastrointestinal protective, and immunomodulatory effects. Due to its functional properties and economic value, AT shows considerable potential for application in functional foods, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and agriculture. However, despite its extensive utilization, integrated reviews that systematically link bioactivities, toxicological evidence, and industrial applications remain scarce. This review comprehensively summarizes recent advances in the bioactive compounds, health functions, toxicological evaluation, and industrial applications of AT. Current research progress, key limitations, and future perspectives are critically discussed. Additionally, by providing a comprehensive overview of its multifaceted benefits and applications, this review fills an important gap and offers insights to support further research and multi-sectoral exploitation of AT. Full article

Fungal-derived compounds are attracting increasing interest in cosmetic science because of their chemical diversity, multifunctional biological activity, and suitability for controlled biotechnological production. Macrofungi produce a wide range of bioactive metabolites, including polysaccharides, phenolic compounds, terpenoids, sterols, and pigments, many of which exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, moisturizing, photoprotective, and barrier-supporting properties relevant to skin health. However, current research is largely limited to isolated metabolites and simplified in vitro models, whereas comparatively little attention has been paid to the performance of fungal-derived compounds in finished cosmetic formulations. In practice, cosmetic efficacy depends not only on biological activity but also on extraction methods, physicochemical stability, formulation compatibility, and delivery efficiency. This review examines fungal-derived bioactive compounds from the perspective of cosmetic formulation and industrial applicability. It discusses how cultivation conditions, extraction procedures, and formulation design influence stability, bioavailability, and cosmetic performance, and critically evaluates extraction technologies, fermentation systems, encapsulation strategies, lipid carriers, hydrogels, and nanoscale delivery platforms. The review also addresses major limitations, including oxidative instability, variability in metabolite composition, limited penetration of high-molecular-weight compounds, and insufficient standardization and clinical validation. Although fungal-derived compounds show considerable promise for multifunctional cosmetic formulations, their broader industrial application will require improved standardization, optimized formulation strategies, and robust clinical evaluation of efficacy and safety. Full article

This review intends to provide an insight into the wide range of possibilities for vegetable oils to be used as solvents to extract natural ingredients for various applications with a special emphasis on antioxidants. The potential of using oils as food-grade solvents for extraction of carotenoids, crocins, curcuminoids, cannabinoids, capsaicinoids, different volatile organic compounds and other lipid-soluble phytochemicals from plant and marine sources and by-products is summarized. Most studies focus on optimizing extraction parameters and evaluating the physical and chemical characteristics of the obtained oily plant extract. On the one hand, these infused or enriched oils can be considered as plant extracts, but on the other hand, one should not ignore the fact that lipid oxidation is a problem that needs to be addressed. The characterization and analysis of the obtained oily extracts is closely related to their specific application in the food or cosmetic industry. Despite all the advantages, disadvantages related to the stability of the fortified oils are discussed as well. Full article