Plants and Plant-Based By-Products as Valuable Sources of Antioxidants: Current Tendencies and Achievements in Their Exploitation

A special issue of Antioxidants (ISSN 2076-3921). This special issue belongs to the section "Extraction and Industrial Applications of Antioxidants".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 October 2025 | Viewed by 2626

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
1. Laboratory Lipid Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. George Bonchev Str., Bl. 9, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
2. Centre of Competence “Sustainable Utilization of Bio-Resources and Waste of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants for Innovative Bioactive Products” (BIORESOURCES BG), 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
Interests: lipids; fatty acids; acylglycerols; sterols; lipid analysis; antioxidants

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Guest Editor Assistant
Laboratory Lipid Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. George Bonchev Str., Bl. 9, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
Interests: free radical processes; antioxidant activity; kinetics and mechanism; lipid oxidation

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Various enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants are involved in the defence systems of plants, playing a fundamental role in their adaptation as sedentary organisms to adverse environmental conditions, pathogens and pollutants. The stress-protective role of phytochemicals is an increasingly important topic and fully justifies the efforts and resources invested in their intensive research over decades. The huge amount of scientific publications on the antioxidant content and biological activity of various plant extracts has become a veritable springboard in the development of new technologies for the production of efficient dietary supplements, functional foods, and pharmaceutical and cosmetic products. The reduced use or, preferably, the replacement of organic solvents with harmless vehicles, and the advancement of green extraction methods are among the main priorities of chemical science and technology today.

Along with the scientific literature concerning plants as a source of bio-antioxidants, the number of studied plant-based by-products has reached drastic levels and is no longer limited only to residues of the sugar and oil industry, or olives, cereals, and wine production. Until now, plant by-products have mostly been used as animal feed or for composting; however, new processing techniques have been developed to address their exploitation for human nutrition and health as well. Food matrices such as husks, calyx, bran, peel, skin, etc., are a treasure trove, rich in antioxidants but still insufficiently studied and therefore underestimated and neglected.

The aim of this Special Issue is to present the current state of research and achievements, as well as promising perspectives for expanding antioxidant exploration, including the following:

  • analysis of antioxidants in extracts of plants or their by-products;
  • evaluation of antioxidant activity and/or oxidative stability;
  • assessment of antioxidants for development of value-added formulations;
  • green extractions of antioxidants;
  • utilization of by-products as a key strategy in the circle economy.

Dr. Svetlana Momchilova
Guest Editor

Dr. Adriana Slavova-Kazakova
Guest Editor Assistant

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • antioxidants
  • oxidative stability
  • antioxidant activity
  • lipid oxidation
  • green chemistry
  • biomass
  • plants and by-products
  • herbs
  • utilization

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

29 pages, 3296 KB  
Article
Rose Oil Distillation Wastewater: By-Products of Essential Oil Extraction as Circular Biostimulants for Tomato Growth
by Nemanja Živanović, Ivana Danilov, Marija Lesjak, Tatjana Dujković, Nataša Simin, Vanja Vlajkov, Mirjana Ljubojević and Jovana Grahovac
Antioxidants 2025, 14(10), 1252; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14101252 - 18 Oct 2025
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Abstract
Rose processing into essentials oil is one of the major sectors providing inputs for cosmetics and health/food supplements industry, generating significant amount of wastewater if applying the steam distillation approach. Rose distillation wastewater (RDW), the major by-product of rose processing, still contains a [...] Read more.
Rose processing into essentials oil is one of the major sectors providing inputs for cosmetics and health/food supplements industry, generating significant amount of wastewater if applying the steam distillation approach. Rose distillation wastewater (RDW), the major by-product of rose processing, still contains a significant load of polyphenolic compounds. This organic burden poses a significant environmental threat for RDW disposal, while, on the other hand, it still contains valuable compounds that could be valorized in the circular economy framework. This study has investigated the possibility of utilizing RDW in various concentrations (10%, 25%, 100% v/v) as a circular tomato growth biostimulant, addressing the existing research gap in the field of circular RDW valorization and its effects on plant growth modulation. LC-MS/MS and antioxidant assays have confirmed a rich antioxidant profile of RDW samples, with gallic acid, quinic acid, quercetin, kaempferol and their glycosides as the most abundant compounds. Tomato germination assays have resulted in significantly improved germination and initial seedling growth parameters when 10% RDW samples PA (‘Pure Aroma’), MA (‘Magic Aroma’) and NA (‘Natural Aroma) had been applied as seed treatment (10 seeds per treatment with each RDW), indicating varying plant growth-promoting potential depending on the RDW chemical composition. The increase in tomato growth parameters compared to the control varied in range 34% (MA)—60% (PA) for root length, 70% (MA)—109% (PA) for shoot length and 43% (MA)—72% (PA) for total seedling length, as well as 43% (MA)—72% (PA) for SVI-I and 40% (NA)—49% (MA) for SVI-II (seedling vigor indices I and II, respectively). Contrarily, the increase in RDW concentration of up to 25% and 100% (v/v) has resulted in inhibition of tomato germination and growth compared to the control (e.g., in range 10–50% (RDW 25%) and 45–87% (RDW 100%) for root length), suggesting the necessity for further optimization of RDW dosage in biostimulant applications. The results of this study open the field of possibilities for further development of circular plant biostimulants based on rose processing by-products, as value-added enrichment of the bio-based solutions portfolio for sustainable agriculture. Full article
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19 pages, 2912 KB  
Article
Antioxidant Nanohybrid Materials Derived via Olive Leaf Extract Incorporation in Layered Double Hydroxide: Preparation, Characterization, and Evaluation for Applications
by Achilleas Kechagias, Areti A. Leontiou, Alexios Vardakas, Panagiotis Stathopoulos, Maria Xenaki, Panagiota Stathopoulou, Charalampos Proestos, Emmanuel P. Giannelis, Nikolaos Chalmpes, Constantinos E. Salmas and Aris E. Giannakas
Antioxidants 2025, 14(8), 1010; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14081010 - 18 Aug 2025
Viewed by 1865
Abstract
In this study, an innovative and sustainable strategy for the valorization of olive leaves, an underutilized agro-industrial byproduct, was developed through enzymatic-assisted aqueous extraction to produce a polyphenol-rich olive leaf extract (OLE). The extract contained notable concentrations of hydroxytyrosol (0.53 mg/L), luteolin-7-o-glucoside (0.70 [...] Read more.
In this study, an innovative and sustainable strategy for the valorization of olive leaves, an underutilized agro-industrial byproduct, was developed through enzymatic-assisted aqueous extraction to produce a polyphenol-rich olive leaf extract (OLE). The extract contained notable concentrations of hydroxytyrosol (0.53 mg/L), luteolin-7-o-glucoside (0.70 mg/L), apigenin-4-o-glucoside (0.18 mg/L), and oleuropein (4.24 mg/L). For the first time, this OLE was successfully nanoencapsulated into layered double hydroxides (LDHs) synthesized at Zn2+/Al3+ molar ratios of 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1, resulting in a series of OLE@LDH_Zn/Al_x/1 nanohybrids. Comprehensive structural characterization confirmed the successful intercalation of OLE within the LDH interlayer galleries. Antioxidant activity (via DPPH assay), total polyphenol content (TPC), and antibacterial tests were conducted to evaluate functionality. Among the nanohybrids, OLE@LDH_Zn/Al_1/1 exhibited the highest TPC (606.6 ± 7.0 mg GAE/L), the lowest EC50,DPPH, EC50,ABTS, and EC50,FRAP values (27.88 ± 1.82, 25.70 ± 0.76, and 39.42 ± 2.16 mg/mL), and superior antibacterial performance against E. coli and S. aureus. Moreover, pH-dependent release revealed targeted polyphenol release under acidic conditions (pH = 1), simulating gastric environments. These results highlight LDHs, particularly with a Zn/Al ratio of 1:1, as promising nanocarriers for the stabilization and controlled release of plant-derived polar phenols, with potential applications in nutrition, food preservation, and biomedicine. Full article
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