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16 pages, 786 KiB  
Review
The Role of Vitamin D Supplementation in Type 1, Type 2, and Gestational Diabetes: A Comprehensive Updated Narrative Review
by Asala Nasser, Dimitrios Papandreou, Sousana K. Papadopoulou and Leila Cheikh Ismail
Clin. Pract. 2025, 15(8), 148; https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract15080148 (registering DOI) - 7 Aug 2025
Abstract
Vitamin D has emerged as a modulatory factor in the pathogenesis and management of diabetes mellitus due to its influence on pancreatic β-cell function, immune regulation, and inflammatory pathways. This narrative review critically examines mechanistic and clinical evidence linking vitamin D status with [...] Read more.
Vitamin D has emerged as a modulatory factor in the pathogenesis and management of diabetes mellitus due to its influence on pancreatic β-cell function, immune regulation, and inflammatory pathways. This narrative review critically examines mechanistic and clinical evidence linking vitamin D status with type 1 diabetes (T1DM), type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and gestational diabetes (GDM). In T1DM, vitamin D’s immunomodulatory effects are thought to protect β-cells from autoimmune destruction; epidemiological studies associate vitamin D sufficiency with lower T1DM incidence and improved glycemic control, although causality remains under investigation. In T2DM, vitamin D deficiency is associated with worsened metabolic control and may contribute to disease development in at-risk individuals; however, it does not influence the initial onset of T2DM in patients who are already diagnosed. Intervention trials indicate that correcting the deficiency can modestly improve insulin sensitivity, β-cell function, and metabolic parameters. GDM has similarly been linked to hypovitaminosis D, with low maternal vitamin D levels associated with higher GDM risk and adverse perinatal outcomes; mechanistic insights suggest that adequate vitamin D supports glucose homeostasis in pregnancy, and emerging trials demonstrate improved insulin resistance with maternal vitamin D supplementation. Across these diabetes subtypes, maintaining sufficient vitamin D levels appears to confer metabolic benefits and may serve as an adjunct to current preventive and therapeutic strategies. However, definitive evidence from large-scale trials is required to establish optimal vitamin D supplementation protocols and confirm its efficacy in diabetes care. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Dietary Compounds on Inflammation-Mediated Diseases)
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18 pages, 2516 KiB  
Article
Joint Metabolomics and Transcriptomics Reveal Rewired Glycerophospholipid and Arginine Metabolism as Components of BRCA1-Induced Metabolic Reprogramming in Breast Cancer Cells
by Thomas Lucaora and Daniel Morvan
Metabolites 2025, 15(8), 534; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo15080534 - 7 Aug 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 (BRCA1) is a tumor suppressor gene whose mutations are associated with increased susceptibility to develop breast or ovarian cancer. BRCA1 mainly exerts its protective effects through DNA double-strand break repair. Although not itself [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: The breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 (BRCA1) is a tumor suppressor gene whose mutations are associated with increased susceptibility to develop breast or ovarian cancer. BRCA1 mainly exerts its protective effects through DNA double-strand break repair. Although not itself a transcriptional factor, BRCA1, through its multiple protein interaction domains, exerts transcriptional coregulation. In addition, BRCA1 expression alters cellular metabolism including inhibition of de novo fatty acid synthesis, changes in cellular bioenergetics, and activation of antioxidant defenses. Some of these actions may contribute to its global oncosuppressive effects. However, the breadth of metabolic pathways reprogrammed by BRCA1 is not fully elucidated. Methods: Breast cancer cells expressing BRCA1 were investigated by multiplatform metabolomics, metabolism-related transcriptomics, and joint metabolomics/transcriptomics data processing techniques, namely two-way orthogonal partial least squares and pathway analysis. Results: Joint analyses revealed the most important metabolites, genes, and pathways of metabolic reprogramming in BRCA1-expressing breast cancer cells. The breadth of metabolic reprogramming included fatty acid synthesis, bioenergetics, HIF-1 signaling pathway, antioxidation, nucleic acid synthesis, and other pathways. Among them, rewiring of glycerophospholipid (including phosphatidylcholine, -serine and -inositol) metabolism and increased arginine metabolism have not been reported yet. Conclusions: Rewired glycerophospholipid and arginine metabolism were identified as components of BRCA1-induced metabolic reprogramming in breast cancer cells. The study helps to identify metabolites that are candidate biomarkers of the BRCA1 genotype and metabolic pathways that can be exploited in targeted therapies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Cell Metabolism)
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16 pages, 2868 KiB  
Article
The Biocorrosion of a Rare Earth Magnesium Alloy in Artificial Seawater Containing Chlorella vulgaris
by Xinran Yao, Qi Fu, Guang-Ling Song and Kai Wang
Materials 2025, 18(15), 3698; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18153698 - 6 Aug 2025
Abstract
In the medical field, magnesium (Mg) alloys have been widely used due to their excellent antibacterial properties and biodegradability. However, in the marine environment, the antibacterial effect may be greatly attenuated, and consequently, microorganisms in the ocean are likely to adhere to the [...] Read more.
In the medical field, magnesium (Mg) alloys have been widely used due to their excellent antibacterial properties and biodegradability. However, in the marine environment, the antibacterial effect may be greatly attenuated, and consequently, microorganisms in the ocean are likely to adhere to the surface of Mg alloys, resulting in biocorrosion damage, which is really troublesome in the maritime industry and can even be disastrous to the navy. Currently, there is a lack of research on the biocorrosion of Mg alloys that may find important applications in marine engineering. In this paper, the biocorrosion mechanism of the Mg alloy Mg-3Nd-2Gd-Zn-Zr caused by Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris), a typical marine microalga, was studied. The results showed that the biomineralization process in the artificial seawater containing a low concentration of C. vulgaris cells was accelerated compared with that in the abiotic artificial seawater, leading to the deposition of CaCO3 on the surface to inhibit the localized corrosion of the Mg alloy, whereas a high concentration of C. vulgaris cells produced a high content of organic acids at some sites through photosynthesis to significantly accelerate the surface film rupture at some sites and severe localized corrosion there, but meanwhile, it resulted in the formation of a more protective biomineralized film in the other areas to greatly alleviate the corrosion. The contradictory biocorrosion behaviors on the Mg-3Nd-2Gd-Zn-Zr alloy induced by C. vulgaris were finally explained by a mechanism proposed in the paper. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Corrosion)
13 pages, 2220 KiB  
Communication
Feminization of the Blood–Brain Barrier Changes the Brain Transcriptome of Drosophila melanogaster Males
by Danyel S. Davis, Warda Hashem, Chamala Lama, Joseph L. Reeve and Brigitte Dauwalder
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2025, 47(8), 626; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb47080626 - 6 Aug 2025
Abstract
Beyond its crucial role as a tight barrier to protect the nervous system, the Blood–Brain Barrier (BBB) is increasingly being recognized for its physiological processes that affect brain function and behavior. In Drosophila melanogaster, the BBB expresses sex-specific transcripts, and a change in [...] Read more.
Beyond its crucial role as a tight barrier to protect the nervous system, the Blood–Brain Barrier (BBB) is increasingly being recognized for its physiological processes that affect brain function and behavior. In Drosophila melanogaster, the BBB expresses sex-specific transcripts, and a change in the sexual identity of adult BBB cells results in a significant reduction in male courtship behavior. The molecular nature of this BBB/brain interaction and the molecules that mediate it are unknown. Here we feminize BBB cells by targeted expression of the Drosophila female-specific master regulator TraF in otherwise normal males. We examined the effect on RNA expression in dissected brains by RNA sequenc-ing. We find that 283 transcripts change in comparison to normal control males. Tran-scripts representing cell signaling processes and synaptic communication are enriched, as are hormonal mediators. These transcripts provide a valuable resource for addressing questions about BBB and brain interaction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology)
18 pages, 2476 KiB  
Article
Fucoidan Modulates Osteoarthritis Progression Through miR-22/HO-1 Pathway
by Tsung-Hsun Hsieh, Jar-Yi Ho, Chih-Chien Wang, Feng-Cheng Liu, Chian-Her Lee, Herng-Sheng Lee and Yi-Jen Peng
Cells 2025, 14(15), 1208; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14151208 - 6 Aug 2025
Abstract
Introduction: Osteoarthritis (OA), a leading cause of disability among the elderly, is characterized by progressive joint tissue destruction. Fucoidan, a sulfated polysaccharide with known anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, has been investigated for its potential to protect against interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β)-induced articular tissue damage. [...] Read more.
Introduction: Osteoarthritis (OA), a leading cause of disability among the elderly, is characterized by progressive joint tissue destruction. Fucoidan, a sulfated polysaccharide with known anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, has been investigated for its potential to protect against interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β)-induced articular tissue damage. Methods: Human primary chondrocytes and synovial fibroblasts were pre-treated with 100 μg/mL fucoidan before stimulation with 1 ng/mL of IL-1β. The protective effects of fucoidan were assessed by measuring oxidative stress markers and catabolic enzyme levels. These in vitro findings were corroborated using a rat anterior cruciate ligament transection-induced OA model. To explore the underlying mechanisms, particularly the interaction between microRNAs (miRs) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), five candidate miRs were identified in silico and experimentally validated. Luciferase reporter assays were used to confirm direct interactions. Results: Fucoidan exhibited protective effects against IL-1β-induced oxidative stress and catabolic processes in both chondrocytes and synovial fibroblasts, consistent with in vivo observations. Fucoidan treatment restored HO-1 expression while reducing inducible nitric oxide synthase and matrix metalloproteinase levels in IL-1β-stimulated cells. Notably, this study revealed that fucoidan modulates the miR-22/HO-1 pathway, a previously uncharacterized mechanism in OA. Specifically, miR-22 was upregulated by IL-1β and subsequently attenuated by fucoidan. Luciferase reporter assays confirmed a direct interaction between miR-22 and HO-1. Conclusion: The results demonstrate that fucoidan mitigates OA-related oxidative stress in chondrocytes and synovial fibroblasts through the novel modulation of the miR-22/HO-1 axis. The miR-22/HO-1 pathway represents a crucial therapeutic target for OA, and fucoidan may offer a promising therapeutic intervention. Full article
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2 pages, 137 KiB  
Abstract
A Clinically Relevant Cationic Adjuvant System Induces Th17 T Cells Involved in Skin and Upper Airway Infections with Streptococcus pyogenes
by Kristoffer Mazanti Melchiors, Nina Dieu Nhien Tran Nguyen, Sharmila Subratheepam, Ida Rosenkrands, Frank Follmann and Jes Dietrich
Proceedings 2025, 124(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2025124003 - 6 Aug 2025
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus, StrepA) is a human pathogen responsible for hundreds of millions of infections each year and remains one of the most prevalent bacterial causes of upper respiratory and skin infections worldwide. Despite its global impact, there is no [...] Read more.
Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus, StrepA) is a human pathogen responsible for hundreds of millions of infections each year and remains one of the most prevalent bacterial causes of upper respiratory and skin infections worldwide. Despite its global impact, there is no approved vaccine, and the optimal protective immune response is still not fully understood. In particular, the role of Th17 T cells in immunity against StrepA remains to be explored. We have previously shown that Th17 T cells are induced in humans following StrepA infection. In this study, we investigated the role of Th17 T cells during skin and upper airway StrepA infections. To generate StrepA-specific Th17 T cells, we utilized a novel cationic liposomal adjuvant system. We demonstrated that vaccine-induced Th17 T cells are recruited to the skin and upper airways upon StrepA infection. In the airways, Th17 T cells and IgA correlate with protection, whereas Th1 T cells and IgG do not. To further characterize the recruited Th17 T cells, we used an IL-17 fate-reporter mouse model to track Th17 T cells. Our results show that Th17 T cells outnumber bona fide Th1 T cells in both StrepA-infected skin and upper airways. Surprisingly, most Th17 T cells lose expression of IL-17, and do not express TNFα, IFNγ, and IL-2. Initial single-cell sequencing data suggest the existence of multiple Th17 T cell subsets with distinct expression profiles. We discuss the functional relevance of these subsets in the context of a StrepA infection. Full article
26 pages, 3575 KiB  
Article
Antioxidant Power of Brown Algae: Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus Extracts Mitigate Oxidative Stress In Vitro and In Vivo
by Lea Karlsberger, Georg Sandner, Lenka Molčanová, Tomáš Rýpar, Stéphanie Ladirat and Julian Weghuber
Mar. Drugs 2025, 23(8), 322; https://doi.org/10.3390/md23080322 - 6 Aug 2025
Abstract
Brown algae such as Ascophyllum nodosum (AN) and Fucus vesiculosus (FV) are gaining considerable attention as functional feed additives due to their health-beneficial properties. This study evaluated the antioxidant potential of AN and FV extracts in intestinal epithelial cells and the in vivo [...] Read more.
Brown algae such as Ascophyllum nodosum (AN) and Fucus vesiculosus (FV) are gaining considerable attention as functional feed additives due to their health-beneficial properties. This study evaluated the antioxidant potential of AN and FV extracts in intestinal epithelial cells and the in vivo model Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). Aqueous AN and FV extracts were characterized for total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant capacity (TEAC, FRAP), and phlorotannin composition using LC-HRMS/MS. Antioxidant effects were assessed in vitro, measuring AAPH-induced ROS production in Caco-2 and IPEC-J2 cells via H2DCF-DA, and in vivo, evaluating the effects of paraquat-induced oxidative stress and AN or FV treatment on worm motility, GST-4::GFP reporter expression, and gene expression in C. elegans. FV exhibited higher total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity (TEAC, FRAP), and a broader phlorotannin profile (degree of polymerization [DP] 2–9) than AN (DP 2–7), as determined by LC-HRMS/MS. Both extracts attenuated AAPH-induced oxidative stress in epithelial cells, with FV showing greater efficacy. In C. elegans, pre-treatment with AN and FV significantly mitigated a paraquat-induced motility decline by 22% and 11%, respectively, compared to PQ-stressed controls. Under unstressed conditions, both extracts enhanced nematode healthspan, with significant effects observed at 400 µg/g for AN and starting at 100 µg/g for FV. Gene expression analysis indicated that both extracts modulated antioxidant pathways in unstressed worms. Under oxidative stress, pre-treatment with AN and FV significantly reduced GST-4::GFP expression. In the nematode, AN was more protective under acute stress, whereas FV better supported physiological function in the absence of stressors. These findings demonstrate that AN and FV counteract oxidative stress in intestinal epithelial cells and in C. elegans, highlighting their potential as stress-reducing agents in animal feed. Full article
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24 pages, 2024 KiB  
Article
New Insights into the Synergistic Bioactivities of Zingiber officinale (Rosc.) and Humulus lupulus (L.) Essential Oils: Targeting Tyrosinase Inhibition and Antioxidant Mechanisms
by Hubert Sytykiewicz, Sylwia Goławska and Iwona Łukasik
Molecules 2025, 30(15), 3294; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30153294 - 6 Aug 2025
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) constitute intricate mixtures of volatile phytochemicals that have garnered significant attention due to their multifaceted biological effects. Notably, the presence of bioactive constituents capable of inhibiting tyrosinase enzyme activity and scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) underpins their potential utility in [...] Read more.
Essential oils (EOs) constitute intricate mixtures of volatile phytochemicals that have garnered significant attention due to their multifaceted biological effects. Notably, the presence of bioactive constituents capable of inhibiting tyrosinase enzyme activity and scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) underpins their potential utility in skin-related applications, particularly through the modulation of melanin biosynthesis and protection of skin-relevant cells from oxidative damage—a primary contributor to hyperpigmentation disorders. Zingiber officinale Rosc. (ginger) and Humulus lupulus L. (hop) are medicinal plants widely recognized for their diverse pharmacological properties. To the best of our knowledge, this study provides the first report on the synergistic interactions between essential oils derived from these species (referred to as EOZ and EOH) offering novel insights into their combined bioactivity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate essential oils extracted from ginger rhizomes and hop strobiles with respect to the following: (1) chemical composition, determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS); (2) tyrosinase inhibitory activity; (3) capacity to inhibit linoleic acid peroxidation; (4) ABTS•+ radical scavenging potential. Furthermore, the study utilizes both the combination index (CI) and dose reduction index (DRI) as quantitative parameters to evaluate the nature of interactions and the dose-sparing efficacy of essential oil (EO) combinations. GC–MS analysis identified EOZ as a zingiberene-rich chemotype, containing abundant sesquiterpene hydrocarbons such as α-zingiberene, β-bisabolene, and α-curcumene, while EOH exhibited a caryophyllene diol/cubenol-type profile, dominated by oxygenated sesquiterpenes including β-caryophyllene-9,10-diol and 1-epi-cubenol. In vitro tests demonstrated that both oils, individually and in combination, showed notable anti-tyrosinase, radical scavenging, and lipid peroxidation inhibitory effects. These results support their multifunctional bioactivity profiles with possible relevance to skin care formulations, warranting further investigation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Essential Oils—Third Edition)
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17 pages, 1750 KiB  
Review
Reproductive Challenges in Ruminants Under Heat Stress: A Review of Follicular, Oocyte, and Embryonic Responses
by Danisvânia Ripardo Nascimento, Venância Antonia Nunes Azevedo, Regislane Pinto Ribeiro, Gabrielle de Oliveira Ximenes, Andreza de Aguiar Silva, Efigênia Cordeiro Barbalho, Laryssa Gondim Barrozo, Sueline Cavalcante Chaves, Maria Samires Martins Castro, Erica Costa Marcelino, Leopoldo Rugieri Carvalho Vaz da Silva, André Mariano Batista and José Roberto Viana Silva
Animals 2025, 15(15), 2296; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15152296 - 6 Aug 2025
Abstract
This review aims to discuss how heat stress affects ovarian follicles and oocytes, steroidogenesis, and embryo development in ruminants. The literature shows that quiescent primordial follicles appear to be less susceptible to heat stress, but from the primary follicle stage onwards, they begin [...] Read more.
This review aims to discuss how heat stress affects ovarian follicles and oocytes, steroidogenesis, and embryo development in ruminants. The literature shows that quiescent primordial follicles appear to be less susceptible to heat stress, but from the primary follicle stage onwards, they begin to suffer the consequences of heat stress. These adverse effects are exacerbated when the follicles are cultured in vitro. In antral follicles, heat stress reduces granulosa cell viability and proliferation in both in vivo and in vitro models. Oocyte maturation, both nuclear and cytoplasmic, is also compromised, and embryo quality declines under elevated thermal conditions. These effects are linked to intracellular disturbances, including oxidative imbalance, mitochondrial dysfunction, and altered hormonal signaling. The differences between in vivo and in vitro responses reflect the complexity of the biological impact of heat stress and emphasize the protective role of the physiological microenvironment. A better understanding of how heat stress alters the function of ovarian follicles, oocytes, and embryos is crucial. This knowledge is critical to devise effective strategies that mitigate damage, support fertility, and improve outcomes in assisted reproduction for livestock exposed to high environmental temperatures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat Stress in Animal Oocytes: Impacts, Evaluation, and Alleviation)
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16 pages, 2650 KiB  
Article
Inhibition of Tyrosinase and Melanogenesis by a White Mulberry Fruit Extract
by Nuttawadee Prasawang, Nareerat Sutjarit, Athisri Sitthipunya, Prasit Suwannalert, Wutarak Monsuwan and Nisamanee Charoenchon
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(15), 7589; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26157589 - 6 Aug 2025
Abstract
Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation is a key factor in the overproduction of melanin in the skin. Melanocytes produce melanin through melanogenesis to protect the skin from UVB radiation-induced damage. However, excessive melanogenesis can lead to hyperpigmentation and increase the risk of malignant melanoma. [...] Read more.
Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation is a key factor in the overproduction of melanin in the skin. Melanocytes produce melanin through melanogenesis to protect the skin from UVB radiation-induced damage. However, excessive melanogenesis can lead to hyperpigmentation and increase the risk of malignant melanoma. Tyrosinase is the rate-limiting enzyme in melanogenesis; it catalyzes the oxidation of tyrosine to 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine and subsequently to dopaquinone. Thus, inhibiting tyrosinase is a promising strategy for preventing melanogenesis and skin hyperpigmentation. White mulberry (Morus alba L.) is rich in antioxidants, and mulberry fruit extracts have been used as cosmetic skin-lightening agents. However, data on the capacity of mulberry fruit extracts to inhibit tyrosinase under UVB radiation-induced melanogenic conditions remain scarce, especially in an in vivo model. In this study, we evaluated the effects of a mulberry crude extract (MCE) on UVB radiation-induced melanogenesis in B16F10 melanoma cells and zebrafish embryos. The MCE significantly reduced tyrosinase activity and melanogenesis in a dose-dependent manner without inducing cytotoxicity. These effects are likely attributable to the antioxidant constituents of the extract. Our findings highlight the potential of this MCE as an effective tyrosinase inhibitor for the prevention of UVB radiation-induced skin hyperpigmentation. Full article
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17 pages, 3205 KiB  
Review
Microbiome–Immune Interaction and Harnessing for Next-Generation Vaccines Against Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Poultry
by Yongming Sang, Samuel N. Nahashon and Richard J. Webby
Vaccines 2025, 13(8), 837; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13080837 - 6 Aug 2025
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) remains a persistent threat to global poultry production and public health. Current vaccine platforms show limited cross-clade efficacy and often fail to induce mucosal immunity. Recent advances in microbiome research reveal critical roles for gut commensals in modulating [...] Read more.
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) remains a persistent threat to global poultry production and public health. Current vaccine platforms show limited cross-clade efficacy and often fail to induce mucosal immunity. Recent advances in microbiome research reveal critical roles for gut commensals in modulating vaccine-induced immunity, including enhancement of mucosal IgA production, CD8+ T-cell activation, and modulation of systemic immune responses. Engineered commensal bacteria such as Lactococcus lactis, Bacteroides ovatus, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus epidermidis have emerged as promising live vectors for antigen delivery. Postbiotic and synbiotic strategies further enhance protective efficacy through targeted modulation of the gut microbiota. Additionally, artificial intelligence (AI)-driven tools enable predictive modeling of host–microbiome interactions, antigen design optimization, and early detection of viral antigenic drift. These integrative technologies offer a new framework for mucosal, broadly protective, and field-deployable vaccines for HPAI control. However, species-specific microbiome variation, ecological safety concerns, and scalable manufacturing remain critical challenges. This review synthesizes emerging evidence on microbiome–immune crosstalk, commensal vector platforms, and AI-enhanced vaccine development, emphasizing the urgent need for One Health integration to mitigate zoonotic adaptation and pandemic emergence. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Veterinary Vaccines and Host Immune Responses)
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19 pages, 1856 KiB  
Article
Combination Therapy with Trehalose and Hyaluronic Acid Restores Tear Lipid Layer Functionality by Ameliorating Inflammatory Response Protein Markers on the Ocular Surface of Dry Eye Patients
by Natarajan Perumal, Caroline Manicam, Eunjin Jeong, Sarah Runde, Norbert Pfeiffer and Franz H. Grus
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(15), 5525; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14155525 - 5 Aug 2025
Abstract
Objectives: Topical lubricants are the fundamental treatment for dry eye disease (DED). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying their efficacy remain unknown. Here, the protective effects of Thealoz® Duo with 3% trehalose and 0.15% hyaluronic acid are investigated in DED patients by a [...] Read more.
Objectives: Topical lubricants are the fundamental treatment for dry eye disease (DED). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying their efficacy remain unknown. Here, the protective effects of Thealoz® Duo with 3% trehalose and 0.15% hyaluronic acid are investigated in DED patients by a longitudinal clinical study and subsequent elucidation of the tear proteome and cell signaling changes. Methods: Participants were classified as moderate to severe DED (DRY, n = 35) and healthy (CTRL, n = 23) groups. Specific DED subgroups comprising evaporative (DRYlip) and aqueous-deficient with DRYlip (DRYaqlip) were also classified. Only DED patients received Thealoz® Duo. All participants were clinically examined before (day 0, T1) and after the application of Thealoz® Duo at day 28 (T2) and day 56 (T3). Next, 174 individual tear samples from all groups at three time-points were subjected to proteomics analysis. Results: Clinically, Thealoz® Duo significantly improved the ocular surface disease index at T2 vs. T1 (DRY, p = 1.4 × 10−2; DRYlip, p = 9.2 × 10−3) and T3 vs. T1 (DRY, p = 2.1 × 10−5; DRYlip, p = 1.2 × 10−4), and the tear break-up time at T3 vs. T1 (DRY, p = 3.8 × 10−2; DRYlip, p = 1.4 × 10−2). Thealoz® Duo significantly ameliorated expression of inflammatory response proteins (p < 0.05) at T3, which was observed at T1 (DRY, p = 3.4 × 10−4; DRYlip, p = 7.1 × 10−3; DRYaqlip, p = 2.7 × 10−8). Protein S100-A8 (S100A8), Alpha-1-antitrypsin (SERPINA1), Annexin A1 (ANXA1), and Apolipoprotein A-I (APOA1) were found to be significantly reduced in all the DED subgroups. The application of Thealoz® Duo showed the therapeutic characteristic of the anti-inflammatory mechanism by promoting the expression of (Metalloproteinase inhibitor 1) TIMP1 in all the DED subgroups. Conclusions: Thealoz® Duo substantially improved the DED symptoms and restored the functionality of the tear lipid layer to near normal in DRYlip and DRY patients by ameliorating inflammation. Notably, this study unravels the novel mechanistic alterations underpinning the healing effects of Thealoz® Duo in DED subgroups in a time-dependent manner, which supports the improvement in corresponding clinical attributes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Ophthalmology)
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26 pages, 4213 KiB  
Article
Influence of Morus alba Leaves Extract on Human Erythrocytes
by Stefano Putaggio, Annamaria Russo, Giuseppe Tancredi Patanè, Antonella Calderaro, Santa Cirmi, Ivana Verboso, Giuseppina Laganà, Silvana Ficarra, Davide Barreca, Françisco Raymo and Ester Tellone
Biology 2025, 14(8), 1005; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14081005 - 5 Aug 2025
Abstract
Morus alba L. (MA) is a member of the Moraceae family, known as “white mulberry”. Due to the high levels of bioactive compounds, mulberry plants can be considered a good source of nutrients and antioxidant compounds. Our study aims to analyze the effect [...] Read more.
Morus alba L. (MA) is a member of the Moraceae family, known as “white mulberry”. Due to the high levels of bioactive compounds, mulberry plants can be considered a good source of nutrients and antioxidant compounds. Our study aims to analyze the effect of MA extract leaves on erythrocytes, focusing on its action on metabolism and membrane integrity. The choice of erythrocytes as a study model is based on their metabolic simplicity and their easy availability. Cell viability, following exposure of the cells to the extract, was evaluated by hemolysis, methemoglobin, caspase 3 activity and flow cytofluorimetric analysis; in addition, the effect of the pretreatment with the MA was detected after incubation of erythrocytes with different stressors. The impact on cell metabolism was evaluated by measuring anion flux kinetics, ATP levels and phosphatase activity. The results obtained show a peculiar (double) effect of the extract, which, on the one hand, probably by exploiting its component with antioxidant properties, protects the cell membrane by accumulating on the bilayer. On the other hand, the alteration of anion exchange could lead to the triggering of apoptosis and consequent cell death. The hypotheses, although excluded by our data, all point toward a beneficial and protective action of the extract on the health and vitality of RBCs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biochemistry and Molecular Biology)
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27 pages, 1619 KiB  
Review
Epigenetic Mechanisms Governing Nrf2 Expression and Its Role in Ferroptosis
by Linbo Li, Xinjun Liu, Zizhen Si and Xidi Wang
Biomedicines 2025, 13(8), 1913; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13081913 - 5 Aug 2025
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a distinct form of regulated cell death driven by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation participating in various diseases. The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a central regulator of cellular redox homeostasis and a key determinant of ferroptosis resistance. Nrf2 activates [...] Read more.
Ferroptosis is a distinct form of regulated cell death driven by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation participating in various diseases. The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a central regulator of cellular redox homeostasis and a key determinant of ferroptosis resistance. Nrf2 activates the expression of downstream antioxidant genes to protect cells from oxidative stress and ferroptosis. Consequently, precise regulation of Nrf2 expression is crucial. Recent studies have revealed that complex epigenetic mechanisms involving DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNA networks regulate Nrf2 expression. DNA methylation usually suppresses while histone acetylation promotes Nrf2 expression. The influences of histone methylation on NFE2L2 are site- and methylation degree-dependent. m6A modification stabilizes NFE2L2 mRNA to promote Nrf2 expression and thereby inhibit ferroptosis. This article summarizes current understanding of the epigenetic mechanisms controlling Nrf2 expression and Nrf2-mediated ferroptosis pathways and their implications in disease models. The challenges associated with the epigenetic regulation of Nrf2 and future research directions are also discussed. A comprehensive understanding of this regulatory interplay could open new avenues for intervention in ferroptosis-related diseases by fine-tuning cellular redox balance through the epigenetic modulation of Nrf2. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease)
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16 pages, 5358 KiB  
Article
Oxidative Ferritin Destruction: A Key Mechanism of Iron Overload in Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatocyte Ferroptosis
by Kaishuo Gong, Kaiying Liang, Hui Li, Hongjun Luo, Yingtong Chen, Ke Yin, Zhixin Liu, Wenhong Luo and Zhexuan Lin
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(15), 7585; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26157585 - 5 Aug 2025
Abstract
Although acetaminophen (APAP) overdose represents the predominant cause of drug-induced acute liver failure (ALF) worldwide and has been extensively studied, the modes of cell death remain debatable and the treatment approach for APAP-induced acute liver failure is still limited. This study investigated the [...] Read more.
Although acetaminophen (APAP) overdose represents the predominant cause of drug-induced acute liver failure (ALF) worldwide and has been extensively studied, the modes of cell death remain debatable and the treatment approach for APAP-induced acute liver failure is still limited. This study investigated the mechanisms of APAP hepatotoxicity in primary mouse hepatocytes (PMHs) by using integrated methods (MTT assay, HPLC analysis for glutathione (GSH), Calcein-AM for labile iron pool detection, confocal microscopy for lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial superoxide measurements, electron microscopy observation, and Western blot analysis for ferritin), focusing on the role of iron dysregulation under oxidative stress. Our results showed that 20 mM APAP treatment induced characteristic features of ferroptosis, including GSH depletion, mitochondrial dysfunction, and iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. Further results showed significant ferritin degradation and subsequent iron releasing. Iron chelator deferoxamine (DFO) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) could alleviate APAP-induced hepatotoxicity, while autophagy inhibitors did not provide a protective effect. In vitro experiments confirmed that hydrogen peroxide directly damaged ferritin structure, leading to iron releasing, which may aggravate iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. These findings provide evidence that APAP hepatotoxicity involves a self-amplifying cycle of oxidative stress and iron-mediated oxidative damaging, with ferritin destruction playing a key role as a free iron source. This study offers new insights into APAP-induced liver injury beyond conventional cell death classifications, and highlights iron chelation as a potential therapeutic strategy alongside traditional antioxidative treatment with NAC. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biochemistry)
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